Thinking About Psychology - Norwell Public Schools / … Reinforcement • In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable

Thinking About Psychology

Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. ErnstPowerPoint Presentation Slides

by Kent Korek Germantown High SchoolWorth Publishers, © 2012

Thursday, February 26, 15

Development and Learning Domain

Drbimages/istockphoto


Learning and Language

Goldmund Lukic/istockphoto


Operant Conditioning

Module 15


Module Overview• The Nature of Operant Conditioning• The Law of Effect• Reinforcement• Punishment• Reinforcement Procedures• Schedules of Reinforcement• New Understandings of Operant Conditioning

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.Thursday, February 26, 15

The Nature of Operant Conditioning

Module 15: Operant Conditioning



• A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior.

• The frequency will increase if the consequence is reinforcing to the subject.

• The frequency will decrease if the consequence is not reinforcing to the subject.








The Law of Effect



Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)• Author of the law of effect, the principle

that forms the basis of operant conditioning.

• Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently.

• Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently.

• Created puzzle boxes for research on cats


Thorndike’s Puzzle Box


B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

• Behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world.

• Designed the Skinner Box, or operant chamber


Skinner Box

EVERETT COLLECTION INC/ALAMY


Skinner’s Air Crib

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Reinforcement/Punishment

• Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior.

• Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior.

• The subject determines if a consequence is reinforcing or punishing


Reinforcement



Positive Reinforcement

• In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state.

• The subject receives something they want• Will strengthen the behavior


Positive Reinforcement


Negative Reinforcement

• In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state.

• Something the subject doesn’t like is removed

• Will strengthen the behavior


Negative Reinforcement


Positive/Negative Reinforcement


Reinforcement: Immediate Versus

Delayed Reinforcement



Immediate/Delayed Reinforcement

• Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement

• Ability to delay gratification predicts higher achievement


Reinforcement: Primary Versus Secondary

Reinforcement



Primary Reinforcement

• Something that is naturally reinforcing, such as food (if you are hungry), warmth (if you are cold), and water (if you are thirsty).

• The item is reinforcing in and of itself



Secondary Reinforcement

• Something that you have learned to value, like money.



Punishment



Punishment: The Process of

Punishment



Types of Punishment

• An undesirable event following a behavior

• A desirable state or event ends following a behavior


Types of Punishment


Punishment: Problems with

Punishment



Negative Effects of Punishment

• Doesn’t prevent the undesirable behavior when away from the punisher

• Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower self-esteem

• Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems.

ROB LEWINE /GETTY IMAGES


Positive Effects of Punishment• Punishment can effectively

control certain behaviors.• Especially useful if

teaching a child not to do a dangerous behavior

• Most still suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior rather than using punishment ROB LEWINE /GETTY IMAGES


Reinforcement Procedures



Reinforcement Procedures:

Shaping



Shaping

• Reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one;

• the operant technique used to establish a new behaviors.

LIONEL CIRONNEAU/AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS


Reinforcement Procedures:

Discrimination and Extinction



Discrimination

• The ability to distinguish between two similar signals or stimuli and

• produce different responses.• Learning to respond to one stimuli but

not to a similar stimuli

JEFF GREENBERG/STOCK, BOSTON


Extinction

• In operant conditioning, the loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it.

• The subject no longer responds since the reinforcement or punishment has stopped.


Schedules of Reinforcement



Schedules of Reinforcement:

Continuous Reinforcement



Continuous reinforcement

• In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows every correct response.

• Most useful way to establish a behavior• The behavior will extinguish quickly

once the reinforcement stops.


Schedules of Reinforcement:

Partial Reinforcement



Partial Reinforcement

• In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows only some correct responses.

• Includes the following types:–Fixed-interval and variable interval–Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio


Fixed-Interval Schedule

• In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period.

• i.e. weekly quiz in a class


Variable-Interval Schedule

• In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time.

• i.e. “pop” quiz in a class


Fixed-Ratio Schedule

• In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses.

• The faster the subject responds, the more reinforcements they will receive.


Variable-Ratio Schedule• In operant conditioning, a partial

reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses.

• This schedule is very resistant to extinction.• Sometimes called the “gambler’s schedule”;

similar to a slot machine










New Understanding of Operant Conditioning



New Understanding of Operant Conditioning: The Role of Cognition



Latent Learning• Learning that occurs but is not apparent

until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it.

• Tolman and Honzik’s study on maze learning

WILL AND DENI MICTINYRE/PHOTO RESEARCHERS


Tolman and Honzik


Cognitive Map

• The mental representation of a place.• Experiments showed rats could learn a

maze without any reinforcements


Overjustification Effect

• The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do;

• the reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation, so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated.


New Understanding of Operant Conditioning: The Role of Biology



Biological Predisposition

• Research suggests some species are biologically predisposed to learn specific behaviors


The End


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Thinking About Psychology - Norwell Public Schools / … Reinforcement • In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable