Think….

• If President Obama offered the country the following, how would you react?

• The United States, Mexico, and Canada were going to join together under the title North American Union, where they would share currency, trade and all other benefits of a large empire.

• Your reaction?• American reaction?

The Unifications

The 19th Century

• From the earliest part of the 19th century, we will see Italy starting to contemplate a formation into a unified state.

• What event do you think will lead to this?

• Answer–Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna

• Austria had control over Venezia and Lombardy. It had influence over Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Lucca.

• The other Italian states included Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Venezia, Tuscany, Parma, the Papal States (pope’s territories), Romagna, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies (under Spanish rule).

• Map

The 1840’s

• During the late 1840’s we see a rise in the frequency of revolutions.

• Why do you think that is?

• In February 1848, there are revolts in Tuscany, and this is only the beginning.

• Later the next month, more tensions will arise in Milan and Venice.

• Can we see where this is going?

1848 – Year of Revolutions

• Giuseppi Mazzini – Leader of Italian nationalists in the 1848 Revolutions that broke out in Italy

• Briefly led a republican government in Rome.

• Mazzini and other nationalists were driven into exile when the 1848 revolutions failed.

Even the Pope?

• With the severity of the rebellions growing, many leaders will be forced to evacuate their cities and homes.

• Yes, even Pope Pious IX will be forced to evacuate (Italians turned against the pope when he failed to support war against Austria in 1848).

Rise in Italian Nationalism

• Nationalism – pride in your nationality

• The people of Italy were beginning to look at themselves more as Italians rather than Florentines, Venetians, Romans,Sicilians, etc.

• While they retained the pride of their regions, the idea of a common Italian nationality was growing.

Cavour Garibaldi

Garibaldi

• He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe.

• He is considered an Italian national hero.• He was a tremendous orator, and in that

way was known for being able to rouse the people.

• Lets take a look at what he does

Garibaldi

• Garibaldi’s army of Italian patriots were dubbed the Red Shirts because of their trademark uniform.

• Notice what Garibaldi is holding.

• What does this painting convey/inspire?

1849

• By February 1849, Garibaldi and his soldiers will capture Rome, and shortly thereafter it will be proclaimed a Roman Republic.

• Why a republic?

• Who else plays a prominent role?

Count Camillo Cavour

Cavour

• He was the founder of the Italian Liberal party

• He was also Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, a position he maintained throughout the Second Italian War of Independence and Garibaldi's campaigns to unite Italy.

Cavour’s Actions• Mazzini called Cavour a “pale ghost of

Machiavelli.” What does that mean?• Cavour had a secret meeting with

Napoleon III of France. Napoleon was hoping that with Austria out of the way, France could dominate Italy. Cavour wanted to use the French to help get rid of Austrian influence.

• Deal – French army will drive the Austrians out of Venezia and Lombardy. The Kingdom of Sardinia will give the territories of Nice and Savoy to France.

Cavour continued• Cavour provoked a war with Austria.• Italians staged revolts against Austria all across

northern Italy. • They demanded to be ruled by Sardinia.• Napoleon III did not expect that a strong, united

Italy would emerge from this struggle. • Cavour maintained good relations with the other

Great Powers so France remained isolated. • As agreed, France got Nice and Savoy. Sardinia

annexed all the territories of northern Italy except Venezia.

Garibaldi in the South

• Garibaldi freed the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from the Spanish.

• He was welcomed as a liberator.• Cavour thought Garibaldi’s Thousand would

provoke France into a war. • He arranged a meeting between Garibaldi and

King Victor Emmanuel. • Garibaldi or “The Red One” agreed to step aside

and turn control over the freed territories to Sardinia.

• March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy

• By 1861 Victor Emmanuel II becomes the first king of a unified Italy.

• In turn for the work that Cavour does for the independence movement, he names Cavour the Prime Minister.

• When Cavour dies later in 1861, this is said of him:

• “The driver has fallen from the box; now we must see if the horses will bolt or go back to the stable”

• What does it mean?

The Victor Emmanuel Monument (Rome)

The Victor Emmanuel Monument Il Vittoriano

• It was begun in 1885 on Capitoline Hill in Rome, a famous location.

• It was completed and dedicated in 1911, the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy.

• A large staircase, 50 foot columns, 39 foot long equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel

• Victor Emmanuel gets buried in the Pantheon, the most famous ancient Roman temple.

Off to Germany1-18-1871

Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made”. “The great questions of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes….but by blood and iron”

The German Confederation

• As we know, there were roughly 29 German independent states.

• For the unification to take place, all 29 would have to come together under one flag.

• This process will be successfully completed by one, Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck and Realpolitick

• Basically it means real, practical politics.

• It is a means of diplomacy and foreign policy that should be based on considerations of power, not ideals, morals, or principles.

• Do you think this would be successful today? Why/why not?

A large problem

• Geographically, there could be a problem in forming a nation. A large problem

• AUSTRIA

• Lets look on the map!

North German Confederation

• This will be the precursor to the actual empire.

• All of the countries that supported Prussia originally, will join in here.

• Additionally, with a bit of military might, Germany would overcome the Austrian opposition, which will further allow for the agreement.

The New Empire

• Even with the opposition of France, 25 German states will unite in the new Empire.

• Who do you think was the Chancellor of the new German Empire?

• You guessed it:

• Otto Von Bismarck

Future influences

• In 1933, who became the Chancellor of Germany?

• In 1945, who will he appoint?