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1 The Skeletal System

The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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Page 1: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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The  Skeletal  System  

Page 2: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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The  Skeletal  System  •  Parts  of  the  skeletal  system  – Bones  –  Joints  – Ligaments  – Car8lage  

•  Divided  into  two  divisions  – Axial  –  longitudinal  axis  – Appendicular  –  limbs  and  girdles  

Page 3: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

The  Axial  Skeleton  

•  Forms  the  longitudinal  part  of  the  body  •  Axial  skeleton  parts:  – Skull  – Ribs  – Spine  – Vertebral  column  

Page 4: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

The  Appendicular  Skeleton  

•  Forms  off  of  the  longitudinal  part  of  the  body  •  Appendicular  skeleton  parts  – Arms  &  legs  – Scapula  – Clavicle  – Pelvis  

Page 5: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

The  Axial  and  Appendicular  Skeleton  

Page 6: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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Func8ons  of  Bones  

•  Support  of  the  body  •  Protec8on  of  soL  organs  – Skull  and  vertebrae  for  brain  and  spinal  cord  – Rib  cage  for  thoracic  cavity  organs  

•  Movement  due  to  aNached  skeletal  muscles  •  Storage  of  minerals  (Ca+  and  P)  and  fats  •  Blood  cell  forma8on  (hematopoiesis)  

Page 7: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Bones  of  the  Human  Body  •  The  adult  skeleton  has  206  bones  •  Two  basic  types  of  bone  8ssue  – Compact  bone  

•  Homogeneous  

– Spongy  bone  •  Small  needle-­‐like    

pieces  of  bone  •  Many  open  

spaces  

Page 8: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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Classifica8on  of  Bones  on  the  Basis  of  Shape  

Figure  5.1  

•  Bones  are  classified  as:  –  Long  –  Short  –  Flat  –  Irregular  

Page 9: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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Classifica8on  of  Bones  on  the  Basis  of  Shape  

Page 10: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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Classifica8on  of  Bones  •  Long  bones  – Typically  longer  than  wide  – Have  a  shaL  with  heads  at  both  ends  

– Contain  mostly  compact  bone  •  Examples:  Femur,  humerus  

•  Short  bones  – Generally  cube-­‐shape  – Contain  mostly  spongy  bone  •  Examples:  Carpals,  tarsals  

Page 11: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Classifica8on  of  Bones  •  Flat  bones  – Thin  and  flaNened,  usually  curved  – Thin  layers  of  compact  bone  around  a  layer  of  spongy  bone  •  Examples:  Skull,  ribs,  sternum  

•  Irregular  bones  –  Irregular  in  shape  – Do  not  fit  into  other  bone  classifica8on  categories  •  Example:  Vertebrae  and  hip  

Page 12: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Gross  Anatomy    of  a  Long  Bone  

•  Diaphysis  – ShaL  – Composed  of  compact  bone  

•  Epiphysis    – Ends  of  the  bone  – Composed  mostly  of  spongy  bone  

Figure  5.2a  

Page 13: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Structures  of  a  Long  Bone  

•  Periosteum  –  Outside  covering  of  the  diaphysis  

–  Fibrous  connec8ve  8ssue  membrane  

•  Sharpey’s  fibers  –  Secure  periosteum  to  underlying  bone  

•  Arteries  –  Supply  bone  cells  with  nutrients  

Page 14: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Structures  of  a  Long  Bone  

•  Ar8cular  car8lage  – Covers  the  external  surface  of  the  epiphyses  

– Made  of  hyaline  car8lage  

– Decreases  fric8on  at  joint  surfaces  

Figure  5.2a  

Page 15: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Structures  of  a  Long  Bone  

• Medullary  cavity  – Cavity  of  the  shaL  – Contains  yellow  marrow  (mostly  fat)  in  adults  

– Contains  red  marrow  (for  blood  cell  forma8on)  in  infants  

Figure  5.2a  

Page 16: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

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•  Epiphyseal  plate  – Flat  plate  of  hyaline  car8lage  seen  in  young,  growing  bone  

•  Epiphyseal  line  – Remnant  of  the  epiphyseal  plate  

– Seen  in  adult  bones  

Anatomy  of  a  Long  Bone  

Distal  epiphysis  

Diaphysis  

Proximal  epiphysis  

Ar8cular  car8lage  

Spongy  bone  Epiphyseal  line  Periosteum  Compact  bone  Medullary  cavity  (lined  by  endosteum)  

(a)  

Page 17: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Changes  in  the  Human  Skeleton  

•  In  embryos,  the  skeleton  is  primarily  hyaline  car8lage  •  During  development,  much  of  this  car8lage  is  replaced  by  bone  =  ossifica8on  •  Car8lage  remains  in  isolated  areas  – Bridge  of  the  nose  – Parts  of  ribs  –  Joints  

Page 18: The$Skeletal$System$dsapresents.org/staff/john-jackson/files/2017/01/Skeletal-Kyla.pdf · 16 • Epiphyseal"plate" – Flatplate"of" hyaline"car8lage" seeninyoung," growingbone •

Long  Bone  Forma8on  and  Growth