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Thermoelectric Materials 2010—Growth, Properties, Novel Characterization

Methods and Applications

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-40670-4 - Thermoelectric Materials 2010—Growth, Properties, Novel CharacterizationMethods and Applications: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 1267Editors: John D. Baniecki, G. Jeffrey Snyder, Jonathan A. Malen and Harry L. TullerFrontmatterMore information

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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETYSYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 1267

Thermoelectric Materials 2010—Growth, Properties, NovelCharacterization Methods

and Applications

Symposium held April 5-9, 2010, San Francisco, California

EDITORS:

John D. BanieckiFujitsu Laboratories

Atsugi, Japan

G. Jeffrey SnyderCalifornia Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California, U.S.A.

Jonathan A. MalenUniversity of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

Harry L. TullerMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

1M1R1S1Materials Research Society

Warrendale, Pennsylvania






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CONTENTS

Preface xiii

Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings xv

NANOSTRUCTURES/NANOCOMPOSITES/NANOWIRES

Nanostructured Silicon-Based Composites for HighTemperature Thermoelectric Applications 3

Sabah Bux, Richard B. Kaner,and Jean-Pierre Fleurial

Nanocrystalline Silicon Compacted by Spark-PlasmaSintering: Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties 9

G. Schierning, T. Claudio, R. Theissmann, N. Stein,N. Petermann, A. Becker, J. Denker, H. Wiggers,R.P. Hermann, and R. Schmechel

THERMOELECTRIC APPLICATIONS

Portable Power Thermoelectric Generator — Design andCharacterization 17

C. Ramesh Koripella, Lon E. Bell, and Doug Crane

Performance Optimization of a TE Generator Element withLinear Material Profiles in a ID Scheme. 27

Knud Zabrocki, Wolfgang Seifert,and Eckhard Miiller

Hybrid Thermal Behavior from Thermoelectrics to HeatSinking of a Thin Si Membrane with Stretched Ge QuantumDots 33

Jean-Numa Gillet

Design and Synthesis of One and Two DimensionalThermoelectric Nanomaterials Composed of Bismuth,Antimony, and Tellurium 41

Derrick Mott, Nguyen T.B. Thuy, Nguyen T. Mai,Youjiro Maeda, Tran P.T. Linh, Mikio Koyano,and Shinya Maenosono






BULK THERMOELECTRICS—NOT OXIDES

Thermoelectric Properties of CoSb3-Based SkutteruditeCompounds. 49

Adul Harnwunggmoung, Ken Kurosaki,Hiroaki Muta, and Shinsuke Yamanaka

Thermoelectric Properties of Non-Equilibrium SynthesizedCe0.9Fe3CoSb12 Filled Skutterudites 55

Qing Jie, Juan Zhou, Ivo K. Dimitrov,Chang-Peng Li, Ctirad Uher, Hsin Wang,Wallace D. Porter, and Qiang Li

Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of DopedYbi4MnSbn_xBix Zintls 61

Kurt Star, Alex Zevalkink, Chen-Kuo Huang,Bruce Dunn, and Jean-Pierre Fleurial

Thermoelectric Performance of Nanostructured ZrNiSnCompounds Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying 67

Jeffrey D. Germond, Paul J. Schilling,Nathan J. Takas, and Pierre F.P. Poudeu

NOVEL THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS AND RESONANT STATES

High Thermoelectric Efficiency in Co-Doped Degeneratep-Type PbTe 75

John Androulakis, Ilyia Todorov,Duck-Young Chung, Sedat Ballikaya, Guoyu Wang,Ctirad Uher, and Mercouri Kanatzidis

NMR and Computational Studies of Ba8Ga16Sn30 Clathrates 81Sergio Y. Rodriguez, Xiang Zheng,and Joseph H. Ross, Jr.

Effect of (Pb,Ge)Te Addition on the Phase Stability and theThermoelectric Properties of AgSbTe2 87

Aikebaier Yusufu, Ken Kurosaki, Hiroaki Muta,and Shinsuke Yamanaka

POSTER SESSION I

Thermoelectric Figure of Merit Calculations for Nanowires -The Moderate Confinement Regime 97

Jane Cornett and Oded Rabin

vi






Effect of Partial Filling of the Structural Vacant Sites on theThermoelectric Properties of Zro.25Hfo.75NiSn Half-HeuslerAlloy 103

Julien P.A. Makongo, Dinesh K. Misra,Nathan Takas, Kevin Stokes, Heike Gabrisch,and Pierre F.P. Poudeu

Thermoelectric Properties of Si02/Si02+CoSb3 MultiNanolayered Films Modified by MeV Si Ions Bombardment 109

S. Budak, C. Smith, J. Chacha, M. Pugh, K. Ogbara,K. Heidary, R.B. Johnson, C. Muntele, and D. ILA

MeV Si Ions Bombardment Effects on the ThermoelectricProperties of Si/Si+Ge Multi-Layer Superlattice NanolayeredFilms 115

M. Pugh, S. Budak, C. Smith, J. Chacha, K. Ogbara,K. Heidary, R.B. Johnson, C. Muntele, and D. ILA

Effects of MeV Si Ions Modification on the ThermoelectricProperties of SiO2/SiO2+Cu Multilayer Thin Films 121

J. Chacha, S. Budak, C. Smith, M. Pugh, K. Ogbara,K. Heidary, R.B. Johnson, C. Muntele, and D. ILA

Thermoelectric Properties of SiO2/SiO2+Ag NanolayeredMultilayer Films Effected by MeV Si Ions 127

C. Smith, S, Budak, J. Chacha, M. Pugh, H. Martin,T. Langham, B. Harrell, K. Heidary, R.B. Johnson,Y. Yang, C. Muntele, and D. ILA

The Role NiO of Nanoinclusions on High Performance HalfHeusler Thermoelectric Materials 133

Rumana Yaqub, Paranthi Sahoo,Julien P.A. Makongo, Westly M. Nolting,Nathan Takas, Pierre F.P. Poudeu,and Kevin L. Stokes

Impact of Dopants on the PbTe Thermoelectric Efficiency 139Ka Xiong, Rahul P. Gupta, John B. White,Bruce E. Gnade, and Kyeongjae Cho

Improvement in Contact Resistivity to Thin Film Bi2Te3 147Rahul P. Gupta, Ka Xiong, John B. White,Kyeongjae Cho, and Bruce E. Gnade






Indentation Testing of Bulk Zro.5Hfo.5Co1_xIrxSbo.99Sno.oiHalf-Heusler Alloys 153

Melody A. Verges, Paul J. Schilling,Jeffrey D. Germond, Puja Upadhyay,William K. Miller, Nathan J. Takas,and Pierre F.P. Poudeu

Microstructure Investigation of Non-Equilibrium SynthesizedFilled Skutterudite CeFe4Sb12 . . 159

Juan Zhou, Qing Jie, and Qiang Li

Temperature and Size Effects on the Extremely Low ThermalConductivity of Self-Assembled Germanium Quantum-DotSupercrystals in Silicon 165

Jean-Numa Gillet

THERMOELECTRICS NANO BULK I

Reduction of the Lattice Thermal Conductivity in ImmisciblePbS-PbTe Systems 175

Simon Johnsen, Steven N. Girard, Iliya Todorov,Duck Young Chung, and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis

Improvements of Thermoelectric Performances in AgSbTe2

System with In-Situ Ag2Te Nano-Precipitations 181S.N. Zhang, S.H. Yang, G.Y. Jiang, J.J. Shen,T.J. Zhu, and X.B. Zhao

Investigation of the Thermoelectric Properties of thePbTe-SrTe System 187

Kanishka Biswas, Jiaqing He, Qichun Zhang,Guoyu Wang, Ctirad Uher, Vinayak P. Dravid,and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis

*• Nanostructure Formation in Bulk Thermoelectric Compoundsin the Pseudo Binary PbTe-Sb2Te3 System 193

Teruyuki Ikeda and G. Jeffrey Snyder

Thermoelectric Properties of Composite PbTe - PbSnS2

Materials 205Steven N. Girard, Jiaqing He, Vinayak P. Dravid,and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis

* Invited Paper

Vlll






Structure and Thermoelectric Properties Correlation inHalf-Heusler ZrNiSn-Based Bulk Nano-Composite Materialsby Transmission Electron Microscopy 211

D.K. Misra, Mien P.A. Makongo,Michael R. Shabetai, Girija S. Chaubey,John B. Wiley, Kevin L. Stokes,and Pierre F.P. Poudeu

THERMOELECTRICS NANO BULK II

Spinodal Decomposition in Off-StoichiometricZro.5Hfo.5C01.yIrySbj.zSn2 Half-Heusler Phases 219

Nathan J. Takas, Dinesh K. Misra, Heike Gabrisch,and P. Ferdinand P. Poudeu

Thermoelectric Properties of Zro.5Hfo.5Nio.8Pdo.2Sno.99Sbo.o1Half-Heusler Alloy with WO3 Inclusions 225

Mien P.A. Makongo, Pravin Paudel,Dinesh K. Misra, and Pierre F.P. Poudeu

Metal Nanoinclusions (Bi and Ag) in Bi2Te3 for EnhancedThermoelectric Applications 231

Sumithra Santhanam, Nathan J. Takas,Nathaniel L. Henderson, Westly M. Nolting,Dinesh K. Misra, Pierre F.P. Poudeu,and Kevin L. Stokes

SUPERLATTICES, NANOWIRES, NANOPARTICLESI

Thermoelectric Properties of Electrodeposited BiSbTeNanowires 239

Raja S. Mannam and Despina Davis

Colloidal Nanostructures as Building Blocks for MacroscopicThermoelectric Materials with Electron-Crystal Phonon-GlassProperties 245

Marcus Scheele, Niels Oeschler, Katrin Meier,Andreas Kornowski, Christian Klinke,and Horst Weller






SUPERLATTICES, NANOWIRES, NANOPARTICLESII

The Effect of Cross-Sectional Geometry on ZT Enhancementin Rough Silicon Nanostructures 253

Jyothi Sadhu, Marc Ghossoub, and Sanjiv Sinha

POSTER SESSION II

Single-Crystal Wires Based on Doped Bi for AnisotropicThermoelectric Microgenerators 261

Albina A. Nikolaeva, Leonid A. Konopko,Tito E. Huber, and Ana K. Tsurkan

Study of Narestructure Inclusion Effects on theThermoelectric Behavior of Ca3C04O9 Thin Films Grown byPulsed Laser Deposition 267

Evan L. Thomas, Xueyan Song, Yonggao Yan,Joshua Martin, Winnie Wong-Ng, Margaret Ratcliff,and Paul N. Barnes

Microthermocouples of a Glass-Insulated Bifilar MicrowireBased on Bi2Te3 273

Dragosh F. Meglei, Tito E. Huber, Maria P. Dyntu,and Albina A. Nikolaeva

Correlation of Microstructural Properties with ThermoelectricPerformance of Bio.5SbL5Te3 Films Fabricated byElectroplating 279

E. Koukharenko, X. Li, J. Kuleshova, M. Fowler,N. Frety, MJ. Tudor, S.P. Beeby, I. Nandhakumar,and N.M. White

Effect of Vacancies on the Thermoelectric Properties of Mg2SiContaining Sb and Bi Substitution 287

T. Dasgupta, C. Stiewe, R. Hassdorf, L. Boettcher,and E. Mueller

Synthesis of Sodium Cobalt Oxide Submicron Tubules UsingCitric Acid-Based Sol-Gel Route Assisted by PorousAluminum Oxide Membrane 293

Chia-Jyi Liu, Long-Jiann Shih,and Hsueh-Jung Huang






THERMOELECTRIC OXIDES

Direct Measurement of the Absolute Seebeck Coefficient forPb and Cu at 300 K to 450 K 301

Patrick L. Garrity and Kevin L. Stokes

The Effect of Rh and Sr Substitution on the ThermoelectricPerformance of LaCo03 307

Kyei-Sing Kwong, Andrew E. Smith,and M.A. Subramanian

Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Y-Doped Ca3Co409

Ceramics 313J.E. Rodriguez and L.C. Moreno

Preparation of High Seebeck Coefficient Calcium CobaltateThermoelectric Powders 321

Sidney Lin and Jiri Selig

THERMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENT METHODS

In-Plane Thermal Conductivity Determination in Silicon onInsulator (SOI) Structures through ThermoreflectanceMeasurements 329

Max S. Aubain and Prabhakar R. Bandaru

Author Index 335

Subject Index 339











PREFACE

Symposium DD, "Thermoelectric Materials—Growth, Properties, NovelCharacterization Methods, and Applications," was held April 5-9 at the 2010 MRSSpring Meeting in San Francisco, California. Thermoelectric materials have gainedsignificant distinction as energy-conversion materials used to recycle waste heat frompower plants, automobiles and computers into usable electrical energy. While the firstsuch practical material (bismuth telluride alloy) was prepared nearly 40 years ago, onlyrecently has there been progress in realizing thermoelectric materials with significantlyimproved efficiencies, with a key driver behind this success being the ability tonanostructure materials. This symposium brought together researchers developing novelmaterials, preparation methods, characterization techniques, and applications ofthermoelectric materials. Topics addressed in the symposium included processing of andproperties of bulk and thin-film thermoelectric materials, nanostructured complex oxidematerials, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, nanoscale energy transport and conversion,Ab initio studies and the design, fabrication, and testing of thermoelectric devices.

In the opening session, David G. Cahill (University of Illinois, Urbana) focused onthe thermal conductivity of materials investigating the thermal conductivity of a widevariety of nanostructured thermoelectric materials, including InGaAs/ErAs nanodots andPbTe/PbSe nanodots superlattices by time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR). ErAsnanodots lowered the thermal conductivity of InGaAs and reduced the TDTR frequencydependence. PbSe nanodots were not as effective in lowering the thermal conductivity ofPbTe and the lattice thermal conductivity of PbTe/PbSe nanodots superlattices did notfall significantly below 1 W/m K. This was understood based on the small acousticmismatch between PbTe and PbSe and the strong anharmonicity of PbTe. Whilenanostructures can reduce thermal conductivity in thermoelectric s, they appear to have agreater effect on materials with high thermal conductivity to start, rather than furtherhelping preferred materials that have lower thermal conductivity to start.

Regarding applications of thermoelectric materials, Ryoji Funahashi (AIST)discussed power generation of cascaded thermoelectric arrays and Shuichi Funahashi(Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd.) reported progress on development ofthermoelectric devices using a multilayer ceramic capacitor production technology. Thethermoelectric device consisted of 25 P/I/N — pairs using p- type- (L^ 97,Sro.o3)Cu04, n-type- (Ndi 97,Ceo.o3)Cu04, and an insulator with a mixture of Mg2Si04 and glass. Thedevice generated 26 mW of electric power with 360K of temperature gap. Generatedelectric power was smaller than the theoretical value because of electric resistance andthermal losses in the P/N junction. Adjustment in the fabrication process such as thedensities of green tape, laminated density, and sintering condition improved theperformance of the thermoelectric MLCCs.

Progress in the development of non-oxide bulk thermoelectric materials was givenby Ctirad Uher (University of Michigan) who gave an update on recent progress inSkutterdite-based thermoelectric, while Eric S. Toberer (California Institute ofTechnology) presented studies on transport in complex Zintl Antimonides. TeruyukiIkeda (PRESTO and California Institute of Technology) discussed nanostructure






formation in bulk PbTe-based compounds via phase transformation.

Regarding thermoelectric oxides, Kunihito Koumoto (Nagoya University) focusedon nanostructure control to enhance thermoelectric performance of SrTiO3 and TiS2

2DEG. Anke Wedenkaff (Solid State Chemistry and Catalysis, Empa, Duebendorf,Switzerland) discussed development of perovskite-type oxide and oxynitrides forthermoelectric solar converters.

Symposium Support:

• Corning, Inc.• GMZ Energy, Inc.• ZT Plus

John D. BanieckiG. Jeffrey SynderJonathan A MalenHarry L. Tuller

July 2009






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

Volume 1245— Amorphous and Polycrystalline Thin-Film Silicon Science and Technology—2010,Q. Wang, B. Yan, C.C. Tsai, S. Higashi, A. Flewitt, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-222-0

Volume 1246 — Silicon Carbide 2010—Materials, Processing and Devices, S.E. Saddow, E.K. Sanchez,F. Zhao, M. Dudley, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-223-7

Volume 1247E —Solution Processing of Inorganic and Hybrid Materials for Electronics and Photonics,2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-224-4

Volume 1248E —Plasmonic Materials and Metamaterials, J.A. Dionne, L.A. Sweatlock, G. Shvets, L.P. Lee,2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-225-1

Volume 1249 — Advanced Interconnects and Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Micro- andNanoelectronics, J.W. Bartha, C.L. Borst, D. DeNardis, H. Kim, A. Naeemi, A. Nelson,S.S. Papa Rao, H.W. Ro, D. Toma, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-226-8

Volume 1250 — Materials and Physics for Nonvolatile Memories II, C. Bonafos, Y. Fujisaki, P. Dimitrakis,E. Tokumitsu, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-227-5

Volume 125IE —Phase-Change Materials for Memory and Reconflgurable Electronics Applications,P. Fons, K. Campbell, B. Cheong, S. Raoux, M. Wuttig, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-228-2

Volume 1252— Materials and Devices for End-of-Roadmap and Beyond CMOS Scaling, A.C. Kummel,P. Majhi, I. Thayne, H. Watanabe, S. Ramanathan, S. Guha, J. Mannhart, 2010,ISBN 978-1-60511-229-9

Volume 1253 — Functional Materials and Nanostructures for Chemical and Biochemical Sensing, E. Comini,P. Gouma, G. Malliaras, L. Torsi, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-230-5

Volume 1254E —Recent Advances and New Discoveries in High-Temperature Superconductivity, S.H. Wee,V. Selvamanickam, Q. Jia, H. Hosono, H-H. Wen, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-231-2

Volume 1255E —Structure-Function Relations at Perovskite Surfaces and Interfaces, A.P. Baddorf,U. Diebold, D. Hesse, A. Rappe, N. Shibata, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-232-9

Volume 1256E —Functional Oxide Nanostructures and Heterostructures, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-233-6Volume 1257 — Multifunctional Nanoparticle Systems—Coupled Behavior and Applications, Y. Bao,

A.M. Dattelbaum, J.B. Tracy, Y. Yin, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-234-3Volume 1258 — Low-Dimensional Functional Nanostructures—Fabrication, Characterization and

Applications, H. Riel, W. Lee, M. Zacharias, M. McAlpine, T. Mayer, H. Fan, M. Knez,S. Wong, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-235-0

Volume 1259E —Graphene Materials and Devices, M. Chhowalla, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-236-7Volume 1260 — Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics from Nanoparticles, M. Winterer, W.L. Gladfelter, D.R.

Gamelin, S. Oda, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-237-4Volume 126IE —Scanning Probe Microscopy—Frontiers in NanoBio Science, C. Durkan, 2010,

ISBN 978-1-60511-238-1Volume 1262 — In-Situ and Operando Probing of Energy Materials at Multiscale Down to Single Atomic

Column—The Power of X-Rays, Neutrons and Electron Microscopy, CM. Wang,N. de Jonge, R.E. Dunin-Borkowski, A. Braun, J-H. Guo, H. Schober, R.E. Winans, 2010,ISBN 978-1-60511-239-8

Volume 1263E —Computational Approaches to Materials for Energy, K. Kim, M. van Shilfgaarde, V. Ozolins,G. Ceder, V. Tomar, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-240-4

Volume 1264 — Basic Actinide Science and Materials for Nuclear Applications, J.K. Gibson, S.K. McCall,E.D. Bauer, L. Soderholm, T. Fanghaenel, R. Devanathan, A. Misra, C. Trautmann,B.D. Wirth, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-241-1

Volume 1265 -— Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXXIV, K.L. Smith, S. Kroeker,B. Uberuaga, K.R. Whittle, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-242-8

Volume 1266E — Solid-State Batteries, S-H. Lee, A. Hayashi, N. Dudney, K. Takada, 2010,ISBN 978-1-60511-243-5

Volume 1267 — Thermoelectric Materials 2010—Growth, Properties, Novel Characterization Methods andApplications, H.L. Tuller, J.D. Baniecki, G.J. Snyder, J.A. Malen, 2010,ISBN 978-1-60511-244-2

Volume 1268 — Defects in Inorganic Photovoltaic Materials, D. Friedman, M. Stavola, W. Walukiewicz,S. Zhang, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-245-9

Volume 1269E —Polymer Materials and Membranes for Energy Devices, A.M. Herring, J.B. Kerr,S.J. Hamrock, T.A. Zawodzinski, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-246-6






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

Volume 1270 — Organic Photovoltaics and Related Electronics—From Excitons to Devices,V.R. Bommisetty, N.S. Sariciftci, K. Narayan, G. Rumbles, P. Peumans, J. van de Lagemaat,G. Dennler, S.E. Shaheen, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-247-3

Volume 127IE — Stretchable Electronics and Conformal Biointerfaces, S.P. Lacour, S. Bauer, J. Rogers,B. Morrison, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-248-0

Volume 1272 — Integrated Miniaturized Materials—From Self-Assembly to Device Integration,C.J. Martinez, J. Cabral, A. Fernandez-Nieves, S. Grego, A. Goyal, Q. Lin, JJ. Urban,JJ. Watkins, A. Saiani, R. Callens, J.H. Collier, A. Donald, W. Murphy, D.H. Gracias,B.A. Grzybowski, P.W.K. Rothemund, O.G. Schmidt, R.R. Naik, P.B. Messersmith,M.M. Stevens, R.V. Ulijn, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-249-7

Volume 1273E —Evaporative Self Assembly of Polymers, Nanoparticles and DNA, B.A. Korgel, 2010,ISBN 978-1-60511-250-3

Volume 1274 — Biological Materials and Structures in Physiologically Extreme Conditions and Disease,M.J. Buehler, D. Kaplan, C.T. Lim, J. Spatz, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60511-251-0

Prior Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings available by contacting Materials Research Society






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Thermoelectric Materials 2010— Growth, Properties, Novel ...assets.cambridge.org/97811074/06704/frontmatter/... · 978-1-107-40670-4 - Thermoelectric Materials 2010 Growth, Properties,