Therrmal Devices for Energy Efficiency

7/28/2019 Therrmal Devices for Energy Efficiency

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Thermal Devices and Systems ForEnhanced Energy Efficiency

Ravi Prasher, Ph.D.

Program Director, ARPA-E

09/12/2011


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Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

US Energy Diagram

~60% primary energy rejected as heat

Heat


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Residential and Commercial Buildings Consume 40 Quadsof Primary Energy Per Year

Source: LBNL Environmental Energy Technologies Division, 2009

Buildings use 72% of the U.S. electricity and 55% of the its natural gas

Heating & cooling is ~50% of energy consumption

By 2030, Business as usual:

16% growth in electricity demand and additional 200 GW of electricity($25-50 Billion/yr)


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Energy Supply Systems

Time

Energy Demand

Electricity

Heating

Cooling

Power

Load

Engine/

Generator

Set

Fuel, FEElectricity, E1

Air

Conditioner

Cooling, C

Waste Heat

Waste Heat

Heater/Boiler Heating, HFuel, FH

Efficiency 25-45 %

E2

Current System Architecture

Rate of Fuel Use, F = FE + FH


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Integrated Energy Supply Systems:New Systems Architecture

High Temp. Thermal Bus

ThermalStorage

ThermalAir

conditioner

Low Temp. Thermal Bus

Thermal

Storage

H

Heater/Boiler

FH

C

Geotherm

Engine/Fuel Cell

AirConditioner/Heat Pump

ElectricalStorage

Electrical Bus E

FE

Solar/Wind

Power

Electronics

Performance Goal:

Minimize F by at least

25%

Technical Challenge:Operating System

(Software) & Sensors-

Actuators (Hardware)

for Optimal Operation

Extra heat/electricity can be used for

purifying water


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7/23Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

BEET-IT Target

Current refrigerants have GWP

over 1000 x of CO2

Achieve COP > 4 for GWP 1Source: Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009)

Global CO2 and HFC emissions

Year

Emiss

ions(GtCO2-eqyr-1)

60

50

40

30

20

10

02000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

GWP-weighted (100-yr)

HFC range high

low

450 ppm

550 ppm

Reduce primary energy consumption by~ 40 - 50%

Global

hydrofluoro

carbon

(HFC)

refrigerant

emissions

are

projected to

account forthe

equivalent

of 9-19% of

CO2emissions

in 2050

0

40

80

120

160

200

1 3 5 7

PrimaryEnergy(kJ/kg)

COP_Vapor-compression

Primary energy use

Current systemsDesiccants

Vapor compression

Target

Theoretical limit = exergy

Tamb = 90oF, RH = 0.9

Tsupply = 55 oF, RH = 0.5

Building cooling is responsible for ~5% of US energy consumption and CO2 emissions


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BEETIT: $30.3 M, 3 years, 16 projects

Advanced Device Prototyping($3-4 M)

Seedling(


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High-Efficiency, on-Line Membrane Air DehumidifierEnabling Sensible Cooling for Warm and Humid Climates

Temperature

HumidityRatio

Refrigeration unit

O2N2H2O

Adsorption

Diffusion

Desorption

Selective absorption of water vapor molecules

Weight one-two orders of magnitude lower Can potentially beat FOA target by ~50%

Zeolite pore ( 0.3 0.4 nm)

ADMA Products Inc.


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Modular Thermal Hub for Building Cooling, Heating, andWater Heating: Thermal heat pump

Microscale Monolithic Absorption Heat Pump

300 W System

SHIM A Components

Georgia Technology Research Corporation


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Eventual Miniaturization Potential

State of the Art:

9-12 ft3/RT

150-210 lb/RT

Projected Commercial Units:

4 ft3/RT

60 lb/RT

2-3x smaller


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High-Efficiency Adsorption Chilling Using Novel Metal OrganicHeat Carriers: Thermal heat pump

Technology Impact

Replace silica gelwith MOHCsorbents

Enable operation

with morerefrigerants

2 4x reduction insystem weight andsize

Uses waste or solarheat to drive a thermalvapor-liquid cycle

Few moving parts

44:F

53:F

85:F

100:F

194:F

182:F

AdsorptionChamber 1

AdsorptionChamber 2

EvaporatorChamber

Cold Water

Cool WaterHotWater

Flapper valves

CondenserChamber

MOHC MOHC

Pacific Northwest National Lab


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Metal-organic Heat Carriers

Crystalline solids or gels formedwith self-assembled structuralbuilding units

Continuous porous network with

tunable binding energy for gasesand liquids

Synthesis conditions support thinfilm deposition, nanophasecrystals, or bulk powders

Applications in geothermalpower, waste heat recovery,cooling and refrigeration


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Non-Equilibrium Asymmetric Thermoelectrics(NEAT): Solid State Cooler

Novel electrodes to reduce interface losses

Non-equilibrium effects decouple electron and phonon systems Atomically-thin phonon-blocking (PB), electron tunneling junctions

2 3x reduction in cost

2 3x increase in performance

Sheetak


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Integrated Energy Supply Systems:New Systems Architecture

High Temp. Thermal Bus

ThermalStorage

ThermalAir

conditioner

Low Temp. Thermal Bus

Thermal

Storage

H

Heater/Boiler

FH

C

Geotherm

Engine/Fuel Cell

AirConditioner/Heat Pump

ElectricalStorage

Electrical Bus E

FE

Solar/Wind

Power

Electronics

Performance Goal:

Minimize F by at least

25%

Technical Challenge:Operating System

(Software) & Sensors-

Actuators (Hardware)

for Optimal Operation

Extra heat/electricity can be used for

purifying water


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HEATS Focus Areas

Temperature

Scale

800-1500 oC>600oC 50%

Increase EVrange by ~ 40%

Synergy between Solar and High-Temp Nuclear

Thermochemical Fuel Productionfrom Sunlight

Conversion efficiency > 10%

Grid level storage using heat pumps


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0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

C = 100

C = 1000

C = 1500

Current

systems

Target

Efficiency

StorageCost

($/kWht)

SOA 80-120

Target 15

Temperature (C)

High-Temperature Applications: CSP

3 fluids: Oil, Molten salt, Steam Molten salt Sensible storage T = 100 oC (290 390 oC)

SOA:


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Therrmal Devices for Energy Efficiency