Thesis Format

Federal Democratic Republic of EthiopiaMinistry of Defense

Defense University, College of EngineeringOffice of Postgraduate Programs and Research

(18Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Bold, Centered)

M-Tech Project/Thesis (16Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Bold, Centered)

Thesis Title____________________________________________________________ (18 Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Bold, Centered, Single Line Spacing)

By(16Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Not Bold, Centered, 1.5 Line Spacing)

Student’s Name(18Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Bold, Centered, 1.5 Line Spacing)

Supervisor:_________________________________(16Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Not Bold, Centered, 1.5 Line Spacing)

Co-Supervisor:_______________________________(16Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Not Bold, Centered, 1.5 Line Spacing)

Department: ________________________________(16Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Not Bold, Centered, 1.5 Line Spacing)

Specialization:_______________________________(16 font size, Times New Roman, Regular, Not Bold, Centered, Single Line Spacing)

Month, YYYYBishoftu

(14 Font Size, Times New Roman, Regular, Not Bold, Centered, 1.5 Line Spacing)

[Flyleaf]

(FORMAT F5-B)

DECLARATION<Font size 14><BOLD><Centralized>

I hereby declare that the thesis project entitled “______________________________________” submitted for M-Tech Degree is my original work and the thesis project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar titles.

Signature of the student______________Place_____________________________Date:____________________________

(FORMAT F5-C)

CERTIFICATE<Font size 16><BOLD><Centralized>

This is to certify that the thesis project entitled “__________________________________” is the work carried out by ____________________________student of M-Tech, Defense Engineering College, Bishoftu, during the year__________________. In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of M-Tech of ________________________ Engineering/Technology with focus area of ___________________________ and that the thesis project has not formed the basis for the award previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar rule.

Signature of the advisor____________________

Place__________________________________

Date___________________________________

Approval by members of BoE

Name ( Print or Type ) Signature

1. External Examiner: _____________________ ____________________

2. Internal Examiner: ________________________ ______________________

3. Chairperson/HoD: ______________________ __________________

4. Advisor: _________________________ ________________

(FORMAT F5-D)

Abstract

(Front Size 14, Bold, Centered, Regular and Spacing: Before-0pt, After 12pt, 1.5 Lines) This includes:Purpose: What are the reason(s) for writing the thesis or the aims of the research? Design/Methodology/Approach: How are the objectives achieved? Include the main method(s) used for the research. What is the approach to the topic and what is the theoretical or subject scope of the thesis?Findings: What was found in the course of the research/work/study? This will refer to analysis, discussion, or results. Research Limitations/Implications (if applicable): If research is reported on in the paper this section must be completed and should include suggestions for future research and any identified limitations in the research process.Practical Implications (if applicable): What outcomes and implications for practice, applications and consequences are identified? How will the research impact upon the business or enterprise? What changes to practice should be made as a result of this research? What is the commercial or economic impact? Not all these will have practical implications.Social implications (if applicable): What will be the impact on society of this research? How will it influence public attitudes? How will it influence (corporate) social responsibility or environmental issues? How could it inform public or industry policy? How might it affect quality of life? Not all theses will have social implications.Originality/value: What is new in the research/study/work? State the value of the

research/study/work and to whom.

Keywords: 3 to 6 maximum, alphabetically.

(FORMAT F5-E)

Table of Contents (UPPER CASE, Font Size 14, Bold, Centered, Regular, Spacing: Before-0pt, After 12pt, 1.5 Lines)Contents (Italic, Bold, Front Size 12) Page No.Contents (Italic, Bold, Front Size 12) iiiApproval sheet (Not Bold, Front Size 12) ivList of Acronyms and Abbreviations (Not Bold, Front Size 12) vList of Tables (Not Bold, Front Size 12) viList of Figures (Not Bold, Front Size 12) viiAbstract (Not Bold, Front Size 12) viii

Chapter-1INTRODUCTION (UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)

1-6

1.1 Background (Not Bold, Front Size 12, Times New Roman, Regular) 11.2 Quality and the Need for its Achievement 11.3 Statement of the Problem 31.4 Objectives of the Study 4

1.4.1 General Objective (Not Bold, Front Size 12) 51.4.2 Specific Objective (Not Bold, Front Size 12) 6

1.5 Scope of the Study 71.6 Limitation of the Study 81.7 Significance of the Study 9

Chapter-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10-23

2.1 Literature Review at International Level 242.2 Literature Review at National Level2.3 Brief Summary of literature review indicating the research gap

Chapter-3 BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY(If any)3.1 Manufacturing Process of AKM

Chapter-4 MATERIALS AND METHODS (METHODOLOGY)Chapter-5 DATA AND DATA ANALYSISChapter-6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONChapter-7 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS

AND FUTURE RESEARCH WORKAppendix-I Abbbbbbb Dfgrhu Rkiloynf. 40-42

Appendix-II Abbbbbbb Dfgrhu Rkiloynf. 43-44

(FORMAT F3-B)

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations(Front Size 14, Bold, Centered, Regular, Spacing: Before-0pt, After 12pt, 1.5 Lines)

COE College of Engineering

DR &PGP Dean Research and Post Graduate Programs

PGPC Post Graduate Programs Coordinator

HOD Head of the Department

ISO International Standard Organization

MIE Mesfin Industrial Engineering

OP Optimization Parameters

Note: Write alphabetically

(FORMAT F3-C)

List of Figures (Font Size 14, Bold, Centered, Regular, Spacing: Before-0pt, After 12pt, 1.5 Lines)

Figure No. Description Page No.

Figure 2.1 Resistance spot welding machine with work. 8

Figure 2.2 Resistance and TIG spot welding comparison. 9

Figure 2.3 Spot welding time cycle. 10

Figure 2.4 Techniques for obtaining heat balances. 15

Figure 2.5 Resistance spot welding process. 16

Figure 3.1 Structure of the industry and organizational plan. 30

List of Tables(Font Size 14, Bold, Centered, Regular, Spacing: Before-0pt, After 12pt, 1.5 Lines)

Table No. Description Page No.

Table 4.1 Task aids. 35

Table 4.2 Control factors and noise factor examples. 41

Table 4.3 One-factor experiment. 45

Table 4.4 Several factors, one at a time. 46

Table 4.5 Several factors, all at the same time. 47

Table 4.6 Full factorial experiment. 49

Chapter-1: INTRODUCTION

(UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(Not Bold, Front Size 12, Times New Roman, Regular)

Chapter-2: LITERATURE REVIEW)(UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Chapter-3: MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODOLOGY(UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter-4: DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS(UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Chapter-4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION(UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Chapter-5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH WORK

(UPPER CASE, Bold, Front Size 14, Times New Roman)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Appendix-I

Appendix-II

(FORMAT F5-F)

REFERENCES

APA Referencing Examples

(For more information see "Publication Manual"See also "Citations in text" section in "Citations in text & references list")

How to cite/reference material:This page provides examples of how to reference materials both in your list of references and in text citations. ALL alphabetically write, serial number in [1].

Books

Book - by one authorIn text citation(King, 2000) orKing (2000) compares Frame with "..." (p. 34).In reference listKing, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.

Book - by two authorsIn text citation(Treviño& Nelson, 2007) orTreviño and Nelson (2007) illustrated...

When paraphrasing in text, use and, not &. In reference listTreviño, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Book - by three to five authorsIn text citationFirst in text citation (Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) orKrause, Bochner, and Duchesne (2006) recommend "..." (p. 32).In subsequent citations: According to Krause et al. (2006)

Cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al.) Do not italicize et al.

In reference listKrause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson

http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/study/guides/apa.shtml

http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/study/guides/apa_ex.shtml#PUB%23PUB

.

Book - by six to seven authorsIn text citationAccording to Mezey et al. (2002) ... orIt is ... (Mezey et al., 2002)

If there are six or seven authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. Do not italicize et al. In reference list

Mezey, M. D., Cassel, C. K., Bottrell, M. M., Hyer, K., Howe, J. L., & Fulmer, T. T. (Eds.). Ethical patient care: A casebook for geriatric health care teams. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses (…) and finish with the last author.

Book - by no authorIn text citationIn the book, Joint Investigations of Child Abuse (1993), it is...

Note that the key words of the book title are capitalized when used in text, but not in the reference list.

Italicize the book title in text). Do not use 'Anonymous' unless the author's name is given as Anonymous.

In reference listJoint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

If no author is stated, the title takes the author position. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in the author field.

Book - by a corporate/group authorIn text citationFirst in text citation (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010) orThe American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) indicated...In subsequent citations: According to APA (2010)...

Some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily recognizable. Note use of square brackets around abbreviation in first example above.

In reference listAmerican Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author.

When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher field. List in the references list by the first significant word of the organization. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision.

Book - cited in a secondary sourceIn text citationCarter and Beadle's (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever, 1996) research shows that... orIn the research of Carter and Beadle (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever, 1996)... In reference listCrisman, T. L., &Streever, W. J. (1996). The legacy and future of tropical limnology. In F. Schiemer& K. T. Boland (Eds.), Perspectives in tropical limnology (pp. 27-42). Amstemdam, Netherlands: SPB Academic.

Reference only Crisman and Streever (1996), not Carter and Beadle (1930).

Book - republishedIn text citation(Baldwin, 1909/1980) or Baldwin (1909/1980) criticized...

Both the original publication year and the year of the republished book are included. In reference listBaldwin, J. M. (1980). Darwin and the humanities (Library of Genetic Science and Philosophy Series: Vol. 2). New York, NY: AMS. (Original work published 1909).

Information about the original publication is included in parentheses after the publisher's name or retrieval statement.

Book - translatedIn text citation(Sartre, 1962) orSartre (1962) is an example of...In reference listSartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique (F. Williams, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Chapter in an edited bookIn text citation(Helber, 1995) orHelber (1995) concludes by...In reference listHelber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: Wiley.

The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title. Note the editor's initials come before the family name. It is the book title that is italicized, not the chapter title. The page numbers of the chapter are also

required.

Edited bookIn text citation(Samovar & Porter, 1997) orSamovar and Porter (1997) conclude by...In reference listSamovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). If you are citing a chapter within an edited book, review the previous section, "Chapter in an

edited book".

Electronic book with DOIIn text citationLance (2011) argues that... In reference listLance, L. (2011). Nonproduction benefits of education: Crime, health, and good citizenship. In Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 4, pp.183-282). doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53444-6.00002-X

DOI is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it in the

reference.

Electronic book with no DOIIn text citation(Martin, 2011)In reference listMartin, J. L. (2011). The explanation of social action [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.


reference. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the

URL of the E-book's homepage (in this example, http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with author)In text citation(Hwang, 2002) orHwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North Korea ... In reference listHwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.

If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition), include this in parentheses after the title along with page number(s).

http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guides/general/glossary_of_library_terms#doi


Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with no author)In text citationIt is defined as ... ("Social Constructionism," 2009).

Note that the entry is capitalized when used in text, but not in the reference list.In reference listSocial constructionism. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium database.

For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place of publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family name.

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL).

Conference Papers, Reports, & ThesesConference paper as part of a book of proceedingsIn text citation(Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) orShobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994) published their ...In reference listShobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania (pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society.

To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as for a book or book chapter. To cite proceedings published regularly use the same format as a periodical.

Contribution to conference or symposiumIn text citation(Bochner, 1996) or Bochner (1996) addressed this...In reference listBochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name. Give the month of the conference if the paper has not been formally published (Publication Manual,

pp. 206-207).

Report - annualIn text citation(Telecom New Zealand, 2007)In reference listTelecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual report 2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-report-2007.pdf

If it is an annual report, reference it as a book.

http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/study/guides/apa_ex.shtml#PUB%23PUB

Report - with report numberIn text citation(Holmes, 2000) orHolmes (2000) highlights the importance...In reference listHolmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers (Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Management Communication.

If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the title. If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the name of the university, this does

not need to be repeated in the publisher location. Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that produced the document.

Report - without report number In text citation(Caygill, 2009) orCaygill (2009) concludes...In reference listCaygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to 2006. Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website: http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS-06_Science2.pdf

If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval statement if it has not been identified as the author.

Report from institutional archive In text citation(Whangapirita, Awatere, & Nikora. 2003)In reference listWhangapirita, L., Awatere, S., & Nikora, L. (2003). Maori perspectives of the environment: A review of policy submissions made by iwi to Environment Waikato (Technical Report No.3; Environment Waikato Internal Series 2004/01). Retrieved from University of Waikato, Research Commons website: http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/

Thesis (except from USA) - print versionIn text citation(Dewstow, 2006) orDewstow (2006) recommends... In reference listDewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Include either (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) or (Unpublished master's thesis) after the title as appropriate.

http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/

Thesis (except from USA) - electronic version In text citation(Dewstow, 2006) orDewstow (2006) recommends...In reference listDewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241 Include either (Doctoral dissertation) or (Master's thesis) after the title as appropriate and university's

name and location (city and country). If the city name is included in the University's name, leave it out (e.g. University of Auckland, New

Zealand).

Thesis from USA - electronic versionIn text citation(Rose, 2006) orAccording to Rose (2006) ... In reference listRose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd JournalsJournal article - print versionIn text citation(Sainaghi, 2008) orSainaghi (2008) suggests...In reference listSainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.

A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicized, followed by the issue number in parentheses (not italicized).

If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses immediately after the volume number.

For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with continuous pagination. Journal article - electronic version with a DOIIn text citationShepherd et al., (2007) orShepherd et al. (2007) highlight the...

If there are six or more authors, from the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author. In reference listShepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018


reference. Journal article - electronic version with no DOIIn text citation(Harrison & Papa, 2005) orIn their research, Harrison and Papa (2005) established ...


If there are six or more authors, list all authors in the reference list. From the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author.

In reference listHarrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database.


reference. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not

include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the

URL of the journal homepage.Journal article - Internet onlyIn text citation(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) orSnell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..." (para. 3)

(n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in text.

In reference listSnell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka

(n.d.)= no date. Journal article - cited in a secondary sourceIn text citation(Lilieholm & Romney, 2000, as cited in Suntikul, Butler, & Airey, 2010) orLilieholm and Romney (2000, as cited in Suntikul, Butler, & Airey, 2010) argue that... In reference listSuntikul, W., Butler, R., & Airey, D. (2010). Implications of political change on national park operations: Doi moi and tourism to Vietnam's national parks. Journal of Ecotourism, 9(3), 201-218. doi: 10.1080/14724040903144360 Magazines & NewspapersMagazine - print onlyIn text citation(von Drehle et al., 2009)... orVon Drehle et al. (2009) assert... If an author's name begins with a lower case letter appears at the beginning of a sentence, it must be

capitalised.In reference listvon Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., ...Peters, G. (2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17.

Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines. If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three ellipses (...) and finish with the last

author. Magazine - electronic versionIn text citationRobison, 2008) orRobison (2008) considers...In reference listRobison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database.


If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage.

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database and do not include the database URL. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

Newspaper article - print versionIn text citationCumming, 2003) orCumming (2003) reports...In reference listCumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald, p. B4.

Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only, not magazines or journals. p = 1 page, pp. more than one page.

If page numbers are discontinuous, separate page numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5. Newspaper article - electronic versionIn text citationCumming, 2003) orCumming (2003) reports...In reference listCumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz

Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

Newspaper article - with no authorIn text citation("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices", 2003)

In the in text citation, abbreviate the title, use double quotation marks and capital letters. In reference listDrivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1.

If there is no author, the article title comes first. AudiovisualAudio podcastIn text citation(Noonan, 2008)In reference listNoonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz

Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and identifier. Film - motion picturesIn text citation(Vasile & Fellini, 2001) orVasile and Fellini (2001) In reference listVasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM Home Entertainment.

In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director or producer or both) but not the presenters.

For publication information, give the motion picture's country of origin and the name of the motion picture studio.

A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. It is not italicized. Music recording - recorded by composerIn text citation

(The Beatles, 2003, track 10) Include side and band or track numbers.

In reference listThe Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked [CD]. Hollywood, CA: Capital Records.

Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format as medium – e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file].

Music recording - recorded by someone other than composerIn text citation"Amazing Grace" (Newton, 1779/2009, track 8) orNewton's celebrated song (1779/2009, track 8) says...

Acknowledge both composed year and performed year. In reference listNewton, J. (1779). Amazing grace [Recorded by S. Boyle]. On I dreamed a dream [CD]. London, England: Sony Music Entertainment. (2009)

When a song is recorded by someone other than the composer, acknowledge the performer with [Recorded by… ] after the title, and date of the recording at the end of the reference.

When the composer and lyricist are not the same, acknowledge both of them – e.g. Goethe, J. W. (Lyricist), & Mozart, W. A. (Composer).

Do not put a period after the date of recording (Publication manual, p. 209). Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format as medium – e.g.

[MP3 file], [MIDI file].Music recording - unknown composerIn text citationAccording to the traditional Maori song, "Tarakihi" (1999) ... or ("Tarakihi," 1999).

Use double quotation marks around the title of a song (Publication manual, p. 176).In reference listTarakihi [Recorded by K. Te Kanawa]. (n.d.). On Maori songs [MP3 file]. New York, NY: EMI. (1999)

When you cannot find a composer’s name (e.g. traditional songs), move the title to the author’s position.

Add medium of recording with [ ]. If it is downloaded online, use the file format as medium – e.g. [MP3 file], [MIDI file].

Television programIn text citation(Slater, 2002)In reference listSlater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60 minutes. Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network Services.

Put television series episode or motion picture in square brackets [ ] after the title. Video blog post (e.g. YouTube video)In text citation(Leelefever, 2007)In reference listLeelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY

Use the up loader’s name as author. When the video's creator is known, reference the video like 'Film - motion pictures'.

Others (Webpages, Legal Materials, Course Handouts etc.)Blog postIn text citation(Hobbit Team, 2011)In reference list

Hobbit Team. (2011, November 5). 3D concept sketch [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.thehobbitblog.com/

Do not italicize blog post title, as it is unpublished material. Use the URL of the blog homepage rather than individual post's URL. Twitter posts can be referenced like blog posts. Reference it as [Twitter post].

Course handout - print version (unpublished work)In text citation(Brown, 2004)In reference listBrown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-11B [Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Marketing.

Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal collections" .

In the publication information field, list the organization’s name (e.g. university, department), city, and country.

Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture notes]. Course handout - electronic versionIn text citation(Archard, Merry, & Nicholson, 2011) orArchard, Merry, and Nicholson (2011) state that In reference listArchard, S., Merry, R., & Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakia and waiata [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from TEPS757-11B (NET): Communities of Learners website: http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650

Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Powerpoint slides]. Data file - from a databaseIn text citation(Thomson Reuters, n.d.)

(n.d.)= no date. In reference list

Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). Publically listed telecommunications companies in India with 500 or more employees [Data file]. Retrieved from Thomson One Banker Database.

A data set is where you have selected raw data to produce a unique data set. It usually involves specialized software with limited access, rather than commonly available software (e.g. MS Excel) or is found on a website.

The use of [Data file] indicates that you have chosen specific data to form this data set. You can also include additional information to distinguish data sets, e.g. [Data file, 2001 Population Census].

If the database or website has a specific title, include this detail (e.g. from Thomson One Banker). Use (n.d.) if the year of publication is not given. If a title is given for the data set, put it in italics. If you have created your own title, do not italics.

Data file - from a websiteIn text citation(Statistics New Zealand, n.d.). In reference listStatistics New Zealand. (n.d.). Birthplace and sex, for the Maori ethnic group census usually resident population count, 2001 [Data file, 2001 Population Census]. Retrieved from Table Builder http://www.stats.govt.nz/

A data set is where you have selected raw data to produce a unique data set. It usually involves specialized software with limited access, rather than commonly available software (e.g. MS Excel) or is found on a website.

The use of [Data file] indicates that you have chosen specific data to form this data set. You can also include additional information to distinguish data sets, e.g. [Data file, 2001 Population Census].

If the database or website has a specific title, include this detail (e.g. from Thomson One Banker). Use (n.d.) if the year of publication is not given. If a title is given for the data set, put it in italics. If you have created your own title, do not italise.

Legal materialIn text citationChildren's Commissioner Act 2003 or The wellbeing of children is covered by the Children's Commissioner Act 2003.In reference listChildren's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121.Online discussionIn text citation(Chalmers, 2000)In reference list

Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/

Do not italicize titles of unpublished works. Personal communications (emails, your own lecture notes, Facebook etc.)In text citation(H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004) or Clarke (personal communication, March 19, 2004) remarked that...In reference list

No information is required in the reference list as the data has not been published and cannot be retrieved.

Contents from private or friend-only Facebook page should be treated as Personal Communications, but information in publicly available Facebook pages (e.g. fan page, group page) may be referenced with [Facebook update].

WebpagesIn text citation(Statistics New Zealand, 2007)

Do not write URLs in the text. In reference list

Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be

updated (e.g. a wiki). WikiIn text citation(University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.)

(n.d.)= no date. In reference list

University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries

Do not italicize titles of unpublished works. Include the date of retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likely to change over time. For group

authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision. Figures (including Images) & Tables

Documents

Thesis Format