Thesis Finished

Positive-Care INSTITUTE ofTECHNOLOGY

CARLOW

Project Document B.Sc. in Computer Systems Management Year 4, 2015/2016

Positive-Care will be designed as a caring “IT solution for a better world”, specifically for elderly and individuals with disabilities (Dementia, Alzheimer). We have a vision that our Idea will consist of a Smart Bracelet device worn by an individual. The device will contain several sensors and features. The sensors embedded in our wearable device react to actions in real time, rather than failing to notice problems. This will result in a proactive service

Dylan Purcell (C00167375) Luiza Scislowska (C00174563)Supervisor: Keara Barrett

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Dylan Purcell (C00167375) Positive-Care Luiza Scislowska (C00174563)

Table of Contents1. Executive Summary...............................................................................................................4

2. Introduction............................................................................................................................5

3. Business Section.....................................................................................................................6

3.1. Business Value................................................................................................................6

Business requirements........................................................................................................7

3.2. Issues/Problems/Opportunities........................................................................................8

Issues/Problems..................................................................................................................8

Opportunities......................................................................................................................9

3.3. The industry and area to be addressed..........................................................................12

3.4. Analysis of the potential market - PEST.......................................................................13

Political Factors................................................................................................................13

Economic Factors.............................................................................................................16

Socio-Cultural Factors.....................................................................................................18

Technical Factors.............................................................................................................20

3.5. Cost Analysis................................................................................................................23

Advertising and marketing costs:.....................................................................................23

Electricity, Heat and telephone etc...................................................................................24

On-Site vs. Cloud solutions..............................................................................................24

Office related costs...........................................................................................................26

Office Renting..................................................................................................................27

Secretary services.............................................................................................................27

Software Engineer Cost....................................................................................................28

Delivery of Device...........................................................................................................28

Our estimated Fixed Costs...............................................................................................29

Estimated Selling Price....................................................................................................29

Potential Market Share.....................................................................................................30

Break Even Analysis........................................................................................................31

Potential market/demand..................................................................................................31

Projected Cash Flow........................................................................................................32

4. Technical Section.................................................................................................................33

4.1. Devices..........................................................................................................................35

Unaliwear - Wearable OnStar..........................................................................................36

Computers Systems Management

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BodyGuardian Heart........................................................................................................37

Gucci and will.i.am smart band........................................................................................39

Burg 31 Cellphone Watch................................................................................................41

Panic button......................................................................................................................42

4.2. Sensors and features......................................................................................................43

Blood Pressure Monitor...................................................................................................43

GPS..................................................................................................................................44

Wi-Fi................................................................................................................................44

SIM slot............................................................................................................................45

Heart Rate.........................................................................................................................47

Temperature.....................................................................................................................48

4.3. Databases options..........................................................................................................49

Oracle Berkeley DB 12c..................................................................................................49

MongoDB.........................................................................................................................52

Influx Data - IOT & SENSOR DATA.............................................................................54

Entity Relation model......................................................................................................57

Table Relationships..........................................................................................................58

4.4. How much data do wearable devices generate?............................................................63

4.5. Internet of Things..........................................................................................................64

Miniaturisation of sensors................................................................................................65

IPv6 and the Internet of Things........................................................................................66

Cloud Solutions vs. On-Premise Solutions......................................................................66

5. Ethical Section.....................................................................................................................68

5.1. Benefits for individuals.................................................................................................68

5.2. Benefits for Carers/Family............................................................................................71

The awareness of elderly person’s well-being.................................................................71

Preventive monitoring......................................................................................................71

Provision of emergency calls/notifications when needed................................................71

5.3. Benefits for Community (Seattle thing, children learn respect for older people, etc.). 72

Financial...........................................................................................................................72

Culture..............................................................................................................................72

5.4. Data Protection Act.......................................................................................................74

New Data Protection Act revising the 2003 act was started in 2012 and completed in November 2015................................................................................................................74

Data protection in relation to AAL..................................................................................75


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How the Act is enforced...................................................................................................76

Keep Data (information) safe and secure.........................................................................76

Training courses...............................................................................................................77

Registration......................................................................................................................78

Who is required to register?.............................................................................................78

Cost of registration...........................................................................................................78

Data Protection with Positive-Care..................................................................................79

6. Analysis/Evaluation Section................................................................................................80

7. Summary/Conclusions.........................................................................................................84

7.1. Outcomes/ Recommendations.......................................................................................84

7.2. Future direction.............................................................................................................84

8. Bibliography.........................................................................................................................86

9. Appendices...........................................................................................................................94

Interviews with relevant organisations.................................................................................94

10. Signed Plagiarism Declarations.........................................................................................98

11. Signed breakdown of % of overall work completed by each student..............................100


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1. Executive Summary

Positive-Care is a new monitoring service which would apply Ambient Assisted Living technologies. We have a vision for out start-up business which will operate from Carlow town, Ireland. Our initial target will be the Irish market which consists of 427,623 people over the age of 70 living alone and in private households. There are also numerous individuals living with disabilities that may find our service beneficial.

Positive-Care will be designed in a caring “IT solution for a better world”, specifically for elderly and individuals with disabilities (Dementia, Alzheimer). We have a vision that our idea will consist of a Smart Bracelet device worn by an individual. The device will contain several sensors and features. The sensors embedded in our wearable device react to actions in real time, rather than failing to notice problems. This will result in a proactive service.

The different monitoring features and sensors will include; Heart Rate, Body temperature, Location tracking, Blood Pressure, WI-FI and SIM Card port. These technologies will gather information/data in order to monitor individual’s well-being. The information/data generated will then be sent to our cloud services where it will be stored. This information stored in the database will be available through our application or browsers. This will produce graphical visualisations of each individual’s readings. Our service will have average, minimum and maximum of each individual’s data on monthly basis. If readings are outside of these averages the alert system will be automatically activated. This will result in an app notification and text message. These will be sent to the carer’s mobile phone of the linked individual/customer. In the case of an emergency or no response from designated carer, our service will then alert relevant emergency services e.g. Ambulance.


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2. Introduction

This project is undertaken as part of Computers Systems Management course within the Institute of Technology Carlow. This is completed by Final year students, Luiza Scislowska and Dylan Purcell. We will focus on combining Ambient Assisted Living technologies with Emerging technologies. This should allow both elderly and/or living with various illnesses to live independently. The following aspects will be investigated in detail in relation to our vision, Business, Technical and Ethical.

Our vision is to produce a service that will consist of a wearable device 24/7 monitoring system. It will permit families and carers to remotely monitor individuals that have been acknowledged as needing assisted living. The wearable device should send a number of different readings to the smartphone, tablet or computer. An example of the information sent, would be a notification, when there is an abnormal sequence in the information; one of these may be the heart rate dropping below or above the monthly average. Then the smartphone, tablet or computer will receive an urgent notification to check up on the person who's wearing our device. The urgent notification(s) would include some information regarding the abnormality.

The different features of Positive-Care would include: Heart Rate Body temperature Location tracking SIM card port Blood Pressure Provide information quickly and regularly (Real-time) WIFI for the internet

The wearable device will have a locking mechanism on it to ensure the constant monitoring and safety of clients. Our service may keep others at ease as they won't be worrying about people they care for.We will sell our service using a monthly payment, where there would be a lump sum payment on purchase €135 (for the device) then a payment of €15 for the service in monthly instalments.


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3. Business Section

In this section we are going to discuss and evaluate a number of different topics in relation to the Positive-Care company. We will discuss how and where we will project our service. In order of this a number of different topics have been researched and evaluated. This will identify the target market for our service and the estimated market share. We will determine a number of key factors that will influence our business environment. The PEST analysis will be conducted to recognise external aspects that may affect our company in gaining competitive advantage.

Expenditure is critical when setting up a business, hence an exhaustive cost analysis will include a cash budget and estimated costs. Marketing will play a big role in selling our service therefore we will look into marketing options in relation to costing.

3.1. Business Value Business value is an informal term that includes all forms of value that determine the health and well-being of the firm in the long-run; it goes beyond purely economic value.

It’s important to define the relationship between the Value Drivers. E.g. we may have both “profit” and “customer satisfaction” Value Drivers. If we find a way to increase our profit at the expense of reduced customer satisfaction, this may be a good or bad thing for the company. It depends on the company, the project and the circumstances. (Blog.nayima.be, 2015). The business value would be making profit along with happy customers.

Value drivers are something which can be changed or added to a product/service that may increase its value to consumers. These differentiate a product/service from those of a competitor this may result in competitive advantage over competitors. (TrackMaven, 2015). In the future our company may add more sensors to the device which would be a “value Driver” for our service e.g. a panic button or speech interface

Customer Value - this is the value received by the end customer of a product/service, the end customer may be a single user or be part of an organisation consisting of numerous individuals participation in different roles, the customer's value is a major role as the customers must be satisfied by the product/service. The service which we may provide should result in happy customers both clients and carers for both its easy use and comfortability.

The Shareholder value is also an important aspect of every project. It is the value that a shareholder is able to obtain from his/her investment in a company. This is made up of capital gains, dividend payments, proceeds from buyback programs and any other pay-outs that a firm might make to a shareholder (Investorwords.com, 2015). We would like our business to follow a circle of revenue and profit generation, efficient cash conversion and reinvestment in the business. We plan to share the value we generate with our shareholders through the


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dividend. Also, with wider community, through employment, salaries, the payment of taxes and supplier payments.

Employee knowledge - Identify, analyse and represent the knowledge assets that an organization owns or requires to fulfil its business objectives, employees add major value to an organisation and are sometimes not used to their full advantage or to their ability. Employees need to be distributed throughout the company so they can shine and help others to shine in this specific section that they have huge of knowledge in. (Ivi.ie, 2015). In the start of our business the plan is to employee two software engineers on contract for 3 months. This would mean they would not be needed after the two months as there would not be work for them to do. Having good employee knowledge knows when you need or don’t need staff.

Channel Partner value - partners value to a business is huge as the relationships between businesses and partners are needed in order to be successful, if a relationship was lost it can be critical for a business’s functionality. (Wikipedia, 2015).

Social Value - the social environment is adapting the business so that it is helping towards the society, the social value can be incorporated into everyday business in little ways; these social values relate to charity, schools, parks, wildlife protection. (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015)

Business requirements

Business requirements are the critical activities of an enterprise that must be performed to meet the organizational objectives while remaining solution independent. These values should add value to the business which may result in a successful business (Isixsigma.com, 2015).

Usability - The products application will be built with an easy to use interface with easy access to the key functions ; It needs to be easy to use by elderly and that they are not always technological therefore it needs to be simple and required minimum operation or interaction to use.

Performance - A powerful battery must be installed to give the device a long performance time before having to charge the device again; with the device charging the device will be a problem as the elderly won't be as up to date on charging the device therefore a long life battery will need to be installed.

Supportability - Application synced with device through a login will be available from both android and apple stores, this application will be maintained on a regular basis; the wristband must be able to send information the application which the carer/family member of the client can read from the application on their device clearly.


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Health and safety - The client will be able to be located and monitored; The carer/ family members of the client won't have to be worrying that something has happened as they can easily find out if everything is okay and find the client if went out of the regular zone.

Security – All information being stored and passed through networks must be secure and inaccessible by third parties

3.2. Issues/Problems/Opportunities

Issues/Problems

Our service/product is associated with the idea of Ambient Assisted Living.

Ambient assisted living (AAL) can be explained as the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in a person's daily living and working environment to enable them to stay active longer, remain socially connected, and live independently into old age.(Hindawi.com, 2015). Like every other business idea or project, our business must address some issues and challenges.

Competitors in addressed area.

In today’s business environment we will be competing against global competition. There are already companies who are offering products similar to ours. It could be challenging to gain competitive advantage over those businesses that are already up and running in the market, and which operate on a global scale. Therefore, we must emphasise and communicate the unique sale features of our product to relevant stakeholders.

Privacy and invasive/intrusive usage.

A good response to our idea depends on the need to build trust and confidence. Accordingto Information Society Technologies (IST) research, funded by European Union, akey aspect related to Ambient Assisted Living projects is management ofprivacy. More open systems tend to lower privacy levels. Technologicaldevelopments are outpacing regulatory adjustments. To what extent can people beprotected in this field? (ISTAG Scenarios for Ambient Assisted Living, 2015).

Collecting sensitive information about person’s health. Our idea will involve collecting data about person’s health and wellbeing, which might concern some people. Even if this will be done with theirs health and security in mind.

Haley notes that there is likely a "grey market" out there that could make use of this type of health information.


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"There are data brokers, insurance companies, and health care providers who potentially could create a market for this data," Haley said. "There are a number of data brokers who are already collecting anything they can in order to further define you as a person, or add you to a group so that they can better market their data to others."

Collecting info about location of a person. EPIC, the Electronic Privacy Information Centre, believes location data from smart-watches and others wearable’s is potentially insecure because a GPS or Bluetooth scanner could be used to track a person's whereabouts when the device is separated from a smartphone (EPIC Alert, 2015).

"Smart-watches make personal tracking a lot easier," said Julia Horwitz, director of EPIC's consumer privacy project.

“As much granularity as there is in the [smart-watch] data, you can see where a person goes, where they work, what they are doing, and what they are purchasing in some cases so that you can identify someone very easily and uniquely,” she said.(Privacy Concerns Rise as Wearables Become More Commonplace - Wearable Style News, 2015).

Security of data collected.

According to two security experts, wearable computing devices can get hacked. It remains unclear as to whether or not there is real motivation in stealing data from wearable devices just yet."Getting the information is very simple," Kevin Haley, director of product for cyber-security firm Symantec security response division. "And often, it's an old-fashioned way that's most likely."

To steal information from a wearable device, a hacker probably wouldn't even have to infiltrate the device itself or even its app. Since many smart-watches and fitness bands allow you to store information in the cloud, there is opportunity for hackers to grab that information without even breaking into your device, Haley said. "They've been around for a while, and hackers already know how to do it," Haley said (Eadicicco, 2015).However, taking a systemic approach to securing the devices and the data they collect will help keep the criminals at bay and allow society to radically improve its health and fitness (Patel, 2015). Therefore, we will need to consider solution to manage safety of the data collected and security for the whole system. We might decide to hire external expert or consulting agency to address challenges related to data and system security.

Opportunities

There is a space in the elder care market.Elder care is projected to be approximately $319 billion in the US alone by 2016. (Freedoniagroup.com, 2013). While this is a massive revenue opportunity for the


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incumbent elder care market, the other side of the ledger represents a huge cost for fixed-income seniors and their loved ones. In our opinion, people will be interested in our solution because it will help reduce the cost of health care for both: businesses and individuals.

Our target market is going to be the younger person maybe 40 or 50 years old who perhaps feels guilty about not being able to stay in touch with their elderly relative as much as they would like to. We also have a vision that our solution will suit many care service providers and nursing homes.

The market is growingAccording to European Commission report, the demand for AAL products and services is rising very rapidly, probably more so than in any other consumer electronics market. Europe must move quickly in order to capture the opportunity both at home and abroad. It was stated that:

The rapid ageing of the population combined with decreasing birth rates indeed represent a major challenge for Europe and most of the world. Therefore, it makes sense to join forces in Europe to develop relevant and innovative solutions for ageing well. At the same time, this area presents a number of untapped possibilities for new economic growth and jobs, in particular for SMEs [micro, small and medium-sized enterprises], which Europe badly needs (Final Evaluation of the Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme, 2015, p.iii).

Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme laid down the foundations for achieving a large scale impact in a field where Europe badly needs it and where the growth opportunities exist.

Elder care is likely one industry that will experience some of the biggest changes, as costs are high, demand is increasing, and emerging technology is directly applicable at nearly every layer of the market (Wolf, 2015).

We have justified hopes to grow and expand from Irish and British market into new areas.

Investment opportunities in wearablesScott Pelton, who is a partner at Round 13-firm that is focused on investing in innovative technologies in the information, communication and entertainment (ICE) industry, believes that the market for wearables is very lucrative with potential for growth. In terms of investment potential, devices that are able to collect multiple health and fitness metrics and provide some level of interpretation are the most attractive.

According to CB Insider, predictive market research and market intelligence service, in 2013, investors put $458M into wearable companies across 49 deals. On a year-over-year basis, deal activity to wearable tech start-ups rose 158% while funding grew nearly 80%.

People living longerThe rising life expectancy within the older population is increasing the number and proportion of people at very old ages. The “oldest old” (people aged 85 or older) constitute 8% of the world’s 65-and-over population: 12% in more developed


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countries and 6% in less developed countries. In many countries, the oldest old are now the fastest growing part of the total population. On a global level, the 85-and-over population is projected to increase 351% between 2010 and 2050, compared to a 188% increase for the population aged 65 or older and a 22% increase for the population under age 65. (See chart below).

Percentage change in the world’s population by age: 2010-2050:

(United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision)

Taking into consideration above figures, we can project because of increasing lifespan; the demand for our solution will also rise.

The need to live independently as long as possibleOur service enable elderly to live as long as possible in their homes with strong feeling of safety. It could be used to assist elderly and people with illnesses by monitoring their health and taking care of them. Such a solutions usually increasing self-confidence and optimise resources (Cole, Dehdashti, 1998).


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3.3. The industry and area to be addressed

Our service will be related to healthcare industry, which provides a variety of services to support the healthcare needs of a community and individuals. Initially, we would focus on Republic of Ireland’s market.

In 2010, just in Ireland, the current public expenditure on health care was €3,219 per person. 21% of this figure was private sector expenditure. The average in 2001 was €2,456 this represented an increase of 31.1% between 2001 and 2010 (Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland, 2015). As can be seen from figures above, health care industry is a huge market. We are aiming for our service to be successful for this industry and we think that there is an opportunity there.

The healthcare industry classifies the different products it offers by sector. In particular, we would like to address Health Care Services and Facilities segment of the healthcare industry. We have a vision that Nursing and Residential Care Facilities would be interested in our service.Hospitals and healthcare systems are continually changing their service offerings, and responding to various internal and external forces including advances in technology, and shifts in the populations they serve. The private healthcare sector has exploded in Ireland in the last 5 years, with a number of large private hospitals opening their doors and numerous more due to open in the near future (Sectors of Healthcare Industry, 2015). Typical stakeholders that may be interested in our project are nursing homes and care providing facilities of different types. For example: retirement homes, retirement villages, home help services etc. Our target market is not only limited to these businesses. Most of us want to be self-sufficient and to live at home for as long as possible. In addition, we worry about our aging loved ones. Therefore our service will be also applicable to seniors who are living at home and for their families who are concerned for the wellbeing of people they love.


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3.4. Analysis of the potential market - PEST

The business environment is constantly changing. It provides opportunities for a company to seize opportunities but also threats to manage. Analysing PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) factors can be a significant indicator of macroeconomic factors that may affect our project, both positively and negatively in the global economy.PEST analysis was conducted to assess senior care industry. This involves identification of various different factors which measure the market’s potential and current situation. Indicate growth or decline, and thereby market attractiveness, business potential, and suitability of access. The summarised findings of PEST Analysis are presented in the picture below.

Below is detailed analysis of each of the factors that would influence our company.

Political Factors The political factors account for all the political activities that go on within a country and if any external force might tip the scales in a certain way. They analyse the political outlook and the policies that a government may put in place for some effect. The following political factors have been identified in relation to our service.

1) The government and political stability within particular country is measured by Political Stability Index. Ireland Political stability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong) it’s an


Technological1) Current technology trends and barriers2) Suitable Broadband Infrastructure3) Investments in Technology Research

Socio-Cultural1) Aging of population2) Higher Costs of Healthcare3) Increase of Life Expectancy Rate

Economic1) Economy Growth in Ireland2) Increasing Consumer Spending3) Funding and support available through different programmes4) Support for Start-Ups

Political1) Stable Government in Ireland2) Favourable Policies for Businesses3) Data Protection Act in place

P E

TS

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index of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government of Ireland will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism. The index is an average of several other indexes from the Economist Intelligence Unit, the World Economic Forum, and the Political Risk Services, among others. As shown in the table below The World Bank (govindicators.org) provides data for Ireland from 1996 to 2014. The average value for Ireland during that period was 1.17 points with a minimum of 0.88 points in 2013 and a maximum of 1.5 points in 2000. The latest available data was given for 2014 where Ireland earned 1.07 points.

(TheGlobalEconomy.com. 2016)


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(TheGlobalEconomy.com. 2016)

The fact that Republic of Ireland got 1.07 points has ranked the country on 6th position among other EU countries. This information is optimistic for Ireland and proves that it would be favourable for our planned company.

2) Favourable Policies for Businesses Over 1,150 international companies have operations in Ireland. These companies are involved in a wide range of activities and sectors including technology, pharmaceuticals, biosciences, financial services and manufacturing. The attraction of Ireland as an investment location can be attributed to the positive approach of successive Irish Governments to the promotion of inward investment, its membership of the European Union (“EU”), a very favourable corporate tax rate. There is also funding options available through different types of programmes. This makes Ireland a welcoming country for a business.

3) Data Protection LegislationThe big question is – what should developers and marketers consider from a legal and regulatory perspective if they’re developing or using wearable devices? Data protection is a key consideration for our idea as the wearable devices would collect personal and health information and give insights into an individual’s activity. This puts the requirement that people who control this information must be mindful of obligations imposed by data


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protection legislation. The fact that the legislation is already in place makes it easy to establish guidelines to our service in order to deliver a secure environment.

Economic Factors

1) Economy Growth in IrelandIreland has been a standout economic performer over a 20 year period. Ireland’s economy going into 2015 is 3.5 times larger in turnover terms than it was in 1995 even after the large correction in recent years for the property boom. Given the scale of Ireland’s recent recession and the underlying strength of its business model, Ibec (Irish Business and Employers’ Confederation) expects that potential volume growth in the economy over the coming years could well be in excess of 4% annually as the economy recovers to its potential level of activity.

Long term economic growth

GDP growth in Ireland is set to exceed previous forecasts due to stronger than expected consumer spending, which looks set to grow by over 3.5% in 2015. A number of leading indicators for the second half of the year, particularly the strong performance in the government’s tax take as well as employment figures, have provided further evidence of an economy which grew rapidly in 2015. The Irish economy is now in a sweet spot because of low interest rates, favourable exchange rates and falling oil prices benefiting Republic of Ireland more than any other European country. In addition, the return of some moderate wage growth and increases in employment mean that the domestic economy will account for the majority of total growth both this year and next.


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2) Increasing Consumer SpendingAccording to Central Statistics Office Ireland, Consumer Spending in Ireland increased to 22621 EUR Million in the third quarter of 2015 from 22464 EUR Million in the second quarter of 2015. Consumer Spending in Ireland averaged 19216.28 EUR Million from 1997 until 2015, reaching an all-time high of 23191 EUR Million in the fourth quarter of 2007 and a record low of 11612 EUR Million in the first quarter of 1997. Consumer Spending in Ireland is reported by the Central Statistics Office Ireland.

(Central Statistics Office Ireland, 2015)

The above figures lead to conclusion that it is good time to do business in Ireland and to implement new ideas like ours. Trend of Irish economy is encouraging and would significantly influence the success of our project.

3-4) Funding and support available through different programmes and Support for Start-Ups

In connection with the economic factors that would affect our organisation, we should not forget about the funds and support available through various projects. Below is list of existing programmes that could be assistance for our idea.Funding and support available:

Ambient Assist Living (AAL) Joint Programme. The objective of the Ambient Assist Living (AAL) Joint Programme is to enhance the quality of life of older people and strengthen the related industrial base in Europe through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The main activity under the AAL Joint Programme is the funding of R&D projects in the AAL domain. Funding Available: Up to 50% of a company’s R&D costs towards an AAL project can be supported. Enterprise Ireland will provide up to €500,000 of national funding per call.


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Enterprise Ireland offers a range of supports to business. These programmes are tailored to suit nearly any stage of development and specific funding needs. Some of the initiatives that would suit our business are listed below.

o Enterprise Ireland - Start-up Team: High Potential Start-Up (HPSU) team provides hands-on support and advice to entrepreneurs and early stage companies that are considered by Enterprise Ireland to have an innovative product, service or technology, and have the potential to achieve international sales and create employment.

o New Frontiers is Ireland’s national entrepreneur development programme that is delivered at a local level by the Institutes of Technology, with participating universities, and funded and managed by Enterprise Ireland. Its primary purpose is to accelerate the development of sustainable early stage businesses that have strong employment and growth potential. It is a three-phased programme, based in 14 campus incubation centres across the country. Each year, New Frontiers funds 150 companies. The New Frontiers programme at IT Carlow is co-located at the Enterprise and Research Incubation Centre (ERIC) in IT Carlow and at the ArcLabs Research & Innovation Centre in Waterford Institute of Technology. The aim of ERIC is to accelerate the development of start-ups through a comprehensive combination of infrastructure, business support services and specialised resources – before and during their foundation.

Joint Technology Initiatives (JTIs) Managed by Enterprise Ireland, two European industry-led JTIs exist focusing on Embedded Computing Systems and Nano electronics. Funding is available to clients of EI, IDA, Údarás na Gaeltachta and Shannon Development to participate in the JTIs and the level of funding varies depending upon the organisation size.

Socio-Cultural Factors Social factors have to do with the social mind-set of the people that live in a certain country. This sums up the aspect of culture, age demographics, gender and its related stereotypes.

1) Aging of populationMost of us want to be self-sufficient and to live at home for as long as possible. In addition, we worry about our aging loved ones. Therefore our service will be also applicable to seniors who are living at home and for their families who are concerned for the wellbeing of people they love.For people, the option to grow old in their home instead of institutional health care facilities is increasingly considered as favoured strategy for supporting the elderly who may be less independent than they were previously. If caregiving resources can be brought into the home, the challenges of elderly care could be significantly reduced. The age expectancy statistics for Ireland shows that in year 2000 females lived in average 79.2 years and males: 74 years. If we look at year 2013 we will see that age expectancy increase and was 83.1 years and 79 years respectively. By 2021, the population in the 65+ age group is projected to grow to 16%


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of the population (751,000persons)and by 2041 to 1.4 million people (three times more than in 2006) accounting for 22% of the population. This represents a forecasted 61% increase in the elderly population over the fifteen year period 2006-2021.While older people constituted about 11% of the population (low by EU and international standards) projections indicate that by 2050 older people will represent 29% of the population. This shift over the coming decades will have a major impact, particularly on pensions, health and care services, including long-term care. (CARDI 2009)Projected estimates for dependency ratios in Ireland show the overall dependency rate rising from 45.7 in 2006 to 52.8 in 2021 and 56.3 in 2031. Projections for the Elderly Dependency Rate reveal a steeper increase of eight percentage points from 16.1% in 2006 to 24.5% in 2021 (based on assumptions of zero net migration in the over 65 age category and a static fertility rate). In practice, against a background of severe economic crisis, net outward migration has resumed in Ireland since mid-2008 and these projections for elderly dependency are likely to significantly underestimate the actual rates (CARDI 2009).Data on age and disability shows a sharp increase in disability with age. Because of gender differences in life expectancy rates, the proportion of women in the older age groups is far higher than men and their disability rates are also higher. Among women over 65 years 31.9% are stated to have a disability (compared to 26.6% of men); among women aged 85 and over those with a disability is estimated at 61.8% (compared to 51.4% of men). In 2005, nine out of ten older persons considered their health to be „fair to good “while 3.0% characterised it as very bad. However, over 51% of those aged 65 or over reported having a chronic illness or disability, compared to 18% of the working age population.In ROI, the cost of long term care for older people is projected to rise from 0.9% of GDP nowto 1.8% of GDP in 2050. In the UK, the current cost of long term care is 0.8% of GDP but this will rise to 1.2% in 2050 (Mrsnik, 2010)All of the above data suggest large potential demand for our service in the coming time.

2) Higher Costs of HealthcareMore than 30 million people worldwide experience dementia and its symptoms. People suffer from this illness are responsible for approximately $ 315 billion US dollars in health care costs. Most of these costs are associated with health care which is provided for these people. Patients allowing for a longer stay at home can lead to significant savings in health care costs.Increasing costs of health care would influence our business. Providing service like ours promises more security and comfort for the individual living at home and puts less pressure on the health care system by reducing the number of people entering into long term care.

3) Increase of Life Expectancy RateThe rising life expectancy within the older population is increasing the number and proportion of people at very old ages. The “oldest old” (people aged 85 or older) constitute 8% of the world’s 65-and-over population: 12% in more developed countries and 6% in less developed countries. In many countries, the oldest old are now the fastest growing part of the total population. On a global level, the 85-and-over population is projected to increase 351% between 2010 and 2050, compared to a 188% increase for the population aged 65 or older


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and a 22% increase for the population under age 65. Above data is shown in the graph in the Opportunities section.

Technical Factors

Technology factors which would influence our project include broadband infrastructure in Ireland, current technology trends and barriers.

1) Current technology trends and barriers

The pace of technological change is so fast that the average life of a computer chip is approximately 6 months :(Raju, 2009). Technology is utilised by all age groups, children are exposed to technology from birth and a new generation of technology savvy pensioners known as “silver surfers” have emerged. Technology will continue to evolve and impact consumer habits and expectations, organisations that ignore this will hinder success.

The technological barriers are currently low, this may change if there is greater take up of Tele-health or Tele-monitoring, where home care is supplemented by devices that track and monitor patient conditions. Currently the vast majority of home care provision is not technologically supported. More and more firms invest in technology research. This trend is even strengthened by increasing popularity of the Internet of Things. Companies are investing in research centres and in developing the technology itself. The latest figures shows that by 2025, the total global worth of IoT technology could be as much as $6.2 trillion--most of that value coming from devices in health care ($2.5 trillion) and manufacturing ($2.3 trillion) (Abramovich, 2015).Currently existing technologies hold great promise to expand the capabilities of the health care system, extending its range into the community, improving diagnostics and monitoring, and maximising the independence and participation of individuals.

2) The National Broadband Plan

The NBP initiative aims to ensure everyone in Ireland has access to high speed broadband of at least 30Mb/s by providing the service where private commercial organisations, cannot. The NBP’s goal is to deliver reliable high speed broadband through a combination of public and commercial investment. If done right, the National Broadband Plan should yield a ubiquitous, high-quality, future-proofed broadband network to all locations and every premise (Kennedy 2016). The NBP cost at between €200m and €500m. The Plan began a formal procurement process just before Christmas. The NBP is largest broadband intervention by an Irish Government to date. So far, €275m of State aid has been approved by the Government, and the plan covers 96% of Ireland’s national land mass, 100,000km of roads, over 1.8 million citizens and 750,000 postal addresses.


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Total number of broadband subscriptions in Ireland is systematically increasing year by year. In 4th quarter of 2015 there were 1,708,787 active broadband subscriptions (Commission for Communications Regulation 2016).

Fixed Broadband Subscriptions by Advertised (Headline) Download Speeds and Subscription Type

(Irish Communications Market Quarterly Key Data Report Q4 2015 p.36.)

Chart above illustrates the breakdown of broadband subscriptions by advertised (headline) speed across all fixed broadband platforms (mobile broadband is excluded). In total, approximately 56.1% of broadband subscriptions were >=30Mbps (with 19.3% >=100Mbps). This equates to approximately 60.4% (21.9% >=100Mbps) of residential subscriptions and 27.9% (1.7% >=100Mbps) of business subscriptions.

3) Investments in Technology ResearchOver the last 5 years, the wearable’s space has seen more than $1.4 Billion of investment into emerging, private wearable start-ups (TheGlobalEconomy.com, 2016). The graph shown below look at the 5-year trend of investor-backed wearable companies, the upward trend is clear and rapid. Between 2012 and 2013 we saw a 135% jump in deals, and funding has already reached an all-time high of $502 Million in investments so far, which is a 38% year over year increase from 2013 (and four months remain in 2014).


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Financing Trends by Year

(CB Insights - Blog, 2014)


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3.5. Cost Analysis

In order for the success of our business we need to have a plan in place with our expenditure. There are a number of different cost types when it comes to setting up our company. We have researched many different costs and ideas relating to the implementation of our idea which is Positive-Care:

Advertising and marketing costs:After conducting our research we have decided that we will revisit advertising through radio in the second year. This type of advertising is very expensive and we will need additional funds for this purpose. We are hoping to collect financial funds for an advertising campaign at a later time of presence of our company on the market. In conclusion with the very high prices of the radio advertising we have chosen to go with the postal service. This will cost ⅓ of our capital expenditure as this form of advertising only costs 105 euro per 1000 flyers. To do all of Carlow would mean 13000 - 14000 homes resulting in a cost of 2,509 for 13000 flyers delivered.

Advertising/Marketing costs

Type Cost ReferenceRadio Spot (Individual) €850 (RTE Radio Advertising, 2016)

Radio Spot (30 ads*30 seconds)

€10,000 (RTE Radio Advertising, 2016)

Flyers(1,000, A6,Double sided) €88 (Youprint.ie, 2016)

Postal Service Flyers (1000) €105Post Office: 059 9176801 (13000-14000

households in Carlow)


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Radio Advertising costs with RTE

(RTE Radio Advertising, 2016)

Electricity, Heat and telephone etc.There is a number of other costing included in this section like broadband, water charges, electricity bills, heating bills telephone and more.

We spoke with the owner of a small business in Wexford which is of similar size to our plan. With the years of business he has been able to give us the information that on average it costs 2500 yearly.

On-Site vs. Cloud solutionsWe have considered having all of our service onsite meaning that all out hardware and software will be on our location with another location for backup and replication. This solution meant buying the hardware and software needed to support our service.

Server’s Room accessories: ~1000 euro Server for small business: average 1200 euro


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Price of Servers

(Dell, 2016)

Included in the cost for onsite would be the database options which are discussed in the technical section below. This may not be a capital expenditure cost as in our research we found that there is a number of open source database options available e.g. MongoDB.

The costing for cloud services yearly is $8,000 (€ 7000) and these cost decrease after the first year to a more regular price yearly of 3,500. (€ 3000)


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Estimated costs of cloud services vs. SaaS

(BetaNews, 2013)

As can be seen from the graph above the on premises solution is much more expensive than the cloud services as a result of this we will go with the cloud services.

Office related costsType Cost ReferenceDesktop, Screen, Mouse & Keyboard (*3)

€800 each (Dell, 2016)

MS Windows 10 pro (*3) €200 each (Microsoft, 2016)

MS Office Business (*3) €400 each (Microsoft, 2016)

Miscellaneous €2000

1. Dell Colour Cloud Multifunction Printer H625cdw

€359 (Ecomm.euro.dell.com, 2016)

1. Ink Cost €330 (Ecomm.euro.dell.com, 2016)

2. Dell Colour Cloud Multifunction Printer | H825cdw

€429 (Configure.euro.dell.com, 2016)

2. Ink cost €490 (Configure.euro.dell.com, 2016)


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Office Renting As a team we chose Carlow for the location of our business as we feel the prices in the bigger city of Dublin would be more costly. The option to expand is always open may be become a successful company in the future.

The costs for renting in Carlow for an office size between 75-145 square meters are as follows:

Office Renting costs

Property Cost(Monthly) Reference

1a Southcourt, Wexford Road Business Park, Carlow Town, Co. Carlow

€600 (Daft.ie, 2016)

4 Castle Street, Carlow, Carlow Town, Co. Carlow

€500 (Daft.ie, 2016)

Kennedy Street, Carlow Town, Co. Carlow

€833 (Daft.ie, 2016)

Royal Oak Industrial Estate, Royal Oak Road, Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow

€708 (Daft.ie, 2016)

Average Monthly cost€708 + €500 + €600 + €833

= €2641 ÷ 4 = €660

Secretary services Our business will start off as a small business with less than five employees. The option for a secretary service would mean we would not have to be so dependent on in the office (answer phones and emails etc.). The service would complete these tasks for us.

“From as little as €14 per hour we offer an extensive range of administration, secretarial services, PA services and Legal Secretary Services. These services are provided in-house or outsourced to our office depending on your requirements. We do long and short term contracts together with one off jobs.” (Secretary Direct, 2016)

However after our research we have decided that this option would be costly and not necessary because there will always be one of our main staff in the office during working hours.


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Software Engineer Cost

Design and development of the Positive-Care application (mobile, desktop and tablet), will involve the employment of two software engineers. We estimate that they will be employed for 3 months in order to complete the application. The yearly costing for a software engineer is shown below.

Job Type Pay (annually) Reference

Software Development Engineer

€45,000 (RealTimejobs, 2016)

Mid-Career Software Developer Salary

€44,000 (PayScale, 2016)

It is assumed that two Mid-level Software Developers would be needed for three months. This means: €44000/12 months = €3666 per month * 3 months needed * 2 developers = €22000 in first year

Delivery of DeviceOur customers who would purchase a device from us will have the option to get it delivered for an additional cost on their behalf. The customer will also have the option to collect the device from on-site. The delivery costs are: €13.00 per device with the nightline couriers.

Nightline:

Irish Parcels:“Thank you for getting a quote todayThe best price to ship from Ireland to Ireland is €9.95 (+vat).This is based on sending the following parcels (total weight of 1kg):15 x 8 x 8 (cm) - 1kg” (Nightline.ie, 2016)


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Our estimated Fixed Costs

Cost Type Amount (€ in 1st year) Amount (€ in 2nd year)

Advertising* 2509 10000

Electricity, Heat & Telephone 2500 2500

Cloud services 7000 3000

Office related costs** 6349 990

Miscellaneous 2000 2000

Office Rent 7920 7920

Software Developer Salary*** 22000 0

Our Salary 50000 50000

Data protection Fee 40 40

TOTAL Fixed Costs 100318 76450

Variable Cost of Device **** 2,578500 ~2,578500

* Cost of advertising in first year would include cost of flyers and postal service used to deliver these flyers to around 13000 households. In the second year we are hoping to run an advertising campaign through radio which would cost around 10000.

** Office related costs for the first year include initial cost of desktops, printer, ink cartridges and software licences. In the second year the cost include the cost of 3 set of cartridges.

*** We estimate that two Software Developers would need 3 months to develop software for our service. We asses no need to hire Developers in second year.

**** Based on €90 cost per device and 28650 people estimated market share.

Estimated Selling Price Variable Cost per device = € 90.

We estimate that the cost of our device would be €90 per device Our Mark-up Percentage would be 50% Selling Price = Variable Cost per device * 50% + Variable Cost per device

Selling Price = €45 + €90 = € 135


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Our estimated selling price is competitive comparing with similar devices available on the market. The selling price of € 135 would be lower than prices of our potential competitors.

Potential Market ShareNumber of people in Ireland aged 70 and over living in private households and those living alone: 427,623.

(Central Statistics Office, 2011.)

We are estimating that 1 person out of 15 would buy our service.

Therefore: 1/15 = 0.067 427,623 * 0.067 = 28,650 people.

The ageing population across Europe and Ireland is affecting above figures. The statistics from Central Statistics Office are from 2011. We expect that the number of people in Ireland aged 70 and over is already greater. This means that our potential market share would be greater.


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Break Even AnalysisA break-even analysis is an analysis to determine the point at which revenue received equals the costs associated with receiving the revenue.

Total Estimated Fixed Costs for 1st year = €100,318

Contribution Per Unit (CPU) = Selling Price – Variable Cost per device

CPU = €135 - €90 = €45

The number of units that need to be sold in the first year to break-even:

Total Fixed CostsContribution Per Unit (Device)

€100,318 / €45 = 2,229 devices

Potential market/demand

In Carlow


In the Republic of Ireland



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Projected Cash Flow

* - Sales Subscription (80%) – we are projecting that out of all customers that buy our service 80% of them will continue to pay the monthly subscription.

** - Opening Balance – this figure of €10,000 is from savings from both of us and also from grants, for example Enterprise Board Ireland.


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4. Technical Section


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1. The Positive Care device sends the data to cloud services through WI-FI or 4G.

2. The cloud processes the data/information and then sends it to the database.

3. The database stores the information in the right location. E.g. the heart rate will be stored in heart rate column in the table.

4. Carer will have access to the application.

5. A login screen will be presented they will used their unique login.

6. Cloud services process their login privately & promptly.

7. Cloud checks the credentials against the database to ensure correction.

8 If login is successful the cloud will send the data/information to the Application/Browser.

9. The Application/Browser will present the information in a dashboard format.

In this section we will focus on the technical aspects of Positive-Care. We will investigate wearable devices on the market in order to determine the available sensors and features which we can integrate into our product. Our service will produce a high volume of data/information therefore we will need to use adequate databases. To store this information appropriately a number of tables relating to our service need to be produced. Designing an Entity relation model to create and connect these tables, so there is no duplication will be investigated.

Consequently we will consider which option to choose from when it comes to the way in which our service will operate. This involves deciding on either cloud services (software as a service) or on-site solution.


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4.1. Devices

Devices currently available on the market will be closely studied and analysed as they may influence the development and creation of the Positive-Care monitor service. Our service will consist of monitoring a number of different aspects to the care of our clients:

Location Heart Beat Temperature Blood Pressure

Our service is targeted at elderly persons and people with disabilities (e.g. dementia). The service will help family and or carers to monitor and care for the client/family members who which to live independently or in supported living environments. Products currently on the market or due for release will be examined below. They will be critically compared with the proposed Positive–Care device in order to identify areas for competitive differentiation and advantage.


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Unaliwear - Wearable OnStarThis device is currently in the testing stage and will be released in second part of 2016. The developers have undertaken extensive research into wearable devices and this has resulted in them focusing on designing a stylish device that looks like an ordinary watch. From their research people do not want to wear devices that are “too much” because of them being bulky and ugly.

“The Kanega watch can be set up to call emergency contacts and/or dispatch emergency services if it detects that you may be in trouble. UnaliWear relies on a number of factors such as fall detection and long periods of immobility during the day combined with a lack of response from you if it asks if you need help.” (Kickstarter, 2016)

Functions and Design:

Discreet support for the monitoring of falls Medication reminders Safeguard against wandering (directions back home) Speech interface(call by name and will respond) Cellular module built in(no smartphone needed) Waterproof Emergency assistance Device cost - $299 Subscription cost - $35monthly

(Kickstarter, 2016)

The image below shows the device with the built in technologies:

(Kickstarter, 2016)


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BodyGuardian Heart

This device is attached to the user's chest and monitors their heart beat and rhythm to produce cardiac events reports.

(Medcitynews.com, 2016)

“The BodyGuardian® Remote Monitoring System helps physicians see into their patients’ experience — the what and when — which helps them refine their care.” (Services and Technologies, 2016)

Functions and Design: Secure and reliable data transmission (data protection act) Patient friendly Symptoms notification (irregularities)

o Additional devices available to add remotely: Glucose weight blood pressure Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2)

This device helps people to predict if their heart is under any pressure or it monitors any irregularities that may result in a problem e.g. heart attack. (Services and Technologies, 2016)


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(Services and Technologies, 2016)

This device differs from the Positive-Care device in the product design. BodyGuardian heart must be worn on the chest and it only monitors heart rhythm and beat. Additional devices must be worn on the chest if other health functions are to be monitored. In comparison, the Positive-Care wristband monitoring service tracks heartbeat, location, temperature and blood pressure. It is has easier usability because of its ergonomic design and it is easy to fit it around the wrist compared to sticking a device onto the skin of the chest. This comparison identifies a stronger competitive advantage compared to BodyGuardian Heart as Positive –Care offers a wider range of monitoring services through a more user friendly device. It is ultimately an all-round more caring device for clients.


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Gucci and will.i.am smart band

This device is in production to be released in 2016. The device will monitor a number of different features shown below.

“Gucci and will.i.am collaborated to announce a fashion smart band at Basel World 2015, which has been in the making since 2011. The smart band is a standalone device, like will.i.am's Puls that was announced a few months before and the Gucci offering appears to be a fashionable version of it.” (Best Smart Watches 2016, 2016)

The Smart band will consist of a number of features: Voice controlled interface 3G enabled Front Facing Camera Heart rate Monitor GPS Temperature Send and Receive Texts/calls and emails Store music Maps Calendars

(Lopezmultimedia.files.wordpress.com, 2016)

This device (GUCCI & Will.I.am Smart band) in relation to our service lets us know that it is possible to have a SIM card slot with internet connection without being connected to WI-FI or a mobile phone. If this system is incorporated our device it will enable the relaying of information even when the client in not connected to WI-FI. Our client will be monitored 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with the help of the SIM card, for example when they are out shopping or walking etc. (Boing Boing, 2015)


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Tempo by CarePredictThe CarePredict is a wrist-worn sensor band. It features an emergency button and motion tracking device that can relay information to the relevant parties. The armband of this smart-watch can be changed to suit different styles. (Kenney, 2015)

(Kenney, 2015)

Features: Motion Detection – able to tell when the wearer is running, sitting, standing, walking

and even lying down Location – only in home Wireless Charging Family members can tap into service to check up on the wearer

“Information is transmitted via the CarePredict Temp Hub, which connects to beacons that must also be placed around the home. These beacons are what allow the device to determine where the wearer is without a GPS module. The beacons are small and discreet and they are powered via battery so you never have to worry about charging them either. The hub plugs into an outlet for power and connects directly to a wired internet connection.” (Kenney, 2015)

Cost is $169 with monthly subscription at $14.95, but this cost price includes a number of different parts to complete the kit with the hubs and device:

Device x1 Hub x1 Room Beacons x4

(CarePredict, 2016)

This device monitors location and motion within the home but not outside the home. Therefore this give Positive –Care an advantage as it monitors the client location everywhere. Even though the price of both products is comparable the Tempo by Carepredict does not gather any health related data from the wearer and so its uses are limited. Positive-Care can relay a wider range of healthcare information from the client to the carer. Both products can be adapted to suit the style preferences of the client.


http://smartwatches.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CarePredict-Tempo.jpg

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Burg 31 Cellphone WatchThis product offers the same functionality as a smart phone but it is worn on the wrist in the form of a smart watch. It covers a number of different features such as a SIM activated mobile phone, text messages, plays music, GPS tracking and SOS Emergency calls.

Features: Mobile Phone Speed Dial up to 3 phone number Micro SIM card inside GPS Tracking System SOS Emergency Caller Send and receive Texts Play Music

(Kenney, 2015)

It costs $129 which includes SIM card, USB to Micro USB cable, 4GB Micro SD card that can be upgraded to 16GB, headphones, watch battery, and stylus (Burgwearables.com, 2016).This product allows the wearer to make phone calls and send text messages and gives access to 3 numbers through speed dial which may be useful in the case of an emergency. The Positive-Care device will instead send instant messages alerts to two key contacts of the clients when there are abnormalities in the health data information sent from the device. The Burg devices needs user input to send any messages whereas Positive-Care contacts relevant people automatically. It provides security in monitoring several aspects of the health of the client that the Burg 31 Cell Phone watch device cannot.


http://smartwatches.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Burg-31-Smartwatch.jpg

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Panic button This device consists of a wearable necklace or wrist band which has a button that when pressed will contact a pre-selected number. The Panic button system is used in hospitals, nursing homes and individual homes to allow wearers to contact their carer/emergency services if they are in difficulty.

(PC HELP, 2016)

Lifeline Pendant Alarms

Monthly Plan

€12.49 per month*

*Initial payment of €139 includes first 3 months and setup. €12.49monthly thereafter.

Features:

Emergency call button(Lifeline24.ie, 2016)

The Panic Button system will contact the care staff in the hospital or the emergency service if the client is at home. It does not relay the nature of the difficulty that the client has. The problem may not require emergency services to be called out. In comparison the Positive-Care service uses a contact system which will call emergency services if the first two people which are contacts of the client do not respond to the alert (when there is an abnormality in information from sensors). The emergency services will send help in order to make sure the client is safe and well and if not they will act in order to help the situation. The cost between each product is similar but the range of services offered differs. Positive-Care offers a wider range of services as it will relay specific information on the client such as increased or decreased heart rate activity or fluctuating temperatures. This data will indicate the client’s health and flag up any abnormalities where the client is aware they are in a difficult situation or not.


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4.2. Sensors and features

Even though fitness bands are fairly simple compared to full-blown smart-watches, a growing number of sensors crammed inside has turned them into complex labs on your wrist. For example, Microsoft’s Band advertises 10 different sensors in the tiny package. With expectations higher than ever, bands are getting very technical and complicated to compete.

The picture below shows what inside sample fitness tracker.

(Hayes, 2014)

Blood Pressure Monitor

We have a vision that our bracelet would include blood pressure monitor. It would combine the capability of a blood pressure monitor and the convenience and attractiveness of wearable technology. There are very few wearable blood pressure monitors on the market at the moment. We have research this matter and we discovered that the technology used in H2 would suit our project. H2 is one of the first of wearable blood pressure monitor which is the smallest and lightest blood pressure monitor in the world (Care H2, 2014). It is convenient and allows tracking of blood pressure anytime and anywhere.


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GPS

GPS Location tracking allows carers and health bodies to monitor a patient’s location and direct emergency service if required. Despite the fact that the GPS technology is fairly old it is used with success in wearable devices similar to our bracelet. The GPS receiver receives a high-frequency, low-power radio signal from the satellites. The time it takes for a signal to reach your wrist can be translated into your distance from the satellite, which can be translated into precise coordinates with data from enough satellites. Because the efficiency of chips increased the technology can be used in such a small devices without large battery attached to it. GPS chips continue to get better at handling battery usage but GPS is still quite power hungry compared to other sensors (Hayes, 2014). GPS allows runners, walkers and cyclists to easily map their exercise and analyse the terrain where they were excising. But the GPS applied in our bracelet would let to check location of an individual.

Wi-Fi

Nowadays Wi-Fi module is a common feature in smart-watches and fitness wearable devices. Data rates may help to decide which modules would be best for our product. In order to decide which module to choose, it is important to take into consideration the Data Rates. Our application would not need very high speed or a lot of power so module like the one below might be suitable for our device.

The MikroElectronika 3.3 V general-purpose MIKROE-1135 Wi-Fi module supports the 11-Mbit/s 802.11b standard. The integrated PCB antenna claims a 400 m range, and the firmware-coded stack allows embedding micro to communicate with it via a standard UART. The snap-in mountable module can be socketed for quick updates and assembly (Picture on right) and is supported by a reference schematic and code examples. MikroElectronika also offers other members of its modular Click™ Series of RF modules. Snap-in modules can be socketed for development and test and also allow a measure of freedom when determining optimum PCB placements for

best performance.

(Digi-Key Electronics, 2016)


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Texas Instruments also has some 54 Mbit/s Wi-Fi modules ready to use, such as its WL1831MODGBMOCT module, which combines a Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n transceiver with a Bluetooth transceiver. As a member if the WiLink™ Series, it is based on TI’s Sitara microprocessors and has stack and software support for Linux, Android, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth pre integrated with AM335x Development Kits.

Also, other Wi-Fi modules are ready for use, like the 54 Mbits/s Microchip RN171XVS-I/RM general-purpose Wi-Fi module and the 54 Mbit/s H&D SPB800-BCP1 in a surface-mountable circuit board.

The Wi-Fi module suitable for our product will need to be small enough to fit into. Also, thanks to built-in Wi-Fi, the data (readings and notifications) could be sent from our bracelet to the cloud.

SIM slot

We have a vision that our device would include SIM card slot. This is a feature that becoming more popular in different smart-watches available on market. Standalone smart watches now operate on their own, without the need for a paired smartphone, often taking SIM cards just like a cell phone (Purple, 2014). This would ensure the data transfer from sensors where there would be no Wi-Fi access. SIM card would also allow the sending notifications to carer/family through GSM technology where there will be no Mobile Data coverage. Below shows sample devices where the SIM card port is build-in.

Samsung Gear S Standalone Smart-watch

(Anthony, 2014)


SIM card port

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Omate TrueSmart Smart-watch

(Kenney, 2014), ( Smart-watches, 2016)

The picture below present how the SIM card port look like inside of Gv18 Smart-watch (AplusWatch, 2015).

(AplusWatch, 2015)


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Heart Rate

Wearables with heart rate monitors use a method called photoplethysmography (PPG) to measure heart rate. PPG is a technical term for shining light into the skin and measuring the amount of light that is scattered by blood flow. PPG is based on the fact that the light entering the body will scatter in a predictable manner as the blood flow dynamics change, such as with changes in blood pulse rates (heart rate) or with changes in blood volume (cardiac output).

(Valencell, 2015)

There are four technical tools in PPG:

• Optical emitter - generally made up of at least 2 LED’s that send light waves into the skin., most new heart rate wearables use multiple light wavelengths that interact differently with special levels of skin and tissue.(in order to cater for all the differ skin types of nationalities.)

• Digital Signal Processor (DSP) – this captures the light refracted from the user of the device and translates those signals into ones and zeros (binary) that can be calculated into meaningful heart rate data.

• Accelerometer - the accelerometer measures motion and is used in combination with the DSP signal as inputs into motion-tolerant PPG algorithms.

• Algorithms - the algorithms process the signals from the DSP and the accelerometer into motion-tolerant heart rate data, but can also calculate additional biometrics such as VO2, calories burned, R-R interval, heart rate variability, blood metabolite concentrations, blood oxygen levels, and even blood pressure.

(Valencell, 2015)

How the Sensor Works

(Valencell, 2015)


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The Image above shows in more detail how PPG works.

Apple watch is using this technology

The heart rate sensor in Apple Watch uses what is known as photoplethysmography. This technology. Blood is red because it reflects red light and absorbs green light. Apple Watch uses green LED lights paired with light sensitive photodiodes to detect the amount of blood flowing through your wrist at any given moment. When your heart beats, the blood flow in your wrist and the green light absorption is greater. Between beats, it’s less. By flashing its LED lights hundreds of times per second, Apple Watch can calculate the number of times the heart beats each minute. This shows that this technology is popular with Apple using the technology with their wearable device.

(Support.apple.com, 2016)

Temperature

Temperature is a feature which may be involved in our Positive-Care wearable Device. This uses the metric Celsius scale at a point of reference; the measuring scale begins at zero. Freezing water would measure zero while boiling water measures one hundred. If the Fahrenheit scale also starts with the zero measurement as the coldest object (freezing water) going from 32 degrees to boiling water measuring 212 degrees. Temperature reading devices recognize absolute zero measurements as near -460 degrees Fahrenheit. The absolute scale using Fahrenheit temperature sensing is also called the Rankin scale. Absolute zero on the Rankin scale is 492 degrees Rankin.

(Devale.com, 2016)

“Temperature sensor- You can measure the temperature of someone wrist fairly easily. What you can't easily measure is someone actual core temperature. As a doctor in the hospital I like to know if someone has a fever but continuous monitoring of someone's temperature is almost never useful. Someone who is hypothermic we might place a rectal probe during the first few hours but that is about it. What use to me is it to monitor if someone's wrist is hot or cold? If they wash their hands the temp will go up or down. If they lay in the sun it will go up. None of these things are useful. In a medical alert device we would have an ambulance dispatched to everyone's home every day” (Quora, 2016)

The statement above shows a downfall for the Temperature sensor showing that this may not be the right sensor for our device.

Gucci and will.i.am are currently producing a new smart watch which will consist of a temperature sensor. This should be more modern and be able to deal with the different barriers to reading a correct body temperature. (Best Smart Watches 2016, 2016)


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4.3. Databases options

Oracle Berkeley DB 12c Berkeley DB is one of the options Phillip recommended to be researched. This database runs an application for managing the information stored in the database. This database could be used for our service in storing and the monitoring of the information/data.

“Berkeley DB is a family of embedded key-value database libraries providing scalable high-performance data management services to applications. The Berkeley DB products use simple function-call APIs for data access and management.Berkeley DB enables the development of custom data management solutions, without the overhead traditionally associated with such custom projects. Berkeley DB provides a collection of well-proven building-block technologies that can be configured to address any application need from the hand-held device to the data centre, from a local storage solution to a world-wide distributed one, from kilobytes to petabytes.” (Oracle.com, 2016)

(Oracle.com, 2016)

Cost This database option would include both the database and the application with a cost of $9,800 for the licence and if full support was required with this, it would cost $2,158. This package is expensive as there are free of charge services available elsewhere.

(Technology Cost List, 2016)


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Security

Database AuditingAll logins to operating system and database servers, successful or unsuccessful, are logged. These logs are retained for one year. Audit logs are regularly reviewed by knowledgeable and independent individuals appointed by the data. These review process are documented. Accounts that are locked due to maximum database login failures trigger an automatic notification of the security administrator(s) responsible for this system.

Database Encryption & Key ManagementRestricted data is encrypted during transmission over the network using encryption measures strong enough to minimize the risk of the data’s exposure if misrouted from database to client workstation. For data subject to disclosure that is encrypted at storage, the means to decrypt must be available to more than one person and approved by the data proprietor. Backup tapes store backups of the database in an encrypted format, and the tapes do not store the plain text encryption keys necessary to decrypt the backups. Key management procedures for decrypting backups are documented, available to more than one person and approved by the data proprietor.

(Security.berkeley.edu, 2016)

This would be great as the information from our service is highly sanative information on client’s health and whereabouts. The information being sent would be protected through encryption which makes the information unreadable unless it is decrypted. If there was a problem it could be pin pointed to an employee as all login are recorded so we could find out who was logged in when the problem occurred.

Storage EnginesThe storage engine is the component of the database that is responsible for managing how data is stored, both in memory and on disk

“Sleepycat Software has provided MySQL with the Berkeley DB transactional storage engine. This storage engine typically is called BDB for short. BDB tables may have a greater chance of surviving crashes and are also capable of COMMIT and ROLLBACK operations on transactions. Support for the BDB storage engine is included in MySQL source distributions, which come with a BDB distribution that is patched to make it work with MySQL. You cannot use an unpatched version of BDB with MySQL.” (Dev.mysql.com, 2016)

This is ideal for fixing mistakes with readings or payments with the rollback option.

ReplicationThe statement below shows that Barkley DB has a very good replication system where they have a master and client type database environments where in the client only reads can happen. This would mean that all our carers/customers would have this access to the information and we would have the master. This would have 2 different database systems that are replicated on separate hardware meaning in the event of disaster and the master was damaged then the client database system can be upgraded to a master system.


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“Berkeley DB includes support for building highly available applications based on replication. Berkeley DB replication groups consist of some number of independently configured database environments. There is a single master database environment and one or more client database environments. Master environments support both database reads and writes; client environments support only database reads. If the master environment fails, applications may upgrade a client to be the new master. The database environments might be on separate computers, on separate hardware partitions in a non-uniform memory access (NUMA) system, or on separate disks in a single server. As always with Berkeley DB environments, any number of concurrent processes or threads may access a database environment. In the case of a master environment, any number of threads of control may read and write the environment, and in the case of a client environment, any number of threads of control may read the environment. “(Docs.oracle.com, 2016)


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MongoDB

MongoDB provides high performance data function. In particular, Indexes support faster queries. This results in information being received at a faster pace (real-time) Data stored in the database has “High Availability”; this means that data is always available no matter the location or time.

MongoDB’s offers a replication facility where the data is automatically backed up through mirroring or replica set. This results in the information being secure and always available should one database be damaged or destroyed.

(Docs.mongodb.org, 2016)

CostThis database is a Free/open source software programme. So it will reduce capital expenditure if it were chosen for Positive-Care.

SecurityMaintaining a secure MongoDB requires administrators to implement controls to ensure that users and applications have access to only the data that they require. MongoDB provides features that allow administrators to implement these controls and restrictions for any MongoDB. This would mean that the administrators would need to maintain database security regularly resulting in time consuming technical work, increasing the labour costs for Positive-Care.


Storage EnginesThe storage engine is the component of the database that is responsible for managing how data is stored, both in memory and on disk. MongoDB supports multiple storage engines, as different engines perform better for specific workloads.

WiredTiger is the default storage engine starting in MongoDB 3.2. It is well-suited for most workloads and is recommended for new databases. WiredTiger provides a document checkpoint backups, and compression, among other features.

MMAPv1 is the original MongoDB storage engine and is the default storage engine for MongoDB versions before 3.2. It performs well on workloads with high volumes of reads and writes, as well as in-place updates.



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ReplicationReplication is the process of synchronizing data across multiple servers.

Replication provides redundancy and increases data availability. With multiple copies of data on different database servers, replication provides security against the loss of a single database server if there was a problem with the system.

In some cases, replication can provide increased read capacity as clients can send read operations to different servers. Maintaining copies of data in different data centres can increase data locality and availability for distributed applications. You can also maintain additional copies for dedicated purposes, such as disaster recovery, reporting, or backup.

“The primary node receives all write operations. A replica set can have only one primary capable of confirming writes with {w: "majority"} write concern; although in some circumstances, another mongod instance may transiently believe itself to also be primary. The primary records all changes to its data sets in its operation log, i.e. oplog”. (Docs.mongodb.org, 2016)

Diagram of default routing of reads and writes to the primary

.



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Influx Data - IOT & SENSOR DATA

Influx data is another source of database which is Open source; this is great for our start-up business as it costs less.

“InfluxDB is an open source database written in Go specifically to handle time series data with high availability and high performance requirements. InfluxDB installs in minutes without external dependencies, yet is flexible and scalable enough for complex deployments.” (Influxdata.com, 2016)

“InfluxData is for IoT deployments requiring support for thousands of sensors. Collect, store, visualize and alert on time-series data emitted from ARM, Arduino, Raspberry Pi and more. InfluxData enables you to deliver real-time analytics about users, sensor states, business metrics, plus the utilization of apps, infrastructure and networks with tools that are integrated from end-to-end. “(Influxdata.com, 2016)

(Influxdata.com, 2016)

The image above shows the way the database works with other applications and software. Kapacitor shown in the diagram is another part which should be able to integrate into the service with the alerts for the user/carer so they are alerted when needed.


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CostFree it’s an open source. This will have a positive impact on the capital expenditure for Positive-Care as it will reduce the initial set-up costs. Security

Authentication

Each customer/carer/Employee will need to be added first which has to be done by Positive-Care.

“InfluxDB’s HTTP API and the command line interface (CLI), which connects to the database using the API, include simple, built-in authentication based on user credentials. When you enable authentication InfluxDB only executes HTTP requests that are sent with valid credentials.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)

Authorization

Once each Customer/Carer/Employee is added they can their get the set authorisation which will give the specific rights they need.

“Authorization is only enforced once you’ve enabled authentication. By default, authentication is disabled, all credentials are silently ignored, and all users have all privileges.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)

Storage EnginesThe storage engine is the component of the database that is responsible for managing how data is stored, both in memory and on disk

LevelDB

LevelDB is the storage engine used by InfluxDB because it is used for time series data storage.

“LevelDB is an implementation of a Log Structured Merge Tree (or LSM Tree) that was built as an open source project at Google. It exposes an API for a key/value store where the key space is sorted. This last part is important for time series data as it would allow us to quickly go through ranges of time as long as the timestamp was in the key. The two biggest advantages that LevelDB had for us were high write throughput and built in compression. However, as we learned more about what people needed with time series data, we encountered a few insurmountable challenges.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)

This storage engine is great for time series data which would be good for Positive-Care as the data would be stored in real-time and be highly available.


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ReplicationReplication in InfluxDB looks like it would be difficult to be set up as there seems to be a lot of coding involved. This would not be the best option for Positive-Care as we could go with another database System which the implementation for replication would be easier set-up and maintain.

“InfluxDB replicates data across N data nodes, where N is the replication factor.

To maintain data availability for queries, the replication factor should be less than or equal to the number of data nodes in the cluster:

Data are fully available when the replication factor is greater than the number of unavailable data nodes.

Data may be unavailable when the replication factor is less than the number of unavailable data nodes.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)


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Entity Relation model The entity relation model is the way each tables are created with relation to their data structure. There are many-many, one-one and one-many relationships.


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Table Relationships

Shown below are the relationships between each table how they are connected together in order for data consistency.


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Records TableThis table is all the records that are taken from the sensors on the Positive-Care device which is located on the customer’s wrist.

Device TableThis is the information on each device and what customer it belongs to.

Device Type TableThis is the table which holds all the information about the type of device and who made it and what it cost.


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Manufacturer TableThe table shows all the information about the manufacturer of the device, example if needed to contact them of make an order.

Customer TableAll the information on the client who is wearing the Positive-Care device.

Customer Health Record TableMonthly averages for each customer is held in this table in order to know if there was an incident this table would be able to read if the heart rate when above the max average and help is needed.


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Instance TableThe table records all incidents that have happened to clients.

Employee TableAll the information on the employees in the company. This table is not linked with any tables as our employees are not linked with incidents or clients.

Payments TableAll records of payments received are recorded in this table.


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Cust/Carer TableThis is the table broken down from the many to many relationship between customers and carers, login for the app/browser will be stored here as both customers and carers/family with the details can log in in order to see the information about the customers in real-time.

Carer TableThis table carry’s all the information about who is caring for the customer and if an incident occurs they will receive an alert to the phone by text message of if they are logged into the app that will also alert them.


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4.4. How much data do wearable devices generate?

We have a vision that our service will contain wearable device with on-board sensors. The data generated by sensors will need to be transferred to servers, processed and stored in a database. It needs to be investigate how much data would be generated and how often. This will help to determine what technology would serve best this purpose and storage capacity needed for data warehousing.It is difficult to quantitatively answer above question because data generation in wearable devices depends upon the nature and configuration of build-in sensors. For example, the devices like smart watches that contain a couple of sensors may generate a few MBs of data. Alternately, the devices like Google glass with on-board video, audio, and some more sensors may generate multiple GBs of data each day. We are assuming that our device would send readings every 30 seconds.

Heartbeat sensor - We estimated that Heartbeat sensor would send 10 kb of data per one reading. Therefore: 20 x 60 min = 120 kb x 24h = 2880 kb per 24h = 2.88 Mb

GPS coordinates would produce 8 bytes of data (Groups.google.com, 2016) per reading, therefore it is estimated that GPS would generate 16bytes/min x 60min = 960 bytes/hour = 960 x 24h = 184.32 kb per 24h = 0.02304 Mb.

Therefore, average size of data that would be generate by our four sensors (GPS, Blood Pressure monitor, Heart Beat sensor and Temperature sensor) per day would be 1532.16 kb (1.53216 MB).

On a monthly basis each individual’s dataset will equal to 45.9648 MB. When we reach our estimated market share for Ireland this will mean that there will be 28,650 people.

45.9648 MB x 28,650 = 1316891.52 MB >> 1316.89152 GB >> 1.31689152 TB

The calculations above shows that if we reach our estimated market share we will store 1.32 Terabytes of data on a monthly basis including all our customers


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4.5. Internet of Things

The idea presented by us would be a part of the Internet of Things environment. We have a vision that our Smart Bracelet would look similar to the one below and would be available in various colours.

The definition of the Internet of Things used in an issue of IEEE Communications Magazine:The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework in which all things have a representation and a

presence in the Internet. More specifically, the Internet of Things aims at offering new applications and services bridging the physical and virtual worlds, in which Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications represents the baseline communication that enables the

interactions between Things and applications in the cloud. (Elloumi et al., 2016)This definition links the IoT back to cloud services.The Oxford Dictionaries offers a concise definition that invokes the Internet as an element of the IoT: “Internet of things (noun): The interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data. All of the definitions describe scenarios in which network connectivity and computing capability extends to a constellation of objects, devices, sensors, and everyday items that are not ordinarily considered to be “computers’’; this allows the devices to generate, exchange, and consume data, often with minimal human intervention.”The implementation of the IoT on a large scale gives potential to transform many aspects of our life. Personal devices IoT as wearable fitness devices and health monitoring devices included in the network are changing the way health services are delivered. This technology promises to be beneficial for people with disabilities and elderly, providing a better level of independence and quality of life at a reasonable price.


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Miniaturisation of sensors

The miniaturisation of sensors and electronic systems participated greatly in the development of wearable devices which are a part of the Internet of Things. Main challenge in the adoption of sensing technology, especially for wearable applications, was the size of the sensors and front-end devices. This, in the past, made it difficult to use for long-term monitoring and obscure to use by end users.Recent improvements in microelectronics have allowed scientists to develop small-scale circuits involving the detection function, front-end expansion, microcontroller function and radio transmission. Flexible circuit below is an example of such technology and allows collecting physical data as well as transmitting data wirelessly to a data collecting unit using low-power radio.

Flexible wireless ECG sensor

(IMEC, The Netherlands).

Flexible wireless ECG sensor with a fully functional microcontroller by IMEC. Developments in the field of flexible electronics are expected to lead to the advent of smaller, lighter and more comfortable wearable systems.

By using batch fabrication techniques, significant reduction in the size and cost of sensors has been achieved. Microelectronics has also been relied upon to integrate other components, such as microprocessors and radio communication circuits, into a single integrated circuit thus resulting in System-on-Chip implementations. (Brand, p. 94)Thanks to the use of batch production, a significant reduction in the size and cost of sensors has been reached. Microelectronics has also been founded to integrate other components, such as radio communication circuits and microprocessors, into a single combined circuit which resulted in system-on-chip implementations. (Patel et al., 2012)


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IPv6 and the Internet of Things

Most technology observers agree that billions of additional devices – from industrial sensors to home appliances and vehicles – will be connected to the Internet between now and 2025. As the Internet of Things continues to grow, devices that require true end-to-end Internet connectivity will not be able to rely on IPv4, the protocol most Internet services use today. It will be crucial to implement IPv6. IPv6 is an upgrade to the Internet’s original fundamental protocol – the Internet Protocol (IP), which supports all communications on the Internet. IPv6 is necessary because the Internet is running out of original IPv4 addresses. While IPv4 can support 4.3 billion devices connected to the Internet, IPv6 with 2 to the 128th power addresses, is for all practical purposes infinite. This represents about 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses, which more than satisfies the demand of the estimated 100 billion IoT devices going into service in the coming decades. Key challenges for IoT developers are that IPv6 is not natively interoperable with IPv4 and most low-cost software that is readily available for embedding in IoT devices implements only IPv4. Many experts believe, however, that IPv6 is the best connectivity option and will allow IoT to reach its potential. (Internetsociety.org, 2016) (York, 2011)

Cloud Solutions vs. On-Premise Solutions

Cloud based technology is starting to become more and more of a part of today’s internet world. Here is our Positive-Care which uses cloud based technology to allow for a person to access the app that keeps track of all of your vitals. The Positive-Care includes a smart bracelet (wearable device) which would have a number of build-in sensors that record information. It would check for heart rate, blood pressure, location, and temperature. That information is stored and then the app will give you information about health and location of you or your loved ones. It is Android compatible at the moment but we would like to make it iOS compatible also.There is really no right or wrong answer but it is necessary to weigh business needs and infrastructure before deciding if Cloud solution or On-Site solution would be optimal for our service. The fundamental point is that not all solutions work best in the Cloud or on-site and the choice often require a trade between security and costs to raise profits.In our case it is important to decide which solution would be best for the purpose of our service: the cloud solutions or on-premise solution. Each of the above has pros and cons.


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Table below represents advantages and disadvantages of Cloud (SaaS) solution and On-Premises solution:

On-Site SaaS

HardwareNeed to provide hardware and system

platforms to run appsHardware and software owned

reside at provider site

CostUp-front, high capital costs for hardware,

software licenses, air conditioning for server room, lab space needed

Cheaper than On-Site options available, Pay as you go, per user,

per month, etc.

Customisation

Somewhat customisable depending on software vendor

Limited customisation

IntegrationIntegration with existing software is common

placeLimited integration

Security Less risky because of on-premises locationAccess to SaaS is via Internet,

creating security risks

Mobile AccessLimited access to business applications via

browsers running on mobile devicesAccessible via browsers running on

mobile devices

Control Control of systems and dataSaaS provider controls systems and

is entrusted with customer data

Below is the prognosis of cost related to cloud service (SaaS) and on-site solution.

(Beta News.com)

Taking into consideration all the aspects mentioned above, we would consider cloud solution because of lower costs. But this is still under review as we still need to speak to relevant professionals to determine best solution.


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5. Ethical Section

In this section we will identify how our service would be beneficial towards individuals, carers and society. Positive-Care will gather and process a high volume of sensitive data/information. We will investigate in detail the Data Protection Legislation and how it relates to the service we wish to provide. The need to improve the well-being, care and health of increasing numbers of elderly people in the EU is the pushing power for our service.

5.1. Benefits for individuals

Ambient Assisted Living solutions and assistive technologies can have positive impacts on different dimensions of health and quality of life. The needs and problems of elderly can be addressed by applying appropriate solutions which influence the physical, mental and social dimensions of quality of life. The Positive Ageing Strategy in ROI, launched in 2013, noted the potential of new technologies for supporting older people to live independently at home. The strategy also noted that technologies can play an important role in chronic illness or disability prevention as well as in the management of health conditions (Department of Health, 2013).

According to Periodic Report of JADE (Joining innovative Approaches for the integration and Development of transnational knowledge of clusters policies related to independent of Elderly), “deployment of ambient assisted living, are perceived to be means of delivering care and health in many situations in a more efficient and effective way” (Cordis.europa.eu, 2016). The report mentioned above, identifies that Assistive technologies can offer at least a partial solution to the challenge of the provision of health and care to the growing elderly population of Europe. The research implies that most older people would prefer to live in their own homes and to have care services provided in a way that would allow them continue to live in their own homes and communities for as long as possible. The provision of higher levels of care and support for older people, particularly the growing number of those living alone, becomes necessary as dependency increases with age (Cordis.europa.eu, 2016).Most of us want to be self-sufficient and to live at home for as long as possible. In addition, we worry about our aging loved ones. Therefore our service will be also applicable to seniors who are living at home and for their families who are concerned for the wellbeing of people they love.

The age expectancy statistics for Ireland shows that in year 2000 females lived in average 79.2 years and males: 74 years. If we look at year 2013 we will see that age expectancy increase and was 83.1 years and 79 years respectively.


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In addition, the graph below shows, the population living longer will be gradually increasing over the years.

(CARDI, 2013)

The research conducted by PwC Health Research Institute shows that 56% of US consumers believe that thanks to wearable solutions similar to ours, the average life expectancy will increase by 10 years (PwC Health Research Institute, 2014).The majority of recipients of long term care in institutions in Ireland are aged 65 years and over and require care because of disabilities associated with ageing. The population of Ireland, in conjunction with other European countries, is ageing. (WHO Ageing, 2015). It is a phenomenon that occurs when the median age of a country or region rises due to rising life expectancy and/or declining fertility rates. The latest figures about aging population shows that life expectancy has risen dramatically since the 1920s in both the North and South, the number of years a man can expect to live has risen by about 20, while women have extended their average life spans by about 24-25 years. (Illustrating Ageing in Ireland North & South Key Facts and Figures, 2013).

There is an increasing wish among older adults to remain independent and age in their own home environment. Politicians support this desire because they are aware that the quality of public healthcare cannot be promised with taking into consideration increasing number of older people. Ageing of the population and present health care budgets cannot guarantee adequate level of care. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) technologies, represented by ours service, could meet the interests of elderly and the State, by assisting healthy and active aging in the home environment. The figures presented in the tables below show that the ageing population is something that is happening here and now. We believe that our service would help all these people to feel save and to live at home for longer.


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Population aged 70 years and over

Central Statistics Office (2011)

Our solution will be also beneficial for various organisations that support people with illnesses and disabilities. We are hoping that organisations such as Alzheimer Society, Hospice Foundation Dementia Society along with the Health Service Executive will be interested in our service. We believe that people with dementia would benefit from our service. Dementia is a term that is used to describe a number of conditions that cause damage to the brain. This damage generally happens over time and will have a gradual impact on a person's ability to remember and to manage everyday life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia (Alzheimer Society of Ireland, 2016).More than 30 million people worldwide experience dementia and its symptoms. People suffer from this illness are responsible for approximately $ 315 billion US dollars in health care costs. Most of these costs are associated with health care which is provided for these people. Patients allowing for a longer stay at home can lead to significant savings in health care costs. Remote monitoring can play an important role in the treatment of patients with dementia.

There are many people walking around with undiagnosed heart disease who have no idea they may suffer a heart attack at any moment. By wearing our smart bracelet which would continuously monitor heart rate, people who are unaware of their cardiovascular risk can start detecting patterns that may suggest they're at risk for a heart attack or stroke. Not only it would be beneficial for elderly but also for other people who wish to monitor their health. People who are aware of their risk for heart disease may be more likely to seek medical care. By receiving a proper diagnosis and workup, they may be placed on preventative therapies that may significantly reduce their risk of having a heart attack or stroke.


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5.2. Benefits for Carers/Family

The awareness of elderly person’s well-being

For people, the option to grow old in their home instead of institutional health care facilities is increasingly considered as favoured strategy for supporting the elderly who may be less independent than they were previously. If caregiving resources can be brought into the home, the challenges of elderly care could be significantly reduced. There are also benefits for care providers, their staff and caring relatives of impaired elderly. Family and informal caregivers perceive assisted living technologies as good tools to support the care system. Our service would provide some piece of mind and reduce the overall load of family caregivers. With the help of in-home monitoring, caregivers can gain a better understanding of the elderly person’s well-being, and it allows them to detect functional and cognitive decline at an early stage (Van Hoof, 2011).

Preventive monitoring

Our service would improve the monitoring of seniors in their own homes. Thanks to device’s wireless integration with cloud-based data storage, it will make communication and health monitoring faster and more effective. Solutions similar to ours allow discovering abnormalities in individual’s health. This may result in increase of disease detection which will consequently allow precautionary actions e.g. seeking medical advice.

Provision of emergency calls/notifications when needed

Emergency and assistance calls can be made to both the caregiver and the emergency services. Awareness that our loved one/patient is monitored and, if necessary, will be provided the assistance, will comfort and reduce the stress of carer.


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5.3. Benefits for Community (Seattle thing, children learn respect for older people, etc.)

Financial

The use of the Positive –Care devise could prolong the time that individuals who need additional health monitoring can remain living in their own home. The service will offer them extra security by taking real-time monitoring of their health and wellbeing. If the individual becomes in anyway distressed or is in difficulty the monitor will alert the relevant carer or support people to come to the services users’ assistance. This ensures more security and comfort for the individual living at home and puts less pressure on the health care system by reducing the number of people entering into long term care. For example the government are offering a Nursing Home Support Scheme whereby the individual home will be sold in order to support the cost of keeping that individual in a nursing home. The average cost of nursing home care is €1,000 per week. If the government was to adopt the Positive-Care technology care service, individuals could stay living at home and keep their home.

(Hse.ie, 2016)

Culture

Case Study Nursing homes are not the greatest of places to be as you are curtailed to what you can do. Patients in nursing homes have to follow routine and listen to staff like they are children again. With the population living longer as shown in the “PEST” this means greater number of people in nursing homes in the future.

“There's no denying that nursing homes are not the most pleasant places to be. There's constantly talk in the news of mistreatment, mismanagement, and mishandling of patients at various homes around the country. Couple that with the looming sense of dread always in the air, and you have a negative atmosphere. With more and more Americans facing retirement in the next 25 years, it's no wonder they're all hesitant to end up in a home. What if I told you there was a place where the retired and the young come together to bring more joy into their lives? This hypothetical place would let the elderly leave their empty houses and help mould young minds. It would also change how we treat nursing homes and the elderly. Luckily, such a place is very real, and it's changing the way we look at nursing homes and educating our young minds for the better.” (ViralNova.com, 2016)

Example of this is in Seattle:

“It's being done at a preschool in Seattle, where child care takes place throughout a campus which is also home to more than 400 older adults.” (Brown, 2016)


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This would mean that by ensuring more senior people remain active and living in society it will help to maintain the balance of interaction between young and old in the community. Older people will not be segregated from everyday living by staying in nursing homes and hospitals, but instead will be able to carry out everyday activities. For example going to the supermarket or post office, attending community events and functions e.g. bingo and sports outings. This will result in the interaction with the younger generation keep the elderly young in themselves.


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5.4. Data Protection Act

The Data Protection Act makes it possible for data to be protected and can only be used/seen by people with the authority to use/see the information on the specific individual. If someone is looking or using someone else’s information and selling it to another company e.g. Facebook selling information to another company on people’s hidden information, this is illegal and taken very seriously.

“Data privacy is a major political issue, and rightly so. Individuals should have a right to privacy, and the EU general data protection regulation in theory will give them greater control over how their personal data is used.” (Theparliamentmagazine.eu, 2015)

Stated in the Irish times newspaper in March 2015, the EU are to finalise the Data Protection Legislation which when was last updated mobile phones and internet technologies were not so “smart” and didn’t process much data. This issue is problematic because the EU are caught between massive multinational technical companies, for example; Google and Facebook. Data privacy is a major public concern in all EU countries.

Ireland is particularly embedded in the current developments in data protection legislation as highlighted below.

“The issue of data protection is of particular relevance to Ireland. Because 29 of out of 30 of the world’s largest data companies have their headquarters in the country, the Irish Data Protection Commissioner (IDPC) effectively regulates data issues for those companies’ operations throughout the EU.” (The Irish Times, 2015)

“The main Irish law dealing with data protection is the Data Protection Act 1988. The 1988 Act was amended by the Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2003 - web version.”(Dataprotection.ie, 2016)

New Data Protection Act revising the 2003 act was started in 2012 and completed in November 2015.

The European Commission have been working on updating to a new Data Protection Package which is the same for all the European Union since 2012, taking into account that the rules for this act has to be the same throughout the EU and will have to be available in the different languages within the 28 EU member states;

“However, he does concede that "all 28 different data protection authorities should act together to take common decisions, so that there is consistency in their approach."” (Theparliamentmagazine.eu, 2015)

The new act has more input on the way that technology is emerging and all the information which is stored in public and private domains. The EPrivacy regulations 2011 control the


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privacy of information in relation to e-mails, phones, SMS and Internet. This protection is in charge of who receives the message when it is sent, this makes sure it goes to the right place and received by the right person.(Dataprotection.ie, 2016)

Data protection in relation to AAL

“Care providers have to be involved in the planning of the information systems and processes that are affected by AAL technology. Requirements for data protection on AAL are high, because very private data on activities of daily life and health status is processed. For an assisted person it has to be transparent and responsible who has access to which data and how far his privacy is limited by access rights “ (p. 1133, Mantas et al. 2012)

Protection of this data is major and this is where it will play a big role in our project because the data in which we are monitoring is private to the clients and their care providers. However this information is valuable to certain companies and they may offer us money to buy the data. This is against the Data Protection Act 2015. Data being received and stored from the device must be stored and nobody should be able to see this information unless they are authorized. (STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, 2016)The data must be kept secure, only allowing authorised people to view/process the information which is being gathered by our service.

““personal data breach” means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed in connection with the provision of a publicly available electronic communications service in the Euro

pean Union;” (STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, 2016)

We will also need to register under the ICO according to the Data Protection Act because we are processing personal information in monitoring our client’s information. (Ico.org.uk, 2016)

“The key principle for doctors under Medical Council guidelines is that they must not disclose information about your care or illness to any other person, without your consent. A doctor who breaches confidentiality can be reported to the Medical Council and may face a hearing into his or her conduct. Confidentiality is the cornerstone of medical care.”(Irishhealth.com, 2016)

Client confidentiality is of highest priority with our service. If the client is deceased the client accounts would be disabled and all access rights to third parties disabled and information would only be accessible upon request from relevant persons e.g. next of kin. Another key issue which is important is that the information which our service is generating


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on our clients can only be given to hospitals or ambulances with the consent of the carers or people who have the authority to release the information with consent, an example of this would be if something happened to one of our clients the information on what or service monitored to have happened cannot be released to the ambulance on collection of our client. (Ethical)

How the Act is enforced

The Commissioner’s role is to ensure that those who keep personal data follow with the provisions of the Acts. A range of implementation powers to assist in ensuring that the principles of data protection are being observed. These include the serving of legal notices compelling data controllers to provide information needed to assist enquiries, and compelling a data controller to implement one or more provisions of the Acts in a particular arranged manner. May investigate complaints made by the general public or carry out investigations proactively. May, for example, authorise officers to enter premises and to inspect the type of personal information kept, how it is processed and the security measures in place. You and your staff are required to co-operate fully with such officers.

A data controller found guilty of an offence under the Acts can be fined amounts up to €100,000, on conviction on indictment and/or may be ordered to delete all or part of the database.

The Commissioner also publishes an annual report which names, in certain cases, those data controllers that were the subject of investigation or action by his Office.

The Eight Rules of Data Protection:

“Obtain and process information fairly Keep it only for one or more specified, explicit and lawful purposes Use and disclose it only in ways compatible with these purposes Keep it safe and secure Keep it accurate, complete and up-to-date Ensure that it is adequate, relevant and not excessive Retain it for no longer than is necessary for the purpose or purposes Give a copy of his/her personal data to an individual, on request”

(Dataprotection.ie, 2016)

Keep Data (information) safe and secure

Appropriate security measures must be taken against unauthorised access to, or alteration, disclosure or destruction of, the data and against their accidental loss or destruction. The security of personal information is all-important, but the key word here is appropriate, in that it is more significant in some situations than in others, depending on such matters as confidentiality and sensitivity and the harm that might result from an unauthorised disclosure.


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High standards of security are, nevertheless, essential for all personal information. The nature of security used may take into account what is available technologically, the cost of implementation and the sensitivity of the data in question.

A minimum standard of security would include the following:

“Access to central IT servers to be restricted in a secure location to a limited number of staff with appropriate procedures for the accompaniment of any non-authorised staff or contractors;

Access to any personal data within an organisation to be restricted to authorised staff on a ‘need-to-know’ basis in accordance with a defined policy;

Access to computer systems should be password protected with other factors of authentication as appropriate to the sensitivity of the information;

Information on computer screens and manual files to be kept hidden from callers to your offices;

Back-up procedure in operation for computer held data, including off-site back-up; all reasonable measures to be taken to ensure that staff are made aware of the organisation’s security measures, and comply with them;

All waste papers, printouts, etc. to be disposed of carefully; A designated person should be responsible for security and for periodic reviews of

the measures and practices in place.”(Dataprotection.ie, 2016)

Training courses

A number of training courses can be taken in relation to learning how to manage data and information within the legal parameters of The Data Protection Act. Some of these courses are shown below.

Certification Europe:ISO 27001:2013 Information Security Management Systems

1. Risk Management Workshop – ISO 27001:20132. ISO 27001:2013 Implementation Training Course3. ISO 27001:2013 Lead Auditor Training Course



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Registration Registration is the process by which data controllers (A data controller is the individual or the legal person who controls and is responsible for the keeping and use of personal information on computer or in structured manual files) and data processors (organisations that process personal data) inform the Data Protection Commissioner of certain details about their processing of personal information.

Who is required to register?

“Government Bodies / Public Authorities Banks and financial / credit institutions Insurance undertakings (not including brokers) Data controllers whose business consists wholly or mainly in direct marketing Data controllers whose business consists wholly or mainly in providing credit

references Data controllers whose business consists wholly or mainly in collecting debts Internet access providers Telecommunications network or service providers Health professionals processing personal data related to mental or physical health Data controllers processing genetic data Data controllers whose business consists of processing personal data for the supply

to others, other than journalistic, literary or artistic purposes.”(Dataprotection.ie, 2016)

Cost of registration Processing fee for Applications / Renewals Postal

Applications

On-Line Applications (Visa, Debit or MasterCard)

Applicants with 26 Employees or more (inclusive)

€480 €430

Applicants with 6 to 25 Employees (inclusive)

€100 €90

Applicants with 0 to 5 Employees (inclusive)

€40 €35



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Data Protection with Positive-Care

This research on the data protection has a huge impact with relation to the service we may provide. We may be storing highly sensitive information on clients. The information that will be sent from the wearable device will be sending information from a number of different sensors:

GPS Location Blood Pressure Temperature Heart Beat

These sensors will be constantly sending information to our data storage centre (database). The information will then be monitored here and stored for periods of time. If someone who was not given access to this information and gained access then we would be in breach of the data projection along with the person accessing the data (hacker). This may result in the client’s information being used against them. Our company may be sentenced to court coming out with a fine of up to €100,000.

In order for this not to happen we will complete a training course “ISO 27001:2013 Implementation Training Course” this will keep our knowledge up to date on keeping all our information secure


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6. Analysis/Evaluation Section

Usability - The products application will be built with an easy to use interface with easy access to the key functions ; It needs to be easy to use by elderly and that they are not always technological therefore it needs to be simple and required minimum operation or interaction to use.

Performance - A powerful battery must be installed to give the device a long performance time before having to charge the device again; with the device charging the device will be a problem as the elderly won't be as up to date on charging the device therefore a long life battery will need to be installed.

Supportability - Application synced with device through a login will be available from both android and apple stores, this application will be maintained on a regular basis; the wristband must be able to send information the application which the carer/family member of the client can read from the application on their device clearly.

Health and safety - The client will be able to be located and monitored; The carer/ family members of the client won't have to be worrying that something has happened as they can easily find out if everything is okay and find the client if went out of the regular zone.

Security – All information being stored and passed through networks must be secure and inaccessible by third parties


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Scoring Mechanism

0 – No support

1 – Minimal support

2 – Some Support

3 – Satisfactory Support

4 – Comprehensive Support

Requirements Databases Cloud ServiceOn-Site Solution

Internet of Things

Usability 4 4 3 4

Performance 4 4 3 4

Supportability 3 4 3 4

Health and safety 4 3 4 4

Security 3 3 4 3

Database options which we discussed consist of three: MongoDB, BarkleyDB and InfluxDB. Choosing a free option would affect the ethical impact as the security of the database would not as protected as a paid service e.g. BarkleyDB. We have chosen to use MongoDB.

Cloud Service would include our database system and application’s software. This would need to be of high availability in order to send real data to be sent from sensors > database/cloud >> carer to identify issues with the individual. We have chosen to use Cloud service instead of On-Premise solution because it’s easier to manage and cost effective.

Internet of things is a major part of Positive-Care as it will connect our device to the internet. This is strong for our business because we a producing a service of high availability to our customers. Emerging technology’s keeping up to date to improve our business value and reduce non value adding functions. Also as an early entrance our company would gain a competitive advantage on the developing market.


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Scoring Mechanism

0 – No support

1 – Minimal support

2 – Some Support

3 – Satisfactory Support

4 – Comprehensive Support

Requirements GPSHeartbeat

sensor

Blood Pressure Monitor

TemperatureSIM Card Port

Wi-Fi

Usability 4 4 4 2 4 4

Performance 4 4 4 2 4 3

Supportability 4 4 4 4 4 3

Health and safety

4 4 4 2 4 4

Security 2 4 4 4 3 2

GPS – From a business perspective GPS is great for locating an individual who may be lost(e.g. someone with dementia), but from an ethical evaluation its going against human rights as every individual have free rights.

Heartbeat Sensor – This sensor checks blood pulse rates over time. It can maintain the security of our customers ensuring their well-being by noticing the abnormalities and notifying the carer if there is something wrong.

Blood Pressure Sensor this is a wonderful sensor as it is early days with less that 3 on the market that are wearable bands. This would give us a competitive advantage on the market. From an ethical perspective we can monitor abnormal blood pressure and respond to concerns immediately to ensure the health of our customers.

Temperature sensor has a downfall which is mentioned in the technical section. The case study has shown that the readings can be misread. For example if a customer is washing their hands with cold water it might be picked up by the sensor. This would be business downfall as there will be incorrect information sent in an alert. This may result in emergency services being called when unneeded.


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SIM Card Port – Having included this technology would allow the data to be sent from the device when there is no Wi-Fi connection available. This will result in real time readings therefore all issues can be addressed 24/7. It will guarantee the health and safety, along with supportability of the individual.

WI-FI module is a common feature in smart-watches and fitness wearable devices but we need to take into consideration the data rate for the module we will choose. The information will be sent over Wi-Fi when available to ensure real time data.


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7. Summary/Conclusions

7.1. Outcomes/ Recommendations

This report has highlighted that Ambient Assisted Living technologies are in infancy stage. Throughout our investigation this was established that there is space on the market for ideas and services like ours. Throughout our research we have also discovered that Ambient Assisted Living solutions and assistive technologies can have positive impacts on different dimensions of health and quality of life. The needs and problems of elderly can be addressed by applying appropriate solutions which influence the physical, mental and social dimensions of quality of life. There are also benefits for care providers, their staff and caring relatives of impaired elderly. Our service, which is a part of AAL solutions, can also be used to optimise care services.

This project has proposed and analysed a solution in order to fulfil the market space. By creating a new product called Positive-Care which consists of a monitoring service, which enables individuals to live independently using the Positive-Care service.

From conducting this research project we have found there are a number of wearable devices with different sensors and features, but none of these devices comply with our technical solution. The solution we are proposing is a health care device which can deal with numerous sensors in order to care for an individual’s health.

7.2. Future direction

The future of Positive-Care has numerous ideas. These ideas consist of near and distance future. Below are some of the directions:

Near Future:

USB port – evaluate USB port charging mechanism Charging dock – an easy way to charge our device by placing the charging dock

under the arm while relaxing Solar powered battery – In order to prolong the battery life and ensure stress-free

usability Locking mechanism for our Smart Bracelet – in order the device to be safe and

always active locking mechanism should be put in place to ensure continuous accurate readings


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Distant Future:

Company/Market expansion - we believe that there is an opportunity for growth of our business and market share e.g. expansion to the United Kingdom and the EU at a later stage

Develop new designs for our product – we would like to update our product with new emerging technologies and designs in order to maintain competitive advantage and not competitive parity.


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9. Appendices

Interviews with relevant organisations

To research potential interest of our service several interviews were conducted. The people who were interviewed actively working within our target industry which is healthcare for elderly and people with illnesses.

Interview one - conducted by Luiza.

One of the person interviewed is a nurse (Barbara Michalec) who is working in a nursing home in Portlaoise. Below are the questions asked during the interview and the answers:

1. Do you have any existing service like Ambient Assisted Living?

In our nursing home we are not using AAL as such. But we are using different types of medical equipment to monitor patient’s heartbeat, blood pressure, etc. People are monitored by carers and nurses.

2. If so price (initial cost & subscription)?

The initial cost of purchase of medical equipment which is used to measure patient’s vital functions. At the moment the nursing home do not pay any subscription for such a services.

3. After familiarising yourself with our idea, do you see benefits of such solution?

I think your service is a very good idea. It would help to locate patient and prevent uncontrolled exit of patients outside the nursing home. However, additional features of yours service, like heartbeat monitor, temperature or blood pressure, are already monitored by our staff. I think that personal observation of the patient is better at the moment, especially when it is done by trained carers and nurses.

I see the solution would be very beneficial for elderly who stays at home and tries to live independently as long as it is possible. It would be great help for home carers and families who are concerned about their loved ones staying alone at home. It would make me not to worry about my elderly parents while I am at work.

4. How much would you be willing to pay for such product and for monthly subscription?

From my personal perspective I would agree to pay up to 800 euro for the device and up to 100 euro per month for subscription.


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I think that nursing homes would be able to pay around 500 euro per device and 50 euro per month per patient for subscription.

5. Have you heard of any similar services on the market? If Yes, name them.

I am familiar with panic buttons but I have also heard of an app for smartphone that is able to send emergency message to patient’s family members. Also, in medical book written by Robin Cook, he mentioned application for smartphone that sends alerts for doctor’s consultation.

6. Do you know anyone that would be interested in this service?

My friends who have elderly in the family or people with illnesses like Dementia or Alzheimer.

7. Would you recommend our service to others?

Yes.

8. How would you describe the technical knowledge of people you work with? E.g. use of computer, smartphone, Facebook.

Not every elderly person is able to use computer or smartphone, but they know how to use a phone, make a call or send text message.

The nurses and carers I work with, they have technical knowledge of computers, smartphones and they know how to use them. However, training on how to use your service and application may be needed.


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Interview two - conducted by Dylan

A relief nurse working in a hospital, dealing with patients of all kinds, Fiona Collins working in St Luke's hospital Kilkenny.

1. Do you have any existing service like Ambient Assisted Living?

Not like ambient assisted living but have monitors which would monitor a number of different health specifications, heartbeat monitor, ECG (this checks for heart rhythm for abnormalities, irregularities), blood pressure, Wondering tag (patients which are likely to try leave the hospital).

2. If so price (initial cost & subscription)?

These systems are all separate and not AAL so prices are all separate and no subscription costs.

3. After familiarising yourself with our idea, do you see benefits of such solution?

The Idea which you have come up with is very good and would highly benefit the community as this can help in the well-being of others being able to look after themselves, also for family members not to be worrying about their loved ones.

I would not see it as a benefit to the hospital as we have all the existing monitoring systems and would not need all this information monitored continuously.

The service would be helpful to a number of people including Elderly, Epilepsy and dementia.

Something to look out for is someone with a heart condition may have swelling of the arms and legs; this would result in the band getting too tight.

4. How much would you be willing to pay for such product and for monthly subscription?

If you would like to get a bigger customer base I would recommend you sell the device for 200-300euro and a subscription of 15-30monthly as usually the elderly pension would not be able to afford a big cost of < 800.

5. Have you heard of any similar services on the market? If yes, name them.

Panic button, wonder tag alarm (in hospital)

6. Do you know anyone that would be interested in this service?


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Many people would be interested as it is an extremely good idea. Elderly, dementia epilepsy and also people with motor neuron problems

7. Would you recommend our service to others?

Yes definitely.

8. How would you describe the technical knowledge of people you work with? E.g. use of computer, smartphone, Facebook.

In general people < 70 years old can text or see a text message and use Facebook , I know someone who is 72 and can text and use Facebook, most carers are well able to send texts and use Facebook making them able to use some technologies without problems.


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10. Signed Plagiarism Declarations

Work submitted for assessment which does not include this declaration will not be assessed.

DECLARATION*I declare that all material in this submission e.g. thesis/essay/project/assignment is entirely my/our own work except where duly acknowledged.

*I have cited the sources of all quotations, paraphrases, summaries of information, tables, diagrams or other material; including software and other electronic media in which intellectual property rights may reside.

*I have provided a complete bibliography of all works and sources used in the preparation of this submission.

*I understand that failure to comply with the Institute’s regulations governing plagiarism constitutes a serious offence.

Student Name: (Printed) ____________________________________________

Student Number(s): ____________________________________________

Signature(s): ____________________________________________

Date: ____________________________________________

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please note:

a) * Individual declaration is required by each student for joint projects.b) Where projects are submitted electronically, students are required to type their name under

signature.c) The Institute regulations on plagarism are set out in Section 10 of Examination and Assessment

Regulations published each year in the Student Handbook


INSTITUTE ofTECHNOLOGY

CARLOW

99


Work submitted for assessment which does not include this declaration will not be assessed.

DECLARATION*I declare that all material in this submission e.g. thesis/essay/project/assignment is entirely my/our own work except where duly acknowledged.

*I have cited the sources of all quotations, paraphrases, summaries of information, tables, diagrams or other material; including software and other electronic media in which intellectual property rights may reside.

*I have provided a complete bibliography of all works and sources used in the preparation of this submission.

*I understand that failure to comply with the Institute’s regulations governing plagiarism constitutes a serious offence.

Student Name: (Printed) ____________________________________________

Student Number(s): ____________________________________________

Signature(s): ____________________________________________

Date: ____________________________________________

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please note:

a) * Individual declaration is required by each student for joint projects.b) Where projects are submitted electronically, students are required to type their name under

signature.c) The Institute regulations on plagarism are set out in Section 10 of Examination and Assessment

Regulations published each year in the Student Handbook


INSTITUTE ofTECHNOLOGY

CARLOW

100


11. Signed breakdown of % of overall work completed by each student

Luiza Scislowska (C00174563) – 50%

Dylan Purcell (C00167375) – 50%

We came together as a team and decided what sections each of us would do and what we would do as a team.

Luiza’s work is coloured in green stating what work was done individually by Luiza.

The work in which Dylan completed is indicated in orange.

Text and work we completed as a team is in blue.

Signatures: ________________ _______________

Date: ________________ _______________


Documents

Thesis Finished