Thesis Writing Guidelines1

(updated in May 2017)

The thesis is the single most important element of the master’s degree. It is a test of the student’s

ability both to undertake and complete a sustained piece of independent research and analysis, and to

write up that research in a coherent form according to the rules and conventions of the academic

community. As the official language of study at CEU is English, students are required to write the

thesis in English to a standard that native speaker academics would find acceptable. A satisfactory

thesis should not only be adequate in its methodology, in its analysis and in its argument, and

adequately demonstrate its author’s familiarity with the relevant literature; it should also be written in

correct, coherent language, in an appropriate style, correctly following the conventions of citation. It

should, moreover, have a logical and visible structure and development that should at all times assist

the reader’s understanding of the argument being presented and not obscure it. The layout and

physical appearance of the thesis should also conform to university standards.

The purpose of this document is to outline the standard requirements and guidelines that a master’s

thesis should adhere to in the area of organization and writing skills in order to be accepted at CEU.

These guidelines will not touch, or only tangentially, on questions of methodology and content, as

these are likely to be subject specific, but will be limited to those issues that are generally true across

disciplines. For information on discipline-specific requirements, deadlines for submission, and for

documents required in preparation for the thesis, such as proposals, outlines, or annotated

bibliographies, students should consult their departmental coordinator.

1. Thesis Language and Format

The thesis should be written in English. Quotations should normally be in English, with the original

language included in a footnote where appropriate. Exceptions to this may be made when discipline

specific guidelines permit (for example the use of Latin in Medieval Studies), or when issues such as

the wording of the original language or the difference between different translations are under

discussion. Other exceptions are short phrases in Latin or French typically used in English, such as

‘raison d’être’ or ‘inter alia’ which should be written in italics. For specific guidance in this area,

students should consult their supervisor or another member of their department. Book titles, magazine

titles, and newspaper titles may appear in their original language as long as English translations are

given in parentheses or in a footnote. Cyrillic, Arabic and other non-Latin scripts should use their

Latin equivalent. Where more than one transliteration style exists, a single style should be used

consistently. Students should consult their academic writing instructor or advisor concerning proper

transliteration procedures.

1.1 Ordering of parts

Parts of the thesis should be ordered as follows:

1. Title page Required

2. Copyright notice required by the department

1Based on THESIS WRITING AND ETD SUBMISSION GUIDELINES FOR CEU MA/MSC THESES AND PHD

DISSERTATIONS https://documents.ceu.edu/documents/g-0712-1v1408 entered into force on August 19, 2014

3. Abstract or executive summary as required by the department

4. Acknowledgements or dedications Optional

5. Table of contents Required

6. List of Figures, Tables or Illustrations Where required

7. List of Abbreviations Where required

8. Body of the thesis Required

9. Appendices Where required

10. Glossary Where required

11. Bibliography/Reference list Required

Students should consult their department as to whether any other discipline specific components

should be included and if so where.

1.2 Layout and Appearance

The thesis should be computer printed on white A4 paper, single-sided, in Times New

Roman, 12pt; it should be between 50 and 80 pages2. Double-spacing should be used in the

abstract and text of the thesis. Single spacing should be used in long tables, block quotations

separated from the text, footnotes, and bibliographical entries. Paragraphs should be indented,

or an empty line left between paragraphs, depending on departmental requirements.

Margins should be one inch or 2.5 cm on all sides, and page size should be set to A4, not US

letter. Pages should be numbered at the bottom in the centre, using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3)

starting with the first page of the thesis proper (i.e. the first page of the introduction). Pages

prior to this should be numbered with lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii, iii.)

Chapters should start on a new page, but sections and subsections should not.

See the sample thesis page at the end of this document for an example of page layout.

1.3 Structure of initial parts

1.3.1 Title page The title page should provide the following information in the following order:

The full title of the thesis

The candidate’s name

The department and name of the university

The statement: “In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts/Sciences”

The supervisors’ names

The place of submission (Budapest, Hungary)

The year of submission

See the sample title page at the end of this document for an example of title page layout.

1.3.2 Declaration of Authorship/Copyright Notice Some departments require a declaration of authorship or copyright notice. Students should consult

their department for the specific wording.

1.3.3 Abstract or Executive Summary The abstract should be between 100 and 250 words. It should be written in the present tense and

should normally include the following information: (1) a statement of the problem the research sets

out to resolve; (2) the methodology used; (3) the major findings.

2 Please note this sentence has been modified for the Political Science Department – other departments may have different

length requirements.

1.3.4 Acknowledgements This is an optional page acknowledging people who provided the author with assistance in the thesis

project, notably, but not only the thesis supervisor.

1.3.5 Table of Contents The thesis must have a table of contents page listing chapter headings, section headings and sub-

headings, Appendices and references as well as their corresponding page number. The ‘Table of

Contents’ feature of Microsoft Word should normally be used to create a table of contents and this

should be done after final editing so that pages referred to in the table of contents are correctly

numbered.

1.3.6 List of Figures, Tables or Illustrations If appropriate, a separate list of figures, tables, or illustrations should be included on a separate page

immediately following the table of contents.

1.3.7 List of Abbreviations If the thesis makes use of a large number of abbreviations that may be unfamiliar to a reader,

providing a list of them can act as a useful guide.

1.4 Structure of final parts

1.4.1 Appendices Appendices may be needed for formulae, maps, diagrams, interview protocols, or any similar data that

are not contained in the body of the thesis. These should be provided after the conclusion in the

logical order they are mentioned in the main body. A list of appendices should be drawn up, each

being given a consecutive number or a letter, and placed in the table of contents. If there are several

appendices each should receive a title. If the thesis includes non-paper appendices such as computer

data, software, or audio-visual material, students should consult departmental guidelines as to how to

append and refer to these.

1.4.2 Glossary A list of special technical words or acronyms may be necessary. This is particularly true if the subject

deals with a new area with a specialized vocabulary that the average reader in the discipline might not

be familiar with, such as the Internet. This list should come after the appendices.

1.4.3 Bibliography/Reference List A list of the sources used in the thesis must be supplied which complies with the same departmental

style guidelines used in the body of the thesis – this list should include only those sources cited in the

thesis.

2. Structure of the thesis

The thesis should be divided into logical chapters and include an introduction and a conclusion.

Excluding the introduction and conclusion, the thesis will normally be expected to have not less than

three and not more than six chapters, unless this has been agreed with the supervisor. The chapters

should reflect the nature and stages of the research.

The introduction and conclusion may either be given titles and counted as the first and last chapter, or

alternatively be entitled ‘Introduction’ and ‘Conclusion’ and the first chapter after the introduction

numbered Chapter 1.

2.1 Organization of the thesis

2.1.1. Introduction The thesis should begin with a general introduction presenting an overview of what the thesis is about

and situating it in the existing research. The introduction should show why the topic selected is worth

investigating and why it is of significance in the field. This will normally be done with reference to

existing research, identifying areas that have not been explored, need to be explored further, or where

new research findings justify a reconsideration of established knowledge.

Having precisely defined the research problem, the introduction should propose a response to this

problem, normally in the form of a solution. This response will be formulated as a thesis statement, in

one or two sentences, and should make explicit the objective of the research, not simply state an

intention to explore or discuss. The thesis statement may (typically in the second sentence, if two

sentences are used) include a brief indication of the author’s position or overall findings, where

permitted by the department. If the nature of the research and the department require, the chosen

methodology may also be introduced after the thesis statement. The final section of the introduction

should briefly outline the structure of the body of the thesis. Where appropriate, this can be linked to

and follow logically from the description of the methodology.

2.1.2. Conclusion The introduction and conclusion are closely related to each other, thus students should take care in

drafting and revising to ensure that these parts reflect and do not contradict one another. The

conclusion should provide answers or solutions – to the extent this is possible – to the questions or

problems raised in the introduction. The argumentation of the thesis should be summarized briefly,

and the writer’s main argument or findings restated clearly, without going into unnecessary detail or

including additional arguments not dealt with in the body. The conclusion will normally be expected

to return to the wider context from which the thesis departed in the introduction and place the findings

in this context. The writer should, if appropriate, elaborate on how the research findings and results

will contribute to the field in general and what sort of broader implications these may have. There is

no need to hide the limitations of the thesis to the extent that these are appropriate to a work of this

type (e.g. constraints of space, depth of research, etc.). Suggestions may be made for further research

where appropriate, but this is not a requirement.

2.1.3. Literature Review Depending on the nature of the research, the existing literature may be reviewed in the introduction or

part of a chapter, or a separate literature review chapter may be appropriate. The purpose of the

literature review is to summarize, evaluate and where appropriate compare those main developments

and current debates in the field which are specifically relevant to the research area, according to the

guiding principle embodied in the thesis statement. In effect, the literature review shows that the

writer is familiar with the field and simultaneously lays the ground for subsequent analysis or

presentation and discussion of empirical data, as appropriate. Well-selected sources should convince

the audience that research gaps have been identified correctly and that the writer has posed the right

research questions, which will then be further addressed in subsequent chapters. Rather than simply

summarizing other authors’ work, the chapter should make clear the writer’s position in relation to the

issues raised. The literature review should have a logical structure (whether by chronological,

thematic or other criteria) and this should be made explicit to the reader. Like any other chapter, the

literature review chapter should have its own introduction and conclusion.

2.2 Appropriate use of headings and subheadings Headings should be distinguished from the surrounding text by a larger point size, a different font,

bolding, italics, or a combination of these. All headings of the same level should use the same style,

and headings at lower levels should be less prominent than those at higher levels.

Example (not department specific):

CHAPTER 2 – TITLE (ARIAL BOLD SMALL CAPS 14 POINT) 2.1 Heading for section (Arial Bold Italic 12 point) 2.1.1 Heading for sub-section (Times Bold 12 point) 2.1.1.1 Heading for part of sub-section (Arial Bold 10 point)

All headings should be left-aligned, except chapter headings, which may be centred. A heading at the

bottom of the page must have at least two full lines of text below it. Otherwise, the heading should

begin on the next page. Captions related to visual material (graphs, tables, maps) should appear on the

same page as the material itself. Chapter and section headings should be consistently numbered

according to the numbering system recommended by the department. It should not normally be

necessary to go beyond three levels of sections.

Examples:

Chapter I, section A, subsection 1, sub-subsection a)

or

Chapter 1, section 1.1, subsection 1.1.1, sub-subsection 1.1.1.1

All tables and figures should also be numbered, either sequentially within each section e.g. 1.1, 1.2

and then restarted sequentially in the next section e.g. 2.1, 2.2. Alternatively, they can be sequentially

numbered from Table 1, Table 2, etc., throughout the whole work.

Headings should clearly reflect what the chapter or section is about, and should be expressed in the

form of a concise noun phase (normally less than one line), not a sentence. Information which is

present in a higher level heading need not be repeated in a subordinate heading. Where possible,

headings at the same level of hierarchy should have similar structure (e.g. 3.1 Common Law, 3.2

Continental Law, and not 3.1 Common Law, 3.2 The Supreme Court).

3. Text Development and Coherence

The thesis should be written for a reader who is a specialist in the discipline but not necessarily a

specialist on the specific topic or question, even if the immediate supervisor is a specialist in exactly

this narrow topic. The writer should take care to ensure that sentences and paragraphs flow logically

from each other and do not demand knowledge the reader might not be expected to share in order to

make these relationships clear. Where there is doubt as to the connection between two ideas, the onus

is on the student to make this explicit not on the reader to try to deduce the connection.

3.1 Paragraph Development A paragraph is a text unit of several sentences dealing with a single issue, topic or aspect. It should

not therefore (except in special circumstances), be a single sentence, nor should it deal with a range of

topics. The paragraph should develop one idea, through illustration or analysis, to a conclusion. It

should normally start with a topic sentence indicating what it is about, develop this topic through

further sentences until the topic is concluded and a new topic or a different aspect is ready to be

broached. In linking sentences logically and coherently to one another, the writer should ensure that

transition devices (e.g. however, similarly, in consequence, etc) are used appropriately wherever there

is a danger that the connection between two sentences may be unclear. Reference back to previous

sentences (e.g. this, these, such, this question, these issues, this situation) should also be used

wherever it can help make the flow of logic clearer. When an already mentioned theme and new

information about it are dealt with in one sentence, the theme should normally come first and the new

information second, so as to facilitate the reader’s understanding.

For more detailed guidelines on paragraph development, students should refer to the Center for

Academic Writing course materials or the relevant CAW webpage, or consult a CAW instructor.

3.2 Transition between paragraphs Although a well-structured paragraph is a unit in itself, paragraphs should also logically develop and

flow from each other using devices similar to those that link sentences within the paragraph. Where

the reason for a shift of topic or approach might be unclear to the reader, this should be explained.

Sections, like paragraphs, should have both coherence and cohesion, and should make use of

appropriate linguistic devices to lead the reader logically and clearly through the stages of the writer’s

analysis or exposition.

4. Language and Style

The thesis should be written in an appropriate formal academic style. While it is not possible to

prescribe the use or avoidance of the first person or the passive, or the length of sentences, students

should make efforts to use the resources available to them, such as style manuals recommended by

their department, the Center for Academic Writing course materials or the relevant CAW webpage to

assess whether their written style is appropriate to their discipline. Excessive or superfluous use of

jargon or technical terms should be avoided and any term or acronym that would not be understood by

a non-specialist reader within the discipline should be explained and/or included in a glossary. The

thesis should wherever possible use gender neutral language, avoiding the use of male-specific words

such as ‘man’ or ‘chairman’ where these could be considered inappropriately exclusive or

discriminatory.

Students should make every effort to ensure that the thesis is free from grammatical, lexical and

punctuation errors. Not only should a computer spellchecker be used, but the student should also

proof-read the thesis to check that errors do not remain that are not detected by the spellchecker. The

thesis should consistently use either American or British spelling but should not alternate between

the two. Students should also be aware that the punctuation rules of English are almost certainly

different from those of their own language and should familiarize themselves with and apply the rules

of English.

When using numbers in the text, numbers up to one hundred should normally be written in words, and

if the first word of a sentence is a number it should be written in words. Numbers above one hundred

are usually written as numerals (101, 102). For precise guidance, students should consult the style

manual recommended by their department.

It is the student’s duty to use the available resources during the year so as to master the skills

necessary to write a thesis that is as far as possible error free, and so as to be able to proof-read that

thesis and correct their own errors. Details of the precise use of punctuation can be found in “A

Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations” by Kate Turabian and also on the

CAW website: http://caw.ceu.hu/online-writing-resources#Language. The CAW website also includes

resources for the learning and correction of grammar points. Further grammar resources are available

in the CEU Multimedia Library.

5. Use of sources and citation style

All source materials, primary or secondary, published or unpublished that are the intellectual property

of authors or institutions other than the writer of the thesis must be credited and correctly cited in full,

including illustrations, charts, tables, etc. Failure to do so constitutes plagiarism and will result

automatically in a failing grade. Students’ attention is draw to the following extract from CEU’s 2014

Policy on Plagiarism:

Plagiarism is a form of academic misconduct. It is a practice that involves taking and using another person’s work

and claiming it, directly or indirectly, as one’s own. Plagiarism occurs both when the words of another are

reproduced without acknowledgement, and when the ideas or arguments of another are paraphrased in such a way

as to lead the reader to believe that they originated with the writer. It is the responsibility of all University students

to understand the methods of proper attribution and to apply those principles in all materials submitted.3

3 Central European University’s Policy on Plagiarism. CEU OFFICIAL DOCUMENT P-1405-1. Available at

https://documents.ceu.edu/documents/p-1405-1 entered into force on August 18, 2014

5.1 Use of Citation Styles All citations should include a reference in the body of the text to the author as well as an entry in the

bibliography/reference list. How this should be done is indicated by the citation style chosen for the

thesis (e.g. Chicago, Harvard, APA, Blue Book, etc.) The thesis should consistently use a single

citation style as specified by the department, or agreed with the supervisor. We recommend following

the Turabian (Chicago) manual available at the department. For further information on the use of

sources, students should refer to the CAW course materials and/or the following CAW webpage:

http://caw.ceu.edu/online-writing-resources#citation .

5.2 Quotation, paraphrase and summary Source material should be quoted where the precise wording is specifically relevant or significant, and

the quotation always clearly marked as required by the citation style, including page numbers.

Sources may be paraphrased or summarized where exact wording is not essential, but care should be

taken not to change the original meaning through paraphrase, and all paraphrased and summarized

sources must be fully cited, including page numbers. Where a quotation has been changed (for

example, capitalization, punctuation, emphasis changed or a pronoun replaced by a noun), the changes

should be clearly indicated according to the citation style used.

Although interaction with existing research in the field is a requirement for all academic writing, no

part of the thesis should normally consist purely of summarizing the work of others, unless approved

by the supervisor. Summarized or quoted source material should not be left to stand on its own, but

should be introduced, explained, analyzed and the purpose of its use made clear. Where different

sources are compared or contrasted, it should be made explicit to the reader both that this is being

done and why.

Care should be taken to ensure that the reader is in no doubt as to where a cited author’s ideas end and

the comments of the author of the thesis begin. Where there is doubt, the cited author’s name (or s/he)

can be used in the sentence with an appropriate verb reporting what that person has said so as to

distinguish it from the ideas of the author of the thesis.

5.3 Data Commentary Where data is provided in the form of charts, figures or tables, it should be effectively commented.

This includes not only a clear reference in the text to the table or figure in which the reader can find

the data (e.g. ‘as table 1 shows’), and a summary of what the data shows. Trends or irregularities

should also be highlighted and the more important findings separated from those that are less

important. The commentary should not simply repeat in sentences all the information presented in the

diagram but should also discuss implications, problems and/or exceptions in relation to the data in

question. As with any other material taken from the work of other researchers, the source of the table,

graph, illustration, figure or related materials must be stated at the bottom or in a footnote as specified

in the departmental style guidelines.

6. Electronic Theses (ETD)

Students must prepare and submit their theses or dissertations according to the CEU Thesis Writing

Guidelines (this document) and the department-specific guidelines. Students are also required to

convert their thesis/dissertation into a PDF (Portable Document Format) and to upload the electronic

document to CEU’s Electronic Thesis and Dissertations (ETD) collection, following the specific

requirements of their department.

Detailed information on how to create and upload a PDF to the ETD collection is available on the

ETD Guidelines page of the Computer and Statistics Center’s webpage or on CEU’s eLearning

website: http://www.personal.ceu.hu/comp/etd.htm,

http://ceulearning.ceu.edu/course/index.php?categoryid=21

6.1. Formatting an ETD

Students should plan for formatting their thesis from the very beginning. It is important to submit an

ETD that has a consistent appearance.

1. Use tabs, page breaks and section breaks in formatting your text. Use MS Word tools for

creating cross-references and tables of contents to forego inconsistent pagination.

2. Except for the title page and abstract, number all pages in your thesis.

3. Use standard fonts such as Times New Roman or Arial for normal body text.

4. Use only the following picture formats: JPEG, GIF, TIF and PNG. For onscreen viewing use

a resolution of 72 or 75 dpi (dots per inch).

5. Use Heading styles (Heading 1 through 9) for your chapter titles and subtitles. These will

later serve as internal navigational aids into your ETD as PDF-Xchange automatically

generates bookmarks for MS Word Headings. All submitted PDF documents MUST have

bookmark links.

6. 2. Creating an ETD To convert the word document into PDF, use the PDF Xchange software available from Novell

Delivered Applications and follow the ETD Creation Guidelines at either of the above mentioned

websites. Please make sure that pagination is consistent and all hyperlinks and headings are fully

functional. The ETD file must display clearly and properly on a monitor screen.

Files submitted in unacceptable or corrupted formats will be refused.

6.3. Uploading an ETD After converting the thesis from MS Word document into PDF format, upload your ETD to the CEU

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection at http://etd.ceu.hu. Each ETD will be made available

through the Library catalogue in compliance with pertinent copyright laws.

6.4. ETD Electronic License Agreement Upon submission of the ETD, students will be asked to accept the terms of the ETD Electronic

License Agreement. A copy of this agreement is appended to this document.

Concluding comments

It is the duty of the student to ensure that the thesis meets the standards described above, and the duty

of the supervisor and department to ensure that the student takes the necessary steps to meet these

requirements. Where a thesis fails to meet the requirements in one or more areas, it may be returned

for revision and resubmission, or in the case of plagiarism, a failing grade awarded. Students are

encouraged to familiarize themselves with the above guidelines and to seek help from the support

facilities provided by the university (CAW, Multimedia Library, assistance from relevant faculty, etc.)

whenever necessary and in good time.

Sample Title Page

SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES IN

POST-COMMUNIST RUTHENIA

By

Anna Other

Submitted to

Central European University

Department of…..

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of …

Supervisor: Professor Mary Lamb

Budapest, Hungary

(2014)

Sample page of thesis

CHAPTER 1: CAUSES OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

A number of seemingly convincing explanations has been offered to account for the

reasons why countries decide to develop nuclear weapons. However, nobody challenges the

argument that perception of external threats plays a fundamental role in driving the countries

to develop their nuclear weapons programs. This chapter assesses these different explanations

and argues in favor of the traditional, security threat-based explanation as the most pertinent

to the Indian-Pakistani conflict.

1.1 Alternative Theoretical Explanations for Nuclear Proliferation

Acquisition of the nuclear weapons provides states with a powerful means of leverage

in international conflicts. Different theories in the realm of International Relations suggest

alternative explanations for the causes of nuclear proliferation. While all of them contribute

to our understanding of why nations want nuclear weapons, the explanation provided by the

realist/neo-realist school still dominates all the others. It argues that the external threats

perceived from the real or potential adversaries, especially nuclear ones, force the states to

acquire nuclear weapons to be able to protect themselves by threatening to retaliate in kind,

which in turn, causes a security dilemma. This explanation appears to be the most relevant

and applicable to the Indian-Pakistani case4 for the reasons that will be further elaborated

here.

1.1.1 The Security Threat-Based Explanation

While the debate in IR theory over the causes of states’ decisions to acquire nuclear

weapons and engage in an arms race is divided, many policymakers and most international

relations scholars agree on the traditional and perhaps the most powerful and convincing

expl- 4 For this suggestion, see Joshua Goldstein, International Relations (New York: Harper Collins, 1994), 68, 205

ETD license agreement

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