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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/65566 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Voeten, T.A. Title: The Mexican drug violence: hybrid warfare, predatory capitalism and the logic of cruelty Issue Date: 2018-09-20

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UN-Habitat (2012), ‘The State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities. Towards a New Urban Transition’, United Nations Human Settlements. Wikileaks (2009), ‘Mexican Navy Operation Nets Drug Kingpin Arturo Beltran Leyva’, 17 December 2009. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09MEXICO3573_a.html World Bank (2012), ‘New Estimates Reveal Drop In Extreme Poverty 2005-2010’, World Bank Report, February 2012. http://go.worldbank.org/4K0EJIDFA0 World Economic Forum (2013), ‘Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014’, Geneva: World Economic Forum. Videos clips and fragments online Canales, Rodrigo, The deadly genius of drug cartels. Ted Talk, 2013. https://www.ted.com/talks/rodrigo_canales_the_deadly_genius_of_drug_cartels Cartel Del Golfo, Cartel Del Golfo Apoyando Aldama, Tamps, 20 September 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaFqh2WebXA Comando Armado en Creel Chihuahua Video Grabado Cometiendo Masacre. 9 April 2010 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBHFBcAYqXI, Published on 9 Apr 2010 Eje Central TV. Confesiones de un narcotraficante homicida, (Primera de dos partes) 2 August 2 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BM7yEvNb52E, LiveLeak, Raw Video footage of Nayarit Mexico Gun Battle-29 bodies dead. http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=d8d_1307252348#c3wzU7mZEclF5ZQ3.99, posted on June 5, 2011 Javier Duarte de Veracruz Amenaza a Periodistas, 2 July 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNYssYsZuQQ Luz Maria Davila Confronta a Calderón, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3rJLnSwZ28 Uploaded 5 May 2011 Marchas Y Protestas En Culiacan Sinaloa Para Que Liberen Al Chapo Guzman, uploaded 26 Februaey 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViQ4_An-q7g mrconservative.com/ Livegore (2016), Mexican Drug Cartel Beheads Two Captives With Chainsaws. https://www.livegore.com/38/mexican-drug-cartel-beheads-two-captives-with-chainsaws Tuta, 2013. Nuevo comunicado de 'La Tuta' y Los Caballeros Templarios. 10 August 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8hARzP_agM Readings

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Islamo-fascistische Cinematografie in vergelijking met Snuff Films van de Mexicaanse Drugskartels. Teun Voeten, De Balie, September 2015 Freedom Lecture Anabel Hernández, De Balie Amsterdam, December 2017. https://www.debalie.nl/agenda/podium/de-vrijheidslezing%3A-anabel-hernandez/e_9783129/p_11770230/ Films and Documentaries Engels, Maaike and Teun Voeten (2016), Sacrifice Iñárritu, Alejandro González (2000), Amores Perros Heineman, Matthew (2015), Cartel Land González, Everardo (2017), La Libertad del Diablo Junger, Sebastian and Hetherington, Tim (2010), Restrepo Oppenheimer, Joshua (2010), The Act of Killing Rosi, Gianfranco (2010) El Sicario. Room 164 Sánchez, Tatiana Huezo (2016), Tempestad Schwarz, Shaul (2013), Narco Cultura Schrijber, Coco (2001), First Kill Soderbergh, Steven (2000), Traffic Voeten, Teun (2010), Opgroeien tussen de Kogels Netflix: Breaking Bad, Narcos Interviews and conversations with experts and authorities. Astorga, Luis. Anthropologist at UNAM, Mexico DF, 2012 Baggio, Father Gianantonio, Casa de Migrantes, Nuevo Laredo, 2011 Balderas, Jorge, Anthropologist at Universidad Autonoma de Juárez, 2012, 2013, 2014 Burton, Jennifer. Writer and artist, El Paso, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015 Bowden, Charles. Writer at Las Cruces, NM, 2012 Campbell, Howard. Anthropologist at UTEP, El Paso, TX, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016 Engels, Maaike. Video artist and film maker, Rotterdam 2015, 2016, 2017 Junger, Sebastian. War reporter and anthropologist. New York, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2018

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Murguía, Hector 'Teto', Mayor of Juárez, 2012, San, Marion van. Criminologist, Antwerp 2015 Valdez, Javier. Writer and investigative journalist in Culiacán, 2009, 2010 Interviews with perpetrators El Gordo, Edgar, Daniel, D. Dios, Roberto, Luz, Alejandro. Juárez, Culiacan, October 2016

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Annex!1 Photographic!Testimony!

!!During!my!work!as!a!photojournalist!for!the!past!30!years,!I!have!visited!several!conflicts!around!the!world.!This!has!allowed!me!to!capture!images!which!are!graphic!expressions!of!many!of!the!topics!studied!in!this!dissertation.!!Between!2008!and!2012,!I!photographed!the!epicenters!of!the!drug!violence!in!Mexico.!!!!!Cover!photo:!!!Ciudad!Juarez,!October!2009.!Police!inspect!a!suspect!looking!object.!It!turns!out!to!be!a!body!of!a!man!killed!with!multiple!gunshots.!The!victim!has!been!wrapped!in!a!blanket!and!deposed!in!a!vacant!lot!in!the!central!neighborhood!of!Las!Delicias.!!!!!!!All photos copyright Teun Voeten Do not reproduce without permission

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Culiacan, September 2011. Municipal policeman at a murder scene. The victim had his hands tied with an electricity cord, showed signs of torture and had died of multiple gunshot wounds. 33 shells caliber AK-47 were found on the scene.

Juarez, April 2011 Late afternoon April 26th, Javier Herrera Garcia, a 25year old traffic policeman was killed while carrying out a speed control with a radar gun. Forensic detectives found 10 caliber 223 bullet casings on the scene.

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Juarez, June 2009. Military police on patrol in a crime ridden neighborhood called ‘Las Delicias’.

Michoacan, November 2009. Soldiers destroying two crystal meth labs discovered in a remote mountainous area near Patzcuaro. The labs were fitted with sophisticated equipment and had a production capacity of several tons a year.

370

Juarez, June 2009. Neighbors alerted an army patrol that a man was beating up his wife. Domestic abuse is common. The soldiers arrest the man who is under the influence of alcohol.

Juárez, March 2010. Protesters confront riot police that have cordoned off a hotel where President Felipe Calderon is staying during a brief visit to the city. Many people hold Calderon personally responsible for the violence and impunity.

371

Juárez, May 2011. Another killing in the notorious Bella Vista neighborhood. A family member of the slain victim breaks down and has to be restrained by friends and family.

Juarez, May 2011. Panteon San Rafael, the city cemetery of Juarez. There is a special section for unidentified and unclaimed bodies. Fallen-down placards with numbers and dates of unidentified deaths. M-N-I means Masculino Non Identificado.

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Culiacan, September 2011. Jardines del Humaya, a cemetery a few kilometers outside Culiacan, has ostentatious, expensive mausoleums, built by narco traffickers.

Mexico City, November 2009. The Mexican army has a Drugs Museum not open to the public but for educational purposes. One section of the museum is dedicated to narco culture’. Gold- plated pistols inlaid with diamonds confiscated from drug lords.

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Barrancabermeja, Colombia, March 2001. Special forces of the police patrol a neighborhood that is contested by right wing paramilitaries and left-wing guerrillas alike.

Barrancabermeja, Colombia, March 2001. Barrancabermeja is gripped by violence as paramilitary death squads kill people with leftist sympathies. while guerrilla groups kill people associated with the right. Woman identifies slain family member in morgue.

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Antioquia Department, Colombia, 1997. Guerrillas from FARC wash and clean on a farm on the countryside outside the garrison town of Urrao in the National Natural Orchid Park.

Zabul Province, Afghanistan 2003. On their way to carry out a surprise arrest at night of a suspected Taliban leader and drug lord, a peloton of US troops is ambushed with RPGs and small arms fire.

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Harlem, New York, December 1998. Empty apartment buildings and vacant lots with car wrecks in the inner cities of New York at the height of the crack epidemic.

Kabul, Afghanistan, August 1996. The old center of Kabul has been devastated by years of interfactional fighting following the withdrawal of the Soviets.

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Jalalabad, Afghanistan, August 1996. Militias belonging to the local governor and warlord Hadji Qadir, are sent out to pacify two warring villages.

Near Magbureka, Sierra Leone, February 1998. Commander of West-African Peace Force ECOMOG discusses military situation with local self-defense militia who are defending their villages against RUF rebels are nearby.

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Near Newton, Sierra Leone, May 2000. Freetown is besieged by rebels. Paramilitary groups of volunteers helping the government, Civil Defense Forces, on their way to the front line.

Ganta, Liberia, June 2003. Government forces of president Charles Taylor patrol the border town of Ganta that was just recaptured from LURD-rebels.