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Thermodynamics
amp Phase Change
Heat can only do one thing at a time either change the temperature OR change the state
Changes of state ndash seen in phase change diagram
tem
pera
ture
heat added
Diagonal regions where thermal energy is added and particles increase in motion (temperature changes)
Flat regions where changes in state occur All added thermal energy goes to overcome the forces holding the particles together
Heat of fusion ndash The amount of energy required to melt one kilogram of a substance
Heat of vaporization ndash the amount of energy required to vaporize one kilogram of a substance
Heat of Fusion amp Vaporization for Water
Heat of fusion for waterbull Hf = 334x105 Jkg
bull positive when melting negative when freezing
Heat of vaporization for waterbull Hv = 226x106 Jkg
bull positive when evaporating negative when condensing
Heat required to melt
Q = mHf
use for melting amp freezing
Heat required to vaporize
Q = mHv
use for evaporating amp condensing
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Heat can only do one thing at a time either change the temperature OR change the state
Changes of state ndash seen in phase change diagram
tem
pera
ture
heat added
Diagonal regions where thermal energy is added and particles increase in motion (temperature changes)
Flat regions where changes in state occur All added thermal energy goes to overcome the forces holding the particles together
Heat of fusion ndash The amount of energy required to melt one kilogram of a substance
Heat of vaporization ndash the amount of energy required to vaporize one kilogram of a substance
Heat of Fusion amp Vaporization for Water
Heat of fusion for waterbull Hf = 334x105 Jkg
bull positive when melting negative when freezing
Heat of vaporization for waterbull Hv = 226x106 Jkg
bull positive when evaporating negative when condensing
Heat required to melt
Q = mHf
use for melting amp freezing
Heat required to vaporize
Q = mHv
use for evaporating amp condensing
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Changes of state ndash seen in phase change diagram
tem
pera
ture
heat added
Diagonal regions where thermal energy is added and particles increase in motion (temperature changes)
Flat regions where changes in state occur All added thermal energy goes to overcome the forces holding the particles together
Heat of fusion ndash The amount of energy required to melt one kilogram of a substance
Heat of vaporization ndash the amount of energy required to vaporize one kilogram of a substance
Heat of Fusion amp Vaporization for Water
Heat of fusion for waterbull Hf = 334x105 Jkg
bull positive when melting negative when freezing
Heat of vaporization for waterbull Hv = 226x106 Jkg
bull positive when evaporating negative when condensing
Heat required to melt
Q = mHf
use for melting amp freezing
Heat required to vaporize
Q = mHv
use for evaporating amp condensing
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Diagonal regions where thermal energy is added and particles increase in motion (temperature changes)
Flat regions where changes in state occur All added thermal energy goes to overcome the forces holding the particles together
Heat of fusion ndash The amount of energy required to melt one kilogram of a substance
Heat of vaporization ndash the amount of energy required to vaporize one kilogram of a substance
Heat of Fusion amp Vaporization for Water
Heat of fusion for waterbull Hf = 334x105 Jkg
bull positive when melting negative when freezing
Heat of vaporization for waterbull Hv = 226x106 Jkg
bull positive when evaporating negative when condensing
Heat required to melt
Q = mHf
use for melting amp freezing
Heat required to vaporize
Q = mHv
use for evaporating amp condensing
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Heat of fusion ndash The amount of energy required to melt one kilogram of a substance
Heat of vaporization ndash the amount of energy required to vaporize one kilogram of a substance
Heat of Fusion amp Vaporization for Water
Heat of fusion for waterbull Hf = 334x105 Jkg
bull positive when melting negative when freezing
Heat of vaporization for waterbull Hv = 226x106 Jkg
bull positive when evaporating negative when condensing
Heat required to melt
Q = mHf
use for melting amp freezing
Heat required to vaporize
Q = mHv
use for evaporating amp condensing
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Heat of Fusion amp Vaporization for Water
Heat of fusion for waterbull Hf = 334x105 Jkg
bull positive when melting negative when freezing
Heat of vaporization for waterbull Hv = 226x106 Jkg
bull positive when evaporating negative when condensing
Heat required to melt
Q = mHf
use for melting amp freezing
Heat required to vaporize
Q = mHv
use for evaporating amp condensing
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Heat required to melt
Q = mHf
use for melting amp freezing
Heat required to vaporize
Q = mHv
use for evaporating amp condensing
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Specific Heat Values
Cice = 2060 Jkg˚C
Cwater = 4180 Jkg˚C
Csteam = 2020 Jkg˚C
Use these values for temps in Celsius or Kelvin
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Example 1
You are asked to melt 0100 kg of ice at its melting point and warm the resulting water to 200 ordmC How much heat is needed
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Calculate heat needed to melt the ice
Q1 = mHf
Calculate heat needed to raise water temperature
Q2 = mCΔT Add all heats together to get the total heat
needed
Q = Q1 + Q2
Example 1 Strategy
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Example 1 Solution
Q1 = 33400 J
Q2 = 8360 J
Q = 41760 J
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Example 2
A 400-g sample of chloroform is condensed from a vapor at 616 ordmC It liberates 9870 J of heat What is the heat of vaporization of chloroform
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Example 2 Solution
Q = mHv
-9870 = (040)(Hv)
Hv = -246750 Jkg
(negative because itrsquos cooling)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
1st Law of ThermodynamicsThe total increase in the
thermal energy of a system is the sum of the heat added to it and the work done on it
Heat engines are devices which convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously along with some waste heat
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increased All things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system
Entropy increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
Thermal Engine efficiency
Called Carnot efficiency or the ideal efficiency of a heat engine
(Thot-Tcold)Thot = Ideal efficiency
Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Result is a percentage
