THESIS to Be Printed2

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINESCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CHAPTER IThe Problem and Its Background

IntroductionThere are different kinds of waste materials generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. Environment awareness triggers the development of ways to reduce the effects contributed of the generated wastes. Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the scarcity of space for land filling and due to its ever increasing cost, waste utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. The study is being carried out on the utilization of waste products in concrete as a partial replacement of natural sand. The waste material used, scrap bones (specifically pig bones), in the research is predicted to be as comparable when replaced partially as fine aggregates in which typically, sand is being consumed.Though the research on the use of bones ( as fine aggregates) is not that popular, efforts have been made to explore its use in concrete especially in the making of light weight concrete. The development of new construction materials using pulverized pig bones is important to both the construction and the environmental sustainability study.

Background of the StudyRiver sand is the main raw material used as fine aggregate in the production of concrete. As the natural sources of river sand are getting depleted gradually, it becomes essential and more significant to find out substitute material in concrete. At the same time the challenge for the civil engineers in the future is to understand the project with the concept of sustainable development. Using waste materials can help in the preservation of natural resources and is less harmful to the environment.Each of these waste products has provided a specific effect on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The use of waste products in concrete not only makes it economical, but also helps in reducing disposal problems. In Philippines, the use of recycled materials is continuously growing to help protect the environment. Along with this, the researchers tried to use pulverized scrap pig bones in the creation of lightweight concrete since this waste is common in the country. Aside from that, common wastes are recycled into a product that is essential in low cost construction.

Research ObjectivesGeneral objectives:To develop a concrete with pulverized pig bones as a partial replacement for fine aggregates that is as comparable to the conventional concrete in terms of compressive strength.Specific Objectives:1. To identify the physical properties of the materials used.2. To determine the compressive strength of the mixed proportion of pulverized pig bones.3. To evaluate the workability of the concrete mixed with pulverized pig bones. Hypotheses of the Study:1. The fine aggregates produced with partial replacement of pulverized pig bones will satisfy set of standards as indicated in ASTM C33/ C33M (Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates).1. The compressive strength of the concrete with pulverized pig bones will be relatively close or equal to that of the conventional concrete.1. The concrete produced with pulverized pig bones will be as workable as that of concrete which uses 100% sand as fine aggregates.Significance of the StudyThis study will be beneficial to our country, since one of the manufactured wastes is being used again for the making of less costly concrete. The end product concrete, can be used in cost effective construction knowing that the use of the conventional materials tends to be expensive. Aside from that, civil engineers will look up to the idea of creating substitutes which not only help the environment but also aid in the promotion of more economical construction. Having the materials for construction more affordable, people will not worry on having comfortable building structures for commercial or residential purposes. Theoretical Framework of the Study:

Conceptual Framework of the Study:

Figure 1 Conceptual FrameworkFEEDBACK Scope and LimitationsThe researchers only covered the testing of compressive strengths of lightweight concrete where pulverized pig bones is used as partial replacement to sand. The research is patterned to the study done by Funsho Falade, Efe Ikponmwosa, and Chris Fapohundan in year 2013 on Low-Cost Construction through the use of Pulverized Bone Foamed Aerated Concrete (PB-FAC). The cylinder used has diameter of 6 in., and height of 12 in. The researchers used scrap pig bones oven dried for 2 days under 100 C, and pulverized to pass 4.75 mm sieve. The bones are obtained from the slaughterhouse located in Quezon City. Testing Center for the created product, Quantum Materials Testing And Laboratory Equipment, found in Mandaluyong City is accredited by DPWH.

This study will not cover Splitting Strength test and water absorption capacity of the created concrete.

Definition of Termsa) AERATED CONCRETE- also known as autoclaved cellularconcrete(ACC), autoclaved lightweightconcrete(ALC), autoclavedconcrete, cellularconcrete, porousconcrete, Aircrete, Hebel Block, and Ytong is a lightweight, precast, Foam concretebuilding material invented in the mid-1920s. b) AGGREGATE is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.c) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of the compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed.d.) CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.e.) CONCRETE, Light Weight is concrete containing only aggregate that conforms to ASTM C33.f.) CURING is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range. g.) WORKABILITY- is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength and durability as well as the cost of labor and appearance of the finished product.

CHAPTER IILiterature Review

IntroductionThis section provides an overview of published research on different ways and techniques of replacing sand in concrete. The processes involved, technology, and techniques used to evaluate compressive strength of concrete are comprehensive as were as the publications that were vital to the improvement of this thesis.Foreign LiteratureTITLE: Waste Tyre Crumb Rubber Particle as a Partial Replacement to Fine Aggregate in Concrete

RESEARCHERS: Prof. M. R. Wakchaure, Mr. Prashant A. ChavanSUMMARY OF FINDINGS:This study represents the effect of waste tyre crumb rubber particle of size passing through 1.18mm IS sieve and retained on 600 IS sieve used in concrete on compressive, flexural and split tensile strength.

From the results obtained during investigation and based on literatures review following conclusions can be drawn: Higher content of waste tyre crumb rubber particle in concrete increases workability of concrete.

Using waste tyre crumb rubber particle replaced to fine aggregate in concrete at 0.5% and 1.0%. It was observed that, there was no effect on compressive, flexural and split tensile strength of concrete when compare with similar normal concrete mix. Using waste tyre crumb rubber with 1.5% and 2.0% replacement affects the hardened concrete properties. The reduced strength was recovered by adding the glass fiber to the weight of cement by 0.4% for in concrete. Higher content of waste tyre crumb rubber produces the light weight concrete.

SYNTHESIS:

Further investigation is necessary to improve the hardened properties of rubber filled concrete, to gain the loss strength due to the use of waste tyre crumb rubber at higher content in concrete mix. The use of crumb rubber in concrete mix is very much beneficial to environmental concern and to solve the problem related to disposal of waste tyre rubber throughout the world.

TITLE: Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in structuralconcrete Effects on compressive strength

RESEARCHERS: M. Adaway & Y. Wang

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:

The results obtained from compressive strength tests at both 7 and 28 days (Figures 3 and 4) appear to display inconsistent results. After 7 days of testing, compressive strength for the sample containing 20% glass aggregate replacement achieved a compressive strength 1.9% lower than sample containing 15% glass aggregate. Likewise, 28 day compressive strength for specimens containing 25% waste glass was 3.5% lower than that measured for 20% glass replacement. It is noted that only 2 samples were tested at 28 days due to voids being present in the third sample due to insufficient vibration. All values of compressive strength obtained for the samples in question achieved higher compressive strength than the control. As such it is suggested that the discrepancies noted are due to variations in the properties of concrete specimens and as such do not diminish the validity of the identified trend.

Further, the experimental results show unexpectedly high readings of compressive strength development by both the control and samples containing fine glass aggregate. For the control set, the test results indicated that 28 day compressive strength increased 37.7% above the design value of 40MPa. However, as can be seen in Table 5, the discrepancy of test results between samples containing the same percentage glass can be seen to be very small. After careful scrutiny, it was concluded that the increase in compressive strength was due to the high quality of cement rather than experimental or equipment errors.

SYNTHESIS:The workability of concrete followed a decreasing trend with the addition of fine glass aggregate, due to the angular nature of the glass particles. Despite this trend, the concrete was deemed workable and was within the specified tolerance intervals.Compressive strength was found to increase with the addition of waste glass to the mix up until the optimum level of replacement. This can be attributed to the angular nature of the glass particles facilitating increased bonding with the cement paste.

TITLE Utilization of Copper Slag as a Partial Replacementof Fine Aggregate in ConcreteRESEARCHERS: D. BRINDHA and S. NAGAN


Due to usage of copper slag, the density of concrete has increased by 6-7% for different sand or slag ratios. This is probably due to the higher specific gravity of copper slag (3.68). There is significant increase in the compressive strength of concrete due to the addition of slag in suitable proportions up to an optimum percentage by weight of sand. The compressive strength has increased to a maximum of 35% with 40% replacement of sand by slag. The compressive strength decreases slightly for 50% addition of slag, however the compressive strength value is still greater than the case of using ordinary sand as fine aggregate. Up to 40% slag addition the tensile strength has increased at an amount of 90% and thereafter it receded slightly at 50% slag addition. Leaching experiments were carried out to determine the level of copper and copper released from the slag in various solutions. The results obtained from leaching experiments revealed that no substance seemed as toxic has leached or soluble above the limits set by the standards. Therefore the use of copper slag as a construction raw material neither imposes risks to the humankind nor to the environment. Therefore it can be used as a construction raw material.

SYNTHESIS:

The workability of concrete followed a decreasing trend with the addition of fine glass aggregate, due to the angular nature of the glass particles. Despite this trend, the concrete was deemed workable and was within the specified tolerance intervals.

Compressive strength was found to increase with the addition of waste glass to the mix up until the optimum level of replacement. This can be attributed to the angular nature of the glass particles facilitating increased bonding with the cement paste.

TITLE Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Material from China Clay Industries

RESEARCHERS: D. BRINDHA and S. NAGAN

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:It is found that the water quantity, cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate required for design mix of M30 were calculated based on the procedure given in IS code method in IS :2009. The final mix ratio was 1:1.462:2.695 with water cement ratio of 0.44. The measurement of materials was done by weight using electronic weighing machine. Water was measured in volume. Concrete was placed in molds in layers. The cast specimens were removed from moulds after 24 hours and the specimens were kept for water curing.

It is found that the compressive strength of the control concrete was 31.5 N/mm. The compressive strength was found to be maximum at 30% (37.5N/mm2) replacement of fine aggregate by industrial waste which was greater than the conventional concrete. The compressive strength reduced beyond 30% replacement. Thus it is evident that fine aggregate can be replaced by the waste material from china clay industries up to 30%. Similarly the split tensile strength and flexural strength was also found to be maximum at 30% (3.85N/mm2 and 5.74 N/mm2) replacement which was greater than theconventional concrete (3.35N/mm2 and 5.32N/mm2)

SYNTHESIS:

From the results of experimental investigations conducted it is concluded that the waste material from china clay industries can be used as a replacement for fine aggregate. It is found that 30% replacement of fine aggregate by industrial waste give maximum result in strength and quality aspects than the conventional concrete. The results proved that the replacement of 30% of fine aggregate by the industrial waste induced higher compressive strength, higher split tensile strength and higher flexural strength. Thus the environmental effects from industrial waste can be significantly reduced. Also the cost of fine aggregate can be reduced a lot by the replacement of this waste material from china clay industries.

Local LiteratureTITLE: RECYCLED BROKEN GLASS AS SUBSTITUTE FOR COARSE AGGREGATE TOWARDS DESIGNING A CONCRETE MIXTURE

RESEARCHERS: MELBORNE M. BOSTON, FELIX B. CERDA and RICHARD S. USI


Based upon the results of the compressive test, the broken glass aggregate gradually diminished as the percentage of the broken glass increases. A five (5) percent inclusion of broken glass to the concrete mixture gives a compressive strength that complies with the standard compressive strength for wall panel and gives a higher compressive strength than the sample concrete without broken glass. The laboratory trial batches are used as the basis for selecting concrete proportion and compressive strength test are made in accordance with Method of Tests of Compressive Strength Tests (ASTM C-39 93a) on cylinders prepared in accordance with method of making curing tests specimen in the laboratory (ASTM C-192 93a). The findings showed that broken glass can be use more than 15% weight of coarse aggregates in preparation in concrete mixes.

Alternative materials referred to, as a broken glass can be use 10% weight of coarse aggregates in preparation in concrete mixes. This showed that the required compressive strength satisfied as indicated on the tests results from DPWH-NCR. The effect of broken glass to the concrete mixture is that an increase of more than five percent insertion by weight to the concrete mixture compromises the compressive strength of the concrete. Therefore a mix design of five percent weight insertion to the concrete mixture gives a desirable result in terms of its compressive strength.

SYNTHESIS:

Broken glass is also a waste material like animal bones which are laboratory tested that can substitute to a percentage of fine aggregates. On the other hand broken glasses increases the weight of concrete mixture which directly proportional to what animal bones do.

TITLE: The Possibility of using Sawdust-Cement- Gravel Mix forResidential Floor Slabs

RESEARCHERS: MELBORNE M. BOSTON, FELIX B. CERDA and RICHARD S. USI


The whole of the project tries to implicate that sawdust-cement-gravel mix has an equal advantage than the standard mix of cement-sand-gravel. The first set of three samples consists of the sawdust-cement-gravel mix, the second set of the ordinary concrete mix. The seven day specimen was not cured, the fourteen day specimen was soaked, and the twenty-eight day specimen was washed with a little bit of water every morning. After each curing period assigned, each group was tested under a hydraulic press machine for compressive strength test. The results of each period presented many peculiar findings The seven day specimen, which was not cured at all, showed a high early strength yield. The fourteen day specimen, soaked in water, was lower by 100 kg/cm3 or 1,419.4 psi. The last sample, cured every morning with water, stabled at about 220 kg/cm3 or 3122.68 psi. Results indicated that the average strength of the sawdust-cement-gravel mix was about 3000 psi. This, according to NSCP standards is between 2500 psi 3000 psi, is still in accordance with minimum safety standards. Further analysis tells us that during the hydration process of concrete, the water taken in by the sawdust particles during mixing help hydrate cement particles in places where it is impossible to cure, mainly the center. Since found that the hydration of the center of structural components like columns take most of the time in construction, sawdust particles might help lessen curing time in half and could also eliminate the need to using chemicals to cure. Henceforth, proves that sawdust can be used in concrete mixes for residential floor slabs. With regards to the weight of the two sets of samples, an equally small amount of each was made and weighed. The results were dramatic since the sawdust-cement-gravel mixture was almost half of the standard mixs weight then again proving its lightweight property. Another observation was that every sample tested to its failing point showed wood fiber bonding at work. Faces of the sample that were supposed to fall off once cracked didnt, instead were being held together by strands of sawdust. To make it short, rather than splitting apart like usual, it just bulked up making it a remarkable feat for a manmade object that rigid. This could prove helpful during structural collapses since concrete tend to fall right off in an event of a major crack occurring. Using sawdust rather than sand has its advantages, among these advantages were mentioned in recent studies. These included: sound insulation and reduction of about -14 dB.

SYNTHESIS:

Using sawdust as partial replacement to fine aggregates decreases dramatically the weight of the concrete more than the use of animal bones. Sawdust also helps the curing of concrete lessen because it absorbs water and take it to the middle part wherein most it is impossible to cure helping for us not to use chemicals and also sawdust can be used to insulate sounds having it a bit of advantage to animal bones

TITLE: UTILIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC AS A SUBSTITUTE TO FINE AGGREGATE TO CONCRETE CEMENT FOR ROW HOUSE WALL PANEL

RESEARCHERS: ROCHELLE M. ERFE, MICHAEL VINCENT V. VALITE and JESUS B. TONGA


The experimental procedure done on the experiment was found to be adequate in terms of testing the material, thermoplastic, since all the experiment done is applicable for the concrete mixture test. Thermoplastic as a substitute to fine aggregate to concrete mixture has shown unusual characteristic upon accumulation of water in the mixture for the material had floated on the surface of the water, nevertheless, upon the completion of mixing the material has suitably bonded to the mixture. In the analysis of its grain particle, in comparison to sand, which is one of the major components of concrete mixture, thermoplastic, imply significant lightness in terms of its mass evaluation. Overall, the effect of the thermoplastic on the properties of the specimen was acceptable. The thermoplastic material substituting the 5% of sand, the fine aggregate of mixture managed to attain the required strength in accordance with ASTM standard C62 97 specification of wall panel, which is 2500 psi (17.24 MPa). On its 28th day the specimen with the thermoplastic fine aggregate attain at least 19 MPaaverage for both of the tested specimen, which exceeded that of the design specification. Although much to the expectation in flexural strength which failed on the 28th days curing, the research is still looking on the strength of compressive strength which is the more important characteristic of the concrete. In terms of heat and temperature of the thermoplastic, it is concluded that with an increase in the stretching temperature up to a definite limit (170C) the tensile strength of PETP and other fibers from crystalline polymers increases. However, at higher temperatures (230C) the strength diminishes. This is evidently due to a reduction in the density of the intercrystallite regions of the fibrils, in which there is greater probability of polymer failure originating. Such behavior of fiber made from PETP at elevated stretching temperatures is evidently associated both with the polymer structure and with its low molecular weight.

SYNTHESIS:

Thermoplastic like the animal bones as partial replacement for fine aggregates significantly decreases the weight of the concrete mixture. Meanwhile as the animal bones struggle to attain minimum required compressive strength in 28 days the thermoplastic exceeded the minimum design requirement.

TITLE: Assessment of Standard Concrete Using Recycled Concrete and Quarry Dust as Alternative AggregatesRESEARCHERS: Christian A. Alimurong ,John Christian P. Sotto and Jhomar P. TabernillaSUMMARY OF FINDINGS:

This chapter presents the major conclusions based on the results of the study. Among the three percentage replacements (10 percent, 30 percent and 50 percent), A Sample had the highest compressive strength on the 8th day with 30 percent replacement. Meanwhile, A sample attained its highest compressive strength on the 30thday with 10 percent replacement of recycled concrete and quarry dust. The desired compressive strength of the researchers was 3000psi and the highest strength acquired among the samples was 3669psi. During the actual mixing, the researchers observed that when the percentage replacement increased, the amount of water needed for the concrete mix to make it workable also increased. This is because of the additional water absorption of the recycled concrete and quarry dust. More water in the mixture means less compressive strength for the concrete. The recycled concrete came from a concrete pavement with a compressive strength of 3500psi which became a factor that resulted to a higher compressive strength compared to the desired compressive strength of 3000psi in the computation. Appendix A shows that as the percentage replacement of recycled concrete and quarry dust increased, the cost of concrete mixture decreased. From the results on its 23rd day of age before reaching its maximum strength in the 28th day, the samples reached 3000 psi, and also the objectives are achieved in the study.

SYNTHESIS:

Making use of recycled concrete and quarry dust as partial replacement for making it attain more strength and in a few days earlier than the days required to cure but it in mixing it, it is needed to add more water because of the absorption of the dust. Using this dust as partial replacement for fine aggregates makes can is more practical than using animal bones in strength is the one to look for.

CHAPTER IIIResearch Methodology

IntroductionResearchers will design and perform experiments and various testing to verify if speculations on the partial replacement of fine aggregates by pulverized pig bones are possible or not. The results will be interpreted as these are crucial in the realization of the project.

Research DesignThe experimental method is used in this research. This kind of research design use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable. In this project, the independent variable is the mixture types and the dependent variables are compressive strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days.The experiments control set-up is the specimen having 1:3:6 parts proportion of cement-sand-gravel setup. According to their respective ages, there will be three trials per mix intended for the compressive test. Compressive strengths of concrete will be obtained from a quality testing center certified by the DPWH.

Experimental SetupThe research aims to evaluate the compressive strengths of concrete under different mix ratios. After oven-drying all the materials needed for the concrete production, except for the cement, the researcher did the mechanical sieve to conform to the maximum size of the coarse and fine aggregates. Concrete mixing was conducted in batching plant.

a) Preparation of Concrete CylindersMolds come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the testing establishment. In this project 150mm mold size is chosen. The completed cylinders are then initially cured at the site for the first 48 hours and were demolded and placed in a curing tank.

Fig. Concrete Cylinders in Molds

START

Control(No PB)

Mix 310% PBMix 215%PBMix 120% PBControl(No PB)

ASTM C33/ C33M

Attain the strength?

YESNO

b) Compressive Strength Test of Concrete SamplesNine (9) cylindrical samples will be tested for Compression. Three (3) samples of cylinder will be obtained for each mixture types. Each three samples shall be tested after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing period. Compression Test using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) will be used. The results obtained will be averaged to get the mean compressive strength as indicated in the following tables:Table Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 90% sand, 10% pulverized PB)Compressive Strengths (MPA)

Specimen7th day14th day28th day

Specimen 1

Specimen 2

Specimen 3

Mean

Table Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 85% sand, 15% pulverized PB)Compressive Strengths (MPA)


Specimen 1

Specimen 2

Specimen 3

Mean



Specimen 1

Specimen 2

Specimen 3

Mean

Specimen DetailsA total of 36 concrete specimens will be used for this research. These specimens will be classified into three, according to amount of pulverized pig bones used as a replacement for fine aggregates: 10%PB, 15%PB, and 20%PB. The control specimen will be of bag of Cement, bag of Sand and 1 bag of Gravel. Specimens under 1st Mixture (10% replacement) will be of bag of Cement, 27/40 bag of Sand, 3/40 bag of Pig Bones, and 1 bag of Gravel. Specimens under 2nd Mixture (15% replacement) will have bag of Cement, 51/80 bag of Sand, 9/80 bag of Pig Bones and 1 bag of Gravel. The specimens under 3rd Mixture (20% replacement) will have bag of Cement, 3/5 bag of Sand, 3/20 bag of Pig Bones and 1 bag of Gravel.Materials Used:a) Pulverized Pig bones 8.2 kg. of dried and crushed pig bonesb) Water - enough amount of water to make a true slump c) Cement - single brand of Portland Cement conforming to the ASTM Standard Specifications for Portland Cement, Type I cement (1 Bag of Cement) d) Sand - washed sand, clean, sound, sharp, screened and well graded with no grain larger than will pass a No. 4 sieve. No less than 15 percent nor more than 30 percent by weight shall pass a No. 50 sieve. - (3 Bags of Sand)e) Gravel washed, hard, tough and durable screened gravel or crushed stone having not more than 5% by weight of deleterious substances and soft fragments, well graded from the largest which shall pass a 1 inch mesh to the smallest which shall pass a 3/8 inch mesh and be retained by a inch mesh. - (6 bags of gravel) List of Equipment:a) Oven Dry 2 days (100 degree Celsius)-used to eliminate excess moist in of the bone.b) Weighing scale- used in determining the mass.c) Shovel-used for missing bulk materials.d) Trowel-used for mixing paste being put in each mold.e) Container-used to cater amount of the ingredients needed.f) Jaw crusher-used for breaking particle due to compression force.g) Roller crusher-used for crushing the bones.h) No. 12 sieve- 1.68 mm opening. i) Cylinder (d= 6 in., h= 12 in.)-molder of cement.Details of Mixes:Strength of Mixture - 2000 PSIThe Controlled Mixture:Controlled Setup (1 part cement, 3.0 part sand and no Pulverized PB)The Treatment Mixtures:Mixture A (1 part cement, 2.7 part sand and 0.3 Pulverized PB)Mixture B (1 part cement, 2.55 part sand and 0.45 Pulverized PB)Mixture C (1 part cement, 2.4 part sand and 0.6 Pulverized PB)

CHAPTER IVPresentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

IntroductionThis chapter is made up of results obtained from the experiment performed by the researchers. It presents the results in a graphical format for clarity of data and to be able to clearly see the differences and similarities of the results as well as making proper interpretations. This chapter also discusses and analyzes some possible factors that may have affected the result.

Physical Properties of Materials UsedMineral Binder

The mineral binder in the experiment was classified as high initial strength Portland cement. Cement type was employed to allow faster demolding owing high strength during the first days, to its wide usage in the precast industry and to its better tolerance to plant particles. (MACEDO et al., 2011)

CHEMICAL ASSAYS

TestNbrUnitResultsNbr 5733/91 Specification

Loss By Fire-Lf5743/89%3.21

Magnesium Oxide-Mgo9203/55%2.68

Sulfuric Anhydride

5745/92%3.60

Insoluble Residue5347/92%1.22

Equivalent Alkalis-%0.68NOT APPLICABLE

Free Calcium Oxide7227/90%1.44NOT APPLICABLE

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL ASSAYS

TestNbrUnitResultsNbr 5733/91 Specification

Specific Area7224/96

Specific Gravity6474/84NOT APPLICABLE

Density-NOT APPLICABLE

Finess Residue11579/91

Finess Residue11579/91NOT APPLICABLE

Water Normal Consistency Paste11580/91NOT APPLICABLE

Start Of Hardening Time11581/91

End Of Hardening Time11581/91

Hot Expandabilty11582/91

Fig Properties of Portland Cement according to Moreira et al.

Pulverized Pig Bones Pulverized Pig Bones is oven dried for 2 days under 100 C, and pulverized to pass 1.68 mm sieve. The obtained product are smooth, not perfectly round but is comparative to sand. The specific gravity of dried pig bones is 1.2 according to MATEST laboratory.Sand The sand used in the testing classified as silica sand acquired from hardware located along Mandaluyong. Sand was characterized to be silica sand and quartz sand. It was bought in plastic sands and oven dried for 24 hours at 90C for decontamination and subsequently classified according to the size of its particles and sieved in mesh #4.0.The material was characterized as fine aggregates by granular size through sieve analysis. It is grayish in color and powdery in texture. Its specific gravity is 1.60 and density is 1601.846 kg/cu.m. Conventionally, common quartz sand establishes same properties to silica sand.Properties of Silica Sand aggregatePropertyConventional Quartz Sand Aggregate

Particle Size (mm)

Size Distribution0.15 TO 0.40

D902.0

D500.40

D100.15

Density

Real2.6

Apparent1.6

Particle ShapeROUNDED TO SUB ROUNDED

ColorGRAYISH

Mineralogical CompositionQUART- SIO29 (MAJOR MINERAL PHASE)

Elemental Composition

Si63.7

Fe1.0

Al1.7

Mn0.003

Ca4

K3.2

WaterWater used is tap water. The water is provided in the batching site where the sample concrete cylinders are made. It is definitely colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Having a density of 1 g/cm3 and boils at 100 degree Celsius, freezes at 0 degree Celsius. Sieve AnalysisThe Pulverized Pig bones are allowed to pass through different sieves and the fineness modulus is obtained.

Table Sieve Analysis Results for Pulverized Pig BonesSieve NoQuantity(Kg)Quantity passed(Kg)Percent Retained(%)Percent Passed(%)

48.27.93.6696.34

2007.97.55.0694.94

Pan7.501000

Data Analysis ProcedureUsing the formula : %usable=The percent retained in the pan which is considered to be a waste is low enough and the experiment is highly economical.

Design MixtureThe researchers come up to their design mix ratio for the design strength of 2000 psi, under Class C (1:3:6). The Controlled Mixture: Controlled Setup (1 part cement, 3.0 part sand and no Pulverized PB)The Treatment Mixtures: Mixture A (1 part cement, 2.7 part sand and 0.3 Pulverized PB) Mixture B (1 part cement, 2.55 part sand and 0.45 Pulverized PB) Mixture C (1 part cement, 2.4 part sand and 0.6 Pulverized PB)

Table 4.2.1Distribution of Concrete Components per Mixture Types

Cement-Sand-Pulverized Pig Bones Mixture

Mixture TypesCementSandPulverized PBGravel

Part/s per mixtureAmount per mixture (%)Part/s per mixtureAmount per mixture(%)Part/s per mixtureAmount per mixture(%)Part/s per mixtureAmount per mixture(%)

Controlled Setup11003100006100

Mixture A11002.7900.356100

Mixture B11002.55850.45106100

Mixture C11002.4800.6206100

Below is the table showing the age, strength percentage, and the design strength of light weight concretes.

Compressive Strength TestThere are nine (9) cylindrical concrete samples Class A with 2000 psi design strength for each designed mix proportions. The pulverized pig bones partially replaced sand in different percentages. Ordinary Portland cement and mix design method of ACI Committee had been used for mix design. . One sample per mix ratio is tested after 7 and 14 days to evaluate what mix design yields the highest compressive strength. For analysis of the cylinders recommendation of the ASTM Standard C39 had been followed.

Table 4Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 90% sand, 10% pulverized PB)Compressive Strengths (MPA)


Specimen 1106016402063

Specimen 2110217432088

Specimen 3129117352126

Mean115117062092.33333

Table shows the equivalent Compressive Strength Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 90% sand, 10% pulverized PB). The highest compressive strength is 2126 MPA obtained by Specimen 3 on the 28th day. The lowest compressive strength is 1060 obtained by Specimen 1 on the 7th day.



Specimen 1122016532067

Specimen 2120217402280

Specimen 3104417742040

Mean1155.333331722.333332129

Table shows the equivalent Compressive Strength Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 85% sand, 15% pulverized PB). The highest compressive strength is 2280MPA obtained by Specimen 2 on the 28th day. The lowest compressive strength is 1044 obtained by Specimen 3 on the 7th day.



Specimen 1136316982298

Specimen 2145017792257

Specimen 3162416902018

Mean14791722.333332191

Table shows the equivalent Compressive Strength Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 80% sand, 20% pulverized PB). The highest compressive strength is 2298 MPA obtained by Specimen 1 on the 28th day. The lowest compressive strength is 1363 obtained by Specimen 1 on the 7th day.4.1 Compressive Strength Test Result

TableCompressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 80% sand, 20% pulverized PB)20%15%10%

Trial A169816531640

Trial B177917401743

Trial C169017741735

Figure shows the results of compressive strength of each mixes for 8 days. The highest strength achieved is from Trial 3 which is 1624 psi for 8 days curing and the lowest is from Trial 1 which is 1060 psi.

TableCompressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 80% sand, 20% pulverized PB)20%15%10%

Trial A169816531640

Trial B177917401743

Trial C169017741735

Table shows the results of compressive strength of each mixes for 14 days. The highest strength achieved is from Trial 2 which is 1779 psi for 14 days curing and the lowest is from Trial 1 which is 1640 psi.

Table Compressive Strengths after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days (100% cement, 80% sand, 20% pulverized PB)20%15%10%

Trial A229820672063

Trial B225722802088

Trial C201820402126

The table above shows the results of compressive strength of each mixes for 28 days. The highest strength achieved is from Trial 1 which is 2298 psi for 28 days curing and the lowest is from Trial 3 which is 2018 psi.

CHAPTER VSummary of Findings, Conclusions and RecommendationsIntroductionIn this chapter, the summary of the entire study is presented concisely. Conclusions are stated along with its justifications that are based on chapter four. Recommendations are also suggested to further enhance the scope of this study.Summary of FindingsThis study focuses on the compressive strength of concrete which uses pulverized pig bones as a partial replacement to sand in fine aggregates in comparison to the standard compressive strength of concrete which solely uses sand as fine aggregate. Research on the proper size and number of materials had been conducted. Nine cylindrical samples of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm were purposely chosen for the experiment. The type of cement used was Class C Portland cement with a design mix ratio of 1:3:6. The strength testing was scheduled on the first seven, fourteen and twenty-eight days after the mixing, in which the forms were removed after 48 hours and the samples were exposed to air for another 2 hours, as prescribed by the code. In the project, 8th day is taken instead of 7th day, and 13th day is taken instead of 14th day. Testing laboratories were chosen MATEST Laboratory Service INC in Quezon City and QUANTUM Materials Testing and Inspection Corporation in Mandaluyong City. The tests were conducted by their personnel. The results of the compressive strength tests showed that highest compressive strength of 2298 psi during 28 days of curing with a ratio of 20% pulverized & PB 80% while the lowest 1060 psi during the 7 days of curing with a ratio 90% sand and 10% pulverized PB. ConclusionsThe researchers, after proper experimentation and gathering of data concluded that: 1. Pulverized Pig bones is a good partial substitute to sand and it is as comparable to the conventional concrete and also cost effective.2. Pulverized Pig bones can be a partial replacement to fine aggregates in greater percentage of replacement. Since the highest compressive strength is obtained on a mix of 20% pulverized pig bones during 28 days, meanwhile the lowest 1060 psi is on mix 10% pulverized PB during 7 days curing process.3. The concrete with pulverized pig bones is created according to ASTM C33/ C33M ( Standard Specification For Concrete Aggregates). Which means that proper procedure is done to be able to come up to desired product.

RecommendationsBased on the drawn conclusions, the following are the recommendations:1. This study recommends the use of pulverized pig bones as a partial replacement to sand in concrete.2. The study can be extended to assess the durability aspects of the concrete with varying replacement proportions.3. Future researchers must expose the specimen to proper period curing days to determine compressive strengths properly. Also, sticking to the provisions in ASTM C33/ C33M ( Standard Specification For Concrete Aggregates).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

Fernando Pacheco-Torgal, Vivian Tam,et al. (2013): Handbook of Recycled Concrete and Demolition Waste.

IvanaKesegic, IvanaNetinger, DubravkaBjegovic (March 2009),Gradevinar, Vol. 61No. 01, Use of recycled brick as concrete aggregate.

Ebooks:Chong, W. K . and Hermwreck C., (2010)Understanding transportation energy and technical metabolism of construction waste recycling.

Texas department of transportation (2004), Texas Department of transportation Materials Requirements.Zakaria M. (1999), Strength and Elasticity of Material

Williams J., (1996) Highways and Conservation,Transport & Road Research and Laboratory (1981), Use of Marginal Aggregates in Construction

Research:

Aggarwal.P, Aggarwal.Y, Gupta.S.M [2007] Effect of bottom ash as replacement of fine aggregate in concrete, Asian journal of civil engineering [Building and housing] Vol.8, No.1, PP.49-62.

BRINDHA D. and NAGAN S. (2010), Utilization of Copper Slag as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete.

Selvamony, S., Kannan, U., et al. (2012), Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Material from China Clay Industries.

Wakchaure, (2013), Waste Tyre Crumb Rubber Particle as A Partial Replacement to Fine Aggregate in Concrete.

APPENDIX 1ASTM C33/C33M

1. Scope1.1This specification defines the requirements for grading and quality of fine and coarse aggregate (other than lightweight or heavyweight aggregate) for use in concrete.1.2This specification is for use by a contractor, concrete supplier, or other purchaser as part of the purchase document describing the material to be furnished.Note 1This specification is regarded as adequate to ensure satisfactory materials for most concrete. It is recognized that, for certain work or in certain regions, it may be either more or less restrictive than needed. For example, where aesthetics are important, more restrictive limits may be considered regarding impurities that would stain the concrete surface. The specifier should ascertain that aggregates specified are or can be made available in the area of the work, with regard to grading, physical, or chemical properties, or combination thereof.1.3This specification is also for use in project specifications to define the quality of aggregate, the nominal maximum size of the aggregate, and other specific grading requirements. Those responsible for selecting the proportions for the concrete mixture shall have the responsibility of determining the proportions of fine and coarse aggregate and the addition of blending aggregate sizes if required or approved.1.4The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

APPENDIX 2DESIGN STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS

AGE (DAYS)PERCENT (%)2000 (PSI)

118360

238760

349980

4571140

5631260

6681360

7711420

8741480

9771540

10791580

11811620

12831660

13851700

14871740

15881760

1688.51770

17901800

1891.51830

19931860

20941880

21951900

22961920

23971940

2497.51950

25981960

26991980

2799.51990

281002000

APPENDIX 3TEST RESULTS

APPENDIX 4ACTION PICTURES

APPENDIX 5CURRICULUM VITAE

ANDAYA, PATRICK IAN BAYTA2908 F. Manalo St., Punta, Sta. Ana, ManilaContact Number/s: 09307553101Email Address: Provincial Address: Mangilag Sur, Candelaria, Quezon

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 19 years oldDate of Birth: April 27, 1995Place of Birth: Candelaria, QuezonCivil Status: SingleNationality: FilipinoReligion: Iglesia Ni CristoName of Father: Normandy R. AndayaName of Mother: Rowena B. Andaya

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: Polytechnic University of the Philippines Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Sta. Mesa, Manila 2011 present

Secondary: Manuel S. Enverga University FoundationCandelaria Inc. Candelaria, Quezon June 2007 March 2011

Primary: Bukal Sur Elementary School Bukal Sur, Candelaria, Quezon June 2001 March 2007

TRAININGS and SEMINARS ATTENDED CIVIL ENGINEERING CONGRESS 2013 CEA-AVR, Anonas St. cor Pureza St., Sta. Mesa, Manila September 27, 2013CE Talk 2011UP Film Institute, UP Diliman, Quezon City2011

PICE LECTURE SERIES (PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS PUP STUDENT CHAPTER IN PARTNERSHIP WITH MICROCADD) PUP-College of Engineering and Architecture September 13, 2011

AFFILIATIONMemberJunior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Manila Chapter 2011 present

MemberChristian Brotherhood International2011 present

CHARACTER REFERENCEEngr. Nestor ConcepcionMunicipal AssessorCandelaria, Quezon09494236849

I hereby declare under the penalties of perjury that the information printed above has been accomplished in good faith.

PATRICK IAN B. ANDAYA

PALARAN, HAZEL KAREN LEONA#82 Branches Ext. Mendoza Village Proj. 8 Quezon CityContact Number/s: 09367256740Email Address: [email protected] Address: F. Magallanes Masbate City


Age: 21 years oldDate of Birth: September 15, 1994Place of Birth: Masbate CityCivil Status: SingleNationality: FilipinoReligion: Roman CatholicName of Father: Nonito B. PalaranName of Mother: Thelma L. Palaran


Tertiary: Polytechnic University of the Philippines Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Sta. Mesa, Manila 2011 Present

Secondary: Masbate National Comprehensive High SchoolScience and Technology Oriented Curriculum (STOC)3rd Special MentionQuezon St. Masbate CityJune 2007 March 2011

Primary: Jose Zurbito Sr. Elem. School Quezon St. Masbate City June 2001 March 2007

TRAININGS and SEMINARS ATTENDED CIVIL ENGINEERING CONGRESS 2013 CEA-AVR, Anonas St. cor Pureza St., Sta. Mesa, Manila September 27, 2013CE Talk 2011UP Film Institute, UP Diliman, Quezon City2011

PICE LECTURE SERIES (PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS PUP STUDENT CHAPTER IN PARTNERSHIP WITH MICROCADD) PUP-College of Engineering and Architecture September 13, 2011


CHARACTER REFERENCE

Alberto C. Caete, P.P., F. ASEP Professor, College of EngineeringPolytechnic University of the Philippines09066289912


Hazel Karen L. Palaran

SARDEA, JUSTINE ANTHONY C.1880 Visayan Ave. Balic-Balic,Sampaloc, ManilaContact Number: 09268456485Email Address: [email protected] Address: St. Dominic Comp. Brgy. PoloMauban, Quezon

PERSONAL INFORMATIONAge: 21 years oldDate of Birth: March 20, 1994Place of Birth: Mauban, QuezonCivil Status: SingleNationality: FilipinoReligion: Roman CatholicName of Father: Antonio J. SardeaName of Mother: Mylene C. Sardea



Secondary: Dr. Maria D. Pastrana High School(Mauban-Science Oriented High School) June 2007 March 2011

Primary: Mauban South Central Elementary School Brgy. Rizaliana June 2001 March 2007

PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS0. Certified Member of PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers) PUP Chapter0. Computer Literate (MS Word) 0. Can also do CAD (Computer-Aided Design) related works

TRAININGS and SEMINARS ATTENDED0. CE Congress 2013PUP College of Engineering and Architecture Bldg.,Sta. Mesa, Manila0. National Civil Engineering Symposium 2014Villamor Hall, University of the Philippines, Diliman0. Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete 2015Bonifacio Hall, PUP Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila


CERTIFICATION0. Civil Service Career (Professional) Passer 20130. Reserve Officers Training Corps (Philippines) 20120. Eagle Scout Rank (Boy Scout of the Philippines)2010

CHARACTER REFERENCE

Engr. Nicolas Geotina University Professor (PUP, Sta Mesa) 09155082211


Justine Anthony C. Sardea

ZUNIGA, ALBERT [email protected]


Age: 20 years oldDate of Birth: January 29, 1995Place of Birth : Quezon CityCivil Status: SingleNationality: FilipinoReligion: Roman CatholicName of Father: Alfred N. Zuiga Name of Mother: Esmeralda N. Zuiga



Secondary: Holy Spirit National High School Holy Spirit, Quezon City 2007-2011

Primary : Doa Juana Elementary School Holy Spirit, Quezon City1993 1999

TRAININGS and SEMINARS ATTENDED

0. CE Congress 2013PUP College of Engineering and Architecture Bldg.,Sta. Mesa, Manila0. National Civil Engineering Symposium 2014Villamor Hall, University of the Philippines, Diliman0. Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete 2015Bonifacio Hall, PUP Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila


CHARACTER REFERENCE

Engr. Nicolas Geotina University Professor (PUP, Sta Mesa) 09155082211


ALBERT N. ZUNIGA

48

Documents

THESIS to Be Printed2