They Bombed Everything that Moved

7/29/2019 They Bombed Everything that Moved

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"Ugny Ahlane Nvnrytg`km tgdt Lhvne"Dnr`di lì`tdry dttdcjs hk c`vì`dks dke guldk`tdr`dks `k

Suedk dke Shutg Suedk, 4000 1243

Nr`c Qnnvns

Snptnlanr 1243 ^pedtn

Vìidmn `k Edrfur enstrhyne eur`km dnr`di dke mrhuke dttdcj ay Jgdrthul's Suedk Drlne

Fhrcns dke lì`t`d dii`ns (1226) (Rghthmrdpg ay L`d Fdrrhw, usne w`tg pnrl`ss`hk)


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Ugn v`ct`ls Zhf tgn Ghihcdust\ pnr`sgne kht hkiy ancdusn hf tgn jìinrs, aut dish

ancdusn hf tgn dpdtgy hf tgn aystdkenrs. ]gdt dsthk`sgne us dftnr tgn thrlnkt, dftnr

tgn tnlpnst, wds kht tgdt sh ldky jìinrs jìine sh ldky v`ct`ls, aut tgdt sh fnw cdrne

dahut us dt dii.

Ni`n ]`nsni


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Rrnfdcn

Ug`s `s tgn f`ftg upedtn th ly hr`m`kdi Ldy 6, 1244 rnphrt dke edtd sprndesgnnt: chiinct`vniy,

tgn rnphrts dke edtd dttnlpt th rnkenr ds chlpintniy ds phssàin dii chkf`rlnednr`di dttdcjs

hk c`vì`dks dke guldk`tdr`dks whrj`km k wgdt `s khw Suedk dke Shutg Suedk. Ugn dttdcjs

rnchrene gnrn drn dii tgn rnsphksàì`ty hf tgn Kdt`hkdi @sidl`c Frhkt/Kdt`hkdi Chkmrnss

Rdrty rnm`ln `k Jgdrthul, wg`cg tg`s yndr ldrjne `ts 15tg yndr `k phwnr fhiihw`km tgn Oukn32, 4070 lì`tdry chup.

Ugn lht`vdt`hk fhr tg`s scgnldt`c g`sthry dke drcg`vdi prhonct chkt`kuns th an tgn `kthinrdain

s`kmuidr`ty hf Jgdrthul's sustd`kne, eniànrdtn, dke ukchkstrd`kne dnr`di dttdcjs hk

Suedknsn c`vì`dks dke rni`nf whrjnrs hvnr ldky yndrstg`s dihkm w`tg tgn chkv`ct`hk tgdt

tgn prhfhuke dkhkyl`ty hf kndriy dii v`ct`ls hf tgnsn dttdcjs `s lhrdiiy ukdccnptdain? tgny

ensnrvn shln rncjhk`km, shln dcchukt`km, shln ènkt`f`dain pdrt `k tg`s ukspndjdaiy mr`l

g`sthry hf `kcènkts tgdt thmntgnr chkst`tutn cr`lns dmd`kst guldk`ty.

Ds @ drmun, dke ani`nvn tgn fdcts dlpiy enlhkstrdtn, sucg d sustd`kne dnr`di lì`tdrystrdtnmyprhfhukeiy enstruct`vn `k `ts chksnqunkcnsgds kh g`sthr`cdi prncnenkt hr

pdrdiini dkywgnrn `k tgn whrie. Ugn currnkt hutrdmn hvnr dtrhc`t`ns `k Syr`d snnls qu`tn

ukchlprngnke`kmhr `mkhrdkthf tgn lucg mrndtnr, lhrn enstruct`vn, dke lhrn nkeur`km

chkfi`ct `k Edrfur: tgn pdrt`cuidr cgdrdctnr hf Jgdrthul's dnr`di dttdcjs `s tgn suaonct hf tgn

f`rst twh snct`hks hf tg`s upedtn. Ugn "lhrdi hascnk`ty" hf cgnl`cdi wndphks usne dmd`kst

c`vì`dks `k Syr`d, enpihrne ay ^.S. Sncrntdry hf Stdtn Ohgk Jnrry dke htgnrs, cdk an kh

lhrn "hascnkn" tgdk tgn hkmh`km dke hftnk eniànrdtn dnr`di tdrmnt`km hf c`vì`dks dke

guldk`tdr`dks. ]gdt wn gdvn snnk `k Syr`d hvnr tgn pdst twh dke d gdif yndrs pdins anfhrn

tgn suffnr`km dke ihss hf guldk i`vns dke i`vni`ghhes `k Edrfur hvnr tgn pdst encden.

@ktnrkdt`hkdi wndr`knss w`tg tgn chkfi`ct cdkkht e`l`k`sg `ts tnrràin rndi`t`ns. Ugn `lpi`c`t

summnst`hk ay tgn ukctuhus Jnrry dke htgnrs snnls th an tgdt tgn s`mk`f`cdkcn hf d cgìe wgh

e`ns d tnrràin endtg frhl cgnl`cdi wndphks `s mrndtnr tgdk tgdt hf d cgìe nv`scnrdtne ay

ahla sgrdpkni tgdt indvns gnr th e`n d sihw, dmhk`z`km endtg. Ugn chlpdr`shk, nvnk `f

`lpi`c`t, `s ensp`cdaiy `kvè`hus.

Mnhstrdtnm`c cdicuidt`hks hf kdt`hkdi snif-`ktnrnst hk tgn pdrt hf tgn ^.S., ds wnii ds tgn

kdt`hks hf tgn N^, tgn Drda Indmun, dke tgn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk nksurn tgdt tgn wnstnrk pdrt hf

Suedk wìi snn kh chllnksurdtn idkmudmn hf hutrdmn: tg`s `s trun nvnk ds d kulanr hf tgn

dttdcjs rnphrtne rnchrene gnrn m`vn strhkm nvènkcn hf tgn usn hf cgnl`cdi wndphks. Sucg

rnphrts gdvn annk chkt`kudiiy fhrtgchl`km fhiihw`km dk nlpgdt`c f`ke`km ay Ehcthrs

]`tghut Ahrenrs/Lenc`ks Sdks Frhkt`rns (LSF) `k Shutg Suedk `k 4000.

Ds @ khtne `k tgn hr`m`kdi vnrs`hk hf tg`s rnphrt, tgn usn hf cgnl`cdi wndphks ay Jgdrthul

gds knvnr annk prhpnriy `kvnst`mdtne ay tgn ^K: khr gds tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty

pusgne nffnct`vniy fhr sucg `kvnst`mdt`hk. Ensp`tn vnry strhkmpr`ld fdc`n nvènkcn tgdt tgn

Suedk Drlne Fhrcns (SDF) gde nkmdmne `k cgnl`cdi wdrfdrn hk d kulanr hf hccds`hks, d

encden dftnr tgn nke hf tgn @rdq`Dkfditgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty dmd`k sghwne kh `ktnrnst

`k `kvnst`mdt`km?


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LSF ZLenc`ks Sdks Frhkt`rns/Ehcthrs ]`tghut Ahrenrs\ `s pdrt`cuidriy whrr`ne

dahut tgn usn hr diinmne usn hf prhgà`tne wndphks (sucg ds ciustnr ahlas dke

cgnl`cdi ahlas) tgdt gdvn `ke`scr`l`kdtn nffnct. Ugn diinmdt`hks rnmdre`km tgn usn

hf cgnl`cdi ahlas stdrtne hk 13 Ouiy 4000, wgnk tgn vìidmns hf Id`kyd dke Ihjd

(Pn` Chukty) wnrn ahlane w`tg cgnl`cdi prheucts. @k d rndct`hk th tg`s nvnkt, d

mrhup hf khk-mhvnrklnktdi hrmdk`zdt`hks gde tdjnk sdlpins hk tgn 32tg hf Ouiy,

dke hk tgn =tg hf Dumust: tgn ^k`tne Kdt`hks eè tgn sdln.

Ditghumg tgn Hrmdk`zdt`hk fhr tgn Rrhgà`t`hk hf Cgnl`cdi ]ndphks (HRC]) `s

chlpntnkt dke nlphwnrne th cdrry hut sucg dk "`kvnst`mdt`hk hf diinmne usn," `t

knnes dk hff`c`di rnqunst lden ay dkhtgnr Stdtn Rdrty. ZK.A.\ Uh edtn, wn enpihrn

tgdt HRC] gds kht rncn`vne dky hff`c`di rnqunst frhl dky Stdtn Rdrty th

`kvnst`mdtn, dke tgdt s`kcn tgn ^K sdlpin-tdj`km, kh puai`c stdtnlnkt gds annk

lden chkcnrk`km tgnsn sdlpins hr tgn rnsuits hf tgn idahrdthry tnsts.

LSF hffnrs snvnrdi nynw`tknss dcchukts hf cgnl`cdi wndphks `k ahlas, `kciue`km d mr`l

kdrrdt`vn hf nvnkts `k Pn` Chukty (khw Cnktrdi Nqudthr`d)?

Ugn `kcrndsn hf tgn ahla`kms hk tgn c`vì`dk phpuidt`hk dke c`vì`dk tdrmnts `k4000wds dcchlpdk`ne ay tgn usn hfciustnr ahlas dke wndphks chktd`k`km

cgnl`cdi prheucts. Hk 13 Ouiy 4000, tgn thwks hfId`kyd dke Ihjd (Pn` Chukty)

wnrn ahlane w`tg cgnl`cdi prheucts.Dt tgn t`ln hf tg`s ahla`km, tgn usudi

suasnqunkt rnsuits (`.n., sgrdpkni, enstruct`hk th tgn `llne`dtn nkv`rhklnkt,

`lpdct, ntc.) eè kht tdjn pidcn. ZQdtgnr\, tgn dftnrldtg hf tg`s ahla`km rnsuitne `k

d kdusndt`km, tg`cj cihue hf slhjn, dke idtnr sylpthls sucg ds cgìernk dke

deuits vhl`t`km aihhe dke prnmkdkt whlnk gdv`km l`scdrr`dmns wnrn rnphrtne.

ZK.A.\? Ugnsn sylpthls hf tgn v`ct`ls indvn kh ehuat ds th tgn kdturn hf tgn

wndphks usne. Uwh f`nie stdff hf tgn ]hrie Fhhe Rrhmrdl (]FR) wgh wnkt adcj

th Id`kyd, tgrnn edys dftnr tgn ahla`km, gde th an nvdcudtne hk tgn 1=tg hf Ouiy.

Ugny wnrn suffnr`km frhl kdusnd, vhl`t`km, nyn dke sj`k aurks, ihss hf adidkcn

dke gndedcgns.

Dftnr tg`s `kcènkt, tgn ]FR `ktnrruptne `ts hpnrdt`hks `k tgn drnd, dke lhst hf tgn

guldk`tdr`dk hrmdk`zdt`hks tgdt drn lnlanrs hf tgn Hpnrdt`hk I`fni`kn Suedk

(HIS) gde th suspnke tgn`r dct`v`t`ns dftnr tgn ^K gde encidrne tgn drnd th an

edkmnrhus fhr `ts pnrshkkni.

LSF chkciuens?

ZN\vènkcn gds annk fhuke dke snr`hus diinmdt`hks gdvn annk lden tgdt ZK.A.\

wndphks hf `ktnrkdt`hkdiiy prhgà`tne kdturn drn rnmuidriy nlpihyne dmd`kst tgn

c`vì`dk phpuidt`hk, sucg ds ciustnr ahlas dke ahlas w`tg "cgnl`cdi chktnkts."

(I`v`km ukenr dnr`di ahladrelnkts? Qnphrt hf dk `kvnst`mdt`hk `k tgn Rrhv`kcn hf

Nqudthr`d, Shutgnrk Suedk, Fnarudry 12, 1222)

Int us an cindr, tgnk? "cgnl`cdi wndphks" drn d "lhrdi hascnk`ty," d "v`hidt`hk hf

`ktnrkdt`hkdi khrls," hkiy wgnk d pdrt`cuidr shrt hf pnhpin drn v`ct`ls. Ugdt wn gdvn sh


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ldky rnphrts hf sdvdmniy enstruct`vn dnr`di dttdcjs `k Edrfur, `k ldky cdsns strhkmiy

summnst`vn hf cgnl`cdi wndphkry, ldjns tgn gyphcr`sy hf tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty hk

tg`s `ssun pd`kfuiiy cindr. Dii rnphrts `ke`cdt`km tgn phssàin usn hf cgnl`cdi wndphks `k

Edrfur eur`km tgn pnr`he chvnrne ay tg`s upedtn gdvn annk g`mgi`mgtne ( ) `k tgn idst

snct`hk(V@@). Ugnrn drn ldky ndri`nr sucg rnphrts hf cgnl`cdi wndphks an`km usne `k

Edrfur: tgnrn gds annk khtg`km, ghwnvnr, frhl tgn ^K/Dfr`cdk ^k`hk L`ss`hk `k Edrfur

(^KDL@E), cgdrmne w`tg lhk`thr`km d adk hk lì`tdry fi`mgts hvnr Edrfur (^K Sncur`ty

Chukcì Qnshiut`hk 4>04, Ldrcg 122>) dke prnsuldaiy v`hidt`hks hf tgn Cgnl`cdi]ndphks Chkvnkt`hks hf 4003, th wg`cg tgn Jgdrthul rnm`ln `s khl`kdiiy d s`mkdthry.


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Khtns fhr tg`s upedtn

G`mgi`mgt`km hf tnrls dke edtd rnchres

Fhr tgn prnsnkt upedtn @ gdvn fhcusne nxcius`vniy hk Edrfur: suasnqunkt upedtns wìi trndt

edtd dke rnphrts hk ahla`km `k Shutg Jhrehfdk, Aiun Kìn, dke dnr`di dttdcjs hk tgn

tnrr`thry hf tgn shvnrn`mk kdt`hk hfShutg Suedk, wg`cg ancdln dk `kenpnkenkt chuktry `k

Ouiy 1244.

@ gdvn mnknrdiiy put `k ahie tgn lhst `lphrtdkt prhpnr kdlns, edtns, kulanrs, ntgk`c`t`ns,

dke mnhmrdpg`cdi ihcdt`hks hk f`rst dppndrdkcn `k d m`vnk snct`hk w`tg`k tg`s rnphrt. Dii

nlpgdsns gdvn annk deene ay tgn dutghr dke dppndr ds ahie `tdi`cs. Fhr nvnk mrndtnr

nlpgds`s @ gdvn shlnt`lns usne tgn daarnv`dt`hk fhr tgn Idt`k khtd ankn ("khtn wnii"), K.A.

lncgdk`cdi, mrdlldt`cdi, dke è`hldt`c nrrhrs gdvn shlnt`lns annk sìnktiy chrrnctne fhr

cidr`ty. Ugn edtd sprndesgnnt th wg`cg tgn upedtn rnfnrs `kciuens dii chkf`rlne dnr`di

dttdcjs frhl tgn hr`m`kdi rnphrt dke `ts fhur suasnqunkt upedtns: dii cdk an fhuke gnrn. Dk

upedtne sprndesgnnt`kciue`km edtd suasnqunkt th Oukn 1241wìi chkshièdtn edtd frhl

dii rnphrts `k dii drnds aut ehns kht prnsnktiy `kciuen tgn edtd frhl tg`s upedtn hk Edrfur.

Qnsndrcg th edtn `ke`cdtns tgdt tgnrn gdvn annk lhrn tgdk 1,222 chkf`rlne dnr`di dttdcjs hk

c`vì`dks dke guldk`tdr`dks ay lì`tdry fhrcns hf tgn currnkt rnm`ln. Ugnsn drn, `k dii

i`jni`ghhe, hkiy d sldii pnrcnktdmn hf dttdcjs tgdt gdvn dctudiiy hccurrne, aut rnprnsnkt wgdt

tgn edtd dke dvdìdain shurcns wìi pnrl`t ay wdy hf chkf`rldt`hk.

Snct`hks hf tg`s upedtn

Rrnfdcn dke Khtns

@. Dnr`di dttdcjs `k Edrfur chkt`kun uke`l`k`sgne

@@. Chksnqunkcns th edtn dke tgn chursn hf futurn guldk enstruct`hk

@@@. Chkt`ku`km v`hinkt ghstì`ty thwdre `ktnrkdt`hkdi guldk`tdr`dk

hrmdk`zdt`hks `k Edrfur dke mrndtnr Suedk

@V. D`rcrdft dke luk`t`hks `k usn `k Edrfur dke mrndtnr Suedk

V. Ugn kndr-tnrl futurn fhr Edrfur dke mrndtnr Suedk? Ugn Dayn` Cr`s`s

V@. Chktnxt fhr rnphrts hf dnr`di dttdcjs frhl Qde`h Edadkmd dke htgnr

shurcns

V@@. CHLRNKE@^L? Ahla`km rnphrts, dcchukts, e`spdtcgns

V@@@. Shurcns dke aài`hmrdpg`ns fhr ahla`km rnphrts


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"Ugny Ahlane Nvnrytg`km tgdt Lhvne"Dnr`di lì`tdry dttdcjs hk c`vì`dks dke guldk`tdr`dks `k Suedk dke Shutg Suedk,

4000 1243

(^pedtn ds hf Snptnlanr 1243)

www.suedkahla`km.hrm

@. Dnr`di dttdcjs `k Edrfur chkt`kun uke`l`k`sgne

S`kcn tgn `k`t`di rnindsn hf tg`s rnphrt dke edtd sprndesgnnt lhrn tgdk twh yndrs dmh (Ldy 6,

1244), tgn Suedk Drlne Fhrcns (SDF) gdvn chkt`kune tgn`r dnr`di hksidumgt dmd`kst

c`vì`dks `k Edrfur dke vdr`hus ahrenr rnm`hks hfkhrtgnrk Suedk dt tgn e`rnct`hk hf

tgn Kdt`hkdi @sidl`c Frhkt/Kdt`hkdi Chkmrnss Rdrty (K@F/KCR) rnm`ln `k

Jgdrthul. Lhrnhvnr, tgnsn arutdi cr`lns khw `kciuen chkt`ku`km dnr`di dssduits hk tgn

`kenpnkenkt Qnpuai`c hf Shutg Suedk,wgnrn tgny nxtnke frhl ^ppnr Kìn Stdtn `k tgn

ndst th ]nstnrk Adgr ni-Mgdzdi `k tgn fdr wnst. @k ^k`ty Stdtn SDF dttdcjs `k Dprì 1241

`kciuene rnpndtne ahla`km hf tgn ldohr thwk hfAnktù, tgn stdtn cdp`tdi, ds wnii ds

kulnrhus htgnr thwks, vìidmns, dke rnfumnn cdlps. Ugnrn gdvn annk s`mk`f`cdkt c`vì`dk

cdsudit`ns, dk `knv`tdain chksnqunkcn hf tgn SDF us`km ds tgn ld`kstdy `ts "d`r fhrcn"`kdccurdtn Dkthkhv "ahlanrs" (crueniy rntrhf`ttne Quss`dk cdrmh pidkns) th cdrry hut

dttdcjs.

@k Edrfur tgn ntgk`cdiiy khk-Drda phpuidt`hks gdvn nkeurne fhr d encden tgn arukt hf d

rninktinss dnr`di lì`tdry cdlpd`mk. Ditghumg tgn cdlpd`mk wdxns dke wdkns `k `ktnks`ty ds

lì`tdry dke htgnr c`rculstdkcns e`ctdtn, d kulanr hf rncnkt dttdcjs `k dii tgrnn Edrfur stdtns

drn rnchrene `k tg`s upedtnnvnry hkn hf tgnl d v`hidt`hk hf `ktnrkdt`hkdi idw ds wnii ds tgn

vdr`hus `tnrdt`hks hf^K Sncur`ty Chukcì Qnshiut`hk 4>04 (Ldrcg 122>: snn anihw). Ugn

^K/Dfr`cdk ^k`hk "gyarè" pndcnjnnp`km l`ss`hk `k Edrfur (^KDL@E) gds prhvne d

e`sdstrhus fdìurn, dke tgn l`ss`hk kn`tgnr rnphrts ahla`km dttdcjs (nxcnpt hk rdrn

hccds`hks) khr md`ks dccnss th wgnrn tgn vdst ldohr`ty hf ahla`kms drn rnphrtne. @t `s cindr

tgdt ndstnrk Onani Ldrrd gds annk ukenr chkt`kudi ahladrelnkt fhr hvnr twh yndrs, dke

Onani Ldrrd mnknrdiiy tgn fhcus hf ahtg ihkmstdke`km dnr`di dttdcjs dke d guldk`tdr`dk

aihcjden. ^KDL@E gds prhvne phwnrinss th gdit tgn dttdcjs, `kvnst`mdtn tgnl, hr `ks`st hk

dccnss fhr rni`nf whrjnrs dke suppi`ns.

Ug`s rnmuidr, chktnlptuhus trdeuc`km hf d ^K Sncur`ty Chukcì "enldke" ldjns `t

nxcnne`kmiy e`ff`cuit th snn ghw tgn Chukcì cdk dss`st tgn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk hr htgnr pdrt`ns `k


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knmht`dt`hks th nke chkfi`ct `k Edrfur. @k fdct, wgdt wn drn snn`km `k Edrfur `s rdpèiy

`kcrnds`km `ksncur`ty, mrndtnr edkmnr fhr e`spidcne pnrshks dke tgn`r cdlps, lhrn dttdcjs hk

rni`nf suppi`ns dke guldk`tdr`dks, `kcrnds`km f`mgt`km dlhkm vdr`hus drlne pdrt`ns

(`kciue`km Drda `ktnr-tràdi f`mgt`km), dke ukchkstrd`kne dnr`di ahladrelnkt ay Jgdrthul

wgnrnvnr `t tg`kjs `t md`ks lì`tdry devdktdmn dmd`kst rnani mrhups, nvnk `f tgn hkiy nffnct hf

tgn dttdcjs `s th jìi c`vì`dks pnrcn`vne ay tgn rnm`ln ds supphrt`km tgnsn mrhups. @kenne, d

rnphrt frhl tgn Sldii Drls Survny ("Fhrmhttnk Edrfur? Hie Udct`cs dke Knw Ridynrs,"

Cidue`h Mrdl`zz` dke Orln Uua`dkd, Ouiy 0, 1241) rndcgns d sghcj`km chkcius`hk?

F`kdiiy, shln SDF ahla`km ehns dppndr th tdrmnt purniy c`vì`dk snttinlnktseniànrdtniy, w`tg tgn d`l hf `kt`lèdt`km hr e`spidc`km phpuidt`hks ani`nvne th ansupphrt`vn hf hr ènkt`f`ne w`tg rnani fhrcns. Ugnsn `kciuen kulnrhus d`rstr`jns dkeahladrelnkts adcj`km REF mrhuke dttdcjs hk prnehl`kdtniy _dmgdwd vìidmns `kndstnrk Edrfur. Ugn prnvdinkcn hf e`rnct-f`rn rhcjnt dttdcjs hk c`vì`dk vìidmns aygni`chptnrs dke mrhuke-dttdcj d`rcrdft, rdtgnr tgdk s`lpiy "eula" Dkthkhv

ahladrelnkt, summnsts tgdt ZK.A.\ SDF's strdtnmy nktdìs tgn tdrmnt`km hf c`vì`dksrdtgnr tgdk `ke`scr`l`kdtn ahladrelnkt.

"ZUgn\ SDF's strdtnmy nktdìs tgn tdrmnt`km hf c`vì`dks rdtgnr tgdk `ke`scr`l`kdtnahladrelnkt." @t whuie an gdre th f`ke dk dssnsslnkt, adsne hk suastdkt`di dkeprhfnss`hkdi rnsndrcg hk tgn mrhuke `k Edrfur, tgdt ldjns cindrnr tgn cr`l`kdi`ty hf tgn

Jgdrthul rnm`ln, hf wg`cg SDF mnknrdis drn dk `ktnmrdi pdrt.

@ktnrkdt`hkdi fdìurn th chkenlk `k dky vdmuniy dpprhpr`dtn fdsg`hk d encden-ihkm cdlpd`mk

hf dnr`di enstruct`hk dke e`spidcnlnkt chkeuctne ay tgn drlne fhrcns hf tgn Jgdrthul

rnm`ln stdkes `k stdrj chktrdst w`tg tgn hvnrgndtne dke ukadidkcne chkenlkdt`hk hf tgn

rnani chdi`t`hk jkhwk ds tgn Suedk Qnvhiut`hkdry Frhkt (SQF) fhiihw`km dk SQF dttdcj

hk tgn thwk hf^ll Qdwdad `k Khrtg Jhrehfdk, d rnm`hk tgdt gds idrmniy annk spdrne tgn

chksnqunkcns hf v`hinkcn th tgn wnst `k Edrfur. Ugn `llne`dcy dke vngnlnkcn hf tgnrnsphksn frhl tgn ^.S., tgn N^, tgn ^K dke htgnrs wds s`lpiy `knxpi`cdain nxcnpt ds

phi`t`cdi dke e`pihldt`c nxpne`nkcyd ens`rn th prhkhukcn hk nvnkts `k prnc`sniy tgn wdy

tgdt Jgdrthul w`sgne dftnr tg`s gulì`dt`km lì`tdry enfndt hf tgn SDF (wghsn thp mnknrdi

wds rnpidcne `k tgn dftnrldtg hf tgn enfndt). Lhrnhvnr, wn gndre khtg`km frhl tgn N^

dahut tgn `ke`scr`l`kdtn, rntdi`dthry ahla`km drhuke Dau Sgdrhid `k Shutg Jhrehfdk, s`tn

hf dkhtgnr s`mk`f`cdkt SQF v`cthry. Qde`h Edadkmd dihkn rnphrtne hk tgn SQF dcchukt hf

tgn jìi`km hf dke whuke`km hf c`vì`dks `k tgn kndray vìidmn hf Dsdadg?

Dk Dkthkhv d`rcrdft "anihkm`km th tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn" erhppne 43 ahlas hk d

vìidmn khrtgndst hf Dau Jdrsghid `k Shutg Jhrehfdk hk Sukedy, jìi`km 46c`vì`dks dke whuke`km f`vn lhrn. Ugn d`r rdè hk Dsdadg hccurrne dt >?32pl. Dii hf

tgn v`ct`ls anihkmne th f`vn fdlì`ns. Chihkni Di Mde` Qulahy, lì`tdry sphjnsldk*

hf tgn SQF rnani chdi`t`hk, enscràne tgn rdè ds "d ldohr c`vì`dk ldssdcrn." "Ugn

Mhvnrklnkt dke tgn`r lì`t`ds drn chkt`kuhusiy tdrmnt`km ukdrlne c`vì`dks," gn sdè.

(Qde`h Edadkmd ZDau Jdrsghid\, Ldy =, 1243)

Ugn chksnqunkcn hf sucg `ladidkcne cr`t`c`sl hf tgn rnani mrhups `s th ldjn tgnl nvnk

lhrn susp`c`hus hf `ktnrkdt`hkdi e`pihldcy: `k sghrt, ghwnvnr pinds`km th Jgdrthul, tgnsn


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hutaursts wnrn enstruct`vn hf prnc`sniy tgn knmht`dtne pndcn dii prhfnss tgnlsnivns

chll`ttne th.

Chkvnrsniy, tgn snif-chkmrdtuidthry thkn hf sh ldky prhkhukcnlnkts ay hff`c`dis hf tgn

Dfr`cdk ^k`hk hk tgn pnrfhrldkcn hf ^KDL@E `s nqudiiy enstruct`vn, dke dumurs phhriy

fhr tgn futurn hf D^ pndcnjnnp`km `k Dfr`cd dke rhin hf D^ e`pihldcy `k rnshiv`km tgn

Edrfur chkfi`ct. Indv`km dsèn tgn ghpninssiy snif-snrv`km chllnkts hf prnv`hus gndes hf

^KDL@E, stdtnlnkts ndri`nr tg`s yndr ay tgn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk Rndcn dke Sncur`ty Chukcì drntnrr`fy`km `k tgn`r e`sghknsty?

Ugn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk Rndcn dke Sncur`ty Chukcì hk ]neknsedy nxprnssne supphrt

fhr nffhrts an`km lden th ar`km pndcn th Edrfur rnm`hk, dke chllnkene tgn rhin

pidyne ay Dfr`cdk pndcnjnnpnrs `k tgn rnm`hk. D stdtnlnkt ay tgn eninmdt`hk,

rncn`vne ay RDKD `k Jgdrthul hk ]neknsedy, sdètgn Chukcì wds ghpnfui dke

whrj`km thwdres gdv`km tgn chkfi`ct chln th d spnney nke, dee`km tgdt tgn Chukcì

ani`nvns tgdt tgn chktràut`hk hf tgn ^k`tne Kdt`hks/Dfr`cdk ^k`hk L`ss`hk `k

Edrfur (^KDL@E) wds d cindr tnst`lhky hf D^'s chll`tlnkt thwdres dcg`nv`km

pndcn `k tg`s `ktnmrdi pdrt hf Ugn Suedk.@t sdè `ts dcg`nvnlnkts whuie snt d

prncnenkt ay d gyarè pndcnjnnp`km l`ss`hk, whrtgy hf nluidt`hk `k futurn

pndcnjnnp`km l`ss`hks `k Dfr`cd. (RDKD ZJgdrthul\, Ldrcg 12, 1243)

Ugnrn chuie an fnw lhrn e`sdstrhus hutchlns hf tgn Edrfur gyarè ^K/D^ l`ss`hk tgdk `ts

snrv`km ds d lheni fhr futurn pndcjnnp`km `k Dfr`cd. Ugn scdin dke e`lnks`hks hf `ts fdìurn

`k Edrfur sghuie an tgn hccds`hk kht fhr cninardt`hk aut d chlpintn rn-tg`kj`km hf ghw sucg

d l`ss`hk sghuie an chkeuctne. Ds tgn ahla`km rnphrts hfSnct`hk V@@@ ldjn cindr,

Edrfur`s tgnlsnivns gdvn khtg`km aut chktnlpt fhr tgn nffhrts hf ^KDL@E, dke drn

scdtg`km `k tgn`r cr`t`c`sl.

@@. Chksnqunkcns th edtn dke tgn chursn hf futurn guldk enstruct`hk

@k dmmrnmdtn, Jgdrthul's lhrn tgdk 1,222 chkf`rlne, eniànrdtn dnr`di dttdcjs hk `ts hwk

c`vì`dks dke `ktnrkdt`hkdi dè whrjnrsrnchrene `k entdì ay ldky shurcns hvnr lhrn tgdk

d encdenchkst`tutn cr`lns dmd`kst guldk`ty. Ugn rnm`ln's systnldt`c, eniànrdtn dssduits

hk `ts hwk pnhpin drn ukr`vdine, Syr`d dke Iàyd khtw`tgstdke`km. Ug`s `s dk g`sthr`cdiiy

ukprncnenktne dke hkmh`km cdlpd`mk hf guldk enstruct`hk ay lndks hf lì`tdry d`rcrdft,

chlpr`s`km dsthk`sg`kmiy cruni dke `ke`scr`l`kdtn dcts hf jìi`km, ld`l`km, dke e`spidc`km

Suedknsn (dke khw Shutg Suedknsn) c`vì`dks. Nqudiiy dsthk`sg`km, dt indst lhrdiiy, `s tgdt

tgnsn dttdcjs hccur w`tghut lndk`kmfui rnaujn hr tgrndt frhl tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty.

Kh cindr nxpidkdt`hk hf tg`s fdìurn th rnsphke gds annk hffnrne ay tghsn wgh supphrt dk

"`ktnrkdt`hkdi rnsphksàì`ty th prhtnct" sucg nkedkmnrne c`vì`dkskhtg`km anyhke tgn

cid`l tgdt phi`t`cdi dct`hk dt tgn ^k`tne Kdt`hks Sncur`ty Chukcì `s `lprdct`cdain. Aut hf

chursn ds tgnsn vdr`hus prhphknkts hf "Q1R" surniy jknw `k Snptnlanr 122> wgnk tgn

ehctr`kn wds ukdk`lhusiy dpprhvne ay tgn ^K Mnknrdi Dssnlaiydke idtnr ay tgn

Sncur`ty Chukcì `tsnif`t hffnrne kh lndks hf surlhukt`km tgn phi`t`cdi hastdcins cindriy

rnprnsnktne ay Rnrldknkt Lnlanrs hf tgn Sncur`ty Chukcì Quss`d dke Cg`kd. Ugnsn


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hastdcins drn dmd`k chksp`cuhusiy hk e`spidy `k tgn rnsphksn hf tgn twh chuktr`ns th Syr`d's

aihheadtgdke rncnkt usn hf cgnl`cdi wndphksdke th @rdk's kucindr dla`t`hks.

Ds tg`s dke prnv`hus rnphrts hk dnr`di dttdcjs dmd`kst c`vì`dks dke guldk`tdr`dks ldjn

cindr, tgn chksnqunkcns hf ukchkstrd`kne dssduits hk vuiknrdain phpuidt`hkstyp`cdiiy

tdrmntne hk tgn ads`s hf ntgk`c`tydrn `llnksn. D rncnkt e`spdtcg frhl Qde`h Edadkmd

ldjns cindr tgn v`nw frhl tgn mrhuke `k Edrfur?

Dpprhx`ldtniy 4,314 fdlì`ns frhl vìidmns `k Shutg Edrfur gdvn drr`vne dt cdlp

Dttdsg `k Kydid hvnr tgn pdst twh wnnjs. D sgn`jg gds khtne tgdt pnhpin drn finn`km

tgn`r ghlns "ancdusn mhvnrklnkt fhrcns khw dvhè dttdcj`km rnani fhrldt`hks dke

`kstnde turk tgn`r wndphks dke d`rcrdft hk c`vì`dks." Sgn`jg Daeni Jdr`l Dadjdr

thie Qde`h Edadkmd hk Ugursedy tgdt tgn e`spidcne chln frhl tgn vìidmns hf ^ll

Edrdad, ^ll Mukod dke Dau Odard. Gn strnssne tgny drn dii nxpnr`nkc`km tnrràin

guldk`tdr`dk chke`t`hks. Dadjdr e`scihsne tgdtmhvnrklnkt fhrcns drn us`km

e`ffnrnkt typns hf wndphks dmd`kst c`vì`dks `kciue`km d`rcrdfts. Gn deene tgdt, hk

]neknsedy `k tgn vìidmn hf^ll Edrdad, lhrn tgdk 622 ghlns wnrn thrcgne dke

enstrhyne. ZK.A.\ "Ugnsn cr`lns chll`ttne ay tgn mhvnrklnkt drn adsne hk ntgk`c

dke tràdi rndshks," Dadjdr sdè. "Ug`s `s cdus`km tghusdkes th finn tgn`r vìidmns

dke ghlns." ("Suedk fhrcns khw tdrmnt`km c`vì`dks," cdlp indenr sdys,

Qde`h Edadkmd, KPDID (0 Ldy 1243)

"Ugnsn cr`lns chll`ttne ay tgn mhvnrklnkt drn adsne hk ntgk`c dke tràdi rndshks,"

Dadjdr sdè. "Ug`s `s cdus`km tghusdkes th finn tgn`r vìidmns dke ghlns."

Ugnrn `s dashiutniy kh rndshk th ehuat tgn chkcius`hks hf Sgn`jg Dadjdr, kh ldttnr ghw

nladrrdss`km th prnv`hus dssnrt`hks tgdt mnkhcèn `k Edrfur n`tgnr knvnr wds hr gds ihkm

s`kcn cndsne th enf`kn guldk enstruct`hk dke e`spidcnlnkt.

Lhrnhvnr, ds Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg gds dutghr`tdt`vniy rnphrtne, Jgdrthul `s dmd`k

`kcrnds`kmiy tdj`km sèns `k ntgk`c chkfi`cts, lhst khtdaiy `k Shutg dke Cnktrdi Edrfur

("Cnktrdi Edrfur" `s d rncnkt cdrthmrdpg`c `kvnkt`hk ay Jgdrthul: `t `s lden up hf drnds tgdt

wnrn fhrlnriy pdrts hf Shutg Edrfur hr ]nst Edrfur). Ugn chkfi`ct antwnnk tgn Sdidldt

Drda tràdi mrhup dke tgn di-Ud`sgd Drda tràdi mrhup gds annk tgn lhst nmrnm`hus nxdlpin?

Suedk? Sdtnii`tn @ldmns Chkf`rl Vìidmns Enstrhyne? @CC Suspnct @kvhivne @k

Dttdcjs Qnld`ks Dt-Idrmn (Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg, Oukn 40 ZKd`rha`\, 1243)

Sdtnii`tn `ldmns chkf`rl tgn wghinsdin enstruct`hk hf vìidmns `k Cnktrdi Edrfur `k

dk dttdcj `k Dprì 1243 ay d lì`t`d indenr shumgt ay tgn @ktnrkdt`hkdi Cr`l`kdiChurt, Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg sdè thedy. Ugn `ldmns sghw tgn thwk hf Dau Onrdeì

dke surrhuke`km vìidmns `k Cnktrdi Edrfur stdtn dilhst chlpintniy aurkne ehwk,

Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg sdè. Vìidmnrs wgh fine tgn drnd thie Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg `k

Ldy tgdt Suedknsn mhvnrklnkt fhrcns, `kciue`km tgn lì`t`d indenrDi` Jhsgnà

Zlnlanr hf tgn di-Ud`sgd tràn\, gde dttdcjne tgn drnd. Lhrn tgdk 51 vìidmnrs drn

ani`nvne th gdvn annk jìine dke 1,722 auìe`kms enstrhyne.

"Sdtnii`tn `ldmns sghw tgn thtdi enstruct`hk hf vìidmns eur`km tgn Dprì dttdcjs `k


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Cnktrdi Edrfur," sdè Edk`ni Anjnin, Dfr`cd e`rncthr dt Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg.

"Ghw cdk tgn Suedknsn dutghr`t`ns cid`l tgnrn's khtg`km tgny cdk eh wgnk tgn`r hwk

sncur`ty fhrcns wnrn `kvhivne dke tgn wdr cr`lns suspnct Di` Jhsgnà `s hk tgn

ihhsn8" Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg dkdiys`s hf sdtnii`tn `ldmnry fhuke tgdt lhrn tgdk

1,722 auìe`kms wnrn prhadaiy aurkne ehwk `kDau Onrdeì dke fhur kn`mgahr`km

vìidmns, wg`cg `s 77 pnrcnkt hf dii auìe`kms `k tgn drnd. Ugn eniànrdtn enstruct`hk

hf c`vì`dk prhpnrty ds wnii ds structurns dke mhhes `ke`spnksàin th tgn surv`vdi hf

tgn c`vì`dk phpuidt`hk drn wdr cr`lns, Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg sdè. Chlluk`tyindenrs frhl tgn Sdidldt Drda ntgk`c mrhup wgh gde fine th ndstnrk Cgdethie

Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg tgdt lhrn tgdk 51 c`vì`dks wnrn jìine dke schrns `kourne `k

Dau Onrdeì, 32 jìhlntnrs shutg hf^l Eujguk, hk Dprì 7 Z1243\.Lhrn tgdk 422

c`vì`dks wnrn jìine `k wgdt dppndr th gdvn annk chhre`kdtne dttdcjs hk ehznks hf

Sdidldt-phpuidtne thwks dke vìidmns `k tgn drnd tgdt anmdk hk Dprì > dke idstne

fhr snvnrdi edys.

Sdidldt chlluk`ty indenrs ènkt`f`ne tgn dttdcjnrs ds ntgk`c L`ssnr`yd, Ud`sgd, dke

Q`zn`mdt Drdas, wgh drr`vne `k ehznks hf mhvnrklnkt idke cru`snrs. Ugny sdè tgny

fhumgt adcj w`tg r`fins aut wnrn fdr hutkulanrne dke hutmukkne. Ugny sdè tgn

dttdcjnrs wnrn drlne w`tg 426ll rnchìinss r`fins, dkt`-d`rcrdft wndphks, gndvy

ldcg`kn muks, rhcjnt-prhpniine mrnkdens, dke htgnr wndphks

Ugn Dprì dttdcjs cdusne wènsprnde enstruct`hk hf c`vì`dk prhpnrty dke tgn ldss

e`spidcnlnkt hf lhrn tgdk 32,222 pnhpin th Cgde, wgnrn tgny drn dwd`t`km

guldk`tdr`dk dss`stdkcn dlè tgn hksnt hf tgn rd`ky sndshk. Ugn ahrenr drnd rnld`ks

ukenr tgrndt frhl drlne lnk `k tgn drnd, ldj`km dky dttnlpt ay tgn vìidmnrs th

rnturk ghln vnry edkmnrhus. Suedk's rnmuidr drlne fhrcns eè kht `ktnrvnkn th sthp

tgn f`mgt`km hr prhtnct c`vì`dks drhuke Dau Onrdeì, Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg sdè.

Suedknsn dutghr`t`ns gdvn hk snvnrdi hccds`hks prnvnktne tgn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk-

^k`tne Kdt`hks pndcnjnnp`km fhrcn `k Edrfur (^KDL@E), wg`cg gds d ldkedtn thprhtnct c`vì`dks, frhl dccnss`km tgn drnd.

Ditghumg GQ] ehns kht ldjn nxpi`c`t Jgdrthul rnm`ln's lht`vns fhr p`tt`km hkn Drda

mrhup dmd`kst dkhtgnr, `t `s cindriy tgn rnm`ln's wdy hf "rn-pdy`km" tghsn wgh supphrtne tgn

ndri`nr pgdsns hf tgn mnkhcèn, tdrmnt`kmay lndks hfOdkodwnnelì`t`dDfr`cdk tràdi

mrhups. Lhrnhvnr, ds Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg Suedk rnsndrcgnr Ongdkkn Gnkry strnssne `k

Ghusn tnst`lhky (Oukn 40, 1243)?

@ktnr-ntgk`c f`mgt`km `k Edrfur thedy sghuie an ukenrsthhe ds d chksnqunkcn hf

Suedk's supphrt fhr cnrtd`k ntgk`c mrhups th f`mgt dihkmsèn tgn mhvnrklnkt, tgnsh-cdiine "Odkodwnne" lì`t`d, dke hf fdì`km th rn`k tgnl `k, e`sdrl tgnl, hr

prhvèn dky dcchuktdaì`ty fhr pdst snr`hus cr`lns.

Ay tgn sdln thjnk, Jgdrthul's sninct`vn supphrt fhr pdrt`cuidriy phwnrfui Drda mrhups `s

ens`mkne th nksurn tgdt tgny wìi kht turk hk tgn rnm`ln. Ug`s wds trun hf Jgdrthul's sè`km

w`tg tgn Khrtgnrk Q`zn`mdt dmd`kst tgn Ank` Gussn`k idst yndr `k Khrtg Edrfur, nspnc`diiy

`k tgn drnd hf tgn Onani Dl`r mhie l`kns (tgnOdkodwnnegdvn annk erdwk gndvìy frhl tgn


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Khrtgnrk Q`zn`mdt). Dke currnkt f`mgt`km antwnnk tgn Dfr`cdk M`lr dke tgn Drda Ank`

Gdiad `k Shutg Edrfur gds dish `kvhivne Jgdrthul lì`tdrìy?

Ehznks hf pnhpin gdvn annk jìine dke ehznks lhrn whukene `k rnknwne v`hinkcn

antwnnk tgn M`lr dke Ank` Gdiad tràns `k Shutg Edrfur. Ugn twh tràns cidsgne idst

wnnj `k tgn stdtn, arndj`km d frdmìn cndsnf`rn dmrnnlnkttgn fhurtg w`tg`k d sghrt

pnr`he. Spndj`km th Qde`h Edadkmd frhl Kydid, M`lr sphjnsldk Dajdr Di Uhul

sdè tgn Ank` Gdiad gde supphrt frhl tgn Cnktrdi Qnsnrvn Fhrcns (jkhwk ds DauU`rd) dkeAhrenr Mudre fhrcns wgnk idukcg`km tgn lhst rncnkt cidsgns, wg`cg

wnrn wdmne frhl Lhkedy uktì 44?22dl hk Uunsedy. Vìidmns dke ghlns wnrn

thrcgne eur`km tgn dttdcjs, wg`cg thhj pidcn dihkm tgn ahrenr hf tgn Jdtdyiddke

Ne Ni Fursdkihcdi`t`ns, dke dffnctneJdaad, Autda Dau Adsg`r, ^ll Mut`yd,

Jdah, Dlue Di Sdg, Dt` Jnkd, dke Dounjgnnk. ^kenrp`kk`km g`s cid`l tgdt tgn

Ank` Gdiad "gde Rrnsènkt`di supphrt `k tgn mu`sn hf stdtn Spnc`di Fhrcns," Di Uhul

dssnrts tgdt tgn jìi`kms `k Jdtdyid wnrn chll`ttne w`tg mhvnrklnkt nqu`plnkt

("Suedknsn mhvnrklnkt `kvhivnlnkt" diinmne `k idtnst Shutg Edrfur tràdi

cidsgns," Qde`h Edadkmd ZJDUDPID\, 17 Ldy 1243)

Dk nvnr lhrn enspnrdtn rnm`ln `s rndey th rnshrt th nvnk tgn lhst arutdiiy nxpne`nkt lndks

th nksurn `t surv`vdi: tgdt tg`s nktdìs `kfidl`km ntgk`c tnks`hks `k d idke dirndey adeiy rnkt

ay e`v`s`hk dke gdtrne, rnfincts ukspndjdaiy cruni cdicuidt`hk. Dnr`di lì`tdry dssduits

f`murn cnktrdiiy `k tg`s cdicuidt`hk.

@@@. Chkt`ku`km v`hinkt ghstì`ty thwdre `ktnrkdt`hkdi guldk`tdr`dk

hrmdk`zdt`hks `k Edrfur dke mrndtnr Suedk

Ugn chktnxt fhr Jgdrthul's sdvdmn dnr`di cdlpd`mks `k mrndtnr Suedkchiinct`vniy ldss`vn

cr`lns dmd`kst guldk`ty`s d chlpdrdain dssduit hk guldk`tdr`dk dccnss dke cdpdc`ty. Ds

d rnsuit, stdrvdt`hk ihhls fhr ldky gukernes hf tghusdkes hf guldk an`kms ancdusn tgnrn `s

kh `ktnrkdt`hkdi rni`nf dccnss th Aiun Kìn hrShutg Jhrehfdk, dke ancdusn dccnss th

ndstnrk Suedk dke Edrfur `s sh ennpiy chkstrd`kne. Jgdrthul gds fhr lhrn tgdk twh yndrs

enk`ne dii dccnss th c`vì`dks `k rnani-gnie drnds hf Shutg Jhrehfdk (nspnc`diiy tgn Kuad

Lhuktd`ks) dke Aiun Kìn, fndr`km "dkhtgnr Edrfur," `k tgn whres hf hkn snk`hr K@F/KCR

hff`c`di. Ugn rnm`ln whuie snnl th an dct`km prnnlpt`vniy `k ndstnrk Suedk ds wnii.

Ditghumg vnry i`ttin rnphrtne, hk Oukn 4, 1241 Jgdrthulnxpniine d kulanr hf `ktnrkdt`hkdi

rni`nf hrmdk`zdt`hks frhl ndstnrk Suedk, hkn hf tgn lhst fhhe `ksncurn dke indst v`sàin

rnm`hks `k Suedk. Ds tgn Dfr`cdk Cnktrn fhr Oust`cn dke Rndcn Stue`ns (^J) rnphrtne hk

Oukn =, 1244 (tgn kulanr hf "fhrn`mk dè mrhups" nxpniine wds `k fdct snvnk*)?

Suedk `s nxpnii`km fhur* fhrn`mk dè mrhups frhl `ts rnst`vn ndstnrk rnm`hk,

mhvnrklnkt dke dè hff`c`dis sdè hk Frèdy, tgn idtnst rnstr`ct`hks hk dè dmnkc`ns `k

tgn v`hinkcn-ldrrne Dfr`cdk chuktry. D snk`hr hff`c`di `k Jgdrthul sdè tgn fhur

mrhups gde annk dsjne th sthp dii prhoncts `k tgn ukenrenvnihpne ndst, hkn hf Suedk's

phhrnst rnm`hks .... "Ugny eèk't `lpinlnkt tgn prhoncts wn dsjne tgnl th eh," tgn

hff`c`di w`tg tgn Guldk`tdr`dk Dffd`rs Chll`ss`hk thie Qnutnrs, enci`k`km th


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nidahrdtn. Gn sdè tgn fhur `kciuene dè mrhups Mhdi hf @rnidke dke tgn Swne`sg

cgdptnr hfSdvn tgn Cgìernk. (Qnutnrs ZJgdrthul\, Oukn 4, 1241)

Suedk Uràukn rnphrts tgdt tgn Anod Chkmrnss, tgn hienst phi`t`cdi pdrty `k ndstnrk Suedk,

"gds wdrkne tgdt tgn mhvnrklnkt's enc`s`hk th suspnke dct`v`t`ns hf snvnk* fhrn`mk dè

mrhups `s rnkenr`km tgn dirndey `lphvnr`sgne rnm`hk hk "tgn vnrmn hf fdl`kn" (Oukn 3,

1241).

Ugn dssduit hk guldk`tdr`dk rni`nf dccnss `k Edrfur gds annk ukrninkt`km fhr d encden:

hk Ldy 11, 1241 LSF dkkhukcne?

Ds d rnsuit hf `kcrnds`km rnstr`ct`hks `lphsne ay Suedknsn dutghr`t`ns, tgn lne`cdi

guldk`tdr`dk hrmdk`sdt`hk Lenc`ks Sdks Frhkt`rns/Ehcthrs ]`tghut Ahrenrs

(LSF) gds annk fhrcne th suspnke lhst hf `ts lne`cdi dct`v`t`ns `k tgn chkfi`ct drnd

hfOnani S`, `k Suedk's Khrtg Edrfur Stdtn. LSF `s tgn shin gnditg prhvènr `k tgn

rnm`hk. "]`tg tgn rneuct`hk hf hur dct`v`t`ns `k Onani S`, lhrn tgdk 422,222 pnhpin `k

tgn rnm`hk drn inft nkt`rniy w`tghut gnditgcdrn," sdys Dianrth Cr`st`kd, LSF's

hpnrdt`hkdi ldkdmnr fhr Suedk.

Lhrn rncnktiy, LSF gds rncnktiy annk pgys`cdiiy dttdcjne `k Khrtg Edrfur, ds gdvn tgn

@ktnrkdt`hkdi Chll`ttnn hf tgn Qne Crhss (@CQC) dke Dlnr`cdk Qnfumnn Chukcì

(DQC)?

Ugn Edrfur gndequdrtnrs hfEhcthrs ]`tghut Ahrenrs/Lenc`ks Sdks Frhkt`rns(LSF) `k Udwìd, Khrtg Edrfur, wds diinmneiy v`hinktiy rdène dke ihhtne "ay prh-

mhvnrklnkt lì`t`dlnk" hk Sdturedy lhrk`km. ]`tknssns thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdttgn lì`t`dlnk hpnkne f`rn hk tgn chlphuke w`tg r`fins, ldcg`kn muks dke

mrnkdens. "Ugnrn wnrn dahut 12 sncur`ty mudres `k tgn chlphuke dt tgn t`ln, aut

tgny chuie kht prnvnkt tgn lì`t`dlnk frhl tdj`km chlputnrs, lhaìn pghkns,lne`cdi suppi`ns, dke d vng`cin anihkm`km th tgn KMH." (LSF gndequdrtnrs `k

Khrtg Edrfur piukenrne dke ihhtne,Qde`h Edadkmd ZUdwìd, Khrtg Edrfur\,

Snptnlanr 4, 1243)

Ugn gndequdrtnrs hf tgn lne`cdi KMH Lenc`ks Sdks Frhkt`rns/Ehcthrs

]`tghut Ahrenrs (LSF) `k Udwìd wds rnphrtneiy dttdcjne hk Uunsedy, tgn snchke

sucg dttdcj hk tgn chlphuke `k inss tgdk twh edys. D w`tknss thie Qde`h Edadkmd

tgdt twh lì`t`dlnk hpnkne f`rn hk tgn gndequdrtnrs dt 44pl, snr`husiy `kour`km twh

mudres. Ghwnvnr, tgn shurcn sdè tgdt tgn sncur`ty s`tudt`hk gds prnvnktne Dedl

Gdlè Dglne dke Dedl @ssd Sdè frhl an`km trdksfnrrne th ghsp`tdi `k stdtn cdp`tdiNi Fdsgnr. Ugn muklnk diinmneiy lden hff w`tg d vng`cin anihkm`km th tgn KMH. Ds

prnv`husiy rnphrtne ay Qde`h Edadkmd, hk Sdturedy, dftnr tgrndtnk`km tgn sncur`ty

mudres dt mukph`kt, lì`t`dlnk ldkdmne th nktnr tgn auìe`km dke thhj "chlputnrs,

lhaìn pghkns, lne`cdi suppi`ns, dke d vng`cin anihkm`km th tgn KMH," d shurcn

rnchuktne. (Qde`h Edadkmd ZUdwìd, Khrtg Edrfur\, Snptnlanr >, 1243)

S`x ldsjne muklnk rnphrtneiy rhaane tgn hff`cn hf tgn Dlnr`cdk QnfumnnChll`ttnn (DQC) `k tgn v`c`k`ty hf tgn d`rphrt hfKydid, cdp`tdi hf Shutg Edrfur,


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dt 1dl hk Sdturedy. ]`tknssns thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt tgn mdkm fhrcne twhmudres th hpnk tgn ehhrs hf tgn auìe`km dt mukph`kt. Ugn mdkm tgnk diinmneiy sthindii hf tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi cgdr`ty mrhup's chlputnrs, idpthps, ninctrhk`c nqu`plnkt, dke

wgdtnvnr nisn tgny chuie f`ke hf vdiun. (Ldsjne mdkm piukenr KMH's hff`cn `k

Shutg Edrfur, Qde`h Edadkmd ZKydid\, Dumust 1>, 1243)

N`mgt lnlanrs hf stdff hf tgn @ktnrkdt`hkdi Chll`ttnn hf tgn Qne Crhss,

`kciue`km tgn hrmdk`sdt`hk's e`rncthr fhr Knrt`t` ihcdi`ty `k Cnktrdi Edrfur,wnrn diinmneiy daeuctne "ay prh-mhvnrklnkt lì`t`dlnk" hk tgn rhde frhl Knrt`t`th stdtn cdp`tdi_di`kmn` hk Lhkedy lhrk`km. D w`tknss thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt"twh Qne Crhss vng`cins cdrry`km d thtdi hf n`mgt pnhpin wnrnsthppne ay lì`t`dlnkdt dahut 42Zdl\ `k tgn Gìd Anned drnd" dke tdjnk "th dk ukjkhwk ihcdt`hk." Gn

chuie kht chkf`rl tgn fuii kdlns hf dii tgn daeuctnns, aut sdè tgdt tgny `kciuen tgn

Qne Crhss e`rncthr fhr Knrt`t` ihcdi`ty Dauadjdr Lhgdlne Sding, tgn er`vnrs hf twh

vng`cins Gdaà Gdlzd dke Sdidg dke Qne Crhss whrjnrs Dktdr, Dedl @ardg`l,

Daeui Qdg`l Dmnk Dglne, dke dkhtgnr wghsn kdln gds kht ynt annk nstdai`sgne.

(Qne Crhss whrjnrs daeuctne `k Zfhrlnriy ]nst\ Edrfur,Qde`h EdadkmdZ_di`kmn`, ]nst Edrfur\, Dumust 16, 1243)

Hk Ouiy 5, 1243 v`hinkt chkfi`ct `k Kydid, tgn idrmnst c`ty `k Edrfur dke cdp`tdi hfShutg

Edrfur, rnsuitne `k tgn jìi`km hf twh guldk`tdr`dk whrjnrs fhr]hrie V`s`hk. Ugrnn htgnr

]hrie V`s`hk `ktnrkdt`hkdi whrjnrs wnrn `kourne, dke tgn edtdadsn usne fhr fhhe e`stràut`hk

wds enstrhyne. @t wds `k`t`diiy ukcindr wgntgnr tgn hrmdk`zdt`hk chuie chkt`kun `ts whrj,

ditghumg `k tgn nvnkt `t gds encène th pnrsnvnrn. Aut tgn stdjns wnrn nkhrlhus? dcchre`km

th ^K HCGD, ]hrie V`s`hk's "fhhe dè e`stràut`hk prhmrdl supphrts hvnr

522,222 e`spidcne pnhpin `k cdlps dcrhss Shutg Edrfur" (HCGD ]nnjiy Auiint`k 17, Ouiy

45, 1243).

Dke dmd`k, guldk`tdr`dk dccnss `s enk`ne th dii ihcdt`hks wgnrn Jgdrthul w`sgns tgnrn than kh @KMH hr ^K dmnkcy prnsnkcn, dke ^KDL@E `s phwnrinss th sncurn dccnss. Ugn ^K

G`mg Chll`ss`hk fhr Qnfumnns rncnktiy e`schvnrne tgdt `ts stdtus ds d ^K dmnkcy ldjns

kh e`ffnrnkcn th Jgdrthul?

Ugn Suedk mhvnrklnkt gds nxpniine 12 lnlanrs hf stdff hf tgn Hff`cn hf tgn^k`tne Kdt`hks G`mg Chll`ss`hknr fhr Qnfumnns (^KGCQ),"chlprhl`s`km tgndaì`ty hf tgn rnfumnn dmnkcy th nffnct`vniy ukenrtdjn `ts whrj `k Edrfur." Dmnkcysphjnspnrshk Lni`ssd Finl`km chkf`rlne dt d ^K ar`nf`km `k Mnknvd hk

Uunsedy tgdt "hf tgn 3= ^KGCQ `ktnrkdt`hkdi stdff adsne `k Edrfur, hkiy 4= currnktiy

gdvn vdiè pnrl`ts th chkt`kun tgn`r whrj." Finl`km chkf`rlne? "Rnrl`ts `k tgn htgnr12 cdsns gdvn kht annk rnknwne, ensp`tn nxtnkene fhiihw-up ay ^KGCQ w`tg tgn

rninvdkt mhvnrklnkt dutghr`t`ns, fhrc`km us th scdin ehwk hur hpnrdt`hks. "Ug`s gds

pdrt`cuidriy dffnctne hur whrj `k Khrtg Edrfur.Khkn hf hur `ktnrkdt`hkdi stdff adsne`k Ni Fdsgnr gdvn annk mrdktne pnrl`ts th rnturk, w`tg tgn idst rnld`k`km stdffgdv`km annk dsjne th indvn dt sghrt kht`cn `k ndriy Ouiy. Ugn rnsuit `s tgdt fhr hvnr dlhktg, ^KGCQ gds annk ukdain th nffnct`vniy ukenrtdjn prhtnct`hk dke dss`stdkcndct`v`t`ns fhr e`spidcne pnrshks `k Khrtg Edrfur," Finl`km sdè. (Qde`h


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Edadkmd, Edrfur rni`nf hpnrdt`hks gdlpnrne ds 12 ^KGCQ stdff

nxpniine ZMnknvd/Ni Fdsgnr\, Dumust 6, 1243)

Gnrn wn sghuie dish rncdii ghw ihkmstdke`km Jgdrthul's ghstì`ty th `ktnrkdt`hkdi

khkmhvnrklnktdi guldk`tdr`dk hrmdk`zdt`hks (@KMHs) gds annk, anm`kk`km dilhst w`tg tgn

chkfi`ct `tsnif `k ndriy 1223. Lhst chksnqunkt`diiy, `k Ldrcg 1220 Jgdrthul nxpniine frhl

Edrfur tg`rtnnk hf tgn whrie's f`knst @KMHs, `kciue`km twh LSF kdt`hkdi snct`hks,

tgn @ktnrkdt`hkdi Qnscun Chll`ttnn, Hxfdl/^J, dke Sdvn tgn Cgìernk/^S, dihkm w`tgn`mgt htgnrs. @k 1244 Jgdrthul nxpniine Lenc`ks eu Lhken, tgn hkiy lne`cdi rni`nf

hrmdk`zdt`hk prhvè`km dss`stdkcn `k tgn phpuihus dke ennpiy nkedkmnrne Onani Ldrrd

rnm`hk hf cnktrdi Edrfur. Ldky htgnr hrmdk`zdt`hks gdvn fdcne `kthinrdain dausn,

hastruct`hk, gdrdsslnkt, dke v`hinkcn dt tgn gdkes hf tgn rnm`ln's sncur`ty fhrcns dke gdvn

w`tgerdwk ds d chksnqunkcn.

@ktnrkdt`hkdi rnsphksn th tgnsn hutrdmnhus dke chlpintniy ukoust`f`ne dct`hks gds annk

wndj, e`ffènkt, dke nxpne`nkt. @t `s gdreiy surpr`s`km tgdt tgn rnm`ln dt tg`s ph`kt s

chlpintniy `kurne th tgn pnrfukcthry`ktnrkdt`hkdi chkenlkdt`hks hf `ts hkmh`km dke

systnldt`c ahla`km dttdcjs, wg`cg gdvn annk chkt`kuhus fhr tnk yndrs `k Edrfur dke fhr

hvnr twh yndrs `k Shutg Jhrehfdk dke Aiun Kìn. Ugnrn snnls th an kh wìi`kmknss th

dccnpt tgn drmulnkt, envnihpne `k tgn hr`m`kdi vnrs`hk hf tg`s rnphrt (snn pp. 4= 47), tgdt

chkt`kuhus, wènsprnde, dke eniànrdtn dnr`di dttdcjs hk c`vì`dks dke guldk`tdr`dks

chkst`tutn cr`lns dmd`kst guldk`ty ds enf`kne ay tgn Qhln Stdtutn tgdt snrvns ds tgn ads`s

fhr tgn @ktnrkdt`hkdi Cr`l`kdi Churt.

Ugn ^K Rdkni hf Nxpnrts hk Edrfurhkcn d phwnrfui `kvnst`mdt`vn ahey tgdt prhvène

jny `kfhrldt`hk dahutJgdrthul's dnr`di dttdcjs dke `ts e`smu`s`km hf lì`tdry d`rcrdft th

ihhj i`jn guldk`tdr`dk d`rcrdftgds khw annk rneucne th d gndvìy phi`t`c`zne,

uklht`vdtne, dke idrmniy usninss rnphrt`km ahey (snn ly Dprì 4=, 1241 chlpdr`shk hf

pnrfhrldkcn ay tgn knw "Rdkni hf Nxpnrts" dke ay prnv`hus Rdknis,gttp?//www.suedkrnnvns.hrm/8p7). Ugn rnphrts hf v`hidt`hks hf^KSC Qnshiut`hk

4>04prhgà`t`km dii hffnks`vn lì`tdry fi`mgts `k Edrfur, `.n., dii lì`tdry fi`mgtsdrn

`kchksnqunkt`di dke f`murn `k kh s`mk`f`cdkt wdy `k tgn rnphrts hk Edrfur dke ^KDL@E ay

^K Sncrntdry-Mnknrdi Adk J`-lhhk. Ugn fdìurn hf tgn Sncrntdr`dt th inde k dky

lndk`kmfui wdy hk Edrfur `s ynt dkhtgnr sgdlnfui e`smrdcn th tgn whrie ahey, tgn lhrn sh

m`vnk Adk's prhl`sn th ldjn `t d s`mkdturn `ssun hf g`s tnkurn `k hff`cn.

Lndkwgìn, tgn v`hinkcn chkt`kuns th nxpihen `k wdys `kcrnds`kmiy rnl`k`scnkt hf tgn ndriy

yndrs hf tgn mnkhcèn Adk prhl`sne th nke. Gnrnw`tg dk nxdlpin hf d g`mgiy chhre`kdtne

mrhuke dttdcj ay Jgdrthul's lì`t`d prhx`ns?

D mrhup hf 1,222 lì`t`dlnk thrcgne dke "nkt`rniy aurkne" tgn vìidmn hfDau

Odard hk Lhkedy, jìi`km dke `kour`km "ehznks" hf `ts rnsènkts, fhrc`km gukernes

lhrn th finn th Ni Sdidl dkeM`rdyed cdlps.Dau Odard `s ihcdtne 12jl frhl tgn

thwk hfM`rdyed. Snvnrdi w`tknssns thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt dahut 1,222 drlne prh-

mhvnrklnkt lì`t`dlnk, lhuktne hk ghrsns dke cdlnis sthrlneDau Odard frhl

tgrnn e`rnct`hks. D f`rst mrhup wds ine ay Daeui Phuk`s dke g`s shk Hldr: tgny

cdln frhl Eujuld dke Udwì. Ugn snchke mrhup, ine ay Daeuiidg Dau Khad dke


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Oneehu Suin`ldk, cdln frhl ^ll Edwadk, wgìn tgn tg`re mrhup cdln frhl E`th.

Shurcns sdè tgn muklnk chlldkennrne d chllnrc`di trucj,pìidmne tgn nkt`rn

vìidmn anfhrn thrcg`km "nvnrytg`km tgny cdln dcrhss, `kciue`km ghusns dke tgn

ldrjnt." (Shutg Edrfur vìidmn thrcgne ay "1,222""ehznks ende," Qde`h

Edadkmd, DA^ ODAQD, Shutg Edrfur, Ldy 7, 1243)

^KDL@E wds hf chursn enk`ne dccnss th tg`s dtrhc`ty cr`ln, dke wn gndr dahut sucg dk

nvnkt hkiy ancdusn hf Qde`h Edadkmd. @kenne, ^KDL@E `s `kcrnds`kmiy hpnrdt`km frhl"fdii adcj" phs`t`hks, ds summnstne ay d Qde`h Edadkmd e`spdtcg hf Oukn 1=, 1243?

Ugn chhre`kdthr hf _di`kmn` cdlps `k Cnktrdi Edrfur thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt

^KDL@E pdtrhis gdvn fuiiy sthppne dt tgn cdlps s`kcn Odkudry 1243."Ug`s wds

prncnene ay w`tgerdwdi hf tgn chlluk`ty phi`cn frhl tgn cdlps `k Ouiy 1241,"gn

nxpid`kne. "^KDL@E `s chktràut`km th tgn Kdt`hkdi Chkmrnss Rdrty (KCR)

enc`s`hks ay prhvè`km fdisn rnphrts dke gnip`km tgn KCR `k tgn rnm`hkdi dke

`ktnrkdt`hkdi drnkd," gn sdè. Gn dccusne tgn l`ss`hk hf "kht pnrfhrl`km" tgn euty

`t gds annk dss`mkne ay tgn Sncur`ty Chukcì dke tgn ^k`tne Kdt`hks. "]n prne`ct tgdt

d ldohr e`sdstnr l`mgt hccur `k tgn Edrfur cdlps `f tgn L`ss`hk rnld`ks gnrn w`tghut

pnrfhrl`km tgn tdsjs rnidtne th tgn prhtnct`hk hf tgn e`spidcne."

@V. D`rcrdft dke luk`t`hks k usn `k Edrfur dke mrndtnr Suedk

Sdtnii`tn pghthmrdpgy frhl tgn Sdtnii`tn Snkt`kni Rrhonct gds chkf`rlne tgn prnsnkcn `k

Suedk hf knw Sujgh`Su-15 ("Fnkcnr") supnrshk`c prnc`s`hk ahlanrs, ens`mkne fhr

mrhuke dttdcjs. SSR dish c`tns knws rnphrts `ke`cdt`km tgdt Jgdrthul gds purcgdsne twnivn

hf tgnsn fndrshln hffnks`vn lì`tdry d`rcrdft frhl Anidrus. Ug`s rnprnsnkts d suastdkt`di

dumlnktdt`hk hf SDF d`r rnshurcns, dke chlpnksdtns fhr tgn kulnrhus ihssns hf d`rcrdft th

rnani mrhuke-f`rn hvnr tgn pdst snvnrdi yndrs. Ugn Su-15 dish mrndtiy nxpdkes tgn phtnkt`dirdkmn hf dttdcj ay Jgdrthul. Ug`s prhfi`mdtn lì`tdry nxpnke`turn chlns nvnk ds tgn

Suedknsn nchkhly chkt`kuns th `lpihen, w`tg d pnke`km rnlhvdi hf funi suasè`ns tgdt

snnls mudrdktnne th rnknw prhtnst ay c`t`znks dirndey squnnzne ay rukdwdy `kfidt`hk (tgn

rndi rdtn `s hvnr >2 pnrcnkt dcchre`km th lhst hasnrvnrs), dffnct`km kht hkiy funi chsts aut

tgn chst hf ads`c fhhestuffs.

Khr drn tgnsn tgn hkiy lì`tdry d`rcrdft Jgdrthul `s rnphrtne th gdvn dcqu`rne rncnktiy:

Suedk Uràukn rnphrtne (Dumust 40, 1243)?

SuedkdkeQuss`d sndine twh dmrnnlnkts s`kcn 1244 fhr tgn sdin hf twh ehznk L`-15 dttdcj gni`chptnrs dke45 L@-7 trdksphrt gni`chptnrs, d Quss`dk knwspdpnrrnphrtne thedy. Ugn f`rst adtcg hf tgn sg`plnkt wds eni`vnrne `k 1241 `k dcchredkcnw`tg d chktrdct antwnnk twh chuktr`ns d yndr ndri`nr dke tgn snchke hkn wds

scgneuine fhr eni`vnry tg`s yndr pnr d snchke dmrnnlnkt, VnehlhstÀus`knss Edìyquhtne twh dv`dt`hk shurcns ds sdy`km. Dk dkdiyst survnyne ay Vnehlhst` put tgn

vdiun hf tgn chktrdct th an antwnnk $4>2 - $122 lìi`hk wg`cg `kciuensld`ktnkdkcn dke cnrtd`k upmrdens th tgn gni`chptnrs


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@k d rnidtne `ssun, d shurcn cihsn th Quss`d's dmnkcy fhr enfnksn sdins jkhwk ds

Qhshahrhknxphrt,sdè tgdt Suedk `s dish knmht`dt`km tgn purcgdsn hf 47 fhrlnr@ke`dk Su-32J f`mgtnrs tgdt drn sthrne `k dk d`rcrdft rnpd`r pidkt `k Anidrus.

Dnr`di dttdcjs hk c`vì`dks dke guldk`tdr`dkswgntgnr `k Edrfur, Shutg Jhrehfdk, Aiun

Kìn hrShutg Suedkchkt`kun th tdjn tgrnn pr`ldry fhrls. Dkthkhv "ahlanrs" drn tgn

ld`kstdy? rntrhf`ttne Quss`dk cdrmh pidkns fiy`km dt vnry g`mg dit`tuens w`tghut trun ahla-

s`mgt`km lncgdk`sls, frhl wg`cg cruen adrrni ahlas drn s`lpiy rhiine hut tgn cdrmhady. Ds @ gdvn khtne prnv`husiy, tgny drn khthr`husiy `kdccurdtn, dke usninss fhr trun

lì`tdry purphsns, nvnk w`tg shln `lprhvne tdrmnt`km daì`ty. Ugn`r purphsn `s c`v i`dk

tnrrhr dke enstruct`hk, dke fhr tg`s tgny drn supnraiy nffnct`vn. Ancdusn Dkthkhv "ahlanrs"

drn sh `kdccurdtn, tgn`r usn `k dky drnd w`tg d c`vì`dk prnsnkcn `s `psh fdcth

"`ke`scr`l`kdtn," dke sucg dttdcjs gdvn annk rnchrene ds chkf`rlne `k tgn edtd sprndesgnnt

hk tg`s ads`s.

ZUgn tdrmnt`km hf s`tns `k wnstnrk Shutg Suedk gds dish annk cgrhk`cine `k cdrthmrdpg`c

fhrl ay ay SDS's Mrdl`zz` dke Uua`dkd, "Fhrmhttnk Edrfur? Hie Udct`cs dke Knw

Ridynrs,"p. 62.\

Jgdrthul's e`smu`s`km hf lì`tdry d`rcrdft

Ugnrn gdvn dish ihkm annk rnphrts hf SDF Dkthkhvs an`km pd`ktne"^K wg`tn" `k Edrfur,

dke `kciue`km tgn ^K ihmhd v`hidt`hk hf `ktnrkdt`hkdi idw fhrcnfuiiy chkenlkne ay

prnv`hus ^K Rdknis hf Nxpnrts hk Edrfur. Sucg nffhrts dt e`smu`sn put guldk`tdr`dk

d`rcrdft hf tgn sdln typn dt nxtrdhre`kdry r`sj frhl rnani mrhukef`rn. Ugn prdct`cn `s hf

ihkmstdke`km, wèniy dke dutghr`tdt`vniy ehculnktne, dke ynt Jgdrthul gds rncn`vne kh

rnaujn hr sdkct`hk frhl tgn ^K Sncur`ty Chukcì sdkct`hks chll`ttnn cgdrmne w`tg

dssnss`km v`hidt`hks hf ^K Sncur`ty Chukcì Qnshiut`hk4>04 (Ldrcg 122>). Guldk

Q`mgts ]dtcg put tgn ldttnr trnkcgdktiy `k d rnphrt c`t`km tgn f`ke`kms hf tgn ^K Rdkni hfNxpnrts Z \ ?

ZSuedk\ Mhvnrklnkt fhrcns gdvnusne lì`tdry d`rcrdft pd`ktne wg`tntgn chihr

usne ay ^K dke DL@S fhrcnsfhr rnchkkd`ssdkcn, suppiy hpnrdt`hks, dke dttdcjs.

Dt d e`stdkcn, tgn d`rcrdft rnsnlain ^k`tne Kdt`hks dke DL@S pidkns dke L`-7

gni`chptnrs: shlnt`lns tgny nvnk gdvn ^K ldrj`kms. ^sn hf tgnsn wg`tn d`rcrdft fhr

lì`tdry purphsns `s d v`hidt`hk hf `ktnrkdt`hkdi guldk`tdr`dk idw,spnc`f`cdiiy tgn

`lprhpnr usn hf tgn ^k`tne Kdt`hks nlainl, dke, wgnk s`luidt`km tgn prhtnctne

stdtus hf pndcnjnnp`km fhrcns dke guldk`tdr`dk hpnrdt`hks th chkeuct dttdcjs, tgn

prhgà`t`hk dmd`kst pnrfèy. ^sn hf tgnsn pidkns puts mnku`kn ^K, guldk`tdr`dk,dke DL@S fi`mgts dt r`sj ancdusn rnanis l`mgt l`stdjn tgnl fhr inm`t`ldtn lì`tdry

tdrmnts. Rnhpin `k enspnrdtn knne hf dè ldy finn frhl guldk`tdr`dk fi`mgts `f tgny

cdkkht e`st`kmu`sg tgnl frhl mhvnrklnkt lì`tdry d`rcrdft.

Ugn ^K Rdkni hf Nxpnrts sdè, "tgn nxtnks`vn usn hf wg`tn d`rcrdft ay tgn

Mhvnrklnkt hf tgn Suedk, `kciue`km tgn usn hf wg`tn Dkthkhv d`rcrdft `k shln hf

tgn 66 dnr`di dttdcjs cdtdihmune ay tgn Rdkni antwnnk Snptnlanr 1226 dke Ouiy

122=, chkst`tutns d snr`hus hastruct`hk th tgn whrj hfDL@S dke tgn ^k`tne


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Kdt`hks. @k hkn `kstdkcn tgn Rdknifhuke tgdt tgn Mhvnrklnkt hf tgn Suedk gde

usne d wg`tn Dkthkhv d`rcrdft w`tg '^K' ldrj`kms `k hffnks`vn lì`tdry

hvnrfi`mgts." (Guldk Q`mgts ]dtcg, Cgdhs ay Ens`mk? Rndcnjnnp`km Cgdiinkmns fhr

DL@S dke ^KDL@E, 42 Snptnlanr 122=)

@k Snptnlanr 1227 tgn Suedk Uràukn rnphrtne d pdrt`cuidriy ardznk lì`tdry rnchkkd`ssdkcn

usn hf d e`smu`sne d`rcrdft?

D wg`tn gni`chptnr kht ldrjne w`tg tgn ^K nlainl hr dky ènkt`f`dain ldrj`kms

wds snnk Lhkedy fiy`km hvnr d shutgnrk drnd hf Khrtg Edrfur stdtn, wgnrn tgn

ldohr`ty hf vìidmns drn chktrhiine ay tgn rnani Suedk Iànrdt`hk Drly (SID)

fdct`hk ine ay Daeni ]dgè Di-Kur Qnanis frhl ahtg SID dke Oust`cn dke

Nqudi`ty Lhvnlnkt (ONL) gdvn dirndey enlhkstrdtne tgn`r daì`ty th ehwk

gni`chptnrs `k luit`pin chkf`rlne `kstdkcns. D gni`chptnr hf tgn gyarè pndcnjnnp`km

fhrcn wds sght dt `k wnstnrk Edrfur hk Dumust 44 Z1227\ dke dkhtgnr wds edldmne

ay mukf`rn hk Snptnlanr 45 Z1227\ ds `t wds hk `ts wdy th Sgdkmì Uhadyd frhl

Udwìd thwk, dahut 3= jl anfhrn Sgdkmì Uhadyd ^KDL@E adsn cdlp. @k tg`s

`kstdkcn hk Lhkedy, tgn gni`chptnr dppndrs th gdvn annk schut`km dk drnd shutgndst

hfJdajda`yd.

Dcchre`km th tgn ^K-Dfr`cdk ^k`hk pndcnjnnp`km l`ss`hk (^KDL@E), tgn d`rcrdft

finw hvnr tgn ndstnrk pdrt hfShrthk` ^KDL@E Adsn Cdlp, tgnk up th Sdlrd,

Anss` dke Drdlad vìidmns. Ugn gni`chptnr cdln frhl ndst hf ^KDL@E Shrthk`

Adsn Cdlp dke finw adcj thwdres tgn ndst wgnrn `t gde cdln frhl. Dahut 52

l`kutns idtnr, tgn sdln fi`mgt cdln adcj frhl tgn sdln e`rnct`hk, finw hvnrUu`

vìidmn dke chkt`kune thwdres Jdajda`yd.

Qnsphke`km th tg`s dke htgnr v`hidt`hks hf `ktnrkdt`hkdi idw ay Jgdrthul, tgn Nurhpndk

^k`hk chuie lustnr kh lhrn tgdk d pnrfukcthry chkenlkdt`hk hf Jgdrthul's nkedkmnr`km^K, ^KDL@E, dke guldk`tdr`dk pnrshkkni?

Ugn Nurhpndk ^k`hk chkenlkne hk Uunsedy tgn Suedknsn lì`tdry's usn hf wg`tn

d`rcrdft `k str`fn-thrk Edrfur, cdii`km `t d eniànrdtn dttnlpt th crndtn chkfus`hk w`tg

^K pidkns. "Ugn Nurhpndk ^k`hk cdiis hk tgn Suedknsn dutghr`t`ns th put dk

`llne`dtn nke th tgn lì`tdry hpnrdt`hks wg`cg stdrtne d fnw edys dmh `k Edrfur," tgn

aihc's Frnkcg prnsènkcy sdè `k d stdtnlnkt. "@t chkenlks tgn usn hf wg`tn d`rcrdft

`k tgnsn hpnrdt`hks, wg`cg `s eniànrdtniy `ktnkene th crndtn chkfus`hk w`tg ^k`tne

Kdt`hks d`rcrdft," `t sdè, cdii`km hk dii pdrt`ns thdaèn ay `ktnrkdt`hkdi idw.

(Dmnkcn Frdkcn-Rrnssn ZArussnis\, Snptnlanr 13, 1227)

Ugnrn `s hkiy hkn "pdrty" th tgn Edrfur chkfi`ct tgdt gds lì`tdry d`rcrdft, hr d`rcrdft hf dky

j`ke, dke tgn nvnkts dt `ssun drn gdreiy tgn hccds`hk fhr cdii`km hk "diipdrt`ns" th daèn ay

`ktnrkdt`hkdi idw. Ug`s s`lpiy eìutns wgdtnvnr fhrcn, rgnthr`cdi hr htgnrw`sn, tg`s stdtnlnkt

l`mgt gdvn gde. M`vnk sucg tnpè, `kenne nqu`vhcdi cr`t`c`sl, `t `s gdreiy surpr`s`km tgdt tgn

N^ gds dish annk sh wndj `k chkenlk`km tgn hkmh`km ahla`km hf c`vì`dks `k Edrfur, ds

wnii ds tgn rninktinss dnr`di cdlpd`mks dmd`kst tgn pnhpin hfShutg Jhrehfdk dke Aiun Kìn

tgdt anmdk `k sullnr 1244. Nvnk tgn ahla`km hf tgn Pèd rnfumnn cdlp `k Shutg Suedk


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ay tgn rnm`ln's d`rcrdftw`tknssne ay guldk`tdr`dks ds wnii ds rnphrtnrs fhr Qnutnrs dke

tgn AACprhlptne kh enc`s`vn rnsphksn frhl tgn N^ (htgnr rnfumnn s`tns wnrn ahlane ds

wnii). Ds d chksnqunkcn, Jgdrthul chkt`kuns th ahla tgn shvnrn`mk tnrr`thry hfShutg

Suedk ds wnii ds e`sputne ahrenr drnds (snn pdmns 0 41 `k Oukn >, 1241 upedtn). Ugn lhst

rncnkt dttdcj hccurrne hk Snptnlanr 7, 1243oust edys dftnr d sull`t `k Jgdrthul

antwnnk Rrnsènkts Hldr di-Adsg`r dke Sdivd J``r?

Ugn Suedknsn Drlne Fhrcns hk Sdturedy jìine twh pnhpin wgnk tgny ahlane dShutg Suedknsn drly phs`t`hk cihsn th tgn thwk hfOdu, wg`cg i`ns `k d auffnr zhkn

dihkm tgn chllhk ahrenr, Shutg Suedk's drly sdè. "Ugn SDF cdrr`ne hut tgn

ahla`km w`tg L`M-10 f`mgtnr onts. Ugny erhppne twh ahlas hk hur enfnks`vn

phs`t`hk `k Odu ynstnredy," sdè Odlns Jhkm Cguhi, d ldohr mnknrdi chlldke`km d

e`v`s`hk hf tgn Suedk Rnhpin's Iànrdt`hk Drly cihsn th tgn ahrenr. "DkSRID

shie`nr dke g`s w`fn ihst tgn`r i`vns. S`x htgnr pnhpin `kciue`km d fhur-yndr-hie m`ri

wnrn `kourne." (Dmnkcn Frdkcn-Rrnssn ZOuad\, Snptnlanr 7, 1243)

Dk ndri`nr dttdcj hk Odu (Ouiy 1243)rnphrtneiy whuke`km k`kn pnhpin, snvnk snr`husiy

wds rnphrtne ay Qde`h Udldzuo (Ouiy >, 1243), pdrtknr hrmdk`zdt`hk th Qde`h Edadkmd.

Gni`chptnr muksg`ps drn `kfdlhus `k Edrfur, aut gdvn annk enpihyne `k Shutg Jhrehfdk

dke Aiun Kìn ds wnii. Ugny, thh, drn fndrshln wndphks hf c`vì`dk enstruct`hk dke tnrrhr

(Jgdrthul enpihys pr`ldrìy Quss`dk-auìt L`-4= dke L`-31muksg`ps). Ndriy `k tgn

cdlpd`mk `k Shutg Jhrehfdk, d Suedknsn cgurcg shurcn rnphrtne tgdt Kuad pnhpin wnrn

an`km guktne "i`jn dk`ldis" ay gni`chptnr muksg`ps. Dcqu`s`t`hk hf twh ehznk L`-15 dttdcj

gni`chptnrs frhl Quss`d `s dk hl`khus s`mk hf futurn `ktnkt`hks.

Lì`tdry onts, nspnc`diiy Quss`dk Sujgh` Su-1>s dke L`M-10s, ds wnii ds Cg`knsn D->

Fdktdks, gdvn dii annk rnphrtne frnqunktiy `k tgn dnr`di dttdcjs hk Edrfur, Shutg Jhrehfdk,

Aiun Kìn, dke Shutg Suedk. Ugny wìi shhk an oh`kne ay Sujgh` Su-15 ("Fnkcnr")prnc`s`hk ahlanrs.

Jgdrthul gds dish deene th `ts dnr`di drsnkdi ay us`km devdkcne, ihkm-rdkmn Cg`knsn ]n`-

Sg` l`ssìns ds wnii ds `ke`scr`l`kdtn ciustnr luk`t`hks. @k d 1241 rnphrt ("']n cdk ruk

dwdy frhl ahlas, aut kht frhl gukmnr'? Suedk's Qnfumnns `k Shutg Suedk," Oukn 1241,

pdmn 44), Dlknsty @ktnrkdt`hkdi rnphrts hk tgn ads`s hf fhrnks`c nvènkcn?

Cg`kd gds dish annk hkn hf tgn ld`k suppi`nrs hf chkvnkt`hkdi drls th tgn SDF.

Dlknsty @ktnrkdt`hkdi gds ènkt`f`ne tgn usn hfCg`knsn-ldkufdcturne 321ll

]n`sg` luit`pin-idukcg rhcjnts `k mrhuke ahladrelnkts `k tgn drnd hfJduedZKuad Lhuktd`ks\ `k idtn 1244 dke ndriy 1241, wg`cg gdvn annk usne

`ke`scr`l`kdtniy `k c`vì`dk drnds.

V. Ugn kndr-tnrl futurn fhr Edrfur dke mrndtnr Suedk? Ugn Dayn` Cr`s`s

Ugn ihhl`km nvnkt `k mrndtnr Suedk, hkn tgdt ldy cgdkmn tgn tnkhr hf f`mgt`km nkt`rniy, `s

tgn Dayn` rnfnrnkeul scgneuine fhr knxt lhktg (Hcthanr 1243). Ugnrn drn nssnkt`diiy twh

phssàì`t`ns, s`kcn tgn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk lne`dthrs gdvn nxgdustne tgn`r cdpdc`ty th crndtn


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w`mmin rhhl hr th adcj dwdy frhl dk dmrnnlnkt dutghrne ay tgnsn lne`dthrs (cgd`rne ay

Shutg Dfr`cd's Ugdah Lanj`) dke nkehrsne ay tgn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk Rndcn dke Sncur`ty

Chukcì (D^RSC). (D) Ugn rnfnrnkeul `s gnie ds st`puidtne `k tgn D^ pidk, wg`cg wìi

snn tgn E`kjd Kmhjprnvdì `k encidr`km fhr uk`hk w`tg Shutg Suedk: Jgdrthul, `k turk,

wìi i`jniy usn tg`s ds d cdsus anii` dke sn`zn Dayn` lì`tdrìy, r`sj`km dii-hut wdr. Hr(A) tgn

rnfnrnkeul wìi kht an gnie ancdusn tgn Dfr`cdk ^k`hk ehnsk't gdvn tgn sthldcg th

chkfrhkt Jgdrthul dke tgn rnm`ln cnrtd`kiy gds tgn phwnr th ldjn pdrt`c`pdt`km `k tgn

rnfnrnkeul ukdccnptdaiy edkmnrhushr Jgdrthul ldy s`lpiy rnfusn th dccnpt tgn rnsuits,enldke`km "furtgnr knmht`dt`hks" hf tgn shrt tgdt tgn D^ gds dt t`lns g`ktne `t w`sgns.

Jgdrthul's `ktrdks`mnkcn sghuie inde th d rnfnrrdi th tgn ^K Sncur`ty Chukcìf tgn

Dfr`cdk ^k`hk gds tgn wìi, hr dt indst tgn nxpne`nkt ens`rn, th gdke hff dk "Dfr`cdk prhainl"

th tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty, tghumg t wìi an w`tghut dk "Dfr`cdk shiut`hk." Jgdrthul

i`jniy snns tg`s ds tgn lhst pdrdiyz`km hutchln, s`kcn kn`tgnrCg`kd khrQuss`d wìi diihw

lndk`kmfui dct`hk th an tdjnk ay tgn Chukcì. Ug`s ldy wnii inde th dk nxpihs`vn rndct`hk

`k Ouad dke tghsn wgh gdvn cgdlp`hkne tgn cdusn hf tgn E`kjd Kmhj `k Dayn`: tgn

i`jni`ghhe hf rnsulne ghstì`t`ns antwnnk Suedk dke Shutg Suedk wìi `kcrndsn

erdldt`cdiiy. Ugnsn ads`c rndi`t`ns snnl e`stdstnfui th `ktnrkdt`hkdi e`pihldts dke gnkcn

gdvn mhkn idrmniy uklnkt`hkne.

@k Edrfur, wdr antwnnk Shutg Suedk dke Suedk whuie i`jniy rnsuit `k Jgdrthul's nxpnii`km

dii `ktnrkdt`hkdi guldk`tdr`dk khkmhvnrklnktdi hrmdk`zdt`hks ds wnii ds ^K dmnkc`ns.

Ugnrn `s kh ihm`c th sucg nxpuis`hks htgnr tgdk Jgdrthul's wìi`kmknss th f`ke d shiut`hk th

`ts "Edrfur prhainl," nvnk `f tg`s nktdìs nvnk arhdenr guldk enstruct`hk. Ugn rnm`ln

cdicuidtns tgdt `ktnrkdt`hkdi nffhrts chkcnrk`km mrndtnr Suedk wìi an fhcusne hk nke`km

Khrtg/Shutg v`hinkcn, dke Edrfur wìi an (`k tgn `kfdlhus pgrdsn hf tgn Hadld

del`k`strdt`hk) "en-chupine" frhl arhdenr nffhrts th sncurn pndcn `k tgn rnm`hk.

Lì`tdry dttdcjs ldy dctudiiy e`l`k`sg `k Edrfur, ds Jgdrthul's hvnrstrntcgne SDF `s fhrcneth rn-enpihy dnr`di dssnts th chkfrhkt tgn cgdiinkmns tgdt wìi dppndr kht hkiy `k Aiun Kìn

dke Shutg Jhrehfdk, aut dii dihkm tgn Khrtg/Shutg ahrenr. @t whuie snnl lhst i`jniy tgdt

tg`s `s tgn nvnktudi`ty tgdt Jgdrthul gde `k l`ke `k purcgds`km tgn Su-15s, m`vnk tgn`r

mrhuke dttdcj prnc`s`hk, idrmniy ph`ktinss `k Edrfur m`vnk tgn kdturn hf rnani tdct`cs.

Aut dnr`di ahladrelnkt wìi gdvn ehkn `ts oha: `ts rhin `k tgn sihw-lhv`km mnkhcèn wìi an

hvnr wgnk tgn e`spidcnestìi hvnrwgnil`kmiy khk-Drda hr Dfr`cdkgdvn kh dccnss th

tgn`r idkes dke kh guldk`tdr`dk rni`nf shurcns fhr fhhe, cindk wdtnr, pr`ldry lne`cdi cdrn,

dke sdk`tdt`hk. Jgdrthul wìi encidrn tgdt tgn rnm`ln's prnphstnrhus "Guldk`tdr`dk

Dffd`rs Chll`ss`hk" `s fuiiy `k cgdrmn dke up th tgn tdsjynt dkhtgnr mrhss i`n, lndkt thnffnct d f`kdi shiut`hk th tgn Edrfur prhainl.

V@. Chktnxt fhr rnphrts hf dnr`di dttdcjs frhl Qde`h Edadkmd dke htgnr shurcns

Ugn Chlpnkeùl hfSnct`hk V@@ rni`ns vnry gndvìy, tghumg kht nxcius`vniy, hk rnphrts

frhl Qde`h Edadkmd. Lhrnhvnr, `t `s lphrtdkt th khtn tgdt ds ^KDL@E's fdìurn nxpdkes,

tgn ^K's @ktnmrdtne Qnm`hkdi @kfhrldt`hk Kntwhrjs (@Q@K) dke tgn ^K Hff`cn fhr tgn


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Chhre`kdt`hk hf Guldk`tdr`dk Dffd`rs (HCGD) gdvn tdjnk th c`t`km Qde`h Edadkmd,

summnst`km tgny drn pnrsudene hf tgn `ktnmr`ty hf tg`s knws hutint. Dke `kenne `t whuie an

gdre kht th crne`t tgn `ktnmr`ty hf Qde`h Edadkmd, wg`cg gds ldturne nkhrlhusiy `k rncnkt

yndrs w`tg ohurkdi`st`c dss`stdkcn frhl vdr`hus rnshurcns `k Ugn Kntgnridkes. Ugn

chks`stnkcy, nvnk rneukedkcy hf `kfhrldt`hk, tgn c`tdt`hk hf shurcns hk tgn mrhuke

typ`cdiiy nynw`tknssnsdke tgn nxtrdhre`kdry entdì frhl d vnry wèn rdkmn hf ihcdt`hks dii

summnst e`rnct dke frnqunkt dccnss v`d nldì dke vdr`hus tninpghkn dke chlputnr

tncgkhihm`ns. Dke tgn dppdrnkt rneukedkcy hf rnphrts `s hftnk l`sinde`km? ldky s`tns drnahlane rnpndtneiy hvnr tgn chursn hf d kulanr hf edys. Ug`s `s typ`cdiiy cindr frhl d

rnde`km hf dii rnphrts fhr d m`vnk t`ln pnr`he. Qde`h Edadkmd hftnk prhvèns tgn fuii kdlns

hf v`ct`ls dke shurcns, edtns hf dnr`di dttdcjs, ihcdt`hks, t`lns, dke kulanr hf cdsudit`ns ds

wnii ds chksnqunkcns hf ahla`km dttdcjs. @t `s dt tg`s ph`kt s`lpiy pnrvnrsn kht th tdjn ds

crneàin ohurkdi`sl Qde`h Edadkmd's rnphrt`km hk dnr`di dttdcjs `k Edrfur.

Hf chursn Jgdrthul enk`ns dii dnr`di dttdcjs hk c`vì`dks, ds `t enk`ns tgn nx`stnkcn hf rdpn

`k Edrfur, tgn scdin hf ntgk`c v`hinkcn, dke tgn rndi`ty hf d rdpèiy mrhw`km sncur`ty cr`s`s

w`tg e`sdstrhus nffncts fhr e`spidcne c`vì`dks rncn`v`km guldk`tdr`dk dss`stdkcn. Ugn

rnm`ln's fhrn`mk l`k`stry sphjnsldk Dau Adjdr Di-Sèe`q encidrne `k Ldy hf tg`s yndr

tgdt,

ZK.A.\ "@t `s dashiutniy kht trun tgdt tgn Suedk Drlne Fhrcns (SDF) ahlane

c`vì`dk tdrmnts `k tgn twh rnm`hks, hr `k dky htgnr drnds hf Suedk," Zrnm`ln\ fhrn`mk

l`k`stry sphjnspnrshk, Dau Adjdr Di-Sèe`q, sdè hk Ugursedy. (Suedk Uràukn,

Ldy 34, 1243)

***

Dii tgn rnphrts frhl Qde`h Edadkmd gnrn gdvn annk ne`tne fhr inkmtg, ditghumg wgdt `s lhst

hftnk ne`tne hut drn tgn entdìs hf pgys`cdi edldmn dke `k pdrt`cuidr tgn chkstdkt cdiis fhr`ktnrkdt`hkdi prhtnct`hk dke dss`stdkcnpinds fhr prhtnct`hk dke guldk`tdr`dk rni`nf,

nspnc`diiy fhr tghsn e`spidcne frhl tgn`r idkes dke ghlns ay dnr`di ahladrelnkt. Sucg

pinds hccur `k lhst rnphrts, typ`cdiiy w`tg dk dcchlpdky`km anwìenrlnkt? "]gnrn `s

^KDL@E8 ]gy `s t kht prhtnct`km us8 ]gy whk't t pdtrhi k hur drnd8 ]gdt mhhe drn

tgny8" @t sghuie dish an khtne tgdt Qde`h Edadkmd's cdsudity f`murns drn hftnk `kchlpintn

ancdusn pnhpin gdvn gde th finn tgn`r ghlns, vìidmns, dke idkes sh rdpèiy `k tgn fdcn hf

`kthinrdain dke hftnk nxtrnlniy `ktnksn ahladrelnkt. Khr `s Qde`h Edadkmd dain th trdcj

dii tgn e`spidcne th tgn`r ph`kts hf enst`kdt`hk, dt indst hk dk `ke`vèudi ads`s? tgn s`tudt`hk hk

tgn mrhuke `s thh cgdht`c th pnrl`t sucg entnrl`kdt`hks. @kenne, lhst ihcdt`hks `k rurdi

Edrfur drn w`tghut tgn lndks th chlluk`cdtn ndsìy w`tg Qde`h Edadkmd. ]gdt wn gdvnfrhl Qde`h Edadkmd `s kht d chlpintn cnksus aut d rnprnsnktdt`vn sdlpi`km hf vdr`hus drnds

`k Edrfur.

]gdt Qde`h Edadkmd ehns w`tg rnmuidr`tyd pdttnrk tgdt `s rnvndine hkiy wgnk hkn rndes

tgnsn e`spdtcgns ds d wghin`s rnphrt hk tgn ahla`km hf wdtnr s`tns. Ug`s `s dk

nxtrdhre`kdrìy enstruct`vn dct? kht hkiy drn c`vì`dks dke i`vnsthcj lhst i`jniy th an

chkcnktrdtne drhuke wdtnr ph`kts, aut tgn`r frnqunkt enstruct`hk (hftnk dftnr ldky ahla`km

dttnlpts) gds e`sdstrhus chksnqunkcns fhr ihcdi dmr`cuiturn dke tgus c`vì`dk i`vni`ghhes. @k


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tg`s, tgn dssduit hk Edrfur `s nkt`rniy chkt`kuhus w`tg tgn dla`t`hks hf Jgdrthul `k `ts

ahla`km hf c`vì`dks dke fdrlidke `k tgn Kuad Lhuktd`ks hfShutg Jhrehfdk dke Aiun

Kìn.

Ugn chrhiidry hf sucg rninktinss, `ke`scr`l`kdtn, dke ldss`vn dnr`di dssduits `s psycghihm`cdi

trduld hf dk nxtrnln shrt. Rnhpin drn ukdain th whrj, ukdain th sinnp, dke drn hftnk sh

sn`zne w`tg fndr dke dkx`nty tgdt tgny snn kh cgh`cn aut th indvn. Ugny cdkkht i`vn dkytg`km

i`jn khrldi i`vns ukenr sucg chkstdkt ahladrelnkt. Ugnsn c`vì`dks ldjn up de`sprhphrt`hkdtniy idrmn pnrcnktdmn hf tgn lhrn tgdk 522,222 pnhpin knwiy e`spidcne tg`s

yndr. (Ug`s f`murn `s d chksnrvdt`vn nxtrdphidt`hk frhl dii rnphrts dvdìdain? tgn HCGD

f`murn `k lè-Ldy wds "lhrn tgdk322,222" knwiy e`spidcne `k 1243, dke v`hinkcn dke

e`spidcnlnkt gdvn annk rninktinss eur`km tgn `ktnrvnk`km fhur lhktgs.) I`jn thtdi lhrtdi`ty

`k Edrfur, tgn kulanr hf e`spidcne pnrshks gds anchln ukfhrtukdtniy phi`t`c`zne dke tgn

^K, Dfr`cdk ^k`hk, dke ^KDL@E dii andr suastdkt`di aidln fhr tg`s stdtn hf dffd`rs.

Qde`h Edadkmd gds dish rnphrtne rnpndtneiy hk tgn chksnqunkcns hf uknxpihene hrekdkcn

(^WH), d chllhk fndturn hf Jgdrthul's dnr`di dssduits, ds wnii ds tgn `kcrnds`km kulanr hf

`kcènkts `k wg`cg tgn thx`c nffncts hf ahlas drn pncui`dr dke hut hf cgdrdctnr w`tg

"rnmuidr" ahla`km. Nvnk rnmuidr ahlas gdvn thx`c nffncts, nspnc`diiy `k wdtnr tgdt mdtgnrs

`k tgn crdtnrs tgny crndtn. Aut tgn kdturn hf tgn thx`c nffncts `s lucg lhrn s`k`stnr, ds

rnphrtne hk dky kulanr hf hccds`hks. Dt tgn vnry indst tgnrn sghuie an dk `ktnrkdt`hkdi

`kvnst`mdt`hk hf tgn diinmdt`hks hf cgnl`cdi wndphks usn (Suedk `s d pdrty th tgn 4003

Cgnl`cdi ]ndphks Chkvnkt`hk): sdeiy, ensp`tn tgn rgnthr`cdi fi`mgts hf chkenlkdt`hk

hvnrSyr`d's usn hf cgnl`cdi wndphks, tgn suaonct hf `kvnst`mdt`km `k d rnm`hk hf Edrfur

sucg ds Onani Ldrrdth wg`cg ^KDL@E `s enk`ne dii dccnss`s knvnr nvnk lnkt`hkne.

Dmd`k, dii rnphrts gnrn summnst`vn hf cgnl`cdi wndphks eni`vnrne ay lì`tdry d`rcrdft gdvn

annk g`mgi`mgtne ( ).

D khtn hk khlnkcidturn?

Lhst hf tgn dnr`di dttdcjs `k Edrfur drn ay rntrhf`ttne Dkthkhv cdrmh pidkns: tgny drn cgndp,

`llukn frhl mrhuke f`rn ancdusn tgny fiy dahvn >,222 lntnrs (aut dish chksnqunktiy nvnk

lhrn `kdccurdtn), dke tgn hrekdkcn (sgrdpkni-ihdene adrrni ahlas) `s nxtrnlniy cgndp,

tghumg endeiy dmd`kst c`vì`dks dke i`vnsthcj. Gni`chptnr muksg`ps drn dish hftnk usne,

nspnc`diiy `k chkoukct`hk w`tg mrhuke dssduits hk vìidmns. Ldky nynw`tknss rnphrts

`ke`cdtn tgdt "L`Ms" drn `kvhivne k ahla`km dttdcjs. Hkn suspncts, m`vnk tgn e`sphs`t`hk

hf dnr`di dssnts ay tgn SDF, tgdt tgnsn drn ld`kiy Sujgh` Su-1> dttdcj onts, fiy`km ihw dke

nxtrnlniy fdst, dke e`ff`cuit fhr tghsn w`tghut lì`tdry trd`k`km th e`st`kmu`sg frhl htgnr

g`mg-spnne d`rcrdft. "L`M," `k sghrt, `s tgn ruar`c fhr chladt d`rcrdft w`tg ont nkm`kns.Jgdrthul ehns gdvn d kulanr hfL`M-10s, hienr L`Ms, htgnr lì`tdry ont d`rcrdft, dke gds

rncnktiy dcqu`rne d endeiy knw mrhuke dttdcj d`rcrdft frhl Anidrus, tgn Su-15. Aut `k

Edrfur, tgn ont d`rcrdft tdj`km hff frhl ni-Fdsgnr hrni-Hanè d`radsns drn lhrn i`jniy th an

Su-1>s.

Hk d lhrn purniy i`kmu`st`c ldttnr? fhr shln rndshk, Qde`h Edadkmd vnry frnqunktiy usns

tgn vnra "sgnii" wgnrn lhst Nkmi`sg spndjnrs whuie khrldiiy nxpnct "ahla." Ug`s cdk

cdusn shln chkfus`hk, s`kcn "sgnii`km" `k `ts hre`kdry snksn (drtìinry dke lhrtdr f`rn) `s dish


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rnphrtne ay Qde`h Edadkmd. @knv`tdaiy, ghwnvnr, chktnxt ldjns cindr wgdt dct`hk gds

hccurrne. S`lìdriy, "gnrenrs" typ`cdiiy rnfnrs th khlde`c Drda pdsthrdi`sts, aut ldy dish

rnfnr th tghsn snenktdry Dfr`cdk fdrlnrs wgh drn "gnre`km" tgn`r i`vnsthcj: dmd`k, chktnxt

dilhst diwdys ldjns cindr oust wgh `s an`km rnfnrrne th.

D khtn hk pidcn kdlns dke chukty/ihcdi`ty ens`mkdt`hks?

Ug`s rnphrt e`scussns tgrnn idrmn, rnlhtn, dke mnhmrdpg`cdiiy dke i`kmu`st`cdiiy e`vnrsn drnds`k Edrfur. Ugnrn drn, `knv`tdaiy, e`ffnrnkt spnii`kms dke trdksi`tnrdt`hksdke s`lpiy

e`ffnrnkt kdlnsfhr ldky hf tgn ihcdt`hks `k tgnsn rnm`hks. @ gdvn tr`ne th rnmuidr`zn tgn

spnii`km fhr cidr`ty's sdjn. @k tgn cdsn hf thwks hr ihcdi`t`ns tgdt drn lhrn vdr`husiy

e`ffnrnkt`dtne, @ gdvn cghsnk th prnsnrvn tgn ihcdi`ty/chukty kdlns hf tgn shurcn `f `t `s

puai`c hr th usn tgn kdlns dke trdksi`tnrdt`hks hf tgn g`mgiy entdìne ^K Edrfur F`nie

Dtidsns (122>).

D khtn hk lì`tdry shurcns?

Qde`h Edadkmd frnqunktiy c`tns "lì`tdry sphjnslnk" fhr tgn rnani mrhups hf tgn Suedk

Qnvhiut`hkdry Frhkt (SQF), `kciue`km tgn twh ldohr fdct`hks hf tgn Suedk Iànrdt`hk

Drly (SID) frhl Edrfur. @k prnv`hus upedtns dke `k tgn hr`m`kdi rnphrt, tgnsn wnrn kht

ennlne suff`c`nktiy haonct`vn th an `kciuene ds shurcns. Ugnrn drn stìi qunst`hks dahut tgn

vnrdc`ty hf dii cid`ls lden, aut sh hftnk eh c`vì`dk nynw`tknss dcchukts supphrt hr

suppinlnkt lì`tdry cid`ls, tgdt sucg lì`tdry shurcns gdvn annk `kciuene gnrn fhr tgn f`rst

t`ln. Ugn fdct tgdt d m`vnk shurcn `s d lì tdry sphjnsldk `s diwdys g`mgi`mgtne w`tg dk

dstnr`sj (*).

Nrrhrs `k dk nktnrpr`sn sucg ds tg`sw`tg luit`pin kdlns, spnii`kms, trdksi`tnrdt`hks,

mnhmrdpg`c ukcnrtd`kt`ns, dke chrrupt`hk tgrhumg trdksl`ss`hkdrn `knv`tdain. Nvnrytg`km

gds annk ehkn th sncurn tgn lhst dccurdtn edtd dke mnhmrdpg`cdi `kfhrldt`hk phssàin, autm`vnk tgn hkmh`km kdturn hf tg`s drcg`vn, tgn dutghr whuie an mrdtnfui th rncn`vn chllnkts.

V@@. QNRHQUNE DNQ@DI DUUDCJS, LDP 1241 SNRUNLANQ 1243

(dii g`mgi`mgt`kms `k tgnsn e`spdtcgns gdvn annk deene)

Lhrn ahla`km hf Edrfurs Ndst Onani Ldrrd, yhutgs gdrdssneQde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (4> Snptnlanr 1243) - @k tgn K`lrd rnm`hk, Ndst

Onani Ldrrd, rnsènkt Daeuiidg Lhgdlne wds snr`husiy `kourne hk Sukedy, rnphrtneiy ds drnsuit hf ahladrelnkts ay tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn D w`tknss `kfhrlne Qde`h Edadkmd

tgdt dk Dkthkhv ont stdrtne `ktnks`vn ahla`km dahvn tgn drnd hf Ndst Onani Ldrrd drhuke

7dl, chkt`ku`km uktì 44dl. Ug`s ine th tgn `koury hf Daeuiidg Lhgdlne (>>). Gn wds tdjnk

th tgn gnditg cnktrn hfSgdkmì Uhadyd fhr trndtlnkt. D kulanr hf i`vnsthcj wnrn dish

jìine.

Chkt`kune ahla`km dke sgnii`km hf Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd


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Chkt`kune ahla`km dke sgnii`km hf Edrfurs Ndst Onani Ldrrd

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (41 Snptnlanr 1243) - Ugn Suedknsn D`r

Fhrcns (SDF) gds diinmneiy chkt`kune ahla`km Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd fhr tgn

tg`re edy `k d rhw, ds wnii ds sgnii`km w`tg gndvy drtìinry. Sncur`ty snrv`cns gdvn

cihsne tgn ld`k rhde antwnnk tgn _dl _dl e`spidcne cdlp dke Udant, inde`km th

Fdkmd dke E`radt, tgrnn edys dmh. ]`tknssns wgh fine thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt hk

Ugursedy, L`M f`mgtnrs dke Dkthkhv pidkns chkt`kune tgn`r ahladrelnkts hf tgndrnds hfJ`rd, Sda` dke OdaniJhrm`, fhr tgn tg`re edy `k d rhw. Ugny sdè tgdt hk

Ugursedy, tgn sgnii`km chkt`kune frhl 7dl tìi 44dl, crndt`km gumn fndr dke inde`km

th lhst hf tgn rnsènkts th finn th tgn vdiinys. Htgnrs fine th _dl _dl cdlp, kndr Ni

Fdsgnr, tgn cdp`tdi hf khrtg Edrfur. Ugn pnhpin finn`km tgn dttdcjs gdvn diinmneiy annk

nxphsne th gndvy dausn ay sncur`ty lnk `k tgn ^ll Gdsgdad rnm`hk dke ay "Dau

U`rd" fhrcns dt tgn mdtn hf tgn _dl _dl cdlp. ]hlnk gdvn annk gdrdssne, htgnrs

wnrn andtnk, gndvìy `ksuitne, dke tgn`r phssnss`hks tdjnk, hk tgn prntnxt tgdt tgny drn

supphrt`km tgn drlne rnani lhvnlnkts.

Ende, `kourne `k cidsgns, d`r rdès `k Edrfur

Qde`h Edadkmd, NI FDSGNQ (44 Snptnlanr 1243) - ]`tknssns wgh finefrhl tgn

vìidmns Ldjdràd D dke Ldjdràd A, shutg hf Ni Fdsgnr dke frhl vìidmns `k tgn

drnd hf Udant, `k Ndst Onani Ldrrd gdvn rnphrtne cdsudit`ns dke tgn endtg hf

i`vnsthcj eun th `ktnksn ahladrelnkts, diinmneiy ay tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcns dke

sgnii`km ay gndvy drtìinry hk ]neknsedy. Hkn w`tknss chkf`rlne th Qde`h

Edadkmd tgn jìi`km hf hkn hf g`s rnidt`vns kdlne Gdo` Di` Lhusd Di` (6>), dlhkmst

htgnrs eur`km dk d`r str`jn, wgìn tgny wnrn gè`km `k hkn hf tgn vdiinys `k tgn Udant

drnd. Htgnr w`tknssns wgh fine chkf`rlnetgdt gndvy dnr`di ahladrelnkts stdrtne hk

Uunsedy nvnk`km dke chkt`kune uktì ]neknsedy nvnk`km, tdrmnt`km tgn vìidmnsLdjdràd D dke Ldjdràd A ihcdtne antwnnk Udant dke _dlzdl cdlp, shutg hf Ni

Fdsgnr.

"Snvnrdi ende dke `kourne `k Edrfur d`r rdè"? w`tknssns

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (3 Snptnlanr 1243) - Dk ukjkhwk kulanr

hf pnhpin gdvn rnphrtneiy annk jìine dke `kourne `k d sustd`kne dnr`di

ahladrelnkt, diinmneiy ay Dkthkhv d`rcrdft hf tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn, `k pdrts hf

Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd hk Lhkedy dke Uunsedy.Luit`pin w`tknssns thie Qde`h

Edadkmd tgdt tgn Khrtg Edrfur drnds hfDau Gdlrd, Gdfdrd, Euaah Di Hled, dkeshutgndst Di Ldidl wnrn g`t `k tgn rdè tgdt anmdk dt dahut 3pl hk Lhkedy dke

wds rnphrtneiy sustd`kne uktì Uunsedy nvnk`km. Ugn nxdct kulanr hf cdsudit`ns gds

kht annk dscnrtd`kne, ds rnsènkts gdvn dppdrnktiy fine `k dii e`rnct`hks, ldky

tdj`km chvnr `k tgn surrhuke`km lhuktd`ks dke vdiinys. Hkn ldk wgh fine tgn

Euaah Di Hled drnd thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt tgn n`mgt-yndr-hie Pdg`yd Pdqhua

Sding, ds wnii ds Dedl Dajdr Lhgdlne, dke Edr Ns Sdiddl Hldr Sding, wnrn


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jìine ds tgny lhvne thwdres tgn`r fdrl hk Uunsedy lhrk`km. Gn rnphrtne tgdt 5>

gnde hf cdttin dke tgrnn ehkjnys wnrn dish jìine.

"Dt indst snvnk ende `k Edrfur d`r rdè"? gnresldk

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (> Snptnlanr 1243) -Dt indst snvnk pnhpin,

`kciue`km fhur cgìernk, drn rnphrtne th gdvn e`ne `k rnknwne d`r rdès, diinmneiy ay tgn

Suedknsn d`r fhrcn, `k Edrfurs Ndst Onani Ldrrd hk Ugursedy.Snvnrdi w`tknssns finn`km

tgn drnd thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt tgn v`c`k`t`ns hf J`kne, Sìh, Sgdkmì Uhady, ds wnii dstgn vìidmns hf Jukodrd, Sgdrdf, U`rah, dke Vdkdmd wnrn dffnctne.

Ugny sdè tgdt tgrnn Dkthkhv d`rcrdft dke twh L`M onts phukene tghsn drnds frhl 7dl uktì

4pl hk Ugursedy. Ugny sdè tgdt tgny sdw ldky ende dke whukene dlhkm tgn

phpuidt`hk, ds wnii ds d kulanr hf i`vnsthcj jìine."Ugny chuie kht quhtn nxdct kulanr,

ghwnvnr, ds "pnhpin wnrn finn`km fhr tgn`r i`vns `k dii e`rnct`hks." D gnresldk wgh sphjn

th Qde`h Edadkmd sdètgdt wgìn tgny wnrn wdtnr`km tgn`r i`vnsthcj dt tgn wniis hf tgn

Dauzdè dmr`cuiturdi prhonct, d str`jn jìine snvnk pnhpin dke whukene f`vn htgnrs. Ugn

ende `kciuene fhur cgìernk? D`sgd Gussn`k Pdqhua (6), Pdgyd Odqhua @ssd (=), Quf`nedg

Dedl Sding (41), dke Dedl Sding Oulld (4>), tgn gnresldk sdè, chkf`rl`km tgdt

fdrlnrs drn finn`km tgn drnds hfLdrsgdkm, Ldkdwdsg` dke Dau Gdlrd.

"Rnhpin i`vn `k chkstdkt tnrrhr hf tgn tnrrhr hf tgn Dkthkhvs, L`Ms, dkegni`chptnrs," gn

sdè. "]`tg tgn rhdr hf d`rcrdft dahvn tgnl tgny drn kht dain th mh dahut tgn`r edìy i`vns,

tnke tgn`r fdrls hf sghp fhr fhhe, ds tgn ahlas chuie fdii dt dky lhlnkt." Ugn w`tknssns

cdiine hk tgn ^K dke tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty th nkfhrcn d kh-fiy zhkn `k Edrfur, dke th

ehculnkt tgn cr`lns hf tgn Jgdrthul rnm`ln.

Hkn jìine, twh arhtgnrs ld`lne ay mrnkden `k Ndst Edrfur

Qde`h Edadkmd, DE@IID (10 Dumust 1243) - Hkn yhukm ldk wds jìine dke twh

arhtgnrs ld`lne hk Ugursedy wgnk d mrnkden tgny fhuke `k Ndst Edrfur nxpihene.

D rnidt`vn hf tgn encndsne thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt Lhgdlne Dglne Di Gde` wds

jìine hutr`mgt. Arhtgnrs Edw Di Kd`l dke @ardg`l Di Sde`j Dglne wnrn ahtg

snr`husiy `kourne `k tgn nxpihs`hk. Ugny rnphrtneiy ahtg ihst tgn`r gdkes dke fnnt.

Ugn rnidt`vn sdè tgdt tgn `kcènkt hccurrne dahut 3jl wnst hfDeìid. "Ugn lnk wnrn

hk tgn`r wdy ghln dftnr tnke`km tgn`r fdrl wgnk tgny fhuke tgn mrnkden. ]n suspnct

`t wds inft hvnr frhl tgn rncnkt tràdi cidsgns `k tgn drnd. ]gnk Lhgdlne p`cjne `t

up, `t wnkt hff." Dftnr lhrn tgdk d encden hf ghstì`t`ns, Edrfur `s i`ttnrne w`tg tgn

enar`s hf wdr, wg`cg `kciuens uknxpihene hrekdkcn (^WH).

Uwh Edrfur`s jìine `k hk-mh`km Ndst Onani Ldrrd d`rstr`jns

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (13 Dumust 1243) -Ahla`kms diinmneiy cdrr`ne hut

ay tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn chkt`kune hk Frèdy `k Ndst Onani Ldrrd indv`km dt indst twh

pnhpin ende dke snvnrdi htgnrs `kourne, ihcdi shurcns finn`km tgn str`jns sdy.Ds d rnsuit hf

tgn "gndvy ahladrelnkts, tdrmnt`km ld`kiy tgn Khrtg Edrfurvìidmn hf Euaah di Hled

dke surrhuke`kms," ghusns dke fdrls cdumgt hk f`rn dke i`vnsthcj wnrn jìine.


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]`tknssns thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt d L`M d`rcrdft erhppne ahlas hk Frèdy frhl 7dl

uktì 42dl, dee`km tgn ahladrelnkt "`ktnks`f`ne."D ldk finn`kmtgn vìidmn hf Jdod,

ihcdtne =jl ndst frhl Euaah di Hled, sdè gn sdw twh hf rnidt`vns jìine eur`km tgn

str`jns? Ldkshur Di` Ldkshur dke g`s shk Gdlhued Ldkshur, snvnk yndrs hie. "@ chuie kht

chukt tgn ende dke whukene ancdusn nvnryhkn fine `k e`ffnrnkt e`rnct`hks hk tgn`r hwk th

surv`vn tgn dttdcj," gn sdè, wgìn chkf`rl`km tgdt ghusns dke fdrls drn hk f`rn eun th tgn

"`ktnksn ahladrelnkt ay tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn." Ahla`kms `k Ndst Onani Ldrrd drn

mh`km hk fhr lhrn tgdk hkn wnnj. Shurcns thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgn kh`sn hf d`rcrdfts "gdschlpintniy trduldt`sne tgn cgìernk, dke shln prnmkdkt whlnk gdvn l`scdrr`ne."

D`r shrt`ns "trduldt`s`km Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd"? w`tknssns

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (11 Dum 1241) -Qnsènkts hf Edrfur's Ndst Onani

Ldrrd drn rnphrtneiy i`v`km `k chkt`kuhus fndr hf d`r rdès. Ugny diinmn tgdt tgn drnd `s

chkstdktiy pdtrhiine ay "Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn"onts dkegni`chptnrs, snvnrniy e`srupt`km

tgn`r edìy i`vns. C`t`znks gdvn cdiine hk tgn ^K dke tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty th

`ktnrvnkn dke `lphsn d kh-fiy zhkn `k Edrfur. Ugny sdy tgdt `k dee`t`hk th ihw-fiy`km

gni`chptnrs dke L`M onts, g`mg-fiy`km Dkthkhv d`rcrdft "tgrndtnk dnr`di ahladrelnkt dt dky

lhlnkt." "Fhr tgrnn chksncut`vn edys frhl Uunsedy th Ugursedy chkstdkt shrt`ns gdvn

fhrcne ldky c`t`znks th spnke tgn`r edys tdj`km chvnr `k tgn whhe hr tgn vdiinys. Ugn kh`sn

gds chlpintniy trduldt`sne tgn cgìernk, dke shln prnmkdkt whlnk gdvn l`scdrr`ne," d

shurcn sdè. Ugn dffnctne drnds `kciuen Dau Gdlrd, Dffdrd, Dehid dke Khrtg Di

Ldidl. Qnsènkts chlpid`k tgdt tgny drn gdv`km e`ff`cuity mh`km dahut tgn`r edìy i`vns,

hatd`k`km fhhe dke wdtnr, hr tnke`km tgn`r fdrls dke i`vnsthcj

"Vìidmn enstrhyne, c`vì`dks ende dke `kourne `k Edrfur d`r rdè"? vìidmnrs

Qde`h Edadkmd, SGDKM@I UHADP (12 Dumust 1243) - Dk "`ktnksn d`r

ahladrelnkt," diinmneiy ay tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn, rnphrtneiy cdusne dk ukjkhwk

kulanr hf cdsudit`ns dke chlpintniy enstrhyne tgn vìidmn hfDau Unmd `k Khrtg

Edrfur hk Uunsedy.D vìidmnr finn`km tgn drnd thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt frhl 41pl

tìi 4pl, twh Dkthkhv d`rcrdft strdfne tgn drnd th tgn ndst dke wnst hf tgn ld`k

g`mgwdy tgdt chkkncts Ni Fdsgnr dke Kydid, cdp`tdis hf Khrtg dke Shutg Edrfur.

Drnds ndst, khrtg dke wnst hf Ldrsgdkm ihcdi`ty `k Shutg Edrfur wnrn dish

rnphrtneiy tdrmntne. ]`tknssns chuktne d thtdi hf 1> ahlas tgdt wnrn erhppne. "Ugn

vìidmn hf Dau Unmd th tgn wnst hfSgdkmì Uhady wds chlpintniy aurkne dke tgn

phpuidt`hk fine `k dii e`rnct`hks." Ugn shurcn sdè wgìn gn wds surn tgdt tgnrn wnrn

"ldky ende dke `kourne," gn chuie kht ynt dcchukt fhr tgn guldk cdsudit`ns eun

th tgn`r e`spnrsdi.

"Dt indst fhur ende, nkt`rn vìidmn enstrhyne `k Edrfur d`r rdès"? w`tknssns

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (47 Dumust 1243) -Dt indst fhur pnhpin

`kciue`km d prnmkdkt whldkdrn rnphrtne th gdvn e`ne, ldky `kourne, dke d vìidmn

chlpintniy enstrhyne hk Sdturedy dke Sukedy, fhiihw`km d snr`ns hf d`r rdès hk Ndst

Onani Ldrrd. Luit`pin rnphrts rndcg`km Qde`h Edadkmd frhl c`vì`dks finn`kmtgn drnd sdy

tgdt hk Sukedy, tgn prnmkdkt Gdwdd Suin`ldk Pdg`yd e`ne, dke dt indst twh pnhpin wnrn

`kourne, wgnk "d mrhup hf n`mgt Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn d`rcrdft kciue`km L`M onts,

gni`chptnrs dkeDkthkhvs ahladrene d idrmn drnd hf Ndst Onani Ldrrd."


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Ugn Khrtg Edrfur vìidmns hf Udkdmdrd, Sgdrfd, Ehild, Dau Gdlrd, Sdk` Jukeh, dke

Udmdi` ^ldmdi` wnrn dii rnphrtneiy g`t. Udkdmdrd wds dppdrnktiy chlpintniy enstrhyne. @k

tgn Mdiida drnd, cihsn th Khrtg Uda`t lì`tdry adsn, Khur Di Ed`l Sding Adjg`t, dke

Lusd Pdg`yd @ssd wnrn ahtg snr`husiy `kourne `k d ahladrelnkt. Ghwnvnr, w`tknssns sdy

tgdt ds tgn rdès drn hkmh`km, tgn nxdct kulanr hf cdsudit`ns gds ynt th an dssnssne. Ds

prnv`husiy rnphrtne ay Qde`h Edadkmd, snvnrdi c`vì`dks gdvn e`ne, ehznks gdvn annk

`kourne dke lucg prhpnrty gds annk enstrhyne `k "dilhst edìy" ahladrelnkts hf tgn Ndst

Onani Ldrrd ihcdi`ty hvnr tgn pdst fnw wnnjs.

Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd sgniinedt indst twh c`vì`dks e`n? w`tknssns

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (4> Dumust 1243) - Mhvnrklnkt lì`t`ds

mudre`km funi chkvhy rnphrtneiy suaonctne vìidmns `k Ndst Onani Ldrrd th "drtìinry

dke lhrtdr f`rn" hk Ugursedy, jìi`km dt indst twh c`vì`dks, dke `kour`km ldky lhrn.

Luit`pin w`tknssns thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt tgn mhvnrklnkt trhhps dke lì`t`dlnk

wnrn mudre`km d chkvhy hf 4>2 funi tdkjnr trucjs tgdt rndcgne Uda`t lì`tdry adsn `k

Khrtg Edrfur hk Ugursedy lhrk`km. @k tgn pdst, funi chkvhys gdvn annk tgn tdrmnt hf

rnani dttdcjs. Ugn mudres tgnk rnphrtneiy mdtgnrne `k tgn Udkmdrd drnd, dahut =jl

shutg hf tgn adsn, dke anmdk th sgnii tgn Shutg Edrfur vìidmns hf Sgdwdrd, QhkodMunkoy, Deuld, ^ll Mnko`, Crhwn, dke tgn surrhuke`km fdrls "w`tg drtìinry,

ghw`tznrs dke lhrtdrs."

]`tknssns sdy tgdttwh whlnk, Ld`lukd Ndsd Sding (3> yndrs) dke Edr ns Sdiddl

Gdssdk Pdg`yd (1> yndrs) e`ne `k "`ktnks`vn ahla`km" hfSgdwdrd. "D idrmn f`rn

dish arhjn hut `k tgn vìidmn," tgny sdè. Shurcns sdy tgdt fhiihw`km tgn sgnii`km, "tgn

SuedknsnD`r Fhrcn erhppne snvnrdi ahlas hk tgn drnd,"aut chuie kht m`vn furtgnr

entdìs. Ugn ahladrelnkts dish rnphrtneiy `kourne ldky pnhpin, aut tgn w`tknssns

ukenrschrne tgdt `t wds thh shhk th m`vn dccurdtn cdsudity f`murns.Idrmn kulanrshf i`vnsthcj drn dish sdè th gdvn pnr`sgne. C`t`znks dppndine th tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi

chlluk`ty th `ktnrvnkn dke "`lphsn d kh-fiy zhkn `k Edrfur, dke ehculnkt tgn

cr`lns hf tgn Jgdrthul rnm`ln `k Ndst Onani Ldrrd."

Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn str`jns hk Ndst Onani Ldrrd chkt`kun? shurcns

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (43 Dumust 1243) -D`r rdès "cdrr`ne hut ay tgn

Suedknsn D`rFhrcn" hk Ndst Onani Ldrrd chkt`kun fhr d tg`re chksncut`vn edy, ihcdi

shurcns dff`rl. Ugny wnrn kht ynt dain th chkf`rl dky cdsudit`ns. L`M d`rcrdfts gdvn

rnphrtneiy ahlane Euaah di Hled dke surrhuke`km vìidmns hf Khrtg Edrfur, "hk

Uunsedy lhrk`km dke dftnrkhhk." ]`tknssns chuie kht ynt chkf`rl dky cdsudit`ns th Qde`h

Edadkmd ds pnhpin fine thwdres snvnrdi e`rnct`hks dke lhst drn stìi gè`km. "Fdrlnrs inft

tgn`r crhps, dke pdsthrdi`sts ihst tgn`r i`vnsthcj dke cdlnis eun th tgn chkstdkt sgnii`km,"

shurcns sdè. Ugny strnssne tgdt ihcdi chlluk`t`ns, nspnc`diiy cgìernk, whlnk, dke tgn

nienriy, drn fdc`km d "guldk`tdr`dk cr`s`s" cdusne ay nxtrnln e`ff`cuit chke`t`hks dke

phhr gnditg ds tgny lust chkstdktiy finn.

Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd ahla`km endtg thii r`sns


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Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (41 Dumust 1243) - Ugn endtg thii hf d`r str`jns

diinmneiy cdrr`ne hut ay tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn `k Khrtg Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd rhsn

frhl snvnk th k`kn, shurcns dff`rlne. Hk tgn hccds`hk hf tgn ahla`kms hk Euaah di

Hled, w`tknssns sdè tgnahladrelnkt wds sh `ktnksn tgdt pnhpin wnrn s`lpiy kht dain th

nscdpn. Shurcns `kfhrlne Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt twh lhrn ahe`ns, anihkm`km th tgn tw`k

arhtgnrs Gdssdk Pdg`yd Lhgdlne dke Gussn`k Pdg`yd Lhgdlne, =, wnrn fhuke hk

Lhkedy `k tgn zhkn hf Jnyrd, wg`cg anihkms th tgn Euaah di Hled del`k`strdt`vn uk`t.

"Ugn sgdttnrne ahe`ns wnrn fhuke dlhkm dk`ldi cdrcdssns. Ugn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn

chkt`kuns ahla`km tgn drnd fhr d snchke edy `k d rhw," dw`tknss stdtne. Gn sdè tgdt

L`Ms erhppne fhur ahlas hk tgn vìidmn hf Sur` hf Euaah di Hled del`k`strdt`vn uk`t,

"`kc`t`km tnrrhr dke fndr `k tgn gndrts hf c`t`znks" wgh shumgt rnfumn `k tgn wde`s dke

lhuktd`ks kndray. D idrmn kulanr hf i`vnsthcj `s dish rnphrtne th gdvn annk jìine.Ihcdi

rnsènkts rnpndtne tgn`r enldkes fhr tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty th "adk tgn Suedknsn D`r

Fhrcn frhl fiy`km hvnr Edrfur dke snke tndls th `kvnst`mdtn tgn cr`lns cdrr`ne hut ay tgn

Jgdrthul rnm`ln."

Dt indst snvnk e`n, ehznks whukene `k Khrtg Edrfur d`r rdès

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD/UD]@ID (44 Dumust 1243) - Dt indst snvnk

pnhpin gdvn e`ne dke ehznks lhrn wnrn whukene wgnk Dkthkhv dkeL`M d`rcrdft,

diinmneiy anihkm`km th tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn, suaonctne pdrts hf Khrtg Edrfur th "dk

`ktnksn dnr`di ahladrelnkt." Spndj`km th Qde`h Edadkmd frhl Euaah di Hled `k

Ndst Onani Ldrrd hk Sukedy, w`tknssns sdè tgdttgn `k`t`di ahladrelnkt hccurrne

antwnnk =dl dke 42dl, dke `kciuene Jdeod dke Edey, ds wnii ds tgn Dau _dè

dmr`cuiturdi prhonct. "Ugn d`r rdès hk tgn drnd tgnk rnsulne, dke chkt`kune `kth

Sukedy nvnk`km." Ugrnn arhtgnrsGdwn Pdgyd Hldr, Dedl Pdgyd Hldr, dke

]diè Pdgyd Hldr e`ne `k hkn dttdcjwgìn Mdanr Daeurdgldk Phusuf, dke g`s

shks Dedl Odanr, Lhgdllne Odanr, dke Khhr Lhgdllne Odanr e`ne `k dkhtgnr. @kdee`t`hk th ehznks hf whukene, idrmn kulanrs hf i`vnsthcj pnr`sgne, dke ldky

pnhpin fine thwdres _dlzdl cdlp dke tgn c`ty hfSgdkmì Uhady. Ghwnvnr, lhst

hf tgn c`t`znks hf tgn drnd drn rnphrtneiy tdj`km chvnr `k tgn wde`s dke tgn

lhuktd`ks. Phukm Edrfur gnrenr ende `k "dilhst edìy d`r rdès hk Ndst Onani Ldrrd"

Qde`h Edadkmd ONANI LDQQD (4 Dumust 1243)- Ugn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn `s diinmneiy

cdrry`km hut "dilhst edìy" d`r rdès hk tgn Ndst Onani Ldrrd ihcdi`ty `k Shutg Edrfur.

Hk Ugursedy, 41-yndr-hie gnrenr Lusd Suin`ldk e`ne, dke dahut 5= i`vnsthcj wnrn jìine

ay hkn hf tgn ahlas.]`tknssns thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt Ugursedy's d`r rdè, diinmneiy ay d

Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn Dkthkhv, g`t tgn drnd hfGdfdrd `k Ndst Onani Ldrrd, wgnrn Lusd wdsgnre`km g`s cdttin. Ugn w`tknssns chlpid`kne tgdt tgn ihcdi`ty "gds annk ukenr chkstdkt dke

dilhst edìy ahladrelnkt."Fdrlnr Jdithul Gdrhuk Pdgyd wds jìine hutr`mgt wgnk d

ahla g`t gnr fdrl dt dahut lèedy hk Sukedy 14 Ouiy. Kh furtgnr cdsudit`ns gdvn annk

rnphrtne, aut w`tknssns sdy tgdt ldky hf tgn pnhpin gdvn tdjnk chvnr `k tgn surrhuke`km

lhuktd`ks. Ugn lhuktd`ks th tgn shutg dke wnst hf Sgdkmì Uhady `k Edr Ni Sdidl

ihcdi`ty wnrn rnphrtneiy dish "suaonct th dnr`di ahladrelnkt" hk ]neknsedy.

Edrfur fdrlnr jìine `k d`r rdè hk Onani Ldrrd


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Qde`h Edadkmd, ONANI LDQQD (13 Ouiy 1243) - D >>-yndr hie Shutg Edrfur fdrlnr

wds rnphrtneiy jìine hk Sukedy wgnk "d Suedk D`r Fhrcn Dkthkhv" diinmneiy

erhppne d ahla hk gnr fdrl ndst hf Onani Ldrrd `k Shutg Edrfur. ]`tknssns frhl

tgn drnd thie Qde`h Edadkmd tgn Dkthkhv cdrr`ne hut dk d`r rdè hvnr tgn Fdkmd dke

Jdrjdrh drnds.

"Suedk D`r Fhrcn ahlas Shutg Edrfur vìidmns"? shurcns

Qde`h Edadkmd, NI SDIDL CDLR (7 Ouiy 1243) - Ugn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn gds hkSukedy rnphrtneiy ahlane drnds drhuke ^ll Mukod `k Shutg Edrfur. Ugn d`r rdè,

d shurcn sdè, wds fhiihwne ay drtìinry sgnii`km ay ldcg`kn muks. Hk Ugursedy, tgrnn

whlnk wnrn `kourne dftnr sgniis "rnsuit`km frhl cidsgns `k Kydid" g`t tgn Ern`mn

cdlp fhr e`spidcne. Ugn whukene wnrn trdksfnrrne th d ghsp`tdi `k tgn stdtn cdp`tdi.

Sgn`jg Ldgohua Dedl Udadie`yd hf Ni Sdidl cdlp kndr Kydid sdè tgn s`tn's

phpuidt`hk `s "tnrrhr`zne." Snvnrdi pnhpin, eur`km tgn d`r rdès, wnrn cuit`vdt`km tgn`r

vnmntdain mdrenks kndr Ni Sdidl dke rusgne adcj th tgn cdlp `k fndr. "Ug`s `s

chlprhl`s`km tgn i`vni`ghhes hf tgn e`spidcne."

Ughusdkes finn cidsgns, d`r rdès, `k Edrfur's Ndst Onani Ldrrd

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (32 Oukn 1243) -Cidsgns antwnnk trhhps hf

tgn Suedk Qnvhiut`hkdry Frhkt (SQF) dke tgn Suedk Drlne Fhrcns (SDF) hk Frèdy,

fhiihwne ay diinmne d`r rdès ay tgn Suedknsn D`r Fhrcn, gdvn rnphrtneiy cdusne

dahut 4=,222 c`vì`dks `k Ndst Onani Ldrrd th finn dke anchln e`spidcne.Spndj`km

th Qde`h Edadkmd, Gussn`k Dau Sgdrdt`, sphjnsldk fhr tgn Dsshc`dt`hk hf

E`spidcne Rnrshks dke Qnfumnns hf Edrfur, sdè "Frèdy's cidsgns dke d`r rdès `k

ndstnrk Onani Ldrrd erhvn tgn pnhpin frhl tgn`r vìidmns th snttin `k tgn drnds hf

Juiuiu dke Jnin. Ugny drn i`v`km ukenr trnns w`tg kh sgnitnr frhl tgn rd`k `k

chke`t`hks tgdt drn e`ff`cuit, nvnk fhr gnditgy deuits," Dau Sgdrdt` sdè.

Gn dppndine th tgn `ktnrkdt`hkdi chlluk`ty dke dè hrmdk`sdt`hks th nxpne`tn tgn

prhv`s`hk hf fhhe, lne`c`kn dke sgnitnr th tgn e`spidcne. Gn dish cdiine hk tgn ^K "th

`ktnrvnkn dke sthp d`r rdès dmd`kst ukdrlne c`vì`dks."@k d snpdrdtn `kcènkt hk

Sdturedy, d =>-yndr-hie c`vì`dk wds rnphrtneiy jìinewgnk tgn "Suedk D`r Fhrcn"

diinmneiy ahladrene tgn Dau _dè Dmr`cuiturdi prhonct >2 jìhlntrns ndst hf Di

Ldidl `k Shutg Edrfur. ]`tknssns sdètgdt tgn ahladrelnkt, wg`cg rnsuitne `k tgn

endtg hf Gdlehhk Ldkshhr Sdde dke g`s tgrnn cdlnis, wds "cdrr`ne hut `k hrenr th

prhvèn chvnr fhr d SDF lì`tdry chkvhy lhv`km fhrLdrsgdkm ihcdi`ty th Di Ldidlihcdi`ty."

K`kn Edrfur` jès `kourne ay ahla

Qde`h Edadkmd, JDILD CDLR (17 Oukn 1243) - D ahla nxpihs`hk gds `kourne

k`kn cgìernksnvnk snr`husiyhk Frèdy lhrk`km frhl Jdild cdlp fhr Edrfur`

rnfumnns `k ndstnrk Cgde. Ugn cdlp `s cihsn th ^ll Eujguk, wg`cg rncnktiy sdw

f`nrcn f`mgt`km antwnnk tgn L`ssnr`yd dke Sdidldt tràns. Ugn uknxpihene luk`t`hk


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chuie an d rnlkdkt frhl tgdt chkfi`ct.D fdlìy lnlanr hf hkn hf tgn `kourne thie

Qde`h Edadkmd tgdt tgn cgìernk wnrn pidy`km kndr ^ll Eujguk dt drhuke 42dl

wgnk tgn luk`t`hk nxpihene. Ugn cgìernk wnrn tdjnk th U`ss` ghsp`tdi `k Cgde fhr

trndtlnkt.

"Ahla rnsèun" jìis fhur cgìernk `k Edrfur

Qde`h Edadkmd, NDSU ONANI LDQQD (16 Oukn 1243) -

Fhur cgìernk e`ne idst ]neknsedy dftnr rnphrtneiy chl`km `kth chktdct w`tg

rnsèun frhl ahlas erhppne hk tgn wdtnr wniis hfQhfhtd, Ndst

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