Think About ItThink About It

You have been presented with three You have been presented with three identical, unknown foods and told that identical, unknown foods and told that one of them could solve the world’s one of them could solve the world’s hunger/nutrition problem. hunger/nutrition problem. Unfortunately, one of them may also Unfortunately, one of them may also make you sick. Within 3 days, you make you sick. Within 3 days, you must choose one of the foods to must choose one of the foods to package. How will you decide which package. How will you decide which food? Write down your plan.food? Write down your plan.

Research to improve Research to improve our medical conditionour medical condition

Biomedical Research

What is different about What is different about these questions?these questions? What genes do viruses use to What genes do viruses use to

replicate?replicate? Can a new drug be made to help Can a new drug be made to help

protect us against AIDS?protect us against AIDS? What affect does the AZT drug What affect does the AZT drug

have on elder AIDS patients?have on elder AIDS patients?

Basic researchBasic research

Research conducted to increase Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledgefundamental knowledge

Not directed toward solving any Not directed toward solving any particular problemparticular problem

Provides building blocks for other Provides building blocks for other types of researchtypes of research

Basic Research Basic Research QuestionsQuestions How does HIV invade white blood cells?How does HIV invade white blood cells? What is the structure of the AIDS virus?What is the structure of the AIDS virus? What link does diet have to colon What link does diet have to colon

cancer?cancer? What causes gestational diabetes in What causes gestational diabetes in

pregnant women?pregnant women? Do dogs have more bacteria in their Do dogs have more bacteria in their

mouth than humans?mouth than humans? What is my resting heartrate?What is my resting heartrate? Does music improve my studying?Does music improve my studying?

Applied researchApplied research

Directed toward specific Directed toward specific objectives – for example, objectives – for example, development of new drug, development of new drug, treatment, or surgical proceduretreatment, or surgical procedure

Conducted with animals, non-Conducted with animals, non-animal methods (computer animal methods (computer models or tissue cultures), and models or tissue cultures), and humanshumans

Applied Research Applied Research QuestionsQuestions

Can you diagnose AIDS with a urine test?Can you diagnose AIDS with a urine test? How do cancer cells respond to herbal How do cancer cells respond to herbal

treatment?treatment? What affect does drug X have on weight loss in What affect does drug X have on weight loss in

dogs?dogs? How does insulin interact with pancreas cells?How does insulin interact with pancreas cells? How can we block the HIV from attaching to How can we block the HIV from attaching to

cells?cells? Does gene therapy affect normal protein Does gene therapy affect normal protein

production?production? What component in dog saliva could be used as What component in dog saliva could be used as

an antibiotic?an antibiotic?

Clinical researchClinical research

Used when other forms of research have Used when other forms of research have taken placetaken place

Used to test potential drugs and Used to test potential drugs and treatments in humanstreatments in humans

Builds on what is done in basic and Builds on what is done in basic and applied stagesapplied stages

Broad variety of activities and areas of Broad variety of activities and areas of studystudy

Human clinical trialsHuman clinical trials Psychosocial and behavioral researchPsychosocial and behavioral research Disease control research Disease control research

Clinical Research Clinical Research QuestionsQuestions

How does Levitra affect male erectile How does Levitra affect male erectile dysfunction?dysfunction?

Which diet program has the longest lasting Which diet program has the longest lasting affect on weigh loss?affect on weigh loss?

Do cooler operating room temperatures Do cooler operating room temperatures improve surgical recovery?improve surgical recovery?

What proportion of smokers have heart What proportion of smokers have heart attacks?attacks?

Which AIDS drug gives patients the longest life Which AIDS drug gives patients the longest life span?span?

Do daily doses of Ibuprofen reduce the Do daily doses of Ibuprofen reduce the occurrences of migraine headaches?occurrences of migraine headaches?

Methods of Biomedical Methods of Biomedical ResearchResearch

Computer ModelingComputer Modeling

Use computers to take data and Use computers to take data and create a model of how something create a model of how something would workwould work

Weather reports, accident predictions, Weather reports, accident predictions, drug interactionsdrug interactions

Reduces the expense of materials, Reduces the expense of materials, screens for possibilitiesscreens for possibilities

Is limited to the data already Is limited to the data already collected; not an experimentcollected; not an experiment

In Vitro StudiesIn Vitro Studies

In glass; doing experiments in In glass; doing experiments in isolation in test tubes or cell isolation in test tubes or cell culturescultures

Cell cytotoxicity (death) from a Cell cytotoxicity (death) from a drug, drug absorptiondrug, drug absorption

Isolates variableIsolates variable Does not identify systems affect Does not identify systems affect

Non-Human, Animal Non-Human, Animal StudiesStudies Testing on animalsTesting on animals Drug, diet, or treatment affects on Drug, diet, or treatment affects on

animalsanimals Shows how different systems are Shows how different systems are

affected by drug; better for animal affected by drug; better for animal to be harmed than for a human to to be harmed than for a human to be harmedbe harmed

Animals are still not humansAnimals are still not humans

Human, Clinical Human, Clinical StudiesStudies Using human to test for safety, Using human to test for safety,

and efficacy of the drugand efficacy of the drug Clinical Trials Clinical Trials

– Phases I – small group, healthy (safety)Phases I – small group, healthy (safety)– Phase II – small group, iIl (efficacy, safety)Phase II – small group, iIl (efficacy, safety)– Phase III – large group, ill (adverse affect)Phase III – large group, ill (adverse affect)

Promotes safe and effective drugPromotes safe and effective drug Takes too longTakes too long

EpidemiologicalEpidemiological

Monitoring communities for the Monitoring communities for the occurrence of diseaseoccurrence of disease

AIDS (who, when, how)AIDS (who, when, how) Informs decisions, research, Informs decisions, research,

treatmenttreatment Too much, too fastToo much, too fast

Benefits of Biomedical Benefits of Biomedical ResearchResearch

Contributions to human healthContributions to human health1.1. Treatment for heart disease – heart-Treatment for heart disease – heart-lung lung machinemachine2.2. Treatment for cancerTreatment for cancer3.3. Treatment for diabetesTreatment for diabetes4.4. Bone marrow transplantsBone marrow transplants5.5. Early vaccinesEarly vaccines6.6. Polio vaccinePolio vaccine7.7. Chicken pox (Varicella)Chicken pox (Varicella)8.8. HepatitisHepatitis9.9. Fluoride – many countries add to Fluoride – many countries add to water to water to decrease tooth decaydecrease tooth decay10.10. Penicillin and other antibioticsPenicillin and other antibiotics

Benefits of Biomedical Benefits of Biomedical ResearchResearchAIDS research continues (acquire AIDS research continues (acquire

immunodeficiency syndrome)immunodeficiency syndrome)1.1. Began in early 1980sBegan in early 1980s2.2. Caused by a virusCaused by a virus3.3. HIV infection progresses to AIDS when HIV infection progresses to AIDS when

immune system is impaired and individual immune system is impaired and individual becomes susceptible to opportunistic becomes susceptible to opportunistic infectioninfection

4.4. Animals important part of AIDS researchAnimals important part of AIDS research5.5. Anti-HIV drugs availableAnti-HIV drugs available6.6. Number of possible vaccines have been Number of possible vaccines have been

developed and are being tested in humansdeveloped and are being tested in humans7.7. Common sense preventive measures best Common sense preventive measures best

way to prevent AIDSway to prevent AIDS