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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 679 B

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W, C. MendenhaU, Director ,

Water-Supply Paper 679 B

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES

BY

NORAH D. STEARNS, HAROLD T. STEARNS AND GERALD A. WARING

Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1935

(Pages 59-191)

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1937

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ------ Pricel]35 cents

CONTENTS

PageAbstract-_______________________-______-___-_-_---____--__-_-_- 59Introduction___________________________________________ .___-___ 60Literature of thermal springs in the United States___________________ 61Geologic problems relating to thermal springs_________________________ 66

Sources of the water_________________________________________ 66Sources of the heat____________________________ _.___._._._ 68Relation of thermal springs to geologic structure__________________ 71Age of thermal springs_________-_________-____-______--__--_- 72

The springs, by physiographic divisions.. ____________________________ 72Distribution____._._._._._______________________ 72Laurentian Upland__________________________________________ 73Atlantic Plain.________________________________-____ 74Appalachian Highlands________________________________________ 74Interior Plains________________________________________________ 77Interior Highlands-____________________________-________-_____ 78Rocky Mountain system_-_____---_____________ _______________ 80

Northern Rocky Mountains________________________________ 80Wyoming Basin___________-____________-_-_-----___-___ 85Southern Rocky Mountains. _______________________________ 86

Intermontane Plateaus____-_-_-________._______-___-_-_-____ 88Columbia Plateaus_______________________________---.____- 88Colorado Plateaus_________ _______________ ___________ 89Basin and Range province___ ____________________________ 91

Pacific Mountain system_____________________________________ 93Sierra-Cascade Mountains_____________________________-____ 93Pacific Border provmce_____-_--_____________-_____--_---_- 94

Summary and conclusions__________________________________________ 95Annotated bibliography____________________ _____________________ 98Tabulated data______________________________..._ 114Index____________________________________________________________ 193

ILLUSTRATIONS

PagePLATE 7. Minerva Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Na­

tional Park, Wyo___.______________._._______ 598. Map of the United States showing thermal springs and physio­

graphic divisions._____ .___ _______ ______ ____ In pocket.9. Map of Virginia and West Virginia showing thermal springs. __ 76

10. Map of part of Georgia showing thermal springs and theirrelation to Pine Mountain________________________---_-_- 76

11. Map of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming showing thermalsprings _ _____________________________________________ 82

in

IV CONTENTS

Page PLATE 12. Map of Yellowstone National Park showing principal groups of

hot springs and geysers______-____---_----------------- 8413. Map of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico showing

thermal springs.___________--____-_--_------__ ._._._._ 8614. Map of Washington and Oregon showing thermal springs.___ 8815. Map of California and Nevada showing thermal springs.__._ 9216. Map of Lassen Peak area, California, showing thermal springs

and their relation to the peak and to probable faults...-.-. 94 FIGURE 8. Map of the United States showing mean annual temperature._ 62

9. Geologic cross sections showing general structure at thermalsprings in the Virginia region.__-____-__-___-_____---___ 76

10. Geologic cross section showing structure near Hot Springs,Ark_ .._.____.__...._-...._-_._..._._._._._._.._.._ 79

11. Map of Idaho showing distribution of thermal springs andprincipal areas of granite and of lava______-.»________-___ 82

12. Geologic cross section through the hot springs at Thermopolis,Wyo___________________________-_._._.--_______-___ 84

13. Map of Utah showing thermal springs and principal faults____ 9014. Map of northwestern Nevada and adjacent portions of Cali­

fornia and Oregon showing thermal springs and principal faults,..____-__________-_-_--___-____._______-_-_ 92

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THEBMAL SPBINGS IN THE UNITED STATES

By NOEAH D. STEARNS, HAROLD T. STEARNS, and GERALD A. WARING

ABSTRACT

The earliest extensive studies of thermal springs in the United States were made by physicians. In 1831 Dr. John Bell issued a book entitled "Baths and Mineral Waters" in which he listed 21 spring localities. In the edition of his work published in 1855 the number was increased to 181. The earliest report on a geologic study of thermal springs was that of W. B, Rogers in 1840 on the ther­ mal springs of Virginia. In 1875 G. K. Gilbert published a map and table showing thermal springs in the United States and pointed out that they are present chiefly in the mountainous areas of folded and faulted rocks. Early geologic study of them was principally inspired by the information which they afford at a few places on the deposition of minerals. The relation of hot springs to volcanic action has been studied in the Yellowstone National Park and near Lassen Peak in California. Studies in recent years have been concerned with the source of the water as well as of its heat.

All the notable thermal springs in the eastern United States are in the Appa­ lachian Highlands, principally in the region of folded rocks. The Atlantic Coastal Plain contains no appreciably warm springs. In Florida there are large springs whose water rises from a depth of a few hundred feet and is about 5° above the mean annual temperature, but they are not usually classed as thermal.

The only warm springs in the great Interior Plains region are at and near Hot Springs, S. Dak., in the vicinity of the Black Hills uplift of crystalline rocks. In the Interior Highlands thermal springs occur only in the Ozark region, the largest group being at Hot Springs, Ark.

The Rocky Mountain System includes the Yellowstone National Park, with its world-famous hot springs and geysers (see pis. 7,12), and there are many other hot springs within this great mountainous region. In the Intermontane areas of great lava plains and faulted lava mountains in Utah, Nevada, southern Idaho, and eastern Oregon there are many hot springs, closely associated with the larger faults. In the Pacific Mountain System, including the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, there are many warm and hot springs, some of which issue in areas of granite, and others in areas of lava. In the Coast Ranges of California many thermal springs issue from different geologic formations.

Of the total of more than 1,000 thermal-spring localities listed in this paper more than half are situated in the three States of Idaho, California, and Nevada, each of which contains more than 150 thermal-spring localities. Wyoming, in­ cluding the Yellowstone National Park, contains more than 100 hot-spring local­ ities. Oregon, Utah, Colorado, Montana, and New Mexico contain several dozen thermal springs each, of which the principal ones are developed as resorts. The other thermal springs are scattered through 12 States, of which Massachu­ setts, New York, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina contain one spring or group each. More than half of the total number are developed as resorts or used for irrigation or water supply, but many have remained undeveloped because they are not easily accessible.

59

60 CONTBIBUTIONS TO HYDBOLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

INTRODUCTION

Since the compilations and discussions of the thermal springs of the United States by Gilbert, 1 in 1875, and Peale,2 in 1883, there has been no general publication on thermal springs for the United States as a whole, dealing with their geologic relations. A large amount of literature can be found, however, relating to individual thermal springs or to thermal springs in specific areas. The present paper is chiefly a compilation and summary of the available information on the thermal springs of the United States, but it also contains a large amount of original data obtained in the field by several geologists of the Geological Survey and by the United States Forest Service and the United States Indian Service. It summarizes the work that has previously been done, presents maps showing the location of the springs, tabulates the principal data, and includes a selected bibliog­ raphy. An attempt has been made to present in very concise form as much information as possible regarding the geologic relations of the springs. Chemical analyses of the water are not included, but in the annotated bibliography publications that contain analyses of the water of the springs described are indicated.

For this report practically all the publications of the United States Geological Survey were searched for references to thermal springs. Considerable information on thermal springs is contained in geologic publications whose title and even index give no indication that such information is included. Considerable field work was done to interpret and supplement the published information. Some miscellaneous references have been used, but no attempt has been made to compile a complete or exhaustive bibliography. Such a bibliography would require a great amount of research and would probably be unsatis­ factory because the mass of casual references would conceal the more significant ones. However, not all the references included here have equal relative value. Some writers discuss thermal springs in great detail, some dismiss them with slight mention, and others discuss them only in relation to ore deposits or with general reference to volcanology.

Some information ha 3 been obtained from field notes and unpub­ lished memoranda of geologists of the United States Geological Survey, and the assembled data have been checked by several of these men. Acknowledgment in this respect is due especially to O. E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the ground-water division of the United States Geological Survey, under whose direction the present report was prepared, and to Kirk Bryan, Clyde P. Ross, and Arthur M. Piper, who furnished information on several springs. Much of

1 Gilbert, Q. K., U. S. Qeog. and Qeol. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept., vol. 3, pp. 17-155,1875. (Map of hot springs of the United States, pi. 3; table of hot springs, pp. 150-153.)

» Peale, A. C., U. S. Qeol. and Qeog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Kept., for 1878, pt. 2, pp. 63-454,1883. (Ther­ mal springs of the United States, pp. 320-327; table of thermal springs, pp. 324-327.)

THEBMAL SPEINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 61

the information on thermal springs in the Western States was fur­ nished by rangers of the United States Forest Service and by superin­ tendents of the United States Indian Service. To all these men acknowledgment is due for their assistance in collecting the data.

Information on the springs was compiled, part of the text was written, and the bibliographic references were assembled by Norah D. Stearns in 1925-27. In later years the text was completed and many additions were made to the list of springs by Harold T. Stearns and Gerald A. Waring, and the annotated bibliography was prepared by Mr. Waring.

Most of the springs called "slightly thermal" in the literature, which have temperatures only a few degrees above the mean annual air temperatures of the localities where they issue, have been omitted from tnis report. In Gilbert's report he says: 3 "So far as tempera­ tures are definitely known only these [springs] are included which exceed the mean annual temperature of the air by 15° F." In the, present report some springs are included whose temperatures may not be more than 10° F. above the mean annual temperature of the locality where they issue; but the attempt has been made to include only such springs as are locally recognized to be appreciably warmer than normal. The approximate mean annual temperature for various parts of the United States is shown in figure 8.

In some areas of warm springs; surface water seems to cause a cooling of the thermal water. In many places where a cool spring issues cloge to a warm one it is evident that the coolness is due to dilution of the thermal water by nonthermal water from local sources. In other places the association of warm and cool springs may be due to geologic structure, and the springs may have entirely different sources.

Such factors as inaccurate thermometers, lack of records of mean annual air temperature, and the vague definition or use of the term "warm" have led to the listing of a large number of thermal springs in early, literature which are not now regarded as truly thermal.

LITERATURE OF THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITEDSTATES

The earliest interest in thermal springs in the United States lay in their use as health resorts, and several books and articles dealing with this phase of the subject were published at an early date. Peale 4 summarized the history of these publications in 1894 as follows:

Dr. John Bell was perhaps the first to write anything like a treatise on the mineral springs of the United States. In his Baths and Mineral Waters, published in 1831, part 2 is devoted to "a history of the chemical composition and medicinal properties of the chief mineral springs of the United States and Europe." He

s Gilbert, Q. K., op. cit., p. 149.* Peale, A. C., Natural mineral waters of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey 14th Ann. Kept., pt. 2,

p. 65,1894.

62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OP UNITED STATES, 1935

enumerated 21 localities for the United States, which list was increased to 181 in The Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United States and Canada, which he published in 1855. Dr. J. J. Moorman, in his Mineral Springs of North America and Howfcto Reach Them, published in 1873, refers to or describes 171 springs.

s I *

This was preceded by his Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada, pub­ lished in 1867, and by several books relating to the Virginia springs, published in 1837, 1846, 1855, 1857, and 1859. Dr. George E. Walton's Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada, etc. (third edition), published in 1883, mentions for the United States 279 localities. Drs. William Pepper, H. I. Bowditch, A. N.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 63

Bell, S. E. Chaille", and Charles Dennison, as a committee of the American Medical Association, in 1880 made a very complete compilation, which included about 500 localities. Dr. A. N. Bell's Climatology and Mineral Waters of the United States, published during the latter part of 1885, enumerated 173 localities. Bulletin No. 32, published by the United States Geological Survey in 1886 (compiled by the writer), included 2,822 mineral-spring localities (and 8,843 individual springs), 634 of which were utilized as resorts and 223 as sources of commercial mineral water. One of the most recent enumerations is by Dr. Judson Daland in the list appended to Gould's New Medical Dictionary.

Many of the health resorts now most widely known and patronized are at thermal springs. The chemical analyses and temperature measurements contained in medical literature form an important contribution to geologic science. However, not all the analyses or even the temperature measurements have the same reliability. The value of such data depends largely upon the person making the analysis and taking the temperature.

The first contribution to the geologic study of thermal springs in the United States was probably that made by Rogers 6 in 1840-42. He briefly summarizes the studies of European writers, in which thermal springs are discussed in relation to geologic structure. He says, further:

With the exception of brief and rather incidental notices published by myself and others, and the communications of Dr. Daubeny to Silliman's Journal and the Ashmolean Society, no account has yet been given of the peculiarities of geological structure associated with the thermal springs of the United States.

In 1876 Gilbert 6 compiled a table and map of the thermal springs of the United States. Many of the data were obtained from reports of the exploration parties in the little-known West and from the various books on mineral springs and health resorts of the better- known East. In his table Gilbert gives the location and temperature of each spring and a reference to the source of his information. His map is practically the only one of thermal springs in the United States published prior to the present report. It is of interest to note that the general distribution of thermal springs on plate 8 of the present report does not differ materially from that of Gilbert's map.

Peale's first publication on thermal springs appeared in 1883.7 After an exhaustive description and discussion of the springs and geysers of the Yellowstone National Park (see pi. 12) he summarized the thermal springs and geysers of the world and then discussed "thermohydrology." A bibliography of the thermal springs and geysers of the United States and the world was included.

Three years later 8 Peale gave a table of mineral springs by States, showing the name and location, number, discharge, temperature,

8 Rogers, W. B., On the connection of thermal springs in Virginia, with anticlinal axes and faults: Assoc. Am. Geologists Kept., pp. 323-347,1843; republished in Geology of the Virginias, pp. 575-597,1884.

« Gilbert, G. K., op. cit., pp. 150-153, pi. 3.i Peale, A. C., U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Kept., for 1878, pt. 2, pp. 63-454,1883.s Peale, A. C., Lists and analyses of the mineral springs of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull.

32,1886.

64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

character of water, and remarks regarding commercial sale or use as a resort. Analyses of many of the springs and a brief summary oi the characteristics of the springs of each State were included. A large number of thermal springs were listed, but by far the greater number of the springs included are nonthermal.

In 1894 another report by Peale 9 discussed the history, origin, discharge, classification, and geographic distribution of mineral and thermal springs, the chemical composition and analyses of spring waters, and the utilization of mineral waters. A list of mineral- spring resorts was included.

More recently some compilations and discussions of the mineral and thermal springs of individual States have been published. Waring 10 discussed the mineral and thermal springs of California as related to geologic structure. As many of the springs, especially the thermal springs, issue at or near faults, a fault map of the State was included. A map showing the locations of the springs, detailed discussions of them, and tabulated data for each spring or spring group were also given.

In a similar report on the mineral springs of Alaska u geologic structure and relations were likewise assigned an important place. A map and a detailed discussion of the springs and localities were included. The thermal springs of Alaska and other Territories are not included in the present report, which treats only of the United States proper.

A report on the mineral waters of Colorado 12 dealt chiefly with the chemical features of mineral waters; but it also contained data on the general relation of mineral and thermal springs to geology. A description of the individual springs, or localities, included such facts as the location, discharge, temperature, use, and for some springs the kind of rock from which the water issues. The radio­ activity of mineral waters was discussed by O. C. Lester.

In three papers published in 1905 and 1906 Lakes 13 gave a very good presentation of'the geology of the hot springs of Colorado and the origin of their heat. These papers are of importance because they are among the few published articles that show geologic interest in thermal springs. In the geologic literature published since the time of Gilbert and Peale there are many references to and descrip­ tions of thermal springs, but as a rule the springs are noted or de­ scribed only in connection with areal geologic studies. .The meager-

Peale, A. C., Natural mineral waters of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey 14th Ann. Kept., pt. 2, pp. 49-88, 1894.

"> Waring, G. A., Springs of California: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 338,1915.» Waring, G. A., Mineral springs of Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 418,1917.11 George, R. D., and others. The mineral waters of Colorado: Colorado Geol. Survey Bull. 11,1920.18 Lakes, Arthur, Geology of the hot springs of Colorado and speculations as to their origin and heat:

Colorado Sci. Soc. Proc., vol. 8, pp. 31-38,1905; The hot and mineral springs of Routt County and Middle Park, Colo.: Min. Reporter, vol. 52, p. 438,1905; Mineral and hot springs in Colorado: Min. World, vol. 24, pp. 359-360,1908.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 65

ness of geologic information regarding thermal springs is surprising; but even detailed studies of the geology of the springs do not always clearly show their origin.

Several writers who have published articles concerning thermal springs are economic geologists who are interested in them in relation to mineral deposits. Notable among these are Emmons, Lindgren, and Weed, who have studied present-day spring deposits for the light they shed on the processes and conditions of ancient spring deposits. Weed H says:

The origin of metalliferous veins by hot waters ascending from great depths has always been a favorite theory with the practical miner, however widely the pendulum of geologic theory may swing away from this side of the arc of thought. Nevertheless, although hot springs are of as world-wide occurrence as ore depos­ its, examples of ore deposition by hot springs are rare. Indeed, the only examples generally recognized are the familiar ones at Steamboat Springs, Nev., and Sulphur Bank, Calif., though the fact that hot waters can dissolve the metals and form ores is established by the observations of Daubr4e.

He then discusses the formation of mineral veins in connection with hot springs at Boulder, Mont.

Another group of students of thermal springs are the volcanologists, who are interested chiefly in the relations of thermal springs to prob­ lems of volcanic action. Day and Alien studied the hot springs of Lassen Volcanic National Park in relation to the volcanic activity of Lassen Peak,15 and also The Geysers, in Sonoma County, Calif. 16 Daly 17 discussed the thermal springs of Yellowstone Park in relation to former volcanic activity. Interest in the magmatic and meteoric origins of thermal waters and the relation of the springs to volcanism has been expressed in a symposium on hot springs.18

M Weed, W. H., Mineral vein formation at Boulder Hot Springs, Mont.: U. S. Qeol. Survey 21st Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 233,1000.

11 Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 360,1925.

«Allen, E. T., and Day, A. L., Steam wells and other thermal activity at "The Geysers", Calif.: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 378,1927.

» Daly, R. A., The nature of volcanic action: Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. Proc., vol. 47, pp. 47-122,1911.is The temperatures of hot springs and the sources of their heat and water supply: Jour. Geology, vol.

32, pp. 177-225, 291-310, 373-399, 449-471, 1924. This symposium consists of the following papers:Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The sources of the heat and the sources of water in the hot springs of the

Lassen National Park, pp. 177-190.Adams, L. H., A physical source of heat in springs, pp. 191-194.Van Orstrand, C. E., Temperatures in some springs and geysers in Yellowstone National Park, pp.

194-225.Morey, G. W., Relation of crystallization to the water content and vapor pressure of water in a cooling

magma, pp. 291-295.Meinzer, O. E., Origin of the thermal springs of Nevada, Utah, and southern Idaho, pp. 295-303.Zeis, E. G., Hot springs of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, pp. 303-310.Watson, T. L., Thermal springs of the southeast Atlantic States, pp. 373-384.Brown, J. S., The hot springs of the Republic of Haiti, pp. 384-399.Bryan, Kirk, The hot springs of Arkansas, pp. 449-459.Day, A. L,, Hot springs and fumaroles of "The Geysers" region, California, pp. 459-460.Washington, H. S., Notes on the solfatara of Sousaki (Greece), a recent eruption of Methana (Greece),

and recent maccalube at Vulcano, pp. 460-462.Wright, F. E., The hot springs of Iceland, pp. 462-464.Sosman, R. B., Notes on the discussion of the papers presented in the symposium on hot springs, pp.

464-468; General summary of the symposium on hot springs, pp. 468-471.

66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

Since this paper was transmitted by the authors, a comprehensive report by Alien and Day on the results of their intensive investiga­ tions in Yellowstone National Park has been published. 19

GEOLOGIC PROBLEMS RELATING TO THERMAL SPRINGS

SOURCES OP THE WATER

There are two main phases of the problem of the origin of thermal springs, namely, the sources of the water and the sources of the heat.

The water may be meteoric that is, surface water which has percolated downward, been heated, and then ascended to the surface; it may be juvenile that is, a product from the magma itself which has reached the surface for the first time; or it may be a mixture of meteoric and juvenile waters in any proportion.

Clarke 20 says:Until quite recently the prevalent opinion has been that all spring waters,

including those emitted by geysers, were originally meteoric. Modern investiga­ tions into volcanism and upon the subject of metalliferous veins have, however, led to a reopening of the question. E. Suess, speaking with especial reference to the thermal springs of Carlsbad, has advanced strong arguments to show that waters of this class are "juvenile" and now see the light of day for the first time; that is, they issue from deep within the earth, from the fundamental magma itself, and bring up veritable additions to the hydrosphere. * * *

This subdivision of springs into vadose, or those which represent original infiltration of surface waters, and juvenile, as Suess terms them, has had wide but not universal acceptance. A difficulty in applying the proposed nomenclature arises from the fact that it is not easy to determine where a given water belongs. Armand Gautier, however, has pointed out several criteria which may make discrimination possible. He shows that vadose waters, or waters of infiltration, are characterized by fluctuations in composition, concentration, and rate of flow, depending upon local and variable conditions, such as abundant rain or drought. They also contain, as a rule, carbonates of lime or magnesia, chlorides, or sul­ phates. Virgin or juvenile waters, on the contrary, are fairly constant in all essential particulars and carry sodium bicarbonate, alkaline silicates, heavy metals, etc., as chief constituents, with chlorides or sulphates only as accessories, and practically no carbonates of the alkaline earths. The vadose waters, more­ over, issue from faults having no relation to the metallic veins of the surrounding territory a lack of relation which is conspicuous as regards juvenile springs. Gautier holds that hydrogen emitted from the hot interior of the earth acts as a reducing agent upon metallic oxides and so forms the magmatic waters of the springs. With the waters thus generated, other water, that of constitution from minerals like the micas, is commingled.

Regarding the radioactivity of spring waters as a criterion he says: 21A very large number of such waters possess this property, but no distinction

between vadose and juvenile waters can be based upon the observations. Waters of both classes are radioactive, but the phenomenon is perhaps most common among waters of volcanic origin, or at least among thermal springs.

18Alien, E. T., and Day, A. L., Hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park (microscopic examinations by H. E. Merwin): Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 466,1935.

2° CJarke, F. W., The data of geochemistry, 5th ed.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 770, pp. 213-214,1924. «Idem, pp. 215-216.

THEEMAL SPEINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 67

Hague 22 concluded that the waters of the hot springs and geysers of the Yellowstone National Park are essentially meteoric waters that have penetrated downward a sufficient distance to attain an increased temperature and have been forced to the surface again by ascending currents. The geologic evidence on which he based his conclusion consists of "the nature and structure of the rocks through which the heated waters reach the surface, the mineral constituents contained in the waters, the composition of the associated gases, and the char­ acters of the varied sediments and incrustations deposited around the springs and pools."

Day and Alien 23 concluded that the hot springs of Lassen Volcanic N ational Park are fed chiefly by surface water that drains the basins in which they lie, but that a probably smaller portion of the water is derived from an underlying magma or batholith. The local and seasonal variations in the volume of the surface water account for the variations in volume and for the greater part of the variations in temperature in the springs. In their detailed report on the area they say: 24

Altogether the evidence for the surface origin of water in the Lassen springs is so convincing to an observer that if the hypothesis of juvenile or magmatic water had never been proposed the entire adequacy of the simpler theory to account for all the water would probably never have been questioned.

The magmatic water rises in the form of steam along with other volcanic gases through clefts in the rock, is condensed by the ground water, and becomes mingled with it. These conclusions were con­ firmed by the later work of Alien and Day in Yellowstone National Park.

Much of the information presented in the symposium on thermal springs already cited supports the conclusion that at least part of the water of many thermal springs is of magmatic origin. Morey 25 showed that the amount of water that may be dissolved in a batho- lithic magma, of the chemical character described by him, may be sufficient to supply small hot springs for hundreds of thousands of years without any addition of surface water. He also showed that the conditions of crystallization of such a magma may yield water vapor under considerable pressure.

It should not be inferred from the preceding discussion that the proportion of magmatic water in the discharge of thermal springs is large. In many places large bodies of hot rock lie at shallow depths

22 Hague, Arnold, Origin of the thermal waters in the Yellowstone National Park: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 22, pp. 103-122, 1911.

« Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The sources of the heat and the source of water in the hot springs of the Lassen National Park: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 178-190,1924.

M Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 360, p. 162, 1925.

2i Morey, Q. W., Relation of crystallization to the water content and vapor pressure of water in a cooling magma: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 291-295, 1924i

68 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

but do not give off appreciable quantities of magmatic water. For example, the amount of steam given off by a body of hot rock at shallow depth at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, is negligible except immediately after rains. At Klamath Falls, Oreg., it is a common practice to drill shallow holes to the hot rock and insert coils through which water is circulated for heating. These holes do not steam, and yet surface water introduced into them is promptly heated and returned by convection to the surface. The major part of the dis­ charge of the hot springs near Klamath Falls is doubtless meteoric water circulating through cracks in a similar way.

SOURCES OF THE HEAT

The heat of thermal springs may be derived (a) from the natural increase in temperature of the earth with depth, (&) from an underlying body of hot or possibly molten rock, (c) from zones where there has been faulting of the rocks with resultant development of heat, (d) from chemical reactions beneath the surface, or (e) from the energy derived by the disintegration of radioactive elements.

In most areas where the rocks have been little disturbed the records obtained from deep wells and mine shafts show that the temperature increases 1° F. for about each 40 to 90 feet increase in depth. Hence, surface water that penetrates to a depth of 1,000 feet may have its temperature increased perhaps 20°; and if it rises fairly rapidly to the surface again, it may issue at a temperature noticeably higher than normal. Such a condition is believed by Reeves 26 to account for the warm temperature of certain springs in Virginia.

The warmth of most deep-well waters is due to this natural increase of temperature of the earth with depth. Many springs, known as artesian springs, discharge water warmed by contact with warm rocks at the depth to which the water has penetrated.

Lava that has not yet cooled to normal surface temperature may underlie areas of volcanic rocks at moderate depths. Magmas may underlie some areas at great depth and transmit the heat to the over­ lying materials. Meteoric water that in such areas penetrates near the heated materials may be thus heated.

In areas of present or very recent volcanic activity the source of heat of the hot springs is obviously the uncooled lava below the surface of the earth. In Lassen Volcanic National Park, Calif., the thermal springs are probably associated with the volcanic activity of Lassen Peak. Similarly in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, in Alaska, the hot springs are related to the activity of Katmai Volcano. Most of the hot springs of Iceland, Java, Japan, New

w Reeves, Frank, Thermal springs of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 28,1932.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 69

Zealand, and other volcanic regions are likewise related to the volcanic activity.

Hot igneous rocks that now lie at a moderate depth below the sur­ face may be a source of heat for thermal springs, both from heat radiated by the rocks and from steam given off, which mingles with and heats meteoric water that has penetrated downward. The courses by which the heated water returns to the surface, through ascending hydraulic and convection currents, depend on the local geologic structure. The temperatures of the springs at the surface will depend upon the initial heat of the water, the loss of heat as the water rises, and the admixture of cool ground water.

It is stated by Daly 27 that in the Yellows tone National Park the rhyolite probably passes downward into a typical granite batholith and that this batholith is relatively near the surface and is the source of heat for the geysers and hot springs.

Much heat is generated by crushing and shearing that accompany the movement of large bodies of rock. This heat is probably the source of the heat of some thermal springs. It is difficult, however, to determine whether the heat of the thermal water is due to the heat of metamorphism or to the fact that faulting and shearing allow the upward escape of heated water from considerable depths.

Chemical reaction as a source of heat for thermal springs has been much discussed. Some chemical reactions generate heat, but it seems doubtful whether the heat thus generated is sufficient in quan­ tity for any extensive thermal action. Day and Alien 28 concluded that chemical oxidation is in all probability a minor factor in the heat supply.

In addition to the four principal sources of heat just described, several minor conditions may be contributing factors in some springs. Kadioactivity as a source of heat for thermal springs has been con­ sidered by many authorities. Schlundt and Moore 29 found that the rhyolites, limestones, thermal waters, gases, and sediments of the Yellowstone National Park are all radioactive. They say:

These data certainly seem to indicate that the hydrothermal activity so mani­ fest in the park is not connected with localized deposits of radium. In the above calculations the question of heat lost by diffusion and other factors is not taken into consideration, but after allowing a generous margin for error we do not see how more than 1 percent of the heat required for the hydrothermal action can be ascribed to the radium content of the rock.

>' Daly, R. A., The nature of volcanic action: Am. Acad. Arts Sci. Proc., vol. 47, pp. 63-67,1911.& Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The sources of the heat and the source of water in the hot springs of the

Lassen National Park: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, p. 183,1924.^ Schlundt, Herman, and Moore, R. B., The radioactivity of the thermal waters of the Yellowstone

National Park: IT. S. Qeol. Survey Bull. 395, p. 35,1909.

70 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

Regarding radioactivity as a source of heat in the Lassen Peak area, Day and Alien30 say:

While the radioactivity of the gases and waters of the Lassen springs has not been investigated, tests of this kind have been made in Iceland by Thorkelsson and in the Yellowstone Park by Schlundt and Moore, with decisive results. The amount of the emanation in both these famous hot-spring localities is considerable, but no connection was found between the amount of it and the temperature of the waters. In fact, the cold waters of the Yellowstone were slightly more radio­ active on the average than the hot waters. In both localities the investigators were satisfied that radioactivity had nothing to do with the source of the heat. It is also noteworthy that mineral deposits which are most radioactive are not found associated with local high temperatures, and we conclude that further developments of importance along this line are unlikely.

In the discussion of radioactivity of the mineral waters of Colorado, Lester 31 states:

A careful comparison of the radioactivity measurements with the data obtained from the chemical analyses shows that there is no connection between radio­ activity and any chemical property. Neither is there any connection between activity and temperature nor between the activity in water or gas and that in the deposits. Some springs situated near each other have shown activities of very different magnitude, and again the individual springs of a closely associated group have shown quite similar activities. In the first case the waters of the separate springs usually had the appearance of being different in character, but not always.

Adams 32 has discussed as a physical source of heat in springs the effects accompanying release of pressure, or porous-plug expansion. He shows that the forced flow of a fluid from a high pressure to a low pressure through a porous plug may develop considerable heat. For liquids there may result an increase in temperature of as much as 20° C. (36° F.) for a fall in pressure of 1,000 atmospheres. It is said that this process will always be operative to some extent where water is flowing. It may account for part of the rise in temperature of such springs as those in Virginia and Georgia, although probably it is not quantitatively important in these springs.

An interesting local cause of heat in thermal springs is mentioned by Daubeny,33 who quotes Kastner as stating that in the Westerwald, in Prussia, the burning of brown coal underground has caused so much heat in the contiguous rocks as to give rise to several warm springs.

3° Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., op. cit. (Jour. Geology, vol. 32), p. 180.31 Lester, O. C., George, R. D., and others in, Mineral waters of Colorado: Colorado Geol. Survey

Bull. 11, p. 188,1920.32 Adams, L. H., A physical source of heat in springs: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 191-194, 1924.33 Daubeny, Charles, Report on the present state of our knowledge with respect to mineral and thermal

waters: British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Rep. 5th meeting, vol. 5, p. 67, 1837.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 71

RELATION OF THERMAL SPRINGS TO GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE

An important phase of the problems dealing with thermal springs relates to the manner of transfer of the heated water to the surface and, in the springs of meteoric origin, the transfer of the cool mete­ oric water down to the region where the heating occurs.

In areas of volcanic activity where the warm rocks lie at or near the surface, there is no difficulty in explaining how meteoric water may reach the source of heat, or how either meteoric or magmatic water may come to the surface. The heat is near the surface and may be in the zone of ground-water circulation, and the volcanic vents and fissures give ample openings for ejection. The thermal springs of the Lassen Volcanic National Park and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes are illustrative of this condition.

When the magma is at moderate depths in the earth, water prob­ ably ascends from it to the surface through fissures and faults. Ground-water circulation often occurs at moderate depths over wide areas, and the presence of a magma below the surface can easily account for thermal springs in specific regions. The water of such springs may be meteoric or magmatic, or a mixture of the two. If the magma is at a considerable depth below the surface, the meteoric water cannot readily reach it or the associated hot rocks unless there are favorable structural conditions; below certain depths fissures are narrow rather than wide, because of the great pressure of the over­ lying rocks. However, magmatic steam under high pressure can probably penetrate tight faults and fractures.

The position of many thermal springs is definitely related to the geologic structure. A large number issue along major fault zones. This is true of many thermal springs in the regions of faulted moun­ tain blocks in Utah, Nevada, California, and Oregon. Other thermal springs issue along anticlinal axes where mm or fractures facilitate the escape of heated water. In some places, as in Virginia, synclinal structure produces artesian conditions that carry ground water to depths where it becomes heated, and thence to the surface.

Meinzer 34 says:It is generally believed that thermal springs which do not issue directly from

hot volcanic rocks owe their high temperatures to artesian structure that causes the ground water to descend to great depths. However, most of the thermal springs in Nevada, Utah, and southern Idaho do not issue from rocks that have definite artesian structure, and some issue from granite that almost certainly has no artesian structure. In the Goose Creek Basin the Tertiary beds form an artesian system that yields warm water, but the artesian structure apparently has nothing to do with the rise of the warm water through the underlying older rocks. Moreover, most of the warm water issues directly from the older rocks, which are so much broken and deformed that they seem to lack entirely the

'4 Meinzer, O. E., Origin of the thermal springs of Nevada, Utah, and southern Idaho: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 299-300,1924.

72202 37 2

72 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

structure of an artesian basin. Another typical example of the lack of artesian conditions is afforded by the Darrough Hot Springs in Big Smoky Valley, Nev. These springs are on an alluvial fan on the west side of the valley and issue from bouldery valley fill, but their water doubtless comes from the underlying rock. The mountains on both sides of the valley are composed mainly of greatly deformed Paleozoic quartzite, limestone, slate, and schist and rather old Tertiary rhyolite and tuff. The mountain front on the west side of the valley is essentially a fault scarp produced by extensive faulting in Pliocene and Quaternary time. Obviously such a structure would be considered entirely unfavorable for artesian water.

AGE OF THERMAL SPRINGS

In many areas thermal-spring activity has apparently been going on for a long time. Some of the thermal springs that issue along faults have probably been discharging since the time when the faulting took place. The springs on the lower limbs of synclines have presumably existed since the present land forms were pro­ duced. Thus it appears probable that some of the present thermal springs or spring localities have been active since the beginning of the Quaternary period. In some places there are extensive deposits of calcareous tufa or siliceous sinter near hot springs. These deposits mark a long period of deposition and usually show minor changes in the position of the springs, as streams have cut down or other agencies have slowly affected the points of discharge of the water. On the other hand, permeable volcanic rocks may have such a vigorous circulation of ground water that their heat is soon dissipated, and hence their thermal springs are of relatively short duration.

THE SPRINGS, BY PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS

DISTRIBUTION

Gilbert 35 discussed the distribution of the thermal springs in the United States in relation to the rock deformation and the volcanic eruptions, making the following statements:

In the region of the Appalachians the phenomena of eruption have always been subordinate to those of corrugation, and they appear to be in no wise con­ nected with thermal springs. In the western region eruption has been nearly as universal as corrugation and in places rivals it in the magnitude of its move­ ments.

In examining the map the first thing to note is that the Mississippi region con­ tains no hot springs nor does the plain of the Atlantic coast. The single locality in Arkansas is referable to the Archean Ozark corrugation. In the Colorado Plateau but five localities are noted, a number decidedly below the mean of the western mountain region, which, for the same area, averages 13 localities. It is true that it [the plateauj is not yet fully explored, but it is nevertheless probable that the record of its hot springs is nearer complete than that of the mountain region. The distribution of hot springs is thus shown to coincide very exactly

a Gilbert, G. K., TJ. 8. Geog. and Geol. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept., vol. 3, pp. 147-149, pi. 3,1875.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 73

with that of corrugation, there being none in undisturbed regions and few in regions of little disturbance.

Further, he showed that the range of temperature is far higher in the western region than in the eastern, and also the number of locali­ ties is far greater. He said in explanation:

The geological relations appear to accord with this hydrothermal contrast. The corrugation and the eruption of the Appalachian region are things of the past, not known to have continued so late as Cretaceous time; while in the West these actions have persisted to so late a period that we have good reason to believe they have not ceased. It is dangerous to argue from single coincidences, but certainly, so far as these facts go, they tend to confirm the explanations of the phenomena that have grown out of the theories of mountain building. We may consider the heat of springs in the Appalachians due entirely, as argued by Rogers, to the normal we might almost say static downward increase of temperature, brought to bear by the means of deep-seated watercourses, follow­ ing faults and curved strata. In the western mountain region a greater heat is obtained by the same means, because of local upraisings of the geoisothermal planes, produced by the progressive corrugation, and the intensity of the phe­ nomena is further heightened by the intrusion and extrusion of lavas.

Gilbert found it difficult with the meager data available to com­ pare different portions of the western province. He assigned the sparseness of thermal springs in some regions to inequality of observa­ tion but recognized that there are several areas of few or no thermal springs which needed explanation. He stated that he was at a loss for the interpretation of some of these blank areas.

The United States has been divided into eight main physiographic or geomorphic regions,36 each with distinctive geologic structure. These main divisions are the Laurentian Upland, Atlantic Plain, Appalachian Highlands, Interior Plains, Interior Highlands, Kocky Mountain System, Intermontane Plateaus, and Pacific Mountain System (pi. 8). As the thermal springs are closely related to the geol­ ogy, they may be fittingly discussed according to these physiographic divisions. In the following discussion the publications of Bowman 37 and Lobeck 38 have been followed with respect to physiography.

LAURENTIAN UPLAND

That part of the Laurentian Upland which lies within the United States includes only northwestern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northeastern Minnesota. It is a peneplain that has been considerably dissected and glaciated. It is composed of crystalline rocks of com­ plex geologic structure, overlain by glacial drift. No thermal springs are known in this division in the United States, even where the bed­ rock is not covered with drift.

38 Fenneman, N. M., Physiographic divisions of the United States: Assoc. Am. Geographers Annals, vol., 6, pp. 19-98,1916.

" Bowman, Isaiah, Forest physiography, New York, 1911. N Lobeck, A. K., Physiographic diagram of the United States, 1922.

74 CONTEIBUTIONS TO HYDEOLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

ATLANTIC PLAIN

The Atlantic Plain includes the Coastal Plain area extending south from Long Island to Florida and west from Florida through southern Texas to Mexico. This division comprises chiefly lowlands underlain by sand, silt, and clay, of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary age, in strata that incline gently seaward. In these soft beds there are many springs, some of which have large flow, but no truly thermal springs are known. In Florida there are several springs that are veritable rivers in size. Their source is in shallow water-bearing beds under artesian pressure, and the water is a few degrees warmer than that of ordinary surface springs. In some early reports these large springs were classed as thermal. McGee 39 mentioned "the deep-seated springs of Florida, of which most are thermal." Meinzer,49 however, has listed the large springs of Florida and gives their tem­ peratures as ranging from 70° to 78°. As this is hardly 5° above the mean annual temperature of the State, they are not thermal springs in the ordinary use of the term and therefore are not listed in the present report.

Raleigh Mineral Spring, 10 miles north of Memphis, Tenn., in the northern part of the Mississippi embayment, is listed in some early records as thermal. It was formerly developed as a hotel resort but in late years has been used only as a local water supply. In 1934 the temperature of its water was only 60°, which is practically the mean annual temperature of the locality.

APPALACHIAN HIGHLANDS

The Appalachian Highlands comprise a series of plateaus and moun­ tains in which the rocks have been greatly deformed. All the dis­ tinctly thermal springs in the eastern part of the United States are in this region.

The northernmost warm spring that is known is Sand Spring, near the northwest corner of Massachusetts. (See pi. 8.) Its water has a temperature of 76°, which is about 30° above that of the shallow well waters, and its discharge is 400 gallons a minute. This large spring has been used since early colonial times, and for the last 30 years or more the water has been used commercially in the manufac­ ture of carbonated beverages.

About 20 miles to the south, in New York, is Lebanon Spring. It has a temperature nearly the same as Sand Spring and a somewhat greater discharge. It was developed as a bathing resort in early colonial days and is still a noted resort. Both of these springs are near the north end of the Appalachian Highlands and issue from

38 McGee, W J, Potable waters of the eastern United States: U. S. Geol. Survey 14th Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 44,1894.

« Meinzer, O. E., Large springs in the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 557, p. 11, 1927.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 75

Cambrian rocks, in an area where there has been intense folding and much faulting. The water of both springs is probably of surface origin, but it has penetrated to considerable depth and has returned to the surface along fractures. It is only moderately mineralized.

In an early report of the Geological Survey of Vermont mention was made of a slightly warm spring at Bennington.41 Later reports do not list this spring, however, and information obtained in 1934 indicates that the reference was to Morgan Spring, near the center of the city, whose temperature is about 53°, or only 8° above the mean annual temperature. Although the water may have a fairly deep source, similar to that of Sand Spring and Lebanon Spring, not far to the south, it is not included among the thermal springs in this report.

Fully 200 miles southwest of Lebanon Spring and about 15 miles northwest of Harrisburg, Pa., is the Perry County Warm Spring. It was early developed as a bathing resort, but in recent years it has not been so used. It has a temperature of 72° and a discharge of 90 gallons a minute. The temperature indicates that the water rises from a considerable depth.

The principal group of thermal springs in the Appalachian High­ lands is in Virginia and West Virginia. These springs are discussed by Watson 42 as follows:

The thermal springs of Virginia are the best known and have been the longest studied in the southeast Atlantic States. The contributions by Prof. William Barton Rogers on these are the most important. Although Professor Rogers listed more than a score of thermal springs in Virginia, including several in West Virginia, giving temperature and other data on each, the thermal springs of the Warm Spring Valley, including the Hot, Warm, and Healing Springs in Bath County, have the highest temperatures and are best known. The temperature of most of the others is only a few degrees above the annual atmospheric mean.

All the Virginia thermal springs are located in the folded Appalachians west of the Blue Ridge. The waters issue through Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, all of which have been strongly folded and in places profoundly faulted. Igneous rocks, both acidic and basic, cut the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in places, chiefly as dikes. They occur some distance from the springs, are not later than Triassic in age, are entirely cold, and have no relation to the thermal waters.

The linear grouping of the springs has long been recognized, and Professor Rogers early showed that the more decided thermal springs issue along or near lines of anticlinal axes. They are regarded as due to fractures or zones of crush­ ing which may not always be visible at the surface. Those of the Warm Spring Valley rise along the west limb of the fold through steeply dipping nearly vertical beds of Cambro-Ordovician limestones.

Warm Spring Valley has resulted from deep erosion of the crust of Warm Springs Mountain, a conspicuous anticline of the Appalachian type, composed of Silurian sandstone or quartzites and shales overlying Cambro-Ordovician limestones. Steep dips, nearly vertical in places, characterize the west limb. Structure sections (fig. 9) through Warm Spring Valley near the Hot and Warm

41 Adams, C. B., Vermont Geol. Survey 2d Ann. Kept., p. 250, 1846.*» Watson, T. L., Thermal springs of the southeast Atlantic States: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 376-378,

1924.

76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

83r

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 679 PLATE 9

78°

MAP OF VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA SHOWING THERMAL SPRINGS.Numbers refer to table in text.

U. 6. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

»4*40'

PAPER 6f9 PLA*E to

84*20'

(ndex map of Georgia showing area of thermal springs

Barker Sfrirg* \

MERJWETHER CO

30'

iQMiles

MAP OF PART OF GEORGIA SHOWING' THERMAL SPRINGS AND THEIR RELATION TO PINE MOUNTAIN.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 77

Springs generalize the structural relations of the rocks. The sections, adopted from Darton, show the regular succession of formations and the absence of fault­ ing, although faults may and probably do occur. The waters rise to the surface along fracture or slip planes in the limestone.

In 1927-29 the thermal springs of the Virginia region were studied by Reeves,43 who concluded that

The springs are produced by meteoric waters entering a permeable bed along its outcrop at a relatively high altitude on the crest or limb of one anticline and rising to the surface where the same bed crops out at a lower altitude in another anticline, the temperature of the waters being an expression of the normal earth temperature in the deep synclinal basins through which the water circulates.

Of the 321 springs examined by Reeves, 45 had temperatures be­ tween 55° and 59.5°, and 40 had temperatures between 60° and 105.8°. Although nearly all these springs are similar in character and in their relation to the structure, their temperatures grade insensibly from cool to warm, and only an arbitrary division can be made; but as the mean annual temperature of the district is 50° to 55°, only the 20 springs in Virginia and 10 in West Virginia that have temperatures appreciably above 60° are indicated on plate 9 and included in the tabulated list of the present report as being distinctly thermal. This number includes several springs mentioned by Reeves but not listed in his report.

In an early report by Peale ** a warm spring on the French Broad River near the east border of Tennessee was listed, but inquiry in 1934 failed to verify this report. The thermal springs at Hot Springs, N. C., are about 3 miles east of the Tennessee border. These were early developed as a resort.45

In 1933 a detailed study of geologic conditions near Warm Springs, Ga., was undertaken by the United States Geological Survey. In addition to the three well-known thermal springs of the district, five others were found to have temperatures noticeably above normal. There may be a few other small springs of warm water along the north side of Pine Mountain. The positions of the known thermal springs with relation to the mountain are shown in plate 10.

INTERIOR PLAINS

The Interior Plains cover practically all the lowland area between the Appalachian region and the Rocky Mountains and contain nearly one-half of the area of the United States. In the Black Hills of South Dakota there are three hot-spring localities, the principal one at Hot Springs and the others 3 miles to the west and 10 miles to the south-

« Beeves. Prank, Thermal springs of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 28,1932.«* Peale, A. C., U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 324,1883 (table of thermal

springs in the United States).«Idem. Gilbert, G. K.t U. S. Geog. and Geol. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Final Kept., vol. 3, p. 150, 1875

(table of thermal springs in the United States).

78 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

west (pi. 8). These seem to be related to the Black Hills uplift. The thermal springs and their geology have been described by Dar- ton.46 The warm water issues from crevices in the Minnekahta limestone and is believed to rise from the Deadwood formation, which is about 1,000 feet below the surface. The water is nearly 50° warmer than the mean annual temperature. The upward escape of the water has apparently been facilitated by fracturing. The springs at Hot Springs were early developed as a resort, and a United States soldiers' home has been established there. The mineral content of the water is similar to that of artesian wells of the district.

Throughout the rest of the great region of the Interior Plains no definitely thermal springs are known. In western Kentucky, Gray- son Springs, in Grayson County, and Linsey's Mineral Spring, in Christian County, were listed by Peale 47 as thermal. These places were early developed as resorts but have not been so used for a number of years. The early reported temperatures of their waters (58° to 71°) could not be verified in 1934. It seems doubtful whether they are appreciably above the normal for springs of the district, and they have not been included in the present tabulation.

In the report on a part of northern Texas, Gordon tt referred to a spring near Forestburg reported as yielding a "never-failing supply of warm water." In a report on a part of southern Texas, Hill 49 mentioned Comal Springs, with a temperature of 75°, and character­ ized them as thermal. Although the springs mentioned by Gordon and by Hill may be of artesian character and slightly above the mean annual temperature of the region, they are not considered warm enough to be included in the present list of thermal springs, as the mean annual temperature of northern Texas is about 65° and of southern Texas about 70°.

INTERIOR HIGHLANDS

The Interior Highlands cover southern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma and consist of the Ozark Plateaus and the Ouachita province. In this area thermal springs are present only in Arkansas. By far the largest group is at Hot Springs, which was made a Government reserve in 1838. Several years later a general hospital was established there for the Army and Navy. The waters are extensively used by private bathing establishments, and

« Barton, N. H., Artesian waters in the vicinity of the Black Hills, S. Dak.: U. S. Qeol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 428, pp. 28, 54,1918.

" Peale, A. C., Lists and analyses of the mineral springs of the United States: U. S. Qeol. Survey Bull. 32, p. 108. 1886.

« Gordon, C. H., Geology and underground waters of the Wichita region, north-central Texas: U. S. Qeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 317, p. 44, 1913.

« Hill, K. T., and Vaughan, T. W., Geology of the Edwards Plateau and Rio Grande Plain adjacent to Austin and San Antonio, Tex., with reference to the occurrence of underground water: U. S. Geol. Survey 18th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 309-312, 1898.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 79

the place is a popular all-year resort. The springs are in the Ouachita Mountains, which consist of a series of ridges formed by the upturned edges of Paleozoic rocks. The geology of the area and the source and temperature of the water have been discussed by Purdue,50 who con­ cludes that the water collects in an anticlinal valley to the north­ west; penetrates down into a syncline and emerges, owing to hydro­ static pressure, in the crest of the plunging anticline at Hot Springs; and that the heat is due chiefly to the depth to which the water descends, where it becomes heated by proximity to underlying masses of hot rock.

Bryan 61 has advanced the theory that some of the water may be of magmatic origin, but he agrees with Purdue as to the structure, which he shows as in figure 10.

- NW. ^"'"^ \ SE

I5OO-

1000-

500-

Sea level-

FIGURE 10. Geologic cross section showing structure near Hot Springs, Ark. (After Bryan (Jour. Geology, vol. 30, p. 433,1922), modified from Purdue.)

Regarding the origin of the water and heat, Bryan says: 62There are three principal hypotheses of origin. According to the one having

the greatest number of advocates, the water is entirely meteoric and enters a porous bed in an anticline northwest of the springs, passes under a syncline, and emerges in the next anticline because of hydrostatic pressure. Because the probable depth of the line of travel under the syncline is small and heating of the water by depth alone seems improbable, it is assumed that here the water comes in contact with hot rock, perhaps a cooling plug of igneous origin. However, the lowest part of the anticline in which the water is to gather is lower than the highest of the springs; therefore, there can be no movement due solely to hydrostatic head. Evidence is also brought forward to show that there are other springs of strong flow in the surrounding region of similar mineralization and with tempera­ tures above normal. Therefore, a special mechanism for flow or as a source of heat is invalid, and a general cause, capable of producing all the springs, must be sought. On this account the simple hypothesis that the water is derived from a cooling and crystallizing igneous mass directly under the springs seems un­ likely, for it would be necessary to postulate several such masses distributed over an area 50 miles in diameter, and there is no other evidence of igneous activity save the dikes and stocks, previously referred to, which are of Cretaceous

{0 Purdue, A. H., The collecting area of the waters of the hot springs, Hot Springs, Ark.: Jour. Geology, vol. 23, pp. 278-285,1910; U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Hot Springs folio (no. 215), p. 11, 1923.

H Bryan, Kirk, The hot-water supply of the Hot Springs, Ark.: Jour. Geology, vol. 30, pp. 426-449, 1922; The hot springs of Arkansas: Idem, vol. 32, pp. 449-459,1924.

M Bryan, Kirk, Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 450-451,1924.

80 CONTBIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

age. It seems more likely that in the Pleistocene uplift of the region deep fissures or faults were formed of which no surface expression has been discovered. These fissures doubtless extend into the deep interior of the earth, whence juvenile water rises and, mixed with meteoric water, comes to the surface through shattered rock at the end of the Hot Springs anticline.

At three places 35 to 50 miles south of west from Hot Springs there are small springs with temperatures notably above normal. As the geologic conditions are similar to those near Hot Springs, these minor springs probably have similar origins to those of the larger group.

At Rice's Spring, near the north border of Arkansas (see pi. 8), noticeably thermal water issues. The rocks of the vicinity are Ordo- vician limestone, and the temperature of 82° suggests that the water rises from a considerable depth, either along fault fissures or from artesian structure. There probably are a few other springs in this region with temperatures appreciably above normal, which have not been reported. Three others with temperatures only slightly above normal were listed by Bryan.53

BOCKY MOUNTAIN SYSTEM

The Rocky Mountain System comprises the chain of mountains lying just west of the Great Plains region. It is divided into three provinces (1) the Northern Rocky Mountains and (2) the Southern Rocky Mountains, two areas of complex mountains of various types with intermontane basins; separated by (3) the Wyoming Basin, an area of high plains in various stages of erosion with isolated low moun­ tains. In the Wyoming Basin province there are only a few thermal springs; in the two Rocky Mountain provinces there are a great many, as shown on plate 11.

NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS

Of all the physiographic or geomorphic provinces of the United States the Northern Rocky Mountains is perhaps the least unified. Irregular ranges extend southward like great tentacles, including portions of the neighboring plains within their grasp, and detached outliers rise above the hilly country on both sides. Though it is chiefly mountainous, it has extensive intermontane valleys and plains, and it is underlain by a great variety of rocks having complicated structure. It has been found convenient to consider these different topographic areas together, even though it is difficult to characterize the province briefly as a whole; but because of their diversity it is convenient to discuss separately the outstanding topographic and geologic features.

«8 Bryan, Kirk, The hot-water supply of the Hot Springs, Ark.: Jour. Geology, vol. 30, p. 430,1922.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 81

The mountain forms of northern Montana are in contrast with those of central Idaho. The northern group, extending into Canada, presents a linear arrangement of its elements, so that several parallel ranges are recognized. The ranges are separated by well-defined valleys, some of which contain long, narrow lakes. In northern Montana the easternmost chain facing toward the Great Plains is the Lewis Range, a high barrier forming the Continental Divide and deeply dissected by streams and carved by great valley glaciers. Most of the thermal springs of Montana lie within this area and are associated with faults and igneous intrusions. Among these are the hot springs near Boulder, which issue from fissures in granite. These springs are especially noted for the fact that they are depositing minerals at the present time. Alhambra Hot Springs, Hapgood Hot Springs, and several others are scattered through the area.

West of the front ranges of northern Montana and parallel with them is a long valley that extends southward to the Idaho boundary. This is the Rocky Mountain trench, with a flat floor underlain by alluvial deposits, allowing easy communication and highly developed agriculture. The cities of Kalispell, Missoula, and Hamilton lie in this valley. Conditions are unfavorable for thermal springs, and none have been reported in this area. Farther west are the Purcell Mountains, with "accompanying smaller ranges and the rather indis­ tinct Purcell trench. Beyond, in northeastern Washington, is the Selkirk Range. Camas Hot Springs, in Montana, lie in this province and are said to issue near a diorite sill. Granite or Lo-Lo Hot Springs, in Idaho, are also within the province. Their water issues from granite near its contact with sedimentary rocks.

The mountain mass of central Idaho consists of a maze of peaks with no discernible scheme of arrangement. The Coeur d'Alene, Clearwater, and Bitterroot Mountains lie near the Montana boundary, and farther south are the Salmon River Mountains. There are many hot and warm springs in this area, but few of them have been improved commercially. Information concerning most of those listed was supplied by the rangers of the United States Forest Service. There probably are others outside the national forests, which are known only locally. A feature of this region is that many of the springs issue from granitic rocks, as indicated in figure 11. Compara­ tively few of the thermal springs of Idaho issue from the basaltic lavas, which cover extensive areas. The group of hot springs near Hailey is in some respects typical of the area. These issue at a maxi­ mum temperature of 136°, from gravel near exposures of slate, and have long been developed.

East of the Missouri River is the Big Belt Range, which is the largest of the outlying ranges in Montana. A few warm springs are found in these outliers, associated with folds and faults.

82 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

EXPLANATION

Chiefly Quaternary alluvium,Tertiarylade beds, and Paleozoic limestone,

slate, and quartzite

Tertiary lava

SOMiles

FIGURE 11. Map of Idaho showing distribution of thermal springs (dots) and principal areas of graniteand of lava.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

107°

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 679 PLATE 11

105*

If ""IDAHO 1" -

M I S S 0 U L A !pow

i! _ } _ I B RO A D-;Jf i^T I9 I W AX E R

' I6« -' ' * 22 ~"^

__._____- -1

MAP OF IDAHO, MONTANA, AND WYOMING SHOWING THERMAL SPRINGS.Numbers refer to table in text.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 83

In northwestern Wyoming is the Yellowstone National Park which lies on a plateau surrounded by mountain ranges. On the east is the high Absaroka Kange, through which the Shoshone Kiver Canyon provides an entrance to the area. On the south rise the majestic Teton Mountains, In southern Idaho these break into a series of minor ranges, which extend southward into Utah and form the Wasatch Mountains. The spur projecting into the Green River Basin of southern Wyoming forms the Wind River Mountains.

The area was studied in great detail by Hague,54 who wrote several reports on it. He concluded that all the heated water is of mete­ oric origin and derives its high temperature from contact, in its underground travel, with lava that has not yet cooled to normal temperature.

Other papers on the subject have been written by Peale,55 Weed,56 Jagger,57 Gautier,58 Schlundt and Moore,59 Van Orstrand,60 and Alien and Day.61

The central portion of the park may be described as a broad vol­ canic plateau lying between 7,200 and 8,300 feet above sea level, with an average altitude of nearly 8,000 feet. On the south, east, north, and northwest of this plateau rise mountain ranges with peaks and ridges 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the general level of the enclosed area.

All the geysers and most of the hot springs are in the western part of the park, the most notable geysers being within the areas known as Lower, Midway, and Upper Geyser Basins, as indicated on plate 12. The most notable "paintpots" are farther north, in Gibbon Meadows; and the most prominent spring deposits are near the north edge of the park, at Mammoth Hot Springs, which are shown in plate 7. It is estimated that there are about 3,000 individual hot springs, gey­ sers, mud springs or "paintpots," and vapor vents or fumaroles within the park, but the number is constantly changing as new vents break forth and old ones cease to flow.

The main areas of volcanic rocks in the park consist of rhyolite, and within them are the geyser basins and most of the hot springs.

M Hague, Arnold, Weed, W. H., and Iddings, J. P., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Yellowstone National Park folio (no. 30), 1896; Geology of Yellowstone National Park: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 32,1899. Hague, Arnold, The origin of the thermal springs in the Yellowstone National Park: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 22, pp. 103-122,1911; Geological history of the Yellowstone National Park, Nat. Park Service, 1912.

" Peale, A. C., U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Kept., for 1878, pt. 2, pp. 63-454,1883.» Weed, W. H., Geysers: Smithsonian Inst. Ann. Kept., 1891, pp. 163-178." Jagger, T. A., Jr., Some conditions affecting geyser eruption: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 5, pp. 323-

333,1898.M Gautier, Armin (translated and condensed by F. L. Bansome), The genesis of thermal waters and their

connection with volcanism: Econ. Geology, vol. 1, pp. 688-697,1906.* Schlundt, Herman, and Moore, R. B., Radioactivity of the thermal waters of Yellowstone National

Park: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 395,1909.6° Van Orstrand, C. E., Temperatures in some springs and geysers in Yellowstone National Park: Jour.

Geology, vol. 32, pp. 194-225,1924.61 Alien, E. T., The classification of the hot areas in the Yellowstone Park and the causes of their devel­

opment [abstract]: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 18, no. 19, p.ill, 1928. Alien, E. T., and Day, A. L., Hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 466,1935.

84 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

There is evidence that hot-spring activity has gone on for a long period. It is stated by Hague that the decomposition of the lavas of the rhyolite plateau has proceeded on a gigantic scale and has taken place during a long period of time, which represents the dissipation of vast quantities of heat. It is believed by Daly 62 that the rhyolite grades downward into a batholith and that this batholith furnishes the heat of the thermal activity.

In its underground course through the siliceous rocks the hot water dissolves considerable silica, and some of the springs and geysers deposit large amounts of siliceous sinter around their vents. Mam­ moth Hot Springs issue through limestone, and the water has taken much lime into solution, which is redeposited as the water cools and evaporates. Thus have been formed Jupiter Terrace, Minerva Terrace (pi. 7), Liberty Cap, and other notable deposits of calcium carbonate tufa in the locality.

The reader is referred to the recent report by Alien and Day, which gives a large amount of original data on the springs and geysers of the area and critical discussion of the data.

FIGURE 12. Geologic cross section through the hot springs at Thermopolis, Wyo. (After Darton (Jour.Geology, vol. 14, p. 195,1906).)

Outside of Yellowstone National Park thermal springs are not very common in Wyoming. Perhaps the best known are the Big Horn Hot Springs, at Thermopolis, near the center of the State. These springs issue from Triassic red beds of the Chugwater formation, near the axis of an anticlinal fold. The geology of the locality has been described by Darton,83 whose cross section showing the geologic struc­ ture is reproduced in figure 12. The temperature of the water, 136°, and the large discharge indicate that it comes from a considerable depth and from a large source, probably the Tensleep sandstone. The springs were included in a State reserve in 1897 and shortly after were improved as a State park, with ample bathing facilities. In later years sanitariums have also been established.

«s Daly, R. A., The nature of volcanic action: Am. Acad. Arts Sci. Proc., vol. 47, pp. 47-122,1911. <« Darton, N. H., The hot springs at Thermopolis, Wyo.: Jour. Geology, vol. 14, pp. 194-200, 1906;

Geology of the Owl Creek Mountains: 59th Cong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 219, p. 39,1906.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYWATER-SUPPLY PAPER 679 PLATE 12

It0°00 I09°50'

PRINCIPAL HOT-SPRING GROUPS

1. Mammoth Hot Springs (160°)2. Boiling River3. 3 miles east of Crystal Spring4. At north base of The Landmark5. East side of Lake of the Woods6. 1 mile southeast of Lake of the Woods7. Amphitheater Springs8. Whiterock Springs9. Bijah Spring and Fryingpan Springs

10. Congress Pool11. Vixen Geyser12. Sylvan Springs13. East side of Gibbon Meadows14. Artists Paintpots15. Geyser Springs16. Monument Geysers and Beryl Spring17. Queens Laundry18. River Group19. Morning Mist Springs20. Fairy Springs21. Fountain Geyser and Fountain Paintpot22. Spray Geyser and Imperial Geyser23. Excelsior Geyser (193°)24. Midway Geyser Basin25. Great Fountain Geyser, The Dome, and The Diamond26. Hot Lake27. Tributary of Spruce Creek28. Juniper Creek29. Biscuit Basin and Jewel Geyser30. Gem Pool31. Grotto Geyser (201°) and Punch Bowl32. Sunset Lake and Rainbow Pool33. Giantess Geyser (200°) 31. Old Faithful Geyser (200°)35. 1 mile west of Summit Lake36. 1 mile south of Summit Lake37. Lone Star Geyser38. Shoshone Geyser Basin39. Bechter River40. Near Three River Junction41. Near Tendoy Falls42. West side of Lewis Lake43. South end of Lewis Lake44. Heart Lake Geyser Basin45. Rustic Geyser46. Near junction of Snake and Lewis Riverg47. Snake Hot Springs48. Basin Creek49. 1 mile below mouth of Basin Creek50. Washburn Hot Springs and Inkpot51. Sulphur Creek52. Near mouth of Sulphur Creek53. Half a mile northeast of Inspiration Point on both sides of Yellow-

stone River54. Forest Springs55. 4 miles southwest of Yellowstone Falls56. Violet Springs57. Highland Hot Springs58. Alum Creek59. 1 mile northeast of Mary Lake CO. Elk Antler Creek61. Mud Volcano (188°) and Dragons Mouth Spring (170°)62. Near Bluff Point63. West shore of Yellowstone Lake64. Paintpots on west shore of Yellowstone Lake (200°)65. Yellowstcnc River, 1 mile below mouth of Slough Creek66. Near Lamar River, 1 mile below mouth of Cache Creek67. Wahb Springs68. Middle part of Deep Creek69. Upper part of Deep Creek70. Tributary of Upper Deep Creek71. Near headwaters of Deep Creek72. Whistler Geyser and Josephs Coat Spring73. 2 miles east of Whistler Geyser74. 2JS miles southeast of Whistler Geyser75. Hot Spring Basin76. Tributary of Miller Creek77. West slope of Saddle Mountain78. Moss Creek79. Bog Creek80. Head of tributary of Sour Creek81. Tributary of Sour Creek82. Sour Creek83. Ponuntpa Springs84. Near east end of Fern Lake85. North end of White Lake86. South end of White Lake87. The Mudkettles88. Mushpots89. Near west end of Sulphur Hills90. Ebro Springs91. Vermilion Springs92. Pelican Springs93. Beach Springs94. Turbid Springs95. Steamboat Springs96. Butte Springs

50' 40 30' 2O' 10'

MAP OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK SHOWING PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF HOT SPRINGS AND GEYSERS.

IIO°00' I09°50'

THEEMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 85

The water is heavily charged with calcium carbonate and has formed an extensive deposit of calcareous tufa. Several wells were drilled in the vicinity of the springs to augment the supply and succeeded in obtaining large artesian flows of hot water without appreciably affecting the discharge of the springs. The wells were drilled to the Tensleep sandstone, which was reached at a depth of less than 1,000 feet.

Fort Washakie Hot Springs, 100 miles southeast of the Yellow- stone National Park, issue from Quaternary deposits near Triassic red beds, on the axis of an anticline.

Demaris Hot Springs, near Cody, in the northwestern part of the State, but 40 miles east of the YelJowstone National Park, issue from limestone underlying Triassic red beds. According to Fisher,64 the temperature of the water, 98° F., suggests that it comes from the Tensleep sandstone, which is there at a depth of about 2,200 feet. The water is moderately sulphureted but not strongly mineralized. A sanitarium has been established at the springs for many years. Near them, and also near the springs at Thermopolis, there are sulphur deposits, which have been described by Woodruff.66

Structurally the Big Horn Range, which swings in a great arc through north-central Wyoming, forms a dome similar to the Black Hills of South Dakota but of much greater size and elongation. For the most part the sedimentary formations have been eroded from its crest, so that the core of granite is exposed in the highest peaks. Few warm springs are known in this region.

In the northeast corner of Utah the Uinta Mountains form another elongated dome. Unlike most of the mountains of the western United States, this range trends east and west. It serves as a convenient line of demarcation between the Wyoming Basin and the Colorado Plateaus, to the south, but it is considered to be an offshoot from the Northern Rocky Mountains. Its summit still preserves the sedi­ mentary cover, but the crystalline rocks beneath are exposed in the great Canyon of Lodore, cut by the Green River, across the east end of the range. No thermal springs have been reported in this area.

WYOMING BASIN

The Wyoming Basin covers most of south-central Wyoming. It consists of high plains in various stages of erosion, with isolated low mountains. The plains owe their flatness to the general horizontal position of the underlying Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks. The flat, monotonous region is broken at long intervals by hills of eruptive

64 Fisher, C. A., Geology and water resources of the Bighorn Basin, Wyo.: U. S. Qeol. Survey Prof. Paper 53, pp. 61-62,1906.

M Woodruff, E. Q., Sulphur deposits at Cody, Wyo.: U. S. Qeol. Survey Bull. 340, pp. 451-456, 1907; Sulphur deposits near Thermopolis, Wyo.: U. S. Qeol. Survey Bull. 380, pp. 373-380, 1909.

86 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

materials and by lines of sand dunes. The few thermal springs that lie near the borders of this province seem to be associated with the mountain ranges.

SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS

The Southern Rocky Mountains province is usually described as including the series of lofty elongated ridges extending from Wyoming into northern New Mexico. This belt as a whole has a dome struc­ ture. The sedimentary strata dip away from the flanks of the moun­ tains but no longer extend over them. Both the Colorado Plateaus and the Great Plains contain the same formations, but these do not join because they are interrupted by the mountain chains rising between them. These elongated mountains comprise two parallel ranges, the Sawatch Range on the west and the Front Range on the east. Each is essentially a dome, and between them is an intervening series of basins or "parks." These parks represent slightly down- warped portions in the center of the main uplift, in which remnants of the former cover are still preserved. In Colorado close to the New Mexico border, along the margin of the Great Plains, there rises a group of ancient volcanoes known as the Spanish Peaks, whose lava flows now form extensive mesas or tablelands. The San Juan Mountains form another irregular mass in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico.

A detailed study of the geologic structure of the beds from which the mineral and thermal springs of Colorado issue has been made by Lakes.66 The following extracts are taken from his papers:

Nearly all of the hot springs in Colorado are in the mountains, either on the flanks or more generally deep into the heart of the ranges. They are all associated with areas of great disturbance, sometimes characterized by more or less volcanic activity. The rocks in which they occur are highly tilted and often folded and faulted. Some of the rocks are metamorphic or show signs of incipient meta- morphism; a few are strictly igneous and volcanic.

A brief review of the geological conditions and surroundings of some of the best-known hot springs in Colorado * * * shows that these springs derive their heat more from the great depth of their fissures, or from latent heat caused by folding or faulting of the rocks, than from any direct volcanic source.

In a mountainous disturbed and volcanic region like that of the Rocky Moun­ tains of Colorado hot and cold mineral springs abound. Some of them are in the disturbed granitic and volcanic rocks; others are where sedimentary rocks have been greatly uptilted and fissured. A favorite zone in Colorado for the occur­ rence of both hot and cold springs charged with carbonic and sulphureted hydro­ gen gas is at the line of juncture between the Dakota Cretaceous sandstone and the overlying Benton or Colorado Cretaceous shales. In all cases the springs occur where these rocks have been highly tilted and disturbed. In some cases they are hot and in others cold, but in all cases they are highly charged with

M Lakes, Arthur, Geology of the hot springs of Colorado and speculations as to their origin and heat: Colorado Sci. Soc. Proc., vol. 8, pp. 31-38,1905; The hot and mineral springs of Routt County and Middle Park, Colo.: Min. Reporter, vol. 52, p. 438,1905; Mineral and hot springs in Colorado: Min. World, vol. 24, pp. 359-360,1906.

TJ. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

US-

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 679 PLATE 13

103*

13. .14 15

N'D OVAL .16 .17 ..19 18

UNTBUTTC. I,- . -

?VO/fl ! I

MAP OF UTAH, COLORADO, ARIZONA, AND NEW MEXICO SHOWING THERMAL SPRINGS.Numbers refer to table in text.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 87

«ulphureted hydrogen and other gases. Along the eastern foothills from north to south of the State, mineral springs occur at intervals along this zone between the Dakota and the Benton group. The hot sulphur springs of Pagosa, on the other side of the main range, are also in this zone, and those in Middle Park and in Routt County along the line of the Moffat road are in identically the same geological zone and position. It would seem as if the Benton and Dakota groups were the special mineral and hot and gaseous geological spring zone of Colorado. 'The heat of these springs may be derived from latent volcanic bodies, from the great depths of the fissures, or from chemical heat produced by chemical reaction of the ingredients of the springs; the latter are undoubtedly derived from the-elements of the rocks through which they ascended.

A detailed report on the mineral waters of Colorado 67 contains information on 254 springs in the State and analyses of 202 of them, .including nearly all the thermal springs in Colorado listed in the present report and indicated on plate 13.

The hot springs at Ojo Caliente, in Taos County, N. Mex., notable :for their mineral deposits, have been described by Lindgren.68 The ^springs issue along the west bank of Ojo Caliente Creek, from tuf- :faceous lake sediments, above which rise bluffs of gneiss cut by pegma­ tite. This rock contains veins carrying small amounts of gold and silver, which were prospected in the early days. About 500 feet above "the present springs there is a large deposit of calcareous tufa, where the hot water evidently issued at a former time. The mineral veins formed the conduit through which the hot water reached the surface. Fluorite (calcium fluoride) was deposited in the veins by the hot-water, and tufa of calcium carbonate was deposited on the surface.

The springs figure in the early records of New Mexico and were vis­ ited by the Spanish explorers. The ruins of Indian dwellings nearby show that the springs were also used by the ancient people. For many years they have been developed as a resort. In recent years five springs, with temperatures of 98° to 113°, have been used, the total discharge being about 350 gallons a minute. The water is of the sodium carbonate type but is chiefly notable for its high content-of silica and fluoride.

Farther south, in the Jemez Plateau, there are several thermal springs, which have been studied by Kelley and Anspach. 69 Several .miles to the northwest a test well for oil, drilled in 1926, struck large flows of hot water at depths of 900 to 1,900 feet. In 1934 this well was discharging about 1,350 gallons a minute of brackish water having a temperature of 140°.

« George, R. D., and others, Mineral waters of Colorado: Colorado Qeol. Survey Bull. 11,1920.68 Lindgren, Waldemar, The hot springs of Ojo Caliente and their deposits: Econ. Geology, vol. 5,

pp. 22-27, 1910.« Kelley, Clyde, and Anspach, E. W., A preliminary study of the waters of the Jemez Plateau, N. Mex.:

.New Mexico Univ. Bull. 71, Chem. series, vol. 1, no. 1, 1913.

72202 37 3

88 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

INTEBMONTANE PLATEAUS

Between the Rocky Mountain System on the east and the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada on the west are the Intermontane Plateaus, in which mountains are either absent or are isolated in relatively smaD ranges separated by desert plains. The division consists of the Columbia Plateaus, the Colorado Plateaus, and the Basin and Range province.

COLUMBIA PLATEAUS

The Columbia Plateaus province extends through eastern Wash­ ington, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho. It includes a large variety of physical features whose basis of unity lies in their common association with the widespread sheets of basaltic lava that form the larger part of the region. In sharp contrast to the mountainous borders are the flat or nearly flat basalt plains, which cover an area of over 250,000 square miles and form probably the most extensive single field of flat-lying basalt in the world. The distribution of thermal springs in southern Idaho is shown in plate 11 and figure 11. The thermal springs of Washington and Oregon are shown in plate 14.

The repeated and extensive outpourings of lava resulted in wide­ spread hydrographic changes. The ancestral Snake River was dammed by lava flows to such an extent that a large lake, called Lake Payette, was formed, upon whose floor sediments were laid down. The lake seems to have been invaded time and again by lava flows, and the lake sediments are interbedded with these flows and with wide­ spread sheets of volcanic sand and dust. In addition to this main lake there were formed many small lake basins, caused by lava dams, at the valley mouths, as in Long Valley, in the northern part of Boise County, Idaho. Several hot springs issue along the axis of this valley and are probably associated with faults along its border.

Although the basalt plains were formed in a nearly horizontal position, there are now many marked departures from horizontality. The Snake River Plain now has the form of a broad, shallow basin reaching from the Lost River and Sawtooth Mountains on the north to Goose Creek and the Bear River Mountains on the south. In southwestern Idaho the lavas and intercalated lake and river sedi­ ments have been gently flexed, and near the bases of the bordering mountains they have been broken and faulted. It is noticeable that thermal springs are not common within the basalt area of the Snake River Plain, but are present around its border, hi the zone of disturb­ ance and faulting. (See fig. 11.)

In western Idaho artesian structure is associated with some of the thermal springs. In the Bruneau Valley faults occur in the lake beds and volcanic rocks, along which there are hot and warm springs. In Goose Creek Valley faults are present in the surface rhyolite and Miocene sediments, and the underlying Paleozoic rocks are believed

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER e?9 PLATE 14

118° .._.«?*_

MAP OF WASHINGTON AND OREGON SHOWING THERMAL SPRINGS.Numbers refer to table in text.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 89

to be the source of a few thermal springs. In general the thermal springs in the Columbia Plateaus province are associated with faults, especially along the borders of the lava plains.

In eastern Oregon there are large warm springs near Malheur and Harney Lakes and along the valleys of Malheur and Owyhee Rivers. Some of them issue from tuffaceous material interbedded with lava at the base of bluffs. It is probable that faults are associated with most of these springs, although some may be due to artesian structure.

The Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon lie midway between the mountains of central Idaho and the Cascade Range. They form a projecting spur of the great earth block comprising the Lost River, Bitterroot, Clearwater, and Salmon River Mountains. The sedimentary rocks of which they are chiefly composed have been not only extensively folded but also extensively intruded by grano- diorite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite. Lava flows from fissures on the flanks of the mountains spread over the surrounding country. There are only a few thermal springs in this area. Medical Springs, having a temperature of 140° F. and discharge of several miner's inches, issue from rocks of the greenstone series, as described by

. Lindgren.70In Washington five warm springs are found in this province. The

southernmost, Blockhouse Mineral Springs, are developed as a resort; one is on the Yakima Indian Reservation and is used locally for bathing; and the other three are used for irrigation. The three nearest the mountains issue from Tertiary basalt. The eastern two are in the plains not far from the Columbia River and issue from the EUensburg formation, of Miocene sediments interbedded with tuff and lava. The larger one, Clerf Spring, seems to be artesian in character. Its original discharge was greatly increased by excavating, as stated by Smith.71

COLORADO PLATEAUS

The Colorado Plateaus province is roughly circular and embraces portions of Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. The Grand Wash Cliffs, on the west; the Uinta Mountains, on the north; the Colorado ranges and the trans-Pecos highlands, on the east; and the Arizona Highlands, on the south, are the most conspicuous border features. It is an arid to semiarid region, underlain chiefly by sedi­ mentary formations that range in age from Paleozoic to Tertiary and that are not greatly folded but are somewhat warped and broken and deeply dissected.

ro Lindgren, Waldemar, The gold belt of the Blue Mountains of Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey 22d Ann. Kept, pt. 2, p. 641,1901.

'» Smith, G. O., Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 55, p. 45,1901.

90 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

This province contains comparatively few thermal springs, most of which are near the western margin and are probably associated with faults or nearby areas of disturbed rock. The warm springs in the Sevier Valley, Utah, are associated with faulting at the base of the

r

Z4 0 24 46M1LE3

FIGURE 13. Map of Utah showing thermal springs (dots) and principal faults (heavy lines).

Sevier Plateau, along the zone of the great fault that extends from northern Utah southward along the base of the Wasatch Mountains. The relation of these and other thermal springs in Utah to faults is shown in figure 13.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 91

BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE

The Basin and Range province is an arid region of isolated ranges that are separated from one another by desert valleys. It comprises parts of Oregon and California, western Utah, most of Nevada, southern Arizona and New Mexico, and western Texas.

The late geologic history of the province has been characterized chiefly by volcanism and block faulting, with the development of aggraded intermontane valleys.

There a,re many thermal springs in this region, most of which are associated with faults. The thermal springs of Nevada and California are shown on plate 15. The thermal springs near Summer Lake, in Oregon, are notable for their large size. Those near Goose Lake issue along a prominent fault that borders the valley. The groups near Honey Lake, in northeastern California, and Black Rock Desert, in northwestern Nevada, are notable for their high temperature and large discharge. Many of the springs in this region are located along known fault lines, as shown in figure 14.

Fish Springs and Big Spring, in Utah, are near a minor fault line of so recent movement that there is an escarpment in the valley alluvium. The position of these and neighboring springs with rela­ tion to the fault has been described and illustrated by Bryan.72

Southwestern Arizona comprises a region of widely separated short ranges surrounded by desert plains. Only two hot-spring localities are known in this area Agua Caliente Springs, on the Gila River, and Aguajito Spring, close to the Mexican boundary. The Agua Caliente Springs issue at a maximum temperature of 104°, near an area of Quaternary lava. They have been developed as a resort. The Aguajito Spring is a small warm spring issuing near hills of schist and is used for water supply and irrigation by the small Indian village of Quitobaquito.

The region called the Salton Trough comprises desert alluvial slopes and the delta plain of the Colorado River, at the head of the Gulf of California. In this area two warm-spring localities are known Dos Palmas Spring, on the east side of Salton Sea, and Fish Springs, on its western margin. Both rise in the valley alluvium and are probably of artesian character, although possibly Dos Palmas Spring is affected by the Indio fault, which has been described by Brown.73

The Mexican Highland, in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, is an area of isolated ranges separated by desert plains. Within it there are several thermal springs, some in Arizona and some in New Mexico. Some are in areas of Tertiary lava, and others are near well-recognized faults.

» Bryan, Kirk, Classification of springs: Jour. Geology, vol. 27, pp. 522-561,1919.'» Brown, J. S., Fault features of Salton Basin, Calif.: Jour. Geology, vol. 30, pp. 217-226, 1922.

92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OP UNITED STATES, 1935

The southernmost thermal springs in the United States are at two localities within this province, on the western border of Texas. One locality is at the south end of Quitman Mountain, where hot

120° 119° 118"

42

120'

FIGURE 14. Map of northwestern Nevada and adjacent portions of California and Oregon, showing thermal springs (dots) and principal faults (heavy lines). (Modified from Russell, I. C., Geological his­ tory of Lake Lahontan: U. S. Qeol. Survey Mon. 11, pis. 3, 44,1885.)

springs issue at two or more places near the bank of the Rio Grande, from sandstone and shale of the Trinity group, of Lower Cretaceous

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY

124°

WATER-STJPPLr PAPER 679 PLATE 15

II*'

W A S H 0 E f 37i L A S, S E N

y^ - /\

9la»L A N D E R ; gib'

V 83 | .92 _- 9|

10O W H I T E* P I N E

101

.102

L r^ .us jK/'

^ LPINE

-^^^ ^15TV-, ^: /M 0 N 0 X

\UAMEDA

j S

®(los Apgeles_/__,

W*' >. IC'C_I

ORANGE> «I69,c c .' *I70

MAP OF CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA SHOWING THERMAL SPRINGS.Plumbers refer to table in text.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 93

age. The other locality is about 30 miles farther southeast and 5 miles from the river. The water there issues from Quaternary alluvium that overlies rocks of the Trinity group, which are probablyfaulted.

PACIFIC MOUNTAIN SYSTEM

The Pacific Mountain System comprises the mountains and val­ leys in the western parts of, Washington, Oregon, and California. Two main physiographic provinces are recognized in it the Sierra- Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Border province. The mountains of the Pacific Mountain System assume the form of an elongated letter H. Along the Pacific coast from Washington to southern California are the Coast Ranges; parallel with them on the east are the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range; and connecting these two zones is the Klamath Mountain area, in northern California and southern Oregon. Between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Ranges is the long depression forming the California Trough. Cor­ responding with this in the north is the Willamette Valley of Oregon and its extension in the low region of Puget Sound.

SIERRA-CASCADE MOUNTAINS

The Sierra Nevada is essentially a huge, somewhat wedge-shaped block of the earth's crust. Toward the east its towering summits overlook the Great Basin, but toward the west its gentle slope passes gradually downward beneath the alluvial deposits of Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Great canyons seam the uplands that con­ stitute much of its area. Along the summit of the range there rises a chain of peaks that includes Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the United States outside of Alaska.

The Cascade Range has an aspect different from the Sierra Nevada in several respects, for the upland surface that characterizes it is level but is surmounted by a chain of volcanic peaks. Between the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, however, the mountain chain breaks down and allows the Pit River to pass through, between the volcanic masses of Mount Shasta on the north and Lassen Peak on the south. In addition, numerous cinder cones of comparatively recent origin are distributed over this volcanic field.

The Cascade Range is believed to have been formed not mainly by the piling up of volcanic material but by the broad uplift and deformation of the lava, granite, and sedimentary rocks. The great volcanoes that appear to be such prominent features of the range are secondary to the main mountain forms, which consist of deeply entrenched valleys and sharp ridge crests having approximately equal altitudes. It has also been found that the structure of the range is highly complex and that the conception of a warped monoclinal fault block sculptured by erosion, such as is properly applied to the

94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

Sierra Nevada, requires considerable modification when applied to the Cascade Range.

The northern part of the Cascade Range, in northern Washington, comprises sharp alpine summits of approximately equal height, with higher volcanic cones. Many thermal springs issue along its western slopes, most of them rather closely following the course of the range. Several are reported to issue from granite; the others are in areas of Tertiary basalt, which covers much of the region.

The middle part of the Cascade Range, in Oregon and southern Washington, is characterized by summits of about equal altitude, with higher volcanic cones. Several hot and warm springs occur in this area, issuing from lava. A group in the southeastern part of Clackamas County, Oreg., and Foley Springs and Belknap Hot Springs, farther south, in Lane County, are well known and have been developed as resorts.

The southern part of the Cascade Range lies chiefly in north-central California and comprises eroded volcanic mountains that do not form a distinct range. Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak lie within this area. Thermal springs issue near Lassen Peak and are believed to be closely associated with the volcanic activity and with faults, as discussed by Day and Alien.74 The position of the springs with reference to the peak (which was active at intervals from May 30, 1914, to about June 1917) and to the probable faults is shown in plate 16.

The Sierra Nevada consists of a block-mountain range tilted west­ ward, with the crests of the main ridges and peaks along its east border. A few thermal springs are found in these mountains, chiefly in the eastern part. Most of the springs are associated with faults or with volcanic rocks.

PACIFIC BORDER PROVINCE

The Pacific Border province comprises the coastal ranges extend­ ing from northwestern Washington to southern California, the elongated troughs of Puget Sound in Washington and the Willamette Valley in Oregon, and the Great Valley of California.

In northwestern Washington two groups of hot springs issue from pre-Tertiary metamorphic rocks of the Olympic Mountains. Both have been developed within recent years as resorts, the western group being known as Sol Due Hot Springs and the other as Olympic Hot Springs. Both are probably associated with close folds or with faults, as the temperature of the water is 125° to 132°. No thermal springs are known hi the coastal ranges of Oregon and only one small warm spring in northwestern California.

74 Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak: Carnegie Inst' Washington Pub. 360, p. 87,1925.

XT. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 679 PLATE 16

12l°3O' I2I°25'

0 L C t

Bumpas. Hpt'Springs

SHASTA CO

PLUMAS CO

Bo/V/ng Springs <$SS,x . ^K.' / £3 Lf & IQ 1 X -\ ."' i-"--.-^. ^

^> Terminal,'-,"' " ^Geyser/

EXPLANATION

Probable fault

Thermal spring

MAP OF LASSEN PEAK AREA, CALIFORNIA, SHOWING THERMAL SPRINGS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE PEAK AND TO PROBABLE FAULTS. , *£&

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 95

In the coast ranges north of San Francisco Bay there are many thermal springs, some of which are highly mineralized. Several of them are closely associated with faults and with mineral deposits facts that were early recognized. Becker 75 noted the presence of hot springs at some of the quicksilver deposits of the area, and Fair­ banks 76 called attention to the deposition of gold in Cretaceous rocks hear Sulphur Creek.

The hot springs and fumaroles at The Geysers, in Sonoma County, Calif., have been studied by Alien and Day,77 who note that these thermal springs and others issue along a fault that extends for at least 25 miles along the west side of the St. Helena Range.

Southward along the coast ranges of California to the Mexican border there are many other hot springs. Most of these seem to be related to fault zones. Many of the springs are developed as resorts, a much larger proportion of the thermal springs in California being so improved than in regions that are not so advantageously situated for commercial development.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The information that has been collected on the location, tempera­ ture, and other features of the thermal springs is presented in tabular form on pages 115-191. As this information has been compiled from various sources, it may contain some errors, but care has been taken to prevent duplications and omissions, so far as possible. The sources of information are indicated by reference numbers, which correspond to the numbers of the items in the annotated bibliography, and the pub­ lications cited that contain analyses are indicated by an asterisk (*). Data on many thermal springs, especially in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, and Oregon, have been obtained in the field or from unpublished records of the Geological Survey, Forest Service, Office of Indian Affairs, and General Land Office.

The number of thermal springs is not a definite figure; for in many localities it is a matter of choice whether several vents are considered to represent separate springs or to constitute one spring group. Neither is the number constant, for in some places, notably in the Yellowstone National Park and to a less extent near Lassen Peak, Calif., and in several areas where the hot water deposits much tufa of calcium carbonate, old vents become clogged and new ones may be opened. In some regions, as in Virginia and West Virginia, and in some areas of alluvial artesian springs, the gradation of tempera­

's Becker, Q. F., Summary of the geology of the quicksilver deposits of the Pacific slope: U. 8. Qeol. Survey 8th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 981-985, 1889.

"Fairbanks, H. W., Some remarkable hot springs and associated deposits in Oolusa County, Calif.: Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 120-121,1894.

" Alien, E. T., and Day, A. L., Steam wells and other thermal activity at "The Geysers", Calif.: Car­ negie Inst. Washington Pub. 378,1927.

96 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

ture from cool to warm springs is so gradual that a sharp distinction cannot be made, and the designation as thermal is somewhat arbitrary.

The following table shows the approximate extent to which the springs were developed for economic use in 1936.

Summary of known thermal springs in the United States

State

Arkansas . __ - ______ __ -_-... __ ________ .

Utah..................................... ....................

West Virginia... . ...... ............ ..........-.. .Wyoming:

Total . .. . ......... ........ .

Developed

Resorts

5 2

53 17

2 16

18 15 5 1 1

14

1

7 7 8 4

5 3

184

Used for bathing,

irrigation, or water supply

9 1

89 16 5

67 1

20 93 15

73 1 2 3

43 13 5 6

10

472

Not used

7 3

42 12

1 120

2 66 18

18

13

3

5 93

403

Total

21 6

184 45 8

203 1

40 174 38

1 1

105 1 3 3

63 20 16 10

20 96

1,059

Of the 1,060 thermal springs in the United States recorded below, 645 issue from igneous rocks. This number would be several thousand if the individual thermal springs in Yellowstoiie National Park were counted separately instead of by groups. Probably many of the remaining 415 thermal springs described as issuing from other kinds of rocks owe their heat to adjacent hot igneous rocks. There can be no doubt that most of the thermal springs derive their temperature from magma that is still cooling. Few if any of the thermal springs apparently obtain their heat from lava flows, because practically all the flows in the United States are sufficiently old to have had ample time to cool. The large number of thermal springs that issue from the great batholith of Idaho indicate that such huge intrusive masses cool very slowly and may remain hot enough to supply heat to thermal springs for millions of years. The Pleistocene basalts of the Columbia Eiver Plateau contain practically no thermal springs because they were spread out in relatively thin sheets that cooled quickly, because their feeders were generally thin dikes that likewise cooled quickly, and because in most places they contain large quanti­ ties of ground water which mix with and cool to normal temperatures

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 97

any hot water that rises from the underlying rocks. A considerable number of the thermal springs issue along faults, but for many of these fault springs it is difficult to determine whether the heat is derived from hot gases or liquids rising along the faults from under­ lying bodies of hot rock, from the frictional heat developed by the displacement, or from artesian systems in which vents have been produced by the faulting. The fact that many of the faults associated with hot springs occur in regions of igneous intrusive rocks strongly suggests that most of these springs owe their high temperature to underlying bodies of hot rock. Relatively few thermal springs are apparently due to artesian structure, and such springs are generally only warm rather than hot, as, for example, the thermal springs of Virginia. Thus folding is not of major importance as a geologic process in the formation of thermal springs.

Geysers occur in only a few places in the United States, apparently because there are only a few localities where the temperature near the surface is sufficiently high to convert ground water into steam. A small cold-water spring called Steamboat Springs, near Soda Springs, Idaho, exhibits geyser action, but this is caused by the intermittent release of carbon dioxide gas. Other so-called "geysers" that discharge cold water were found on investigation to be inter­ mittent or ebbing and flowing springs, presumably operating on the siphon principle, as, for example, "The Geyser" near Afton, Wyo.7S

Borings in several of the thermal areas have revealed superheated steam in the pores and crevices. Present scientific knowledge of the gases exhaled by cooling magmas favors the belief that a large part and possibly all this superheated steam is of magmatic origin. Ground water of meteoric origin evaporated by this ascending under- saturated superheated steam accounts for the formation of many of the thermal springs in regions of cooling igneous rocks.79 On the basis of this study of the thermal springs of the United States there can be little doubt, however, that the greater part of the water discharged by these springs is of meteoric origin.

The measured or estimated discharge of 725 of the thermal springs, as given in this report, amounts to 449,758 gallons a minute, or 1,002 cubic feet a second. The flow of 126,000 gallons a minute from 29 springs in Montana is the largest reported total discharge for any State. Warm Springs Creek in Fergus County, Mont., with a tem­ perature of only 68° F. and a discharge of 80,000 gallons a minute, is probably the largest thermal spring in the United States. The average discharge of 177 out of a total of 184 thermal springs in California as given in this report, based chiefly on actual measure­

's Stearns, N. D., A remarkable intermittent spring: The Mid-Pacific Magazine, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 216- 218, 1933.

78 Allan, E. T., and Day, A. L., Hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 466, p. 39, 1936.

98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

ments, is only 91 gallons a minute. In the following table (pp. 115- 191) the reported discharge of many of the springs which lack actual measurements may be too great, and it is therefore estimated that the total flow of all thermal springs in the United States is not more than 500,000 gallons a minute, or approximately the same as the flow of the single cold spring that forms the Malad River near Hagerman, Idaho.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES

ARIZONA

1. Lindgren, Waldemar, U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Clifton folio ("no. 129), p. 13, 1905. Describes salt springs near Clifton, tepid to 160°, and gives analysis of water from one spring.

2. Schrader, F: C., Mineral deposits of the Santa Rita and Patagonia Mountains, Ariz.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 582, p. 366, 1915. Describes Agua Caliente Spring, Santa Cruz County, and says that it has been used since earliest settle­ ment.

3. Ross, C. P., The lower Gila region, Ariz.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 498, p. 197, 1923. Describes Agua Caliente Springs, Maricopa County, and gives analysis of the water.

4. Bryan, Kirk, The Papago country, Ariz.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 499, pp. 164, 426, 1925. Gives history and use of spring near Quitobaquito, Pima County; name probably signifies "little spring."

5. Everit, R. S., Hot-spring water from Clifton, Ariz.: Econ. Geology, vol. 20, p. 291, 1925. Believes the water to be juvenile and connected with late igneous rocks. Clifton hot well is an 18-foot shaft and crosscut in basalt; temperature of water 165°; gives analysis.

5a. Knechtel, M. M., Indian Hot Springs, Graham County, Ariz.: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 25, no. 9, 1935. A description of the springs, with analyses of their waters and discussion of their origin.

ARKANSAS

6. Branner, J. C., Mineral waters of Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1891, vol. 1, pp. 6-23, 1892. Discusses Hot Springs, Garland County, and gives analyses; the waters are very pure and differ little in composition; probably heated by underlying Silurian rocks.

7. Haywood, J. K., and Weed, W. H.', The Hot Springs of Arkansas: 57th Cong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 282, pp. 1-78, 1902. Gives analyses of 46 springs, by J. K. Haywood, and geologic sketch, by W. H. Weed.

8. Boltwood, B. B., On the radioactive properties of the waters of the springs on the Hot Springs Reservation, Hot Springs, Ark.: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 20, pp. 128-132, 1905. (Also in annual report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1904.) Gives the results of examination made in 1904 on samples from 44 springs.

9. Weed, W. H., Notes on certain hot springs of the southern United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 145, pp. 189-206, 1905. Gives history, management, and geology of the Hot Springs, Ark.; mentions Warm Springs, Ga., and Hot Springs, N. C.

10. Purdue, A. H., The collecting area of the waters of the hot springs, Hot Springs, Ark.: Jour. Geology, vol. 18, pp. 278-285, 1910. Concludes that the collecting area is in a valley to the north and somewhat higher; the water penetrates down into a syncline and rises in the Hot Springs anticline; the location

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 99

of the springs is due to the southwest plunge of the anticlinal axis. Suggests that the heat may be due in part to hot rock of numerous dikes.

11. Bryan, Kirk, The hot-water supply of the Hot Springs, Ark.: Jour. Geology, vol. 30, pp. 425-449, 1922. Presents data collected during examination to see if water supply can be increased. Suggests that part of the water may be juvenile; lists four other springs in the State with temperatures of 74° to 97°.

12. Purdue, A. H., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Hot Springs folio (no. 215), p. 11, 1923. Gives history, development, and data on the springs. Water collects in anticlinal valley to northeast, penetrates down into syncline, and emerges, owing to difference in altitude, in plunging anticline of Hot Springs Mountain. Heated by proximity of underlying masses of hot rock.

13. Bryan, Kirk, The hot springs of Arkansas: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 449- 459, 1924. The hot water rises through fractured sandstone at the nose of a plunging anticline. There are three principal hypotheses of origin, (a) The one having most advocates is that the water is entirely meteoric, enters a porous bed in an anticline, passes under a syncline, and emerges in the next anticline because of hydrostatic pressure (gives evidence against this being the full explanation). (6) The water is derived from a cooling and crystallizing igneous mass directly under the springs (characterizes this as unlikely and gives reasons against this mode of origin), (c) Fault fissures extend into the deep interior, whence juvenile water rises and, mixed with meteoric water, comes to the surface (this hypothesis rests on general argument).

CALIFORNIA

14. Loew, Oscar, Report on the alkaline lakes, thermal springs, mineral springs, and brackish waters of southern California and adjacent country: U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Ann. Kept, for 1876, pp. 188-199, 1876. Mentions several warm springs and gives analysis of warm spring in Lytle Canyon.

15. Russell, I. C., Geological history of Lake Lahontan: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 11, pp. 48-53, pi. 8, 1885. Describes and maps several thermal springs in northeastern California, northwestern Nevada, and southeastern Oregon.

16. Russell, I. C., The Quaternary history of Mono Valley, Calif.: U. S. Geol. Survey 8th Ann. Rept., pt. 1, pp. 261-394, 1889. Gives analysis of warm spring on east shore of Mono Lake; describes hot springs on an island which he named "Paoha" ("children of the mist", a general term for vapors or hot springs); mentions hot springs near Bridgeport.

17. Becker, G. F., Summary of the geology of the quicksilver deposits of the Pacific slope: U. S. Geol. Survey 8th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 961-985, 1889. Men­ tions springs of Sulphur Bank and hot spring at Oathill mine; states that Steam­ boat Springs, Nev., are unquestionably due to volcanic activity.

18. Turner, H. W., Mohawk lake beds: Philos. Soc. Washington Bull., vol. 11, pp. 385-410, 1891. Says that Mohawk Valley is the bed of a Pleistocene lake. The sands are locally cemented by water of McLear Sulphur Springs, where the beds are faulted.

19. Anderson, Winslow, Mineral springs and health resorts of California, 384 pp., San Francisco, 1892. Short descriptions of about 180 springs, of which about 70 are thermal. Gives many analyses, most of which were made by himself or assistants.

20. Fairbanks, H. W., Some remarkable hot springs and associated deposits in Colusa County, Calif.: Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 120-121, 1894. Dis­ cusses springs in valley of Sulphur Creek and says that it is the only locality in California where gold occurs in veins in Cretaceous rocks.

21. Fairbanks, H. W., Stratigraphy at Slate's Springs, with some further notes on the relation of the Golden Gate series to the Knoxville: Am. Geologist, voL 18, pp. 350-356, 1896. Describes sheared and silicified beds of "Golden Gate

100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDEOLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

series" [Franciscan formation], beneath the Knoxville (Cretaceous), resting against the crystalline rocks of the Santa Lucia Range.

22. Arnold, Ralph, Geology and oil resources of the Summerland district, Santa Barbara County, Calif.: IT. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 321, 1907. Geology of area of Montecito Hot Springs is shown on plate 1; says (pp. 23-24), "Hot springs emanate from the rocks of the Topatopa formation in Hot Springs Canyon, 4 miles northeast of Santa Barbara."

23. Waring, G. A., Springs of California: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 338, 410 pp., 1915. Describes 140 groups classed as hot springs; several other thermal springs are described among those classed as sulphur springs and artesian springs.

24. Anderson, Robert, and Pack, R. W., Geology and oil resources of the west border of the San Joaquin Valley north of Coalinga, Calif.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 603, pp. 212-213, 1915. States that Mercey Hot Springs issues from base of a terrace deposit resting on fractured greenstone. The water probably rises along a fault.

25. Waring, G. A., Ground water in the San Jacinto and Temecula Basins, Calif.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 429, pp. 24, 25, 43, 44, 1919. Contains descriptions of Eden, Relief (San Jacinto), and Soboba (Ritchey) hot springs, warm springs on Indian Creek, and hot springs of the Pilares.

26. Ellis, A. J., and Lee, C. H., Geology and ground waters of the western part of San Diego County, Calif.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 446, pp. 205-206, 1919. Gives data on Agua Caliente (Warner Hot Springs).

27. Thompson, D. G., Routes to desert watering places in the Mohave Desert region, Calif.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 490, pp. 87-269, 1921. Gives a short description (p. 269) of Yeoman Spring, San Bernardino County.

28. Noble, L. F., Mansfield, G. R., and others, Nitrate deposits in the Amar- gosa region, southeastern California: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 724, p. 24, 1922. Mentions Saratoga Spring and says that the water is brackish but potable.

29. Brown, J. S., The Salton Sea region, Calif.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 497, 1923. Describes Palm Springs (p. 198), the original spring being a small flow of tepid sulphureted water; Fish Springs (p. 203), submerged by rise of Salton Sea in 1906, were again exposed in 1918; gives analyses of both springs (pp. 282-283).

30. Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The sources of heat and the source of water in the hot springs of the Lassen National Park: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 178- 190, 1924. Conclude that the source of the heat is volcanic but that the springs are fed chiefly by surface water; a minor part of the water is magmatic.

31. Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 360, 190 pp., 1925. Contains detailed maps of the Devils Kitchen and Bumpas Hell hot-spring areas and analyses of several springs. Says (p. 87) that The Geyser, Boiling or Tartarus Lake, Drake Springs, Devils Kitchen, and Bumpas Hell are along one fault fissure, and that Morgan Hot Springs, Supan Springs, and hot springs farther up Mill Creek are on another fault fissure intersecting the first.

32. Alien, E. T., and Day, A. L., Steam wells and other thermal activity at "The Geysers", Calif.: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 378, 106 pp., 1927. Gives detailed map of the area, with analyses and other data on about 40 hot springs; description of 8 wells drilled to get steam for electric-power development. Gabbro found by the drill at 230 feet shows it to be a volcanic area; a fault along west side of St. Helena Range for 25 miles passes through "The Geysers" and other hot-spring localities. The springs are fed by meteoric water, heated by magmatic steam. Also contains short descriptions of the Little Gejsers and hot- water wells drilled near Calistoga.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 101

33. Thompson, D. G., The Mohave Desert region, California: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 578, 1929. Contains short descriptions of Paradise, Saratoga, Newberry, Soda Station, and Yeoman Springs, San Bernardino County, with analyses of the first three.

COLORADO

34. Hayden, F. V., U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 4th Ann. Kept., for 1870, 1871. Notes (p. 171) warm springs 1 mile north of Salt Lake City, Utah, and gives analysis; also mentions hot springs 3 miles north of the city. Mentions (p. 199) several springs, 120°, in Sawatch Basin, Colo.

35. Hayden, F. V., U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 1st, 2d, and 3d Ann. Repts., for the years 1867, 1868, and 1869, 1873. Describes (pp. 162, 164) hot springs 5 miles northwest of Las Vegas, N. Mex., at contact of Carboniferous and gneissic rocks; and hot springs in valley of Las Gallinas Creek. Mentions (pp. 184, 219, 221) hot springs in Colorado on right bank of Grand River, south of Valley of Troublesome Creek, in Middle Park near Mount Bross, at Ojo Caliente, and in Homan's Park.

36. Hayden, F. V., U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 8th Ann. Rept., for1874. 1876. Mentions (p. 63) several active springs, maximum temperature 104°, on Rock Creek, in Elk Range, Colo.

37. Hayden, F. V., U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 9th Ann. Rept., for1875. 1877. Mentions two groups of warm springs in White Earth Valley, 80°-84° (pp. 37, 38); says that hot springs at Ouray are in Carboniferous rocks cut by dikes (p. 41); mentions three springs on Hot Springs Creek and gives analyses (pp. 154-155); describes Pagosa Springs, gives analysis, and suggests that chemical action in shales of the Colorado group produces the heat (pp. 183-185).

38. Denison, Charles, Rocky Mountain health resorts, 192 pp., Boston, 1881. Contains short descriptions of hot-spring resorts at 10 places in Colorado and of Ojo Caliente and Las Vegas hot springs, in New Mexico.

39. Wheeler, G. M., U. S. Geog. and Geol. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Final Rept., vol. 1, 1889. Refers to preceding annual reports and mentions warm springs of Crater Mound, in Provo Valley, Utah (p. 47); hot springs at Norman's ranch and Pagosa Springs, in Colorado (pp. 78, 84); and hot springs (150°) 21 miles from Fort Bayard, N. Mex. [Faywood Hot Springs] (p. 122).

40. Lakes, Arthur, Geology of the hot springs of Colorado and speculations as to their origin and heat: Colorado Sci. Soc. Proc., vol. 8, pp. 31-38, 1905. Notes that the springs are in mountain areas where the rocks are folded and faulted; gives data on nine hot-spring localities in the State.

41. Lakes, Arthur, The hot and mineral springs of Routt County and Middle Park, Colo.: Min. Reporter, vol. 52, pp. 438-439, 1905. Gives short description of Hot Sulphur Springs, in Middle Park, and of Steamboat Springs.

42. Lakes, Arthur, Mineral and hot springs in Colorado: Min. World, vol. 24, pp. 359-360, 1906. States that the springs occur where the rocks are highly tilted and folded; especially in the Benton and Dakota "groups." Specifically mentions the warm springs at Moffat Lakes resort, Hot Sulphur Springs, and Steamboat Springs, with analyses of the last two. Steamboat Springs issue from Benton shale and deposit much travertine.

43. Spurr, J. E., and Garrey, G. H., The Idaho Hot Springs mining district, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 285, p. 37, 1906. Mention hot springs on Soda Creek, which deposit travertine.

44. Cross, Whitman, and Howe, Ernest, U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Ouray folio (no. 153), pp. 19-20, 1907. Say that the springs at Ouray issue from the Ouray limestone, near a fault; one spring has a temperature of 154°; give analysis

102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

of another. The springs near Ridgway are heavily charged with iron, probably derived from red strata of the Cutler formation; early called "Uncompahgre" (red water).

45. Spurr, J. E., Garrey, G. H., and Ball, S. H., Economic geology of the George­ town quadrangle, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 63, pp. 163-167, 1908. The Idaho Hot Springs issue near the contact of intrusive syenite with gneiss. The water originally issued 400 feet above the present valley and gradually descended with erosion. The hot water is carbonated and has deposited much tufa.

46. Siebenthal, C. E., Geology and water resources of the San Luis Valley, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 240, pp. 102-104, 112, 1910. Describes Dexter warm spring and Chamberlain and Valley View hot springs, and gives analyses.

47. George, R. D., and others, Mineral waters of Colorado: Colorado Geol. Survey Bull. 11, 474 pp., 1920. List and describe 254 springs (pp. 202-248), including nearly all the thermal springs, and give 202 analyses (pp. 249-468) of the spring waters.

48. Bastin, E. S., Silver enrichment in the San Juan Mountains, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 735, pp. 65-129, 1923. Gives analyses (p. 67) of four waters from Ouray hot springs; all are similar, are probably deep-seated, and issue from Carboniferous limestone of the Hermosa formation.

49. Campbell, M. R., The Twentymile Park district of the Yampa coal field, Routt County, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 748, p. 6, 1923. Notes that Steamboat Springs issue from Dakota sandstone.

50. Hancock, E. T., Geology and coal resources of the Axial and Monument Butte quadrangles, Moffat County, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 757, p. 77, 1925. Says that the water of Juniper Hot Springs probably comes from the Dakota sandstone.

GEOKGIA

[See also reference 9]

51. Duggan, J. R., The mineral springs of Georgia, 56 pp., Macon, Ga., J. W. Burke & Co., 1881. Primarily a medical essay on therapeutics of mineral waters. Describes 28 springs, including Thundering Spring and Warm Springs.

52. Fuller, M. L., Contributions to the hydrology of the eastern United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 102, pp. 230-231, 234, 1904. Gives a short description of Warm Springs, Meriwether County.

53. Hall, B. M. and M. R., Water resources of Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 197, pp. 14, 241, 1907. Give discharge measurements of Warm Springs (1.47 to 3.2 second-feet).

54. McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 15, pp. 243-245, 1908. Gives data and analyses of Lifsey, Thundering, and Warm Springs.

55. McCallie, S. W., Mineral springs of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 20, pp. 102, 157, 166, 1913. Contains more data than reference 54, on Lifsey, Thundering, and Warm Springs, which are classed as the only thermal springs in the State; says that temperature of Warm Springs (87°) indicates that the water comes from a depth of about 1,500 feet; Thundering Spring (76°) and Lifsey Spring (77°) from less than 700 feet.

56. Watson, T. L., Thermal springs of the southeast Atlantic States: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 373-375, 1924. Notes that there are several thermal springs in Virginia, three in Georgia, and one in North Carolina; gives analyses of the last four.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 103

IDAHO

57. Hayden, F. V., U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr, llth Ann. Kept., for 1877, 1879. F. M. Endlich mentions hot springs in Wyoming 2 miles west of Camp Brown (pp. 16, 55, 86) and on Beaver Creek (pp. 27, 55, 77). A. C. Peale mentions hot springs at five localities in Idaho (pp. 562, 591-594) and warm springs at mouth of Cottonwood Creek, Gentile Valley, Idaho (p. 601), which are carbonated and deposit tufa.

58. Lindgren, Waldemar, U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Boise folio (no. 45), p. 7, 1898. Describes Boise Hot Springs, 4J4 miles southeast of Boise, and mentions small tepid spring in Cottonwood Creek 1 mile from the city, and hot springs in Squaw Creek, 3 miles north. Also states that wells 400 to 450 feet deep, 2 miles southeast of the city furnish 550 gallons a minute of water at 170°, used for heating and domestic supply in Boise.

59. Russell, I. C., Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 199, pp. 166-169, 1902. Gives data on warm and hot springs at 10 localities in the area. States that Boise Hot Springs and others near Boise are on a fault.

60. Russell, I. C., Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 78, pp. 26-27, 1903. Mentions thermal springs at 10 localities in Idaho and at Vale, about 10 miles northwest of Vale, and near Beulah, in Oregon.

61. Lindgren, Waldemar, and Drake, N. F., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Silver City folio (no. 104), p. 5, 1904. Mentions a spring at 67°, of considerable volume, near Walters Butte; a spring at 128°, on the Snake River near Enterprise; and wells near Enterprise and Guffey that yield warm water.

62. Lindgren, Waldemar, A geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and Clearwater Mountains in Montana and Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 27, p. 113, 1904. Gives short descriptions of hot springs at seven localities in Idaho.

63. Washburne, C. W., Gas and oil prospects near Vale, Oreg., and Payette, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 431, pp. 33-35, 1911. Mentions hot springs at seven localities in the Vale area and says there are many others in the surrounding region; mentions hot springs 7 miles southwest of Owyhee and 6 miles northeast of Weiser, Idaho.

64. Umpleby, J. B., Ore deposits in the Sawtooth quadrangle, Blaine and Custer Counties, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 580, p. 223, 1915. Mentions hot springs at three places in the area near its north edge, southwest of Carrie- town, and on Wood River; temperature 125° to 150°.

65. Schultz, A. R., A geological reconnaissance for phosphate and coal in southeastern Idaho and western Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 680, p. 31,, 1918. States that springs at 94°-117°, in T. 39 N., R. 116 W., Wyo., are on Darby fault. In Idaho, springs at Heise (110°) are on the same fault; in T. 2 N., R. 43 E., there are extinct hot-spring deposits; and in T. 1 N., R. 43 E.,. and T. 2 S., Rs. 45 and 46 E., there are warm springs.

66. Piper, A. M., Geology and water resources of the Goose Creek Basin,. Cassia County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Bull. 6, pp. 58, 60-63,. 1923. Gives data on Land, Poulton, Oakley, and Thoroughbred Springs, with analyses of the first three, and data on four thermal springs in the northeast, corner of Nevada.

67. Meinzer, O. E., Ground water in Pahsimeroi Valley, Idaho: Idaho Bur.. Mines and Geology Pamph. 9, pp. 31, 32, 1924. Says that Sulphur Creek Spring discharges several second-feet; its temperature (57°) is about 15° above normal and indicates a moderately deep source. There is a warm spring ia the Little Lost River Valley about 6 miles from the summit; temperature

72202 37 4

104 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

68. Piper, A. M., Geology and water resources of the Bruneau River basin, Owyhee County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 11, pp. 36-38, 1925. Gives data on nine thermal springs in the area.

69. Umpleby, J. B., and others, The geology and ore deposits of the Wood River region, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 814, pp. 115-117, 1930. Mentions hot springs at four localities (Guyer, Clarendon, and Hailey Hot Springs, and springs near the west edge of the area) and gives analyses of the first three.

MONTANA

70. Clarke, F. W., and others, Report of work done in the division of chemistry and physics: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 27, p. 75, 1886. Gives analyses of waters from White Sulphur Springs and from Matthews Warm Springs, near Bozeman.

71. Weed, W. H., and Pirsson, L. V., Geology of the Castle Mountain mining district, Mont.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 139, pp. 149-150, 1896. Describe White Sulphur Hot Springs, give analyses, and say that the heat is probably due to volcanism.

72. Peale, A. C., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Three Forks folio (no. 24), p. 5, 1896. Describes Ferris Hot Springs (formerly Matthews Warm Springs), 7 miles west of Bozeman; and three other springs farther west (1 mile southwest of Red Bluff, 5 miles south of Pony, and in lower canyon of Jefferson River).

73. Weed, W. H., and Pirsson, L. V., Geology and mineral resources of the Judith Mountains of Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey 18th Ann. Rept., pt. 3, p. 453, 1898. Says that Warm Spring Creek, near Maiden, rises in springs.

74. Weed, W. H., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Little Belt Mountains folio (no. 56), p. 8, 1899. Gives data on White Sulphur Springs, with analysis; and states that the water rises clear but becomes opalescent or milky from suspended sulphur.

75. Weed, W. H., Mineral-vein formation at Boulder Hot Springs, Mont.: U. S. Geol. Survey 21st Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 233-255, 1900. Presents detailed contour map of the area and discusses the quartz and jasper veins in the granite.

76. Weed, W. H., Gypsum deposits in Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 223, p. 74, 1904. Describes the gypsum deposits at Hunter's Hot Springs, on the north bank of the Yellowstone River, 20 miles east of Livingston.

77. Weed, W. H., Economic value of hot springs and hot-spring deposits: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 260, pp. 598-604, 1905. States that the alum-bearing water of Sun River Hot Springs furnishes a residue that is sold at a high price. Like Steamboat Springs, Nev., and Sulphur Bank, Calif., which are noted for their metalliferous deposits, Boulder Hot Springs and Anaconda Hot Springs, in Montana, are of scientific interest, although their metalliferous content is minute. At Anaconda Hot Springs there is an old travertine area overlying a deposit of limonite, used as flux at Washoe smelter. At Hunter's Hot Springs are extensive veins of gypsum, with veinlets of stilbite (a zeolite); gives analysis of the water.

78. Calvert, W. R., Geology of the Lewistown coal field, Mont.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 390, pp. 11, 12, 38, 1909. Notes that 7 miles above Lewistown several large warm springs form Warm Spring Creek. Travertine deposits in T. 15 N., R. 20 E., probably were made by former hot springs.

79. Campbell, M. R., and others, Guidebook of the western United States, Part A, The Northern Pacific Route, with a side trip to Yellowstone Park: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 611, p. 92, 1915. Mentions Corwin Springs and hotel, a bathing resort.

80. Meinzer, O. E., Artesian water for irrigation in Little Bitterroot Valley, Mont.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 400, pp. 9-37, 1917. States that Camas Hot Springs are near the outcrop of a large diorite sill (p. 20); gives analyses of the waters (p. 29).

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 105

81. Stout, Tom, Montana, ^its story and biography, 3 vols., 1921. Mentions Hunter's, Chico, and Corwin Hot Springs as well-known resorts (vol. 1, p. 801); mentions Camas Hot Springs, being developed under lease from Department of the Interior (p. 823); lists 19 principal hot-spring resorts (p. 885).

82. Pardee, J. T., Geology and ground-water resources of Townsend Valley, Mont.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 539, pp. 47, 53, 57, 1925. Notes Bedford Spring (74°), Mockel Spring (62°), arid spring (64°) in sec. 24, T. 5 N., R. 1 E., as being used for irrigation; gives analysis of Mockel Spring, which issues from Madison limestone.

83. Meinzer, O. E., Large springs in the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 557, pp. 72-87, 1927. Classes Warm Springs, Mont., and Ana River Springs, Oreg., among the largest springs of the country; mentions Ash, Crystal, and Hiko Springs, Nev., as being of large discharge.

NEVADA

[See also references 15,17, 66, 77, and 83]

84. Hague, Arnold, and Emmons, S. F., U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. Rept., vol. 2, pp. 318-826, 1877. Contains references to seven thermal-spring localities in Utah (pp. 318-354) and 15 localities in Nevada (pp. 540-826). Plate 20 shows Sou Springs, in Osobb Valley, Nev., described (pp. 704-706) as a dozen deep pools on a large tufa mound rising 60 feet above the plain, a quarter of a mile south of rhyolite hills. The temperature of the hottest pools is 160° to 185°. Another group at the point of a diorite spur but probably in close connection with the rhyolite contain strong brine (125°).

85. Becker, G. F., Geology of the quicksilver deposits of the Pacific slope: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 13, pp. 338-353, 1888. States that Steamboat Springs issue along fissures and deposit siliceous sinter that contains metallic minerals, including gold, silver, mercury, and lead; gives analyses of water, temperature 167° to 176°. The water is derived from rainfall, hence the flow varies. They are a good example of the formation of fissure veins by hot springs.

86. Spurr, J. E., Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the 40th parallel and adjacent portions of California: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 208, pp. 58, 87, 165, 1903. At the north end of the Golden Gate Range is a deposit of tufa covering several square miles, eroded into hills and bluffs, with many hot springs; hot springs and vertical ore deposits along Hot Creek Canyon; Indian Spring and hot spring at White's ranch, in Pahrump Valley.

87. Spurr, J. E., Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 42, pp. 254-257, 1905. Discusses conditions producing hot springs; mentions the Devil's Punchbowl, 45 miles northeast of Tonopah, 30 feet in diameter, giving off inflammable gas.

88. Lindgren, Waldemar, The occurrence of stibnite at Steamboat Springs, Nev.: Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Bimonthly Bull. 2, pp. 275-278, 1905. Says that stibnite (antimony trisulphide, SbgSs) is deposited on the surface by hot ascend­ ing water; gives analyses of the water.

89. Lindgren, Waldemar, The occurrence of stibnite at Steamboat Springs, Nev.: Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., vol. 36, pp. 27-31, 1905. The springs are 6 miles from the Comstock lode. Water at 176° issues from fissures in granite at the base of a basalt bluff; large deposits of siliceous and calcareous sinter, some colored red by antimony sulphide; hot water in gravel under the sinter; small crystals of stibnite in the gravel.

90. Spurr, J. E., Ore deposits of the Silver Peak quadrangle, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 55, p. 161, 1906. Mentions hot saline springs at Silver Peak. In Fish Lake Valley there are strongly saline springs, but they are not hot.

106 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

91. Bain, H. F., A Nevada zinc deposit: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 285, pp. 166-169, 1906. Mentions Indian Spring and the spring at White's ranch, in Pahrump Valley.

92. Ball, S. H., A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Nevada and eastern California: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 308, pp. 19-20, 1907. States that Alkali Spring, 11 miles northwest of Goldfield, was developed by a tunnel from an original seep to 85,000 gallons a day; water used at Combination mill; gives analysis of water (sulphureted, 140°). Also mentions Hicks Hot Springs, Staininger Ranch Springs, Grapevine Springs, and those in Ash Meadows; thinks that all are probably due to volcanism.

93. Ransome, F. L., Emmons, W. H., and Garrey, G. H., The geology and ore deposits of Goldfield, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 66, p. 143, 1909. Mention Alkali Spring, used by the Combination mine, and give analysis.

94. Ransome, F. L., Notes on some mining districts in Humboldt County, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 414, p. 55, pi. 1, 1909. Gives short description of Sou Hot Springs; several pools 50 feet in diameter, on tufa mounds, maximum temperature 185°. Map (pi. 1) shows several hot and warm springs.

95. Lindgren, Waldemar, The Tertiary gravels of the Sierra Nevada of Cali­ fornia: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 73, p. 189, 1911. States that Walley's Hot Springs, Nev., issue for 2,000 feet along a fault, with large discharge, used for irrigation; gives analysis; water sulphureted, 146°.

96. Dole, R. B., Exploration for salines in Silver Peak Marsh, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 530, p. 332, 1913. Mentions hot and cold springs of weak brine at edge of marsh.

97. Kearney, W. M., Biennial report of State engineer of Nevada for 1911-12, p. 249, 1913. Gives discharge measurements of Preston Springs, White Pine County, 6.21 second-feet; Warm Creek at source (Lund Spring), 2.16 second- feet.

98. Carpenter, E. B., Ground water in southeastern Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 365, pp. 26, 30, 39, 1915. Describes several springs in the region, both cool and thermal, and gives analyses of Soda Springs and Blue Eagle Springs, Nye County, and Las Vegas Springs, Clark County.

99. Hill, J. M., Some mining districts in northeastern California and north­ western Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 594, p. 171, 1915. Mentions several hot mineralized springs at Sodaville. Plate 9 is a view of Hinds Hot Spring.

100. Knopf, Adolph, Tin ore in- northern Lander County, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 640, pp. 125-138, 1917. Says that the tin ore occurs in hills on the Izzenhood ranch, which is established at a large spring known as "Warm Spring", used for irrigation.

101. Meinzer, O. E., Geology and water resources of Big Smoky, Clayton, and Alkali Spring Valleys, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 423, pp. 88-91, 143, 153, 154, 1917. Describes springs on McLeod ranch, Charnock, Gendron, and Darrough Springs, in Nye County (pp. 88-91). Spencer Hot Springs, Lander County (p. 91); and Waterworks Spring (p. 143) and Alkali Spring (p. 149), Esmeralda County; gives analyses (pp. 153, 154) of the last five; states (p. 92) that Warm Spring, 6 miles west of Cloverdale, has a tem­ perature of only 55°.

102. Waring, G. A., Ground water in Reese River Basin and adjacent parts of Humboldt River Basin, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 425, pp. 95-129, 1918. Describes several thermal springs in the area (pp. Ill, 126, 127); gives analyses of two hot springs in T. 27 N., R. 43 E.

103. Waring, G. A., Ground water in Pahrump, Mesquite, and Ivan pah Valleys, Nevada and California: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 450, pp. 51-86, 1920. Gives data (pp. 63, 77) and analyses (p. 80) of springs at Manse and Pahrump, in the south end of Nye County.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 107

104. Clark, W. O., Riddell, C. W., and Meinzer, O. E., Exploratory drilling for water and use of ground water for irrigation in Steptoe Valley, Nev.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 467, pp. 37, 43, 45-49, 1920. Describe and give analyses of several warm and hot springs in the area and state that all are probably situated along faults.

105. Meinzer, O. E., Origin of the thermal springs of Nevada, Utah, and southern Idaho: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 295-303, 1924. Says that most of the springs are not of artesian origin; many are definitely related to faults, Darrough Hot Springs, Nev., being typical. Deep source and absence of artesian structure seem favorable to theory that the water is juvenile. Describes Spencer Hot Springs, Nev., and reproduces (from reference 101) map of them.

NEW MEXICO

[See also references 35, 38, and 39]

106. Stevenson, J. J., U. S. Geog. and Geol. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept., vol. 3, suppl., 1881. Describes (pp. 349-351, 405, 406) Las Vegas Hot Springs, "which issue near contact of Archean and Carboniferous rocks"; gives analyses of three of the springs.

107. Clarke, F. W., Report of work done in the division of chemistry during the fiscal years 1891-92 and 1892-93; U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 113, p. 114, 1893. Gives analysis of water from Ojo Caliente Hot Springs, Taos County.

108. Jones, F. A., New Mexico mines and minerals, 349 pp., 1904. Chapter 37, "Mineral waters" (pp. 289-312), contains descriptions or mention of 20 thermal-spring localities and several cool mineral springs.

109. Lindgren, Waldemar, The ore deposits of New Mexico: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 68, pp. 71-73, 1910. Mentions thermal springs of Las Vegas, Fay- wood, Jemez, and Socorro; describes Ojo Caliente, Taos County, and the gold- and-silver-bearing deposit on the slope above the springs; states that the tufa deposit and fluorite veins were formed by the springs when issuing several hundred feet above their present outlets; gives analyses and notes the high fluorine and boron content, the water being of volcanic type.

110. Lindgren, Waldemar, The hot springs at Ojo Caliente and their deposits: Econ. Geology, vol. 5, pp. 22-27, 1910. States that the springs issue at the foot of a gneiss hill, but from soft sands and tuffs; prospect shaft on hillside, in gneiss cut by pegmatite, on vein carrying gold and silver; calcareous tufa on top of hill, 500 feet above present springs. The mineral vein was the conduit through which hot water reached the surface, depositing calcium fluoride in the vein and calcium carbonate at the surface; analysis of the water shows notable amounts of fluorine and boron.

111. Kelley, Clyde, and Anspach, E. V., A preliminary study of the waters of the Jemez Plateau, N. Mex.: New Mexico Univ. Bull. 71, Chem. ser., vol. 1, no. 1, 72 pp., 1913. Describe and give analyses of 11 springs (two have tem­ peratures of only 51° and 59°; the others 99° to 167°); state that the temperatures of the springs decrease away from Mount Pelado, an old volcano.

112. Darton, N. H., and others, Guidebook of the western United States, Part C, The Santa Fe Route: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 613, p. 69,1916. Mentions Montezuma Hot Springs, a resort 6 miles from Las Vegas.

113. Renick, B. C., Geology and ground-water resources of western Sandoval County, N. Mex.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 620, pp. 78, 86-89, 1931. Describes Indian Springs, San Ysidro Springs, and Phillips Springs; gives eight analyses (p. 78) of waters from these groups.

108 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

NORTH CAROLINA

[See references 9 and 56]

OREGON

[See also references 15, 60, 63, and 83]

114. Lindgren, Waldemar, The gold belt of the Blue Mountains of Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey 22d Ann. Kept., pt. 2, pp. 641, 642, 1901. Describes Medical Hot Springs, which issue from greenstone, and mentions other hot springs on the Burnt River at the road crossing in John Day Valley 9 miles above Prairie and on Camp Creek 6 miles south of Susanville.

115. Langille, H. D., and others, Forest conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oreg.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 9, pp. 76, 77, 1903. Mentions hot springs in area of 20 acres in sec. 25, T. 6 S., R. 6 E., and adjacent sec. 30, T. 6 S., R. 7 E., and a hot sulphur spring in sec. 26, T. 7 S., R. 5 E. Describes Breitenbush, Foley, and Belknap Hot Springs, and gives analysis of the Belknap.

116. Russell, I. C., Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon: U. S. .Geol. Survey Bull. 252, pp. 41, 55, 56, 61, 100, 1905. Con­ siders a hot spring northeast of Saddle Mountain Butte (in Harney Valley) to be a true fissure spring, the source of the water, which has a temperature of 122°, being probably 3,500 feet deep; mentions warm springs at the head of the Crooked River and many small warm springs for 2 miles along Gilchrist Valley, probably artesian, from a depth of 2,500 feet; also artesian spring and wells in Price Valley; and spring (105°), on north border of Pauline Lake, from fissure in basalt.

117. Waring, G. A., Geology and water resources of a portion of south-central Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 220, pp. 51-56, 66, 69, 1908. Gives data on warm and hot springs near Lakeview, in the valley of Summer Lake, and near Abert, Christmas, Fossil, and Alkali Lakes.

118. Waring, G. A., Geology and water resources of the Harney Basin region, Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 231, pp. 35-41, 1909. Contains data on several warm and hot springs.

119. Stearns, H. T., Water supply of McKenzie Valley, Oreg.: U. S. GeoL Survey Water-Supply Paper 597, p. 181, 1929. Describes Belknap Hot Springs.

SOUTH DAKOTA

120. Darton, N. H., Preliminary description of the geology and water resources of the southern half of the Black Hills and adjoining regions in South Dakota and Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey 21st Ann. Rept., pt. 4, p. 575, 1901. Mentions hot springs at Hot Springs (town) and Hot Brook, 3 miles to the west, issuing from axis of anticline.

121. Darton, N. H., and Smith, W. S. T., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Edge- mont folio (no. 108), p. 9, 1904. Describe Cascade Springs and give analysis of the water.

122. Darton, N. H., Artesian waters in the vicinity of the Black Hills, S. Dak.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 428, pp. 28, 54, 1918. Mentions Hot Springs, 45° warmer than the mean annual temperature; Cascade Springs, tepid; and warm springs in Buffalo Gap.

UTAH

[See also references 39, 84, 105, and 141]

123. Gilbert, G. K, Lake Bonneville: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 1, pp. 333, 349, 350, 1890. Mentions hot springs at Fumarole Butte and in North Ogden Canyon.

124. Richardson, G. B., Underground water in the valleys of Utah Lake and Jordan River, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 157, pp. 29-55, 1906. Comments on the remarkable series of thermal springs along the great

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 109

fault at the west base of the Wasatch Mountains. Analyses show abundant salts, chiefly chlorides with minor sulphates and carbonates, and some contain much hydrogen sulphide. Mentions thermal springs in and near Salt Lake City and near each end of Utah Lake.

125. Richardson, G. B., Underground water in Sanpete and central Sevier Valleys, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 199, pp. 25, 35, 36, 58, 1907. Gives data on warm and hot springs in the area; states that 30 fault springs discharge a total of 95 second-feet of water.

126. Lee, W. T,, Water resources of Beaver Valley, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 217, pp. 19, 20, 21, 45, 50, 1908. Describes warm springs at Sulphurdale, McKean's Hot Spring, Dotson's Spring, and warm springs near Thermo, and gives analyses.

127. Meinzer, O. E., Ground water in Juab, Millard, and Iron Counties, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 277, pp. 43, 129, 131, 133, 1911. Gives data on several thermal springs in the area.

128. Carpenter, Everett, Ground water in Box Elder and Tooele Counties, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 333, pp. 30, 42, 66, 1913. Describes four hot springs in lower Bear River Valley, all near faults; and a warm spring in sec. 20, T. 12 N., R. 15 W.; Blue Springs are shown on map (pi. 1).

129. Bryan, Kirk, Classification of springs: Jour. Geology, vol. 27, pp. 522-561, 1919. Describes and gives map of Fish Springs area, Utah, three hot-spring groups along a fault, with recent fault scarp in alluvium; Devil's Hole 7 miles to the south, is probably the last survivor of another group of fault springs whose water is now diverted into alluvium and rises (cool) in Cone Springs, to the east, down the slope.

130. Pack, F. J., Geology of Weber County, Utah: Utah Univ. Bull., vol. 11, no. 19, pp. 26, 27, 1921. Gives data on Utah Hot Springs and Ogden Hot Springs; considers the water to be magmatic.

131. Pack, F. j., Structure of thermal springs on the Wasatch fault: Am. Jour. Sci., 5th ser., vol. 14, pp. 409-418, 1927. Describes Wasatch fault extending 150 miles southward from Idaho line with maximum displacement 10,000 feet; four major thermal-spring groups along it (Honeyville Hot Spring, Utah and Ogden Hot Springs, Beck's Hot Spring, Crystal Lake Spring). All are in topographic low positions, three being at the bases of mountain spurs. Wells drilled near Beck's Spring affected its flow, and a drainage canal 1 mile distant caused it to cease flowing until pressure was restored by impounding part of the canal where cool springs issued.

VIRGINIA

[See also reference 56]

132. Rogers, W. B., A reprint of the annual reports and other papers on the geology of the Virginias, by the late William Barton Rogers, 832 pp., New York, 1884. "Analyses of the waters of the principal mineral springs of Virginia" (pp. 549-564) includes analyses of the following thermal springs: In Virginia, Sweet Springs (New Red and Old Red), Alleghany County; Hot Springs and Warm Springs, Bath County; Wilson's Thermal Springs, Botetourt County; McHenry's Thermal Spring, Scott County; and in West Virginia, White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County; and Sweet Springs, Monroe County. "Connection of thermal springs in Virginia with anticlinal axes and faults" (pp. 575-597) (reprinted from Assoc. Am. Geologists Trans., 1840-42), shows that the springs are closely related to the structure; lists 56 springs (23 of which have temperatures less than 65°), at 29 localities in Virginia and West Virginia.

133. Reeves, Frank, Thermal springs of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 36, 56 pp., 1932. Lists and gives data on 321 springs in the area and mentions several others; about 85 in Virginia and West Virginia have temperatures of 55°

110 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

or higher; considers the water to be derived from rainfall, penetrating to sufficient depths to become heated, and rising by hydrostatic head, along faults or anti­ clinal axes.

WASHINGTON

134. Smith, G. O., Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash.: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 55, p. 45, 1901. Describes Clerf Spring, probably rising from sandstone beneath basalt. The natural flow was increased fourfold by excavating.

135. Plummer, F. G., Forest conditions in the Cascade Range, Wash., between the Washington and Mount Rainier Forest Reserves: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 6, pp. 37, 38, 1902. Describes the springs at Hot Springs; mentions other thermal springs near the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River and on the North Fork of the Skykomish River, and hot sulphur springs at Madison.

136. Smith, G. O., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Ellensburg folio (no. 86), p. 7, 1903. Mentions Clerf Spring, rising from sandstone beneath basalt.

137. Landes, Henry, Preliminary report on the underground waters of Wash­ ington: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 111, pp. 26, 31, 44, 65, 1905. Describes Great Northern Hot Springs near Madiscn; warm spring issuing from basalt in T. 6 N., R. 13. E.; hot springs on the Big Klickitat River (Blockhouse Hot Springs); hot springs in sec. 16, T. 2 N., R. 7 E.; and warm springs on Yakima Indian Reservation (carbonated and deposit iron-stained tufa).

138. Calkins, F. C., Geology and water resources of a portion of east-central Washington: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 118, p. 56, 1905. De­ scribes Clerf Spring as a natural artesian well in the Ellensburg formation over­ lying basalt, the natural flow having been increased fourfold by excavation.

139. Waring, G. A., Geology and water resources of a portion of south-central Washington: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 316, pp. 29, 46, 1913. Gives data on Nicolai Spring, 10 miles north of Sunny side.

WEST VIRGINIA

[See also references 132 and 133]

140. Stose, G. W., and Martin, G. C., Water resources of the Pawpaw and Hancock quadrangles, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 145, p. 60, 1905. State that Berkeley Springs, W. Va., issue at the base of a monoclinal ridge of Oriskany sandstone; water at 73° probably rises from depth of 1,000 to 1,300 feet; give analysis and description of springs.

WYOMING

[See also references 57 and 65]

141. Hayden, F. V., U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 6th Ann. Rept., for 1872, 1873. Contains descriptions of thermal springs, as follows: By A. C. Peale, springs in Yellowstone National Park (pp. 122-158); list of thermal springs, including about 55 groups in Yellowstone region, 1 each in Colorado, Idaho, and Montana, and 3 in Utah (pp. 175-178); by F. H. Bradley, hot springs near Salt Lake City (p. 198); a strongly saline group of hot springs 12 miles north of Brigham City (p. 199); a small warm spring on tufa mound 1 mile south of Malad City (p. 201); springs and geysers in Yellowstone Park (pp. 230-241); hot springs that deposit tufa just below Hobacks, Idaho (p. 268); The Washtub, about 3 miles below mouth of the Salt River, and group of warm springs near Caribou mines (p. 269); small hot spring on the north bank of the Snake River 4 miles below the Salt River (p. 271).

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 111

142. St. John, Orestes, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Rept., for 1878, pt. 1, p. 267, 1883. Describes springs on Warm Spring Creek, Wind River Basin, with large deposits of tufa at present springs, and tufa of extinct springs 2 miles downstream and 250 feet above the creek.

143. Peale, A. C., U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Rept., for 1878, pt. 2, pp. 63-454, 1883. Description of springs and geysers of Yellowstone National Park (pp. 63-303); thermal springs and geysers, including a table of thermal springs of the United States (pp. 304-354); thermo-hydrology (pp. 355-426); bibliographic appendix (pp. 427-454).

144. Gooch, F. A., and Whitfield, J. E., Analyses of waters of the Yellowstone National Park: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 47, 84 pp., 1888. Give methods of analysis and analyses of 38 waters, including several geysers and hot springs.

145. Weed, W. H., Formation of travertine and siliceous sinter by the vegeta­ tion of hot springs: U. S. Geol. Survey 9th Ann. Rept., pp. 613-676, 1889. De­ scribes deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs and in Upper Geyser Basin. Concludes that plant life of the calcium-bearing Mammoth Hot Springs causes deposit of tufa; vegetation of the hot alkaline waters in Upper Geyser Basin causes siliceous deposit; the thickness and extent of these deposits make the plant life an impor­ tant geologic agent.

146. Eldridge, G. H., A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 119, pp. 67, 68, 1894. Mentions Striking Water Springs, of warm sulphureted water, with extensive tufa deposits; Big Horn Hot Springs, on the axis of an anticline in Triassic red beds; and Fort Washakie Hot Spring, on the axis of another anticline.

147. Hague, Arnold, Weed, W. H., and Iddings, J. F., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Yellowstone National Park folio (no. 30), 1896. Contains a sum­ mary of the hot springs and their deposits and views of several of the most noted springs and geysers.

148. Hague, Arnold, and others, Geology of the Yellowstone National Park: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 32, pt. 2, Descriptive geology, petrography and paleon­ tology, accompanied by atlas of 27 folio sheets, 1904. The atlas sheets include six detailed topographic maps showing the springs and geysers in Mammoth Hot Spring area and in Norris, Firehole, Excelsior, Upper, and Shoshone geyser basins.

149. Darton, N. H., The hot springs at Thermopolis, Wyo.: Jour. Geology, vol. 14, pp. 194-200, 1906. Describes the geology and structure and gives analysis of the water.

150. Darton, N. H., Geology of the Owl Creek Mountains, Wyo.: 59th Cong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 219, 48 pp., 1906. Describes (p. 39) the geology at Ther­ mopolis Hot Springs, and gives analysis of the water.

151. Fisher, C. A., Mineral resources of the Bighorn Basin: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 285, pp. 311-315, 1906. Describes (pp. 314-315) Cody Hot Springs and Thermopolis Hot Springs, and gives analysis of the latter.

152. Fisher, C. A., Geology and water resources of the Bighorn Basin, Wyo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 53, pp. 61, 62, 1906. States that Cody Hot Springs rise from sandstone at the base of the Deadwood formation, possibly from a depth of 2,200 feet. Gives analysis of water at Thermopolis Hot Springs and mentions several others.

153. Woodruff, E. G., Sulphur deposits at Cody, Wyo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 340, pp. 451-456, 1907. Mentions springs in Shoshone Canyon (98°); much hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide.

154. Woodruff, E. G., Sulphur deposits near Thermopolis, Wyo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 380, pp. 373-380, 1909. Gives detailed description of hot springs near Thermopolis.

112 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

155. Schlundt, Herman, and Moore, R. B., Radioactivity of the thermal waters of Yellowstone National Park: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 395, 35 pp., 1909. Discuss the methods used and the results. They found the adjacent rocks as well as the waters and gases to be radioactive.

156. Hague, Arnold, The origin of the thermal springs in the Yellowstone National Park: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 22, pp. 103-122, 1911. Annual address of the president, Dec. 27, 1910. (1) Igneous activity extended through­ out the Tertiary period; (2) it ended at the close of the Pliocene; (3) during Eocene-Miocene time deep-seated waters were geologic agents; (4) Pliocene lavas issued quietly and built up the rhyolite plateau; (5) these lavas were altered by enormous amounts of heated vadose water; (6) the gases in the water are vadose; (7) geyser phenomena are from shallow depth; (8) present phenomena are a phase in the evolution of thermal springs.

157. Hague, Arnold, Origin of the thermal waters in the Yellowstone National Park: Science, new ser., vol. 33, pp. 553-568, 1911. Nearly the same as refer­ ence 156.

158. Hares, C. J., Anticlines in central Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 641, pp. 233-279, 1917. Mentions (p. 236) a large warm spring in sec. 35, T. 32 N., R. 86 W.; hot mineral water in gorge just above Alcova; Big Sulphur Springs in sec. 5, T. 38 N., R. 83 W.; warm water in Beaver Gorge, 5 miles above Hailey; and warm springs in T. 29 N., R. 95 W.

159. Hewett, D. F., and Lupton, C. T., Anticlines in the southern part of the Big Horn Basin, Wyo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 656, p. 136, 1917. State that the town df Thermopolis and the hot springs (Included in a State reservation) are on the south flank of the Thermopolis anticline.

160. Collier, A. J., Oil in the Warm Springs and Hamilton domes, near Ther­ mopolis, Wyo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 711, pp. 61-73, 1920. Mentions (p. 61) the occurrence of hot springs near the axis of the Thermopolis anticline.

161. Van Orstrand, C. E., Temperatures in some springs and geysers in Yellow- stone National Park: Jour. Geology, vol. 32, pp. 194-225, 1924. Gives tem­ peratures of about 140 springs and geysers.

162. Bartlett, A. B., The mineral hot springs of Wyoming: Wyoming State Geologist's Oifice Bull. 19, 15 pp., 1926. Describes nine thermal springs in the State outside of Yellowstone National Park; gives analyses of Big Horn, Sara­ toga, Alcova, Fort Washakie, and Demaris Hot Springs.

162a. Alien, E. T., and Day, A. L., Hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park (microscopic examinations by H. E. Merwin): Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 466, 1936. A comprehensive and critical study of the springs of the park with special reference to the origin of the water and heat and the diversity in chemical character of the water. Includes many analyses.

GENERAL

[See also reference 143]

163. Bell, John, The mineral and thermal springs of the United States and Canada, 394 pp., Philadelphia, 1855. A discourse on the medical use of the waters, and description of springs by States; lists 32 thermal springs of the United States (includes springs at Bennington, Vt., springs of Florida; and spring on French Broad River, Tenn.).

164. Moorman, J. J., Mineral springs of North America, how to reach and how to use them, 1st ed., 294 pp., Philadelphia, 1871. An earlier work was published as "Mineral waters of the United States and Canada", 507 pp., 1867. Gives medical discussion of use followed by detailed discussion of springs of Virginia and West Virginia; then descriptions, partly taken from Bell's work, of springs and resorts in other States; lists (p. 284), 29 thermal springs.

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 113

165. Walton, G. E., Mineral springs of the United States and Canada, 1st ed. 390 pp., 1873; 2d ed., 1874; 3d ed., 468 pp., 1883. After preliminary medical discussion of use describes mineral springs under the groupings saline, sulphur, chalybeate, purgative, calcic, thermal, and unclassified. Under thermal springs, describes 24 spring localities as follows: Arkansas: Hot Springs; California: Calistoga, Geysers, Paso Robles, Santa Barbara, Warners Ranch, San Bernar- dino, Skaggs, Gilroy, and Lake Tahoe; Colorado: Idaho Springs and Middle Park; Georgia: Warm Springs; North Carolina: Warm Springs; New Mexico: Agua Caliente (Mesilla County); New York: Lebanon Spring; Nevada: Pueblo Hot Springs, and Volcano Hot Springs (Lander County); Oregon: Deschutes Springs; Utah: Salt Lake City Warm Springs; Virginia: Hot Springs, Warm Springs, and Healing Springs; Wyoming: American Geysers.

166. U. S. Geog. and Geol. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept., vol. 3, 1875. In part 1, by G. K. Gilbert, figure 3 (opposite p. 148) is a map of the United States, showing hot springs. "So far as temperatures are definitely known, only those are included which exceed the mean annual temperature of the air by 15° F." (p. 149). Table of thermal springs of the United States (pp. 150-153) lists 136 spring localities. Speaks of extensive tufa deposits, with many warm springs, near Medway, on the Provo River, Utah, and spring at 185° in Escalante Valley, 16 miles west of Minersville (pp. 256-257). A chapter on mineral springs, by John J. Stevenson (pp. 478-487) describes Pagosa Springs, Mound Soda Spring, sulphur springs in South Park, and Idaho Springs, Colo. A chapter on analyses of mineral springs and minerals, by Oscar Loew (pp. 613-627), describes 12 other thermal springs in Colorado and New Mexico, with analyses of Ojo Caliente (Taos County, N. Mex.); hot springs on Rio San Francisco 7 miles above its junction with Gila River, N. Mex.; and Pagosa Springs, Colo. Plate 13 (p. 616) is a detailed map of Ojo Caliente Springs, N. Mex.

167. Clarke, F. W., and Chatard, T. M., A report of work done in the Wash­ ington laboratory during the fiscal year 1883-84: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 9, pp. 24-35, 1884. Contains 15 analyses of thermal springs, as follows: Nevada: Hot springs at foot of Granite Mountain (Ward's ranch) and at Hot Springs station (Central Pacific R. R.); California: Warm spring in Mono Basin, and boiling spring in Honey Lake Valley, 4 miles southeast of Shaffer's ranch; Utah: Utah Hot Springs, 8 miles north of Ogden; Montana: Livingston warm springs, warm spring in Emigrant Gulch, and Helena Hot Springs; Virginia: Six springs at Hot Springs.

168. Bell, A. N., Climatology and mineral waters of the United States, 386 pp., New York, 1885. Chapters 1-14 (pp. 1-143) and 19-22 (pp. 251-379) treat of climatology and factors related to it. Chapters 15-18 (pp. 144-249) treat of the climatology and mineral springs of the Atlantic States, Mississippi Basin, western highlands, and Pacific slope. About 175 springs are described or men­ tioned, of which 30 are at thermal-spring resorts.

169. Peale, A. C., Lists and analyses of the mineral springs of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 32, 235 pp., 1886. Gives descriptions by States, with tabulated data on discharge and temperature. Lists 2,822 mineral-spring localities, including many thermal springs, and gives 859 analyses.

170. Peale, A. C., Natural mineral waters of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey 14th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 48-88, 1894. Gives general discussion of thermal springs (pp. 68-69) and a list, by States, of about 640 mineral-spring resorts including many thermal springs (pp. 81-88).

171. Crook, J. K., Mineral waters of the United States and their therapeutic uses, 588 pp., Philadelphia, 1899. Part 1 (pp. 1-83) discusses the medical use of mineral waters. Part 2 (pp. 84-553) describes by States about 490 mineral- water localities (most of which are cool springs and some of which are wells),

114 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

with data on their development as resorts, and gives analyses taken from various sources. Also mentions, under some of the States, springs concerning which definite information was not obtained.

172. Haywood, J. K., Mineral waters of the United States: U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Chemistry Bull. 91, 100 pp., 1905. Gives 65 analyses, chiefly of commer­ cial waters, but contains analyses of Healing Springs and Rockbridge Alum Springs, Va.

173. Fitch, W. E., Mineral waters of the United States and American spas, 799 pp., Philadelphia, 1927. The first 13 chapters (pp. 1-200) discuss the sources of mineralization, classification of mineral waters, radioactivity, and therapeutic use. Chapter 14 (pp. 201-712) describes the mineral springs by States, about 400 receiving individual discussion, of which about 75 are thermal-spring resorts. Analyses from various sources are included. Chapter 15 (pp. 713-755) describes Hot Springs, Ark.; Manitou, Colo. (nonthermal); Hot Springs, S. Dak.; and White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.

UNPUBLISHED INFOKMATION

174. Data in the files of the United States Geological Survey, including infor­ mation furnished by the Forest Service, Indian Service, and General Land Office,

TABULATED DATA

Statistical data on thermal springs are presented in the following table. The locations of the springs are shown by numbers on the maps indicated under each State.

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118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDEOLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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r nor

th s

hore

of H

oney

Lak

e, %

mile

sout

hwes

t of

Hot

Spr

ings

sta

tion

. N

ear A

med

ee r

ailr

oad

stati

on

__

._..

10 m

iles

sout

h of

eas

t of

Am

edee

.H

ishr

ock

Spr

ing.

...

....

..

do -

in a

lluv

ium

.

intr

uded

in

to

old

sedi

­ m

ents

. L

ava

flow

s an

d lo

cal f

aulti

ng.

dior

ite i

ntru

ded

into

old

se

dim

ents

. L

ava

flow

s an

d lo

cal

faul

ting.

do

do .

ston

e.

lyin

g m

eado

w a

lluv

ium

.

prob

able

fau

lts.

of c

alca

reou

s tu

fa.

Ter

tiar

y ba

salti

c la

va. _

...

13

0

12

0..

....

117-

125-

12

0......

70

10

0.

100-

180-

120-

150.

.

(' )

110-

165

160-

2043

.

178-

2043

.

86

500 -

20

0

42

5

100 ..

5 _

5

90

3... .

....

5

10

0

17

5

12

5

250

.

70

0

52

5..

....

17

4 .... ..

...

23,

p.

123;

174.

23, p

. 1

23

23,

p. 1

23

23, p. 1

24

.

.. ..

23,

p. 115

31,

p. 9

8..... .

.....

23,

p.

141;

30,

pp.

178-

190;

31

, p.

96

.

23, p

. 14

0; 3

1, p

. 94

..

23,

p.

117*

... ...

...

23,

p. 1

17

124-

126*

. 15

, p.

51; 2

3, p

. 12

7*.

23,

D. 128. .

27 28 29 30 31 32 1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

th

at a

naly

ses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

** 1

75°

to b

oilin

g.

3 B

oilin

g.

5 pr

inci

pal

spri

ngs,

not

use

d;

2 w

ells

Yz

mile

nor

th,

dis­

ch

arge

115

gal

lons

per

min

­ ut

e of

boi

ling

wat

er;

bath

­ in

g, s

auit

ariu

m.

1 sp

ring

; ir

riga

tion.

5 sp

ring

s; ir

riga

tion,

bat

hing

.

1 sp

ring

; ir

riga

tion.

1 sp

ring

; no

t use

d.

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

6 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

3 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

.

i-3 HH

W H W S t> F CO

"Tj B iz! O CO M I-J

^\ HJ

pots

; no

t us

ed.

Dep

osits

of

su

lphu

r.

Als

o ca

lled

Soup

an

or

Sup

an

Hot

Sp

ring

s.A

bout

20

spri

ngs;

not

use

d.

Cal

led

also

Bum

pas

Hel

l.

Bat

hing

; ir

riga

tion.

9 sp

ring

s; i

rrig

atio

n.

3 sp

ring

s;

bath

ing;

for

mer

lyB

ranb

ecks

Hot

Spr

ings

. 7

spri

ngs;

bat

hing

.

Dom

estic

, ir

riga

tion.

120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

54.

-g so5 "e

a&H..ft X Z-8%ft~'C"8%

Q^

*n ca

add.a

S 3i-H O5

oQ $3

i'~2

3 n5

a _,

a « EH

t 1

£ Q"

.3

a, as 3

^^Is^lS

B8S1

6-2

lg0^=1

§ o§SH

45 46 47

Men

doci

no C

ount

y

16 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Uki

ah..

3 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Uki

ah.

15 m

iles s

outh

east

of P

oint

Are

na..

Lake

Cou

nty

38 m

iles

east

of n

orth

of

Lak

epor

t.

2 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Bar

tlet

t Sp

ring

s,se

c. 3

5, T

. 16

N.,

R. 8

W.

45 m

iles

wes

t of W

illi

ams_

_ _

.

28 m

iles

wes

t of W

illia

ms.

6 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Kel

seyv

ille-

8 m

iles w

est o

f sou

th o

f Kel

seyv

ille

... _

5 m

iles

sout

h of

Kel

seyvil

le.-

___ ...

5 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Kel

seyv

ille

.j__

...

Nea

r so

uthw

est

edge

of

Cle

ar

Lak

e,

10 m

iles

east

of

Kel

seyv

ille.

10 m

iles

wes

t of

nor

th o

f L

ower

Lak

e...

28 m

iles

wes

t of

nor

th o

f C

alis

toga

.. .

Orr

s H

ot S

prin

gs.

Vic

hy S

prin

gs.

Poi

nt A

rena

Hot

Spr

ings

..

Cra

btre

e Sp

ring

s.

New

man

Spr

ings

.

Com

plex

ion

Spri

ngs.

Hig

hlan

d S

prin

gs...

.

Eng

land

Spr

ings

..

Car

lsba

d S

prin

gs..

Soda

Bay

Spr

ings

.

Sul

phur

Ban

k H

ot S

prin

gs.

How

ard

Spri

ngs-

Fran

cisc

an

form

atio

n of

cr

ushe

d sa

ndst

one

wit

h ch

ert

and

serp

entin

e;

faul

ts s

ubsi

diar

y to

Sa

n A

ndre

as r

ift.

Soft

sand

ston

e an

d cl

ay

shal

es;

cong

lom

erat

e ce

­ m

ente

d by

lim

e ca

rbon

ate

depo

site

d fr

om

spri

ng

wat

er.

Bas

altic

lava.

Silic

eous

roc

k cl

osel

y as

soci

­ at

ed w

ith

serp

entin

e; a

lso

alte

red

shal

e an

d sa

nd­

ston

e.Se

rpen

tine

in

Fran

cisc

an

form

atio

n (J

uras

sic?

).Is

sue

at b

ase

of s

erpe

ntin

e le

dge,

at

co

ntac

t w

ith

crum

pled

sh

ale

and

sili­

ce

ous

sedi

men

ts.

Issu

e fr

om d

ecom

pose

d se

r­

pent

ine,

but

alte

red

sedi

­ m

ents

nea

rby.

Issu

e fr

om

crus

hed

and

faul

ted

shal

e an

d sa

nd­

ston

e.C

rush

ed s

hale

and

san

dsto

ne

And

esite

lava

ove

r thi

n-be

d­

ded

sedi

men

ts.

Bas

e of

Mou

nt K

onoc

ti, a

And

esite

of M

ount

Kon

octi,

a

com

para

tivel

y re

cent

la

va.

Bas

alt

alte

red

by s

olfa

tari

c ac

tion.

Sl

opes

nea

r qui

ck­

silv

er

min

es,

com

pose

d m

ainl

y of

L

ower

C

reta

­ ce

ous

rock

s.A

rea

of

serp

enti

ne

wit

hin

shal

e an

d sa

ndst

one.

63-1

04

59

-90

110-

112-

68

-10

5

90

70-9

2

74.. _

52-8

2 .

56-7

6

66

-76

80-8

7. _

70-1

00

83-1

20

48-1

10..

.

25

30

.

15

5

25

1 .

20

8

4

40

0

5

13

5

23, p

. 83.. _

23, p

p.

171-

173*

.. _.

23, p

. 8

2

.-

23,

p. 106

17

4

23,

p. 2

02

..

23,

pp.

29

7-2

98

*

23,

pp.

183-

185*

;17

3, p

p.

250-

252*

.

23,

p. 186

23, p

p. 1

87-1

88*.

23,

pp.

191-

192*

_

23,

p. 1

93 .

17,

p. 9

75;

23,

pp.

98-9

9*.

23, p

p.

95-9

6*:

173,

pp.

252-

253*

.

1 N

umbe

rs c

orre

spon

d to

num

bers

of t

he b

ibli

ogra

phy;

ast

eris

k in

dica

tes

that

ana

lyse

s of

the

wat

er a

re g

iven

, »

Boi

ling.

« I

nter

mit

tent

.

7 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

Do.

2 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

4 sp

ring

s; c

ampi

ng g

roun

d.

I sp

ring

; ba

thin

g.

9 sp

ring

s;

bath

ing;

al

so

calle

d So

ap C

reek

Spr

ings

.

30 s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

II s

prin

gs;

reso

rt.

7 sp

ring

s;

drin

king

; al

so

calle

d E

llio

tt S

prin

gs.

4 sp

ring

s; l

ocal

use

.

5 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

10 s

prin

gs;

drin

king

.

10 s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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72 80 81 84 85 86

18 m

iles

sout

h of

eas

t of

Clo

verd

ale.

....

Sul

phur

Cre

ek,

21 m

iles

sout

heas

t of

Clo

verd

ale.

22

mile

s so

uth

of e

ast

of C

love

rdal

e. _

.

7 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Ful

ton.

___.

3% m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Gle

n E

llen

.

McE

wan

ran

ch,

3 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Ken

woo

d.

Sta

te h

ome

at E

ldri

dge,

6 m

iles

wes

t of

nort

h of

Son

oma.

2

mile

s no

rthw

est

of S

onom

a._____.

Nap

a C

ount

y

17 m

iles

nort

h of

St.

Hel

ena-

mile

eas

t of

Cal

isto

ga d

epot

.

2 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

St.

Hel

ena.

....

....

15 m

iles

nort

h of

eas

t of

St.

Hel

ena.

....

Man

n C

ount

y

6 mile

s nor

thw

est o

f Poi

nt B

onit

a. _

.....

Con

tra

Cos

ta C

ount

y

2 mile

s no

rthe

ast o

f Wal

nut C

reek

_ _

.

2 m

iles

sout

h of

Byr

on.

The

Gey

sers

.

Lit

tle

Geyse

rs____....

Mar

k W

est W

arm

Spr

ings

. L

os

Guil

icos

War

m

Spri

ngs.

Boy

es H

ot S

prin

gs-

Aet

na S

pri

ngs.

... ....

Cal

isto

ga H

ot S

prin

gs.-

.-.

St.

Hel

ena

Whi

te

Sul­

ph

ur S

prin

gs.

Nap

a E

ock

Soda

Spr

ings

..

Roc

ky P

oint

Spr

ing-

Sul

phur

Spr

ings

_..

Byr

on H

ot S

prin

gs.

men

tary

ro

cks

of

Fra

n­

cisc

an f

orm

atio

n.

Cru

shed

and

alte

red

sand

­ st

one

and

shal

e w

ith

cher

t, sc

hist

, an

d as

soci

ated

ser

­ pe

ntin

e of

Fra

ncis

can

for­

m

atio

n;

prom

inen

t fa

ult

zone

. G

abbr

o at

230

fee

t in

dri

lled

wel

l.

Lav

a an

d tu

ff _

__

_ _

_ _

Lav

as a

nd tu

ffac

eous

laye

rs;

arte

sian

str

uctu

re.

Lav

a un

der

allu

vium

; ar

te­

sian

str

uctu

re.

Lav

a an

d pr

e-T

erti

ary

sedi

­ m

ents

.

Alte

red

sedi

men

ts,

opal

ine

mat

eria

l, an

d as

soci

ated

se

rpen

tine

of

Fr

anci

scan

fo

rmat

ion.

L

ava

to n

orth

. V

olca

nic

tuff

. F

ault

in

val­

le

y.

Cru

shed

sa

ndst

one

of

Fran

cisc

an f

orm

atio

n.

Alte

red

shal

e an

d sa

ndst

one.

In p

re-T

erti

ary

sedi

men

ts;

oxid

atio

n of

pyr

ite

in s

and­

st

one.

Sand

ston

e ri

dge,

dip

s ne

arly

ve

rtic

al.

Inte

nse

mov

e­

men

t, an

d fa

ult a

long

bor

­ de

r of

val

ley

land

. In

sal

ine

flat

par

tly

encl

osed

by

lo

w

hills

of

ch

erty

gr

avel

and

oth

er m

arin

e se

dim

ents

.ri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es 0

1

(5)

12

0......

110-

160_

_

60-8

2_ _

78,8

2....

80

72

114-

118.

.

63

-92

....

126-

173.

.

59

-83

79 _

_ ..

100 ...

75

-81

72-1

20__

the

wat

er

30

-50

5 .

8 .

...

30

5

50

20

8.. ..

.

6

15

5

5

15

are

give

n.

23,

pp.

83-8

8*;

32,

pp.

1-10

5;

173,

pp

. 24

2-24

5*.

32,

p. 9

4.... .......

23,

p. 8

8; 3

2, p

p. 9

, 95

. 23

, p.

11

5

.

23

, p.

114

. ___ . ...

23,

p. 1

14. .........

23,

p. 1

14

..

....

23,

pp.

112,

113

*...

23,

pp.

156-

159*

-

23,

pp.

108-

109*

; 14

2, p

. 32

6; 1

73,

p. 2

45*.

23,

pp.

254-2

55*.

23,

p. 1

61*

23, p

. 80

. ___ ..

..

23, p

. 270

23,

pp.

109-

112*

; 17

3, p

p. 2

40-2

42. '1

4

Abo

ut

30

spri

ngs;

re

sort

si

nce

1852

; bo

ttle

d.

Wel

ls

drill

ed

in

1931

an

d la

ter

obta

ined

ste

am f

or

gene

r­

atin

g el

ectr

icity

.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

not

use

d.

10 s

prin

gs;

cam

ping

gro

und.

9 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t. 2

spri

ngs;

res

ort.

1 sp

ring

; ir

riga

tion.

Do.

1 m

ain

spri

ng,

flow

ed u

ntil

ea

rthq

uake

of

1906

. W

ells

la

ter

dri

lled.

Res

ort;

bo

ttle

d.

6 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t; bo

ttle

d.

4 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng.

Seve

ral

wel

ls

drill

ed

in

1910

-24

stru

ck h

ot a

rtes

ian

wat

er;

used

in

bath

s.

5 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

2 sp

ring

s;

bott

led.

A

lso

calle

d P

ries

t So

da S

prin

gs.

Not

use

d.

6 sp

ring

s; d

omes

tic.

7 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

0° t

o bo

iling

.to 0

0

124 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OP UNITED STATES, 1935

<o

1

«.

*ee o,0"o

9 ~i »I *E E,

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it

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Sandstone, chert, and con­ glomerate; near serpentine and gabbroid rocks; prob­

able fault.

bo_g a

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Gneiss; above and below is granitic material; crystal­ line rocks are overlain by shale, sandstone, and lime­

stone; dips suggest area of

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intense pressure.

Gravelly sandstone over granitic rocks; local fold or

bedrock dam.

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outh of Soleda

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Jurassic shales overlain by gravel deposited on an ocean terrace. Water from base of gravel and from

slate.

JSJda 02ow-w §sd0)ca

^03S3

south of Monti

3E.

les east of i \21S., R.

! so>

dQ>enS

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Jurassic shale and sandstone.

boa'E02oB~pH

"3P

pjo5K=iHH0

1 east of south

S o t-l>>£l

CQ .,2 t"

o*°t^

s

San

Lui

s O

bisp

o C

ount

y

% m

iles

nort

h of

Pas

o R

oble

s...

Sout

hwes

t par

t of P

aso

Rob

les.

..

4 m

iles

sout

heas

t of

Pas

o R

oble

s.

30 m

iles

sout

heas

t of

Pas

o R

oble

s__

15 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of S

an L

uis

Obi

spo.

2}^

mile

s ea

st o

f A

rroy

o G

ran

de.

....

.

Sant

a B

arba

ra C

ount

y

4 m

iles

nort

h of

Qav

iota

sta

tion..

....

20m

iles

nort

hwes

t of S

anta

Bar

bar

a_..

6mile

s no

rthe

ast o

f San

ta B

arba

ra-

12 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

San

ta B

arba

ra,

1m

ile e

ast

of M

ono

Cre

ek,

sec.

4,

T.

5N

., R

. 25

W.

15 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

San

ta B

arba

ra,

4m

iles

nort

h of

San

ta Y

nez

Riv

er,

sec.

1, T

. 5

N.,

R.

25 W

.

Ven

tura

Cou

nty

Mat

ilij

a C

anyo

n, 9

mile

s no

rthw

est

of

Nor

dhof

f.

8^4

mile

s no

rthw

est

of N

ord

ho

ff..

.__

.

Spri

ngs.

War

m S

prin

gs.

San

Mar

cosH

ot S

prin

gs ..

.

Mon

teci

to H

ot S

prin

gs. .

..

Stin

gley

's H

ot S

pri

ngs.

...

men

tary

roc

ks.

__ do

.......................

men

tary

ro

cks;

pr

obab

le

arte

sian

str

uctu

re.

tesi

an s

truc

ture

.

and

crus

hed.

soci

ated

wit

h st

eep

dips

.

Thi

ck-b

edde

d sa

ndst

one,

prob

ably

fau

lted.

L

edge

of

cal

care

ous

mat

eria

l de

­ po

site

d by

spr

ing.

F

ract

ured

san

dsto

ne in

faul

t zo

ne.

Issu

e fr

om

thic

k-be

dded

sa

ndst

one

at

cont

act

of

shal

e w

hich

ove

rlie

s it

.

... .

.do......

shal

e; c

rush

ed a

nd p

rob­

ab

ly f

aulte

d.

Sand

ston

e an

d sh

ale;

ste

eply

incl

ined

. do ..

.....d

o...... ..

....

....

....

...

crus

hed

shal

e; f

aulte

d.

55-1

18. .

.

10

5-.

. ..

94

74.......

72, 9

5

98

67-9

7

89-1

08...

111-

118-

90

90

118

76, 1

00

65-1

16

62

-10

2

12

0

97-1

91..,

10

0

1,70

0....

15

0..

....

3..

....

..

17

15

50.......

45

50.......

15.......

10.......

5... _

_ .

4..

....

..

45

40

....

...

50. _

__ .

12

5..

....

23, p

p. 7

3-75

*... ..

.

23, p

p. 7

2-75

*; 1

73,

pp.

260-

262*

.

23, p

p. 7

6-77

*; 1

73,

pp.

264-

265*

.

23, p

. 77

....

..

23, p

. 6

9..

23, p

p. 6

8-69

*; 1

73,

pp.

258-

259*

.

23, p

. 6

8

_ ..

..

14, p

. 192

; 23,

p. 6

7-

22,

p. 2

3; 2

3, p

p.

66-6

7*.

174

174 .

23, p

p. 6

2-63

*... ...

23, p

. 63

.. -

23, p

p. 6

3-64

*....

..23

, pp

. 6

4-6

6*

17

4. _

__

__

__

14, p

. 199

; 23,

p. 6

6-

6 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Nor

dhof

L.. ___.

7J^

mile

s w

est o

f nor

th o

f Nor

dhof

f-

Sesp

e C

anyo

n, 2

4 m

iles

wes

t of n

orth

of

Fillm

ore,

sec

. 31,

T.

6 N

., R

. 20

W.

Sesp

e C

anyo

n, 2

2 m

iles

wes

t of n

orth

of

Fillm

ore,

sec

. 21

, T.

6 N

., R

. 20

W.

' Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es o

f th

e w

ater

are

giv

en.

3 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng, b

ottl

ed.

1 m

ain

spri

ng;

late

r de

vel­

op

ed

by

flow

ing

arte

sian

w

ell;

reso

rt.

2 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng, i

rrig

atio

n.

Bat

hing

.

2 sp

ring

s; d

rink

ing,

bat

hing

.

Res

ort.

4 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng.

6 sp

ring

s;

cam

ping

gr

ound

.A

lso

calle

d M

ount

ain

Gle

nH

ot S

prin

gs a

nd C

uyam

aH

ot S

prin

gs.

11

spri

ngs;

re

sort

; pa

rt

ofw

ater

sup

ply

of M

onte

cito

;al

so c

alle

d S

anta

Bar

bara

Hot

Spr

ings

. 3

spri

ngs;

not

use

d.

Do.

Do.

2 sp

ring

s; d

omes

tic,

bath

ing.

4 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.D

o.

Bat

hing

.

4 sp

ring

s; c

ampi

ng g

roun

d.

fcO

C7I

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d Sta

tes

Co

nti

nu

ed

Cal

ifor

nia

Con

tinue

d

[See

pi.

15]

Map

no

.

113

114

115

116

117

11Q

119

120

122

Loc

atio

n

Los

Ange

les

Cou

nty

nort

h of

Cas

tac

stat

ion.

Alp

ine

Cou

nty

Mon

o C

ount

y

24, T

. 6N

., R

. 23

E.

sec.

3,

T.

4 N

., R

. 24

E.

27,

T.

5 N

., R

. 25

E.

Bri

dgep

ort.

of B

ridg

epor

t, se

c. 2

0, T

. 4 N

., R

. 26

E.

Spri

ngs,

sec

. 13

, T.

3 S.

, R

. 28

E.

Nam

e

Fale

s' H

ot S

prin

gs. _

__

Geo

logy

And

reas

fau

lt is

8 m

iles

nort

h.

mile

to e

ast;

near

sou

ther

n ex

tens

ion

of S

ierr

a V

alle

y fa

ult.

slop

es n

earb

y ar

e la

va.

and

grav

el.

Nea

r zo

ne o

f fa

ultin

g.

lava

.

_

_do

area

of r

ecen

t la

va.

Fau

ltin

g in

rec

ent

lava

. ...

..

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

10

0

128-

146.

.

97-1

41..

.

14

0

121-

148.

.

70-1

05

100.

. ..

10

0

17

6

90

17

0

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inute

)

5. _

_ ...

10

0

30

0

25.

.

10.

25. .

._._

.

10

...

10

10

0

10. ......

5. _

_

Ref

eren

ces

'

23, p

. 66

. __

_ ..

..

23, p

. 131.

23, p

. 1

32

...

16,

p. 2

91;

23,

p.13

2.

16,

p. 2

91;

23,

pp.

133-

135*

.

16,

p.

291;

23

, p.

133.

16

, p.

29

1;

23,

p.

135.

23

, p

. 13

5. _

__

...

16,

p.

372;

23

. p.

144;

167

, p.

27*

. 16

, p

. 28

8*;

23,

pp.

145-

146*

; 16

7, p

. 27

*; 1

73, p

p.

254-

25

6*.

23,

p. 1

47

Rem

arks

dipp

ing.

T

rave

rtin

e ri

dges

de

posi

ted;

on

yx

mar

ble

and

trav

erti

ne q

uarr

ied.

Do.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

to OS

123

124

125

126

126a 12

7

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

35 m

iles

nor

thw

est

of B

isho

p, s

ec. 3

2, T

. 3

8.,

R.

28 E

., on

U.

S. H

ighw

ay 3

95.

T.

38., R

. 28

E.

Bis

hop.

48., R

. 29

E.

offic

e, s

ec.

2, T

. 2

S., R

. 31

E.

Mad

era

Cou

nty

10 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Min

eral

Par

k.

Fre

sno

Cou

nty

of Y

osem

ite, s

ec. 9

, T. 5

S.,

R. 2

7 E

.

T.

78., R

. 27

E.

T. 88., R

. 28

E.

of C

oalin

ga. Tu

lare

Cou

nty

Riv

er,

27^

mile

s no

rth

of e

ast

of P

or-

ters

ville

.

of O

lanc

ha.

31, T

. 23

S.,

R.

31 E

.

Cas

a D

iabl

oHot

Spr

ings

. .

Spri

ngs.

Spri

ngs.

Lav

a __

__

__

__

__

__

_

able

sm

all

faul

t sca

rp.

volc

anic

act

ivit

y an

d fa

ult­

in

g.

near

whi

te v

olca

nic

tuff

, w

hich

co

ntai

ns

roun

ded

lava

gra

vel.

near

bas

altic

lav

a.

.....d

o.......... _

_ ..

......

ty g

rave

l slo

pes,

nea

r di

ke

of s

erpe

ntin

e ga

bbro

.

ston

e.

grav

el, n

ear

lava

.

niti

c ro

ck.

115-

194.

.

180.. .

120-

2023

.

74

-10

0

96... _

_

135

90-1

20...

110

100-

112.

.

100-

110-

.

79

-10

9

88-9

7....

77.

95

-12

3

100-

__

105-

126-

35

W

..

500

45

0

306

400

10..

. _ .

5.. _

_ .

25

40

6- ___

20. ......

25. ......

75..

. ....

2 ..

...

50

16,

p.

291;

23

, p.

14

6, 1

74.

23, p

. 1

47

. _

_ -

17

4.

23, p

. 147 .

174

14,

p.

196;

23

, p.

136.

23, p

p. 5

5-56

*. _

-

23, p

. 56... .

_._

....

23, p

. 55 .

.......

23,

pp.

54

-55

*

23,

pp.

78-7

9*;

24,

pp.

212-

213*

.

23, p

. 78

. ___ . ...

23,

p. 2

42. _

__ ..

.

23, p

. 53

. __

__

__

23, p

. 24

6. ._

..__...

23, p

. 49

. _____ ..

Abo

ut

20

spri

ngs;

va

por

bath

s.

Dep

osit

smal

l am

ount

s of

cin

naba

r.N

ot u

sed.

5 pr

inci

pal

spri

ngs;

not

use

d;2

stea

m v

ents

; la

rge

tufa

depo

sit.

4 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

2 mai

n sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng re

sort

.

Irri

gati

on.

5 sp

ring

s; c

ampi

ng g

roun

d.

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

4 sp

ring

s;

cam

ping

gro

und.

L

ower

sp

ring

s on

Sp

uth

For

k of

San

Joa

quin

Riv

er.

8 sp

ring

s; c

ampi

ng g

roun

d.

3 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng;

form

erly

bo

ttle

d.

Salin

e.

5 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

1 sp

ring

; dr

inki

ng;

carb

on­

ated

.

14 s

prin

gs;

cam

ping

gro

und.

1 sp

ring

; dr

inki

ng;

carb

on­

ated

.7

spri

ngs;

res

ort.

Als

o ca

lled

Dee

r C

reek

Hot

Spr

ings

.

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es o

f th

e w

ater

are

giv

en.

»Boi

ling.

* Int

erm

itte

nt.

to

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d Sta

tes

Con

tinu

ed

Cal

ifor

nia C

ont

inue

d

[See

pi.

15]

Map

no

.

138

139

140

141

141a 14

2

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

Loc

atio

n

Inyo

Cou

nty

Salin

e V

alle

y, 3

0 m

iles

east

of

nort

h of

K

eele

r, 10

mile

s no

rthe

ast

of S

alin

e V

alle

y bo

rax

wor

ks.

50 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Kee

ler.

Hai

wee

.

Bal

lara

t.

T.

21 N

., R

. 7

E.

Ker

n C

ount

y

51 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Bak

ersf

leld

, se

c.25

, T

. 27

S.,

R.

32 E

.

Nam

e

Cle

ar C

reek

Hot

Spr

ings

..

Geo

logy

rock

s.

All

uviu

m.. ___ _

_ _

__

lava

s.

rock

s.

quar

tzit

e.

lies

alon

g fa

ult

zone

.

es a

nd g

rani

tic g

neis

s.

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

130_

__

.

100

75

.......

150-

203-

(«).

..

80 .-

.

80

80

109.

.. _

80

98, U

S-

IS

!

119

104-

112.

.10

0-11

5..

60-1

00...

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

825

5. _

_ ..

.

30

d

o -

1

100

260 .

4 ..

.115

20

.......

25.

20

Ref

eren

ces

l

23,

p. 1

48; 174

23,

p. 1

36

23, p

. 342

; 92,

p. 2

0-

14, p

. 19

4; 2

3, p

. 15

0.

17

4

23,

p. 1

50* _

__

__

.

14,

p. 1

94;

23,

pp.

148-

149*

. 23

, p.

136

..........

27, p

. 269

; 33,

p.

575.

23,

p. 1

37 _

____ .

23,

p. 3

19

14,

p. 1

99;

23,

p. 5

0.14

, p.

199;

23,

p.

51.

23,

p. 5

1.. .

........

23,

p. 5

1 _ ........

23,

p. 5

1 ..

.....

23,

p. 5

2... .

.......

Rem

arks

1 sp

ring

; pr

ospe

ctor

's s

uppl

y.

and

irri

gatio

n.

20

spri

ngs;

no

t us

ed.

Sul­

phur

an

d al

um.

Vap

or

but n

o flo

w o

f wat

er in

190

8.

amou

nts

of c

inna

bar.

bath

s.

Als

o ca

lled

Agu

a C

alie

nte

Spri

ng.

3 sp

ring

s; l

ocal

use

. L

ocal

lyca

lled

Hob

o Sp

ring

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tion,

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hing

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to 00

CO

C

O

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

San

Ber

nard

ino

Cou

nty

Soda

Sta

tion,

sec

. 14

, T.

12 N

., R

. 8 E

.__

stat

ion,

sec

. 32,

T. 9

N.,

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E.

San

Ber

nard

ino.

east

of

Vic

torv

ille,

sec

. 15

, T

. 3

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3W.

east

of

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ille,

sec

. 14

, T

. 3

N.,

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7 mile

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st o

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th o

f San

Ber

nar

din

o

east

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Ber

nard

ino;

sec

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, T

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.

Vic

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nge

Cou

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ot S

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Gra

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130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OP UNITED STATES, 1935

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132 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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c. 1

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Hot

Spr

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2 .....

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Spr

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_

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mbe

rlai

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ot S

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Sand

ston

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bly

Pale

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Pre

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bri

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nit

e,

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ss, a

nd s

chis

t int

rude

d by

dik

es.

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ozoi

c se

dim

enta

ry

rock

s.

Cam

bria

n gr

anite

an

d gr

eat m

onzo

nite

intr

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n.

Con

tact

of

whi

te f

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athi

c gr

anite

wit

h gr

eat

mon

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nite

mas

s.

Anc

ient

sed

imen

tary

roc

ks

over

lain

by

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.

and

pre-

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n gn

eiss

.

140-

160-

84-1

15...

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134-

70.......

120-

144.

.

98

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94

116-

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.

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50

CO

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15

0

50

.

30

0

5... .

....

47,

p.

239;

16

9, p

. 19

0; 1

73, p

p. 3

03-

304*

.

37, p

. 37

; 47,

p.

229.

47, 2

10

-29

4*

212,

311

*; 1

66, p

. 15

1; 1

73, p

p.

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28

2*.

166,

pp.

151,

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4..

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47,

pp.

205,

264

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40, p

. 35

; 47,

p.

223;

16

6, p

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4.

47,

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229;

17

3,

pp.

292-

294*

.

47,

pp.

243,

46

8*;

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151.

46,

p.

103;

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, p

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2 46

, pp.

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11

2*;

47,

p. 2

26.

47,

pp.

233,

426*

;10

6, p

p.

619-

620*

.

Mor

e th

an 1

00 s

prin

gs i

n 2

grou

ps J

4 m

ile a

part

. A

lso

call

ed

To

mic

hi

Hot

Spri

ngs.

20 s

prin

gs

in

2 gr

oups

; re

­ so

rt.

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o ca

lled

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de

lo

s C

abal

los.

Loc

al u

se.

5 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

Not

use

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5 sp

ring

s;

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ping

gro

und.

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o ca

lled

Bue

na

Vis

taH

ot S

prin

gs.

Abo

ut

35

spri

ngs:

re

sort

.F

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erly

H

eyw

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Hot

Spri

ngs

and

Cha

lk C

reek

Hot

Spr

ings

. A

bout

10

0 sp

ring

s;

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rt;

tufa

dep

osits

.

Loc

al u

se.

30

spri

ngs;

re

sort

; tu

fa

de­

posi

ts.

5 sp

ring

s; l

ocal

use

.

5 sp

ring

s; l

ocal

use

; tu

fa d

e­

posi

ts.

Als

o ca

lled

Par

­ na

ssus

Spr

ings

.1

Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es o

f th

e w

ater

are

giv

en.

1 Not

sho

wn

on p

i. 8.

CO

G

O

134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 135

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pi.

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Map

no

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Loc

atio

n

Ups

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ount

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6 m

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sout

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hund

erin

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Mer

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nty

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Geo

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se o

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ine

Mou

n­

tain

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uart

zite

of

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e M

ount

ain.

. .d

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....

....

...

..

..

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

74.......

69-7

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87

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69

App

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55,

pp.

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174 ..

.. ..

......

52, p

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174....... .

....

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174

Rem

arks

2 sp

ring

s; l

ocal

use

.

4 sp

ring

s; u

nuse

d.

Swim

min

g po

ol.

1 m

ain

spri

ng;

reso

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sani

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rium

.

Supp

lies

mill

pon

d.

Supp

lies

pond

.

CO

0

>

Idah

o

[See

pi.

11]

1 2 3 4

Idah

o C

ount

y

Spri

ngs,

NW

H s

ec.

13, T

. 36

N.,

R.

11

E.,

Selw

ay N

atio

nal

For

est.

Spr

ings

, N

E)4

sec

. 9,

T.

36 N

., R

. 12

E

.. Se

lway

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

T.

36 N

., R

. 13

E.,

Selw

ay N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

John

son'

s H

ot S

prin

gs.

Sp

rin

gs.

.....d

o... ..

. ...

. ...

. .

Hot

106-

120.

.

100-

130-

80

5

.

20

460

200-.

17

4

174 -

62, p

. 11

3; 1

74

17

4

Do.

3 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng.

Nea

r B

ould

er C

reek

, 4

mile

s ab

ove

its

junc

tion

wit

h L

ochs

a R

iver

, N

WJi

sec.

6,

T.

34 N

., E

. 10

E.,

Selw

ayN

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Lin

k C

reek

5 m

iles

abov

e its

jun

ctio

nw

ith

Selw

ay

Riv

er,

NW

Ji

sec.

4,

T.

32 N

., R

. 11

E.,

Selw

ay N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

11

mile

s so

uthw

est

of

Elk

Su

mm

itra

nger

sta

tion

, N

EJ4

sec

. 4,

T.

33 N

.,R

. 14

E.,

Selw

ay N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

3J4

mile

s w

est

of W

ylie

s Pe

ak,

NE

Kse

c. 2

5, T

. 31

N.,

R.

11 E

., Se

lway

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t. 2

mile

s so

uth

of G

rous

e Pe

ak,

SE

Jise

c. 1

4, T

. 29

N.,

R.

12 E

., Se

lway

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. 10

mile

s no

rthe

ast

of R

ed R

iver

ran

ger

stat

ion,

sec

. 10

, T

. 28

N.,

R.

10 E

.,N

ezpe

rce

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. Sa

lmon

Riv

er 2

00 y

ards

bel

ow m

outh

of H

ot S

prin

gs C

reek

, N

WJ£

sec

. 13

,T

. 25

N.,

R.

11 E

., Id

aho

Nat

iona

lF

ores

t.2

mile

s no

rth

of S

alm

on R

iver

, se

c. 7

,T

. 24

N.,

R.

4 E

., N

ezpe

rce

Nat

iona

lF

ores

t. So

uth

side

of

Salm

on R

iver

, 10

mile

sea

st

of R

iggi

ns,

sec.

13

, T

. 24

N.,

R.

2E

. R

esor

t, S

EJi

sec

. 1,

T.

22 N

., R

. 4

E.,

Idah

o N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Eas

t sid

e of

Lit

tle

Salm

on R

iver

, 3 m

iles

nort

h of

Rou

nd V

alle

y, s

ec.

13,

T.

21N

., R

. IE

. Ada

ms

Cou

nty

Wes

t si

de o

f L

ittl

e Sa

lmon

Riv

er,

10

mile

s no

rthw

est

of M

eado

ws,

sec

. 26

, T

. 20

N.,

R. IE

.3

mile

s no

rthe

ast

of M

eado

ws,

SW

M

sec.

22

, T

. 19

N.,

R.

2 E

., Id

aho

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.1J

4 m

iles

nort

h of

m

outh

of

W

arm

Sp

ring

Cre

ek,

SW

Ji s

ec.

2, T

. 15

N.,

R.

1 E

., W

eise

r N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

15

mile

s ea

st

of

Cot

tonw

ood,

N

WM

se

c.

33,

T.

16 N

., R

. 2

E.,

Wei

ser

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

Bar

ht's

Hot

Spri

ngs.

.....

Spri

ng.

....

.do

.

..

do.. ..

.........

.do.-

. . d

o...... ..

... .

....

...

-do.

....

. do..

d

o.. ..

..

d

o..

..

do

..

.d

o..

.

d

o--

..... d

o.. .

....

.do

...

.

Ho

t

..d

o

Ho

t -

..d

o

12

0

Ho

t -

11

0

Hot-

113

Ho

t

-d

o

10

0

Ho

t

-do.

2

... .

35 .

40

15

10

15

200 ...

10

.

15

0

50 .

100--

25

174

174 ..

174

174

17

4

17

4

174

174

17

4

17

4

17

4

17

4-

174.

174

174

Not

use

d.

Do.

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

6 sp

ring

s an

d se

eps;

not

use

d.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

4 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

loca

l use

.

1 sp

ring

; ba

thin

g.

Loc

al u

se.

1 sp

ring

; re

sort

.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed;

sulp

hur

odor

.

Not

use

d.

1 sp

ring

; ba

thin

g.

6 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

8 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

i Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es o

f the

wat

er a

re g

iven

.

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d Sta

tes

Con

tinu

ed

Idah

o C

onti

nued

[See

pi.

11]

Map

no

.

Oft 21 99 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Loc

atio

n

Was

hing

ton

Cou

nty

Cre

ek,

T.

17 N

., R

. 5

W.

Wei

ser,

T.

11 N

., B

. 5

W.

Val

ley

Cou

nty

T.

21 N

., R

. 5

E.,

Idah

o N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

sec.

15

, T

. 20

N

., R

. 5

E.,

Idah

o N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

sout

h of

Shi

efer

s, N

EM

sec

. 35

, T.

20

N.,

R.

7 E

., Id

aho

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.

nort

h of

Kno

x, S

WJ4

sec

. 35,

T.

18 N

., R

. 6

E.,

Idah

o N

atio

nal

For

est.

Pine

Bas

in,

NE

M s

ec.

17,

T.

18 N

., R

. 8

E.,

Pay

ette

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t. 10

mile

s no

rth

of C

asca

de,

abou

t T

. 15

N.,

R.

3 E

.

cade

, ab

out T

. 16

N.,

R.

4 E

.

nort

h of

Kno

x, N

WM

sec

. 1,

T.

16 N

., R

. 6

E.,

Idah

o N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

6 m

iles

nort

h of

Kno

x, S

WM

sec

. 17

, T.

15

N.,

R.

6 E

., P

ayet

te

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.

15

N.,

R.

6 E

., P

ayet

te

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.

Nam

eG

eolo

gy

ette

for

mat

ion.

-...

.do

...

....... .

........

- -do.- - -

... -

do.-

..

. ...

....

....

..

d

o--

-.-

do..

..

. ...

... .

.. ..

...

.. d

o . ..

... .

..... d

o .

d

o ..

.. ..

.

d

o

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

Ho

t-..

..

Hot.

....

90-1

36...

Hot-

go...

....

Ho

t

-do... .

..

-do

-do

...

-do .

..

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

100

K 100 ...

15

2 .

2

10

0

25

0

Ref

eren

ces

'

mr\

fi4

.1

63, p

. 34

17

4...... ..

. .......

174

174

174

174 ..

....

....

.

174.

.... .

..........

17

4

17

4

17

4 .

174..

....

...

....

Rem

arks

odor

.

40 a

cres

; no

t us

ed.

Do.

gallo

ns a

min

ute;

1 s

prin

g in

SW

Ji s

ec.

14,

50 g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e; n

ot u

sed.

00

00 o 3 02 H o B CD C

O

CO

tn

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42

4 m

iles

east

of

Kno

x, N

EJ^

sec

. 11

, T

.14

N

., R

. 6

E.,

Pay

ette

N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

4 m

iles

sout

heas

t of K

nox,

NE

^f se

c. 1

4,T

. 14

N.,

E.

6 E

., P

ayet

te N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

\i m

ile f

rom

Cas

cade

, T

. 14

N.,

E.

3 E

.

Mid

dle

For

k of

Pay

ette

Riv

er,

12 m

iles

east

of

Alp

ha,

SEM

sec

. 2,

T.

12 N

.,R

. 5

E.,

Pay

ette

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. N

ear

Mid

dle

For

k of

Pay

ette

Riv

er,

NW

M s

ec.

11,

T.

12 N

., R

. 5

E.,

Pay

ette

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. N

ear

Mid

dle

For

k of

Pay

ette

Riv

er,

NW

M s

ec.

15,

T.

12 N

., R

. 5

E.,

Pay

ette

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. N

ear

Mid

dle

For

k of

Pay

ette

Riv

er,

NW

M

sec.

22

, T

. 12

N

., R

. 5

E.,

Pay

ette

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. N

ear B

ull C

reek

, 15 m

iles

east

of A

lpha

,N

WK

se

c.

28,

T.

13

N.,

R.

6 E

.,P

ayet

te N

atio

nal

For

est.

Nea

r S

ilve

r C

reek

, 15

mil

es s

outh

east

of A

lpha

, N

WM

sec

. 31

, T

. 12

N.,

R.

6 E

., P

ayet

te N

atio

nal

For

est.

%

mil

e so

uthw

est

of m

outh

of

B

ear

Val

ley

Cre

ek,

SW

^ s

ec.

23,

T.

13 N

., _

R.

10 E

., P

ayet

te N

atio

nal

For

est.

er C

reek

, .

10 E

.,

..d

o..

...

...............

..d

o .

.d

o

do

....

.do

....

....

....

....

....

....

.....d

o .

...... ..

....

....

...

. _ .d

o..

.

do

..

....

....

....

....

..d

o..

....

....

....

....

....

.

- do

.... d

o ...

. do

.

-..

.do

............. ..

....

.. d

o ..

....

.. ..

.........

lava

.

lava

.

Hot.

....

_.d

o.

..do.... ..

..d

o .

10

0

90

Hot

.

..d

o. . .

90

Hot.

....

War

m._

80-1

10

Ho

t...

..

-d

o.

-d

o .

..

..do..... .

..d

o-.

... .

45

0 -

100

20. .-

35

15

15. .

150

15 .

250

10

2

.

7

25

.

3..

. ...

..

10

40

50 _

_ ..

.

17

4..

..-.

... .

17

4

174........ ........

174 .

....... .... .

174 .......

174..

....

... .

......

174..

174.

.... .

.. ...... ..

174 ...........

174 ..

......

174 .........

174 .

174

17

4

17

4

..

....

.

174 .........

174.

. .

mile

fro

m m

outh

of

Da

SWM

sec

. 30

, T

. 14

N.,

Pay

ette

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.43

| S

ulph

ur C

reek

, N

EJi

sec

. 13

, T

. 14

N.,

E.

9 E

., P

ayet

te N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

44 I

Nea

r M

iddl

e F

ork

of S

alm

on R

iver

, ne

ar m

outh

of

Sul

phur

Cre

ek,

NE

}^

sec.

34,

T.

15 N

., R

. 10

E.,

Pay

ette

N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

45 I

Nea

r M

iddl

e F

ork

of S

alm

on R

iver

, N

WM

sec

. 26

, T.

15 N

., R

. 10

E.,

Pay

ette

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.46

I B

ranc

h of

Ind

ian

Cre

ek n

ear

Chi

nook

M

ount

ain,

NW

^ s

ec. 1

7, T

. 16

N.,

R.

10 E

., P

ayet

te N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

47 |

Abo

ut

10 m

iles

nort

h of

Gre

yhou

nd,

NE

Ji s

ec.

20,

T.

16 N

., R

. 12

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. 8

mile

s so

uth

of R

oose

velt,

N

EJ£

sec

. 15

, T

. 17

N.,

R.

11 E

., P

ayet

te N

a­

tiona

l Fo

rest

.i N

umbe

rs c

orre

spon

d to

num

bers

of t

he b

iblio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

6 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

1 sp

ring

; no

t use

d.

2 sp

ring

s, \

i m

ile

nort

h a

nd

M m

ile

sout

h of

Cas

cade

; to

wn

wat

er s

uppl

y.1

spri

ng;

not

used

.

Sev

eral

spr

ings

; n

ot

used

.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

5 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

3 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

4 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

Do.

3 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

Do.

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

4 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

10 s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

CO

140 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

M

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ic «j en's?

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1 1

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1 .1I s-j.C3 rq C3 a »_'£ p 0-2.

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'S CO rtj

§ 1&B iJ

Ia

03

O

W

PO

P

03

|oo| ^J5 g| g« era g| S3 3^.gA r ^ ga -2 topi t> -2 .9 r t>-2 '.2 <"P? E^^-Sr^ J^jjo M

, <M ®"os S > co"S 5^ ""3 ^ta o r of§ 3 - rj S N. ^

| s^2 ^^^^a 1^ Ha 4? ^^«^1i§ a^rf '"§ «§"^ a« «"2^| S^ ^ | g| .S^. £-£ -§»" ^'gg e?

f §^ 1 |^g« I| p. g §. K^lll^.llg- IH4? « 2 W -~ °"^o^H febo iw EW ^"80 -g ^ "o^S'SmJ *o^

1 2^s | ai|^ |« °s |a |^||^|fil||2 1«.,, ^2« ^ ^>,-sP5 2^- *& °^ a>^.ap°W£"?'ilo^ 3 r1 ii

5 S3SgSSgSS§8

2 m

iles

east

of

Stat

e hi

ghw

ay,

27 m

iles

sout

h or

Sal

mon

, T

. 18

N.,

R.

22 E

., Sa

lmon

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.K

ronk

C

anyo

n of

Sa

lmon

R

iver

, 40

m

iles

sout

h of

Sal

mon

. T

. 17

N.,

R.

21 E

.Sa

lmon

Riv

er,

at u

pper

end

of

Kro

nk

Can

yon,

3 m

iles

belo

w m

outh

of P

ah-

sim

eroi

Riv

er, N

EJ4

sec

. 18,

T.

16 N

., R

. 21

E.,

Lem

hi N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

War

m S

prin

g C

reek

, 4 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Lem

hi I

ndia

n A

genc

y.10

mile

s w

est

of L

eado

re,

NW

J4 s

ec.

4,

T.

15 N

., R

. 25

E.

Gem

Cou

nty

1 m

ile s

outh

wes

t of

Sw

eet,

sec.

9,

T.

7 N

., R

. IE

. Can

yon

Cou

nty

Eas

t si

de o

f Sn

ake

Riv

er,

1 m

ile e

ast

of

Ent

erpr

ise,

T.

1 N

., R

. 3

W.

Ada

Cou

nty

Wes

t ba

nk o

f Sq

uaw

C

reek

, 3

mile

sno

rth

of B

oise

, T

. 4

N.,

R.

2 E

. C

otto

nwoo

d C

reek

. 1 m

ile w

est o

f Boi

seC

ity,

T.

3 N

., R

. 2

E.

4J3

mile

s so

uthe

ast

of B

oise

, T

. 3

N.,

R.

2E.

Nea

r G

rand

Vie

w, N

EM

sec

. 29,

T. 5

S.,

R. 4E

.Bo

ise

Cou

nty

14 m

iles n

orth

of M

cNis

h ra

nger

sta

tion,

SE

M s

ec.

20,

T.

10 N

., R

. 3

E.,

Pay-

et

te N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

3 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Gar

den

Val

ley,

se

c. 3

2, T

. 10

N.,

R.

4 E

., P

ayet

te

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.So

uth

Fork

of

Pay

ette

Riv

er,

10 m

iles

east

of G

arde

n V

alle

y SE

M s

ec. 6

, T. 8

N

., R

. 5 E

., P

ayet

te N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

l/$ m

ile w

est

of D

ansk

in C

reek

, SE

J4

sec.

2,

T.

8 N

., R

. 5

E.,

Pay

ette

Na­

tio

nal

Fore

st.

d

o.....

.- d

o-

over

lain

by

Ter

tiar

y la

va.

prob

able

ar

tesi

an

stru

c­

ture

.

tion

(Ter

tiar

y),

- do--- .

ette

for

mat

ion.

nary

lava

.

.... d

o--

...

- .

.d

o.....

d

o..--

---

-- ---

--

Hot

.

d

o..

_. d

o..

87

Hot

-

67

Hot

-

90

-14

0

109

Ho

t..-

.

d

o -

... d

o

-

20

0

100-

-

10

0

3

255

mn

30

20

8

174 -

17

4 .

174

169,

p. 182

174 .- -

-

174

-- --

60,

p. 2

7; 6

1, p

. 5

-.

58,

p.

7. ...........

58,

p. 7

...

.

58, p

. 7;

59,

p.

168;

60,

p. 2

7.

174

174.

. -

17

4

174--

.---

----

- _

-

17

4

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

6 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

loca

l use

.

1 sp

ring

; ba

thin

g.

Not

use

d.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

1 spr

ing;

loc

al u

se.

Do.

Abo

ut 1

6 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

1 sp

ring

; ir

riga

tion.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

Do.

2 sp

ring

s; c

ampi

ng g

roun

d.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

' Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es o

f the

wat

er a

re g

iven

.

142 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

^3 T3 g §

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I lii .ill? ll|Ljt ! It^ ° jl

SRSSSSSSS SS S

87 100

101

102

103

6 m

iles

east

of C

ape

Hor

n, N

WJ4

sec

. 2,

T.

12 N

., R

. 11

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

lF

ores

t. 10

mile

s so

uthw

est

of C

asto

, N

E}^

sec

.33

, T

. 14

N.,

R.

13 E

., C

halli

s N

a­

tion

al F

ores

t. N

ear

Sta

nley

, SW

J4 s

ec.

15,

T.

10 N

.,R

. 12

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t. N

ear

mou

th o

f Yan

kee

For

k of

Sal

mon

Riv

er,

sec.

36,

T.

11 N

., R

. 13

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. 4

mile

s ea

st o

f m

outh

of

Yan

kee

For

kof

Sal

mon

Riv

er,

sec.

20,

T.

11 N

.,R

. 14

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. 6

mile

s ea

st o

f m

outh

of

Yan

kee

For

kof

Sal

mon

Riv

er,

sees

. 22

and

27,

T.

11

N.,

R.

14

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

lF

ores

t. Sa

lmon

Riv

er,

1 m

ile a

bove

Sun

beam

Dam

, SW

^ se

c. 1

9, T

. 11

N.,

R. 1

5 E

. 2

mile

s so

uth

of m

outh

of Y

anke

e Fo

rkof

Sal

mon

Riv

er,

sec.

3,

T.

10 N

.,R

. 13

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. M

outh

of

War

m S

prin

g C

reek

, N

EJ4

sec.

34,

T.

11 N

., R

. 15

E.,

Cha

llis

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t. H

ot C

reek

nea

r it

s m

outh

, T

. 10

N.,

R.

15 E

., C

balli

s N

atio

nal

For

est.

Loo

n C

reek

}^

to

\1A

m

iles

abov

em

outh

of

War

m S

prin

g C

reek

, T

. 11

N.,

R 1

5 E

., C

halli

s N

atio

nal F

ores

t. N

ear

head

of

Loo

n C

reek

, T

. 10

N.,

R.

15 E

., C

halli

s N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Slat

e C

reek

6 m

iles

abov

e it

s m

outh

,SE

M s

ec.

19,

T.

10 N

., R

. 16

E

.,C

halli

s N

atio

nal

For

est.

Sulli

van

Cre

ek n

ear

Salm

on R

iver

, 3

mile

s w

est

of C

layt

on,

sec.

27,

T.

11N

., R

. 17

E.

Salm

on R

iver

, SW

J4 s

ec.

18,

T.

9 N

.,R

. 14

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

atio

nal

For

est.

Pier

son

post

off

ice,

NE

M s

ec.

27,

T.

8N

., R

. 14

E.

Eas

t F

ork

of S

alm

on R

iver

, se

es.

30an

d 31

, T

. 8

N.,

R.

17 E

., Sa

wto

oth

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

Kob

inso

n B

ar K

anch

Hot

Spri

ngs.

- d

o.

..d

o. _

-.

....

..- .

..

d

o ..

.

d

o..

.d

o..

..

do

.-.

..

.

..d

o..

..

....

...

d

o

d

o.-

by T

erti

ary

lava

.

cont

act w

ith

Ter

tiar

y la

va.

-.-

do

.. ..

..

near

lav

a.

d

o.

Hot

-

d

o

d

o.

.

168

130

134-

147

115-

136-

Hot

-

...d

o.

107......

105

120

70-1

20

20

0

3 20

0

250 .

..

20

0

5

200

40

0

40

70

0

200

5,0

00....

150

30

0

450

17

4

.

174

174

17

4 ........

174

174 i

17

4

174

174

174 .

17

4

174

17

4

174

174

64, p

. 22

3; 1

74

.

17

4

..

Do.

Do.

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

5 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

10 s

prin

gs;

not u

sed.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

6 sp

ring

s; lo

cal u

se.

5 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

3 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs fo

r }^

mile

on

Hot

G

reek

, an

d ot

hers

ne

arby

on

W

arm

Sp

ring

C

reek

; no

t use

d.A

bout

20

sp

ring

s;

stro

ng

sulp

hur

odor

; lo

cal u

se.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

10 s

prin

gs c

over

ing

2 ac

res;

no

t use

d.

Loc

al u

se;

sulp

hur

odor

.

1 sp

ring

; not

use

d.

1 sp

ring

; re

sort

.

8 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

i Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es o

f th

e w

ater

are

giv

en.

CO

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d S

tate

s C

onti

nued

Idah

o C

on

tin

ued

[See

pi.

11]

Map

no

.

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

Loc

atio

n

Ous

ter

County

Con

tinu

ed

Eas

t F

ork

of S

alm

on R

iver

, N

WM

sec

. 6,

T.

7 N

., E

. 17

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

a­

tion

al F

ores

t.

of C

halli

s, s

ec.

23,

T.

14 N

., R

. 19

E.,

Lem

hi N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

sec.

26,

T.

14 N

., R

. 21

E.

of C

halli

s, T

. 13

N.,

R.

20 E

.

sout

h of

its

hea

d, T

. 9

N.,

R.

27 E

. E

imor

e C

ount

y So

uth

side

of

Mid

dle

For

k of

Boi

seR

iver

, ]4

, m

ile b

elow

She

ep

Cre

ek,

Boi

se N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Mid

dle

For

k of

Boi

se R

iver

at

Shee

pC

reek

Bri

dge,

Boi

se N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Shee

p C

reek

nea

r M

iddl

e F

ork

of B

oise

Riv

er,

Boi

se N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Riv

er,

abov

e N

orth

For

k, B

oise

Na­

ti

onal

For

est.

Riv

er b

elow

Lof

tus

Cre

ek,

Boi

se N

a­

tiona

l Fo

rest

.

Riv

er

belo

w

Vau

ghn

Cre

ek,

Boi

se

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. So

uth

side

of

Mid

dle

For

k of

Boi

seR

iver

ab

ove

Vau

ghn

Cre

ek,

Boi

se

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. So

uth

side

of

Mid

dle

For

k of

Boi

se

Riv

er b

elow

Big

Fiv

e C

reek

, B

oise

N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Nam

e

Spri

ng.

Nin

emey

er S

prin

gs _

__ .

Geo

logy

.do

and

quar

tzit

e.

d

o.

do.

..d

o- -

d

o.

.d

o.

. do-

..-.d

o. ..

....

. . .

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

75-1

10

12

3

57

..

80

Ho

t

do.

.

..d

o

-

d

o

d

o

d

o

do

do-

...

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

30

0

1,5

00

1,5

00

10

0

200

100

900

10

0......

20

20

0

900

Ref

eren

ces

'

174

17

4..

..... ..

....

67, p

. 31

174

67, p

. 3

2

.......

174

17

4..

174

174

17

4 .

17

4..

17

4

.

174

Rem

arks

6 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs; r

esor

t.

Do.

Not

use

d.

Do.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs

cove

ring

2

acre

s; n

ot u

sed.

Not

use

d.

Do.

Do.

10 s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

131a

131b

Nor

th s

ide

of M

iddl

e F

ork

of B

oise

R

iver

abo

ve P

ool

Cre

ek,

Boi

se N

a­

tiona

l Fo

rest

.So

uth

side

of

Mid

dle

Fork

of

B

oise

R

iver

ab

ove

Str

aigh

t C

reek

, B

oise

N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Sout

h si

de o

f M

iddl

e F

ork

of B

oise

R

iver

bel

ow D

utch

F

rank

's C

reek

, B

oise

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.M

iddl

e F

ork

of B

oise

Riv

er,

8 m

iles

east

of

Nar

ton,

NW

}£ s

ec. 4

, T

. 5

N.,

R.

9 E

., B

oise

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.B

oth

side

s of

Mid

dle

For

k of

B

oise

R

iver

}4,

mile

abo

ve G

rani

te C

reek

, T

. 5

N.,

R.

9 E

., B

oise

Nat

iona

l Fo

r­

est.

Sout

h si

de

of M

iddl

e F

ork

of B

oise

R

iver

^£

mile

bel

ow G

rani

te C

reek

, N

WJ£

sec

. 36,

T.

6 N

., R

. 9

E.,

Boi

se

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.2

mile

s ea

st o

f A

tlan

ta,

NW

J£ s

ec.

32,

T.

6 N

., R

. 12

E.,

Boi

se N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Yt m

ile n

orth

east

of F

eath

ervi

lle, N

WM

se

c. 1

0, T

. 3

N.,

R.

10 E

., Sa

wto

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.7

mile

s ea

st o

f Fe

athe

rvill

e, N

WJ4

sec

. 9,

T.

3 N

., R

. 11

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

a­

tion

al F

ores

t.W

illow

C

reek

10

m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Fe

athe

rvill

e, N

WJ^

sec

. 24

, T

. 4

N.,

R.

11 E

., Sa

wto

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.So

uth

For

k of

Boi

se R

iver

, 10

mile

s ea

st

of F

eath

ervi

lle,

NE

M s

ec. 1

3, T

. 3

N.,

R. H

E.

6 m

iles

sout

h of

Fea

ther

ville

, N

E1

sec

. 5,

T.

2 N

., R

. 10

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

a­

tiona

l Fo

rest

.4J

4 m

iles

sout

h of

Fea

ther

ville

, S

EJi

se

c. 3

3, T

. 3

N.,

R.

10 E

., Sa

wto

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.N

orth

of

Fish

ing

Falls

, ab

out

60 m

iles

sout

heas

t of

Boi

se, s

ec.

5, T

. 1

N.,

R.

10 E

.10

mile

s ea

st o

f M

ount

ain

Hom

e, s

ec.

16, T

. 3

S.,

R. 8

E.

15 m

iles

nort

h of

Gle

nns F

err

y.

_.

1 m

ile e

ast o

f K

ing

Hil

l.

Pool

Cre

ek S

prin

g. .... .

..

Dut

ch F

rank

's S

prin

gs ..

..

Gra

nite

Cre

ek S

prin

gs. .

..

....

.. ..

....

....

....

.. ..

....

Spri

ngs.

D

augh

erty

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ot S

prin

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Hot

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ng' ..

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....

....

. .

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.. .

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o .

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.

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....

....

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.

..... .

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Hot

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130

Hot

13

0

.

100-

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... d

o....

Hot

... d

o....

... d

o

.

128

164

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167-

146

125

50

180

1,8

00

50

.

200

30.

50

45

Sm

all.

.-

45

30

50

.---

45

900.

__

.

500.

_

20

174

174

174-.

174

174 .

174

174 .

.....

174 .

174

17

4 .

174

17

4

17

4 .

166,

p. 1

50; 1

69, p

p.18

1, 1

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59, p

. 16

9; 6

0, p

. 27.

.

174

17

4

i Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

th

at a

naly

ses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

'Not

show

n on

pi.

8.

Not

use

d.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

Man

y sp

ring

s co

veri

ng

3 ac

res;

not

use

d.

7 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

Abo

ut 4

0 sp

ring

s co

veri

ng 2

ac

res;

not

use

d.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs

cove

ring

1

acre

; ba

thin

g.

6 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng.

1 sp

ring

; ba

thin

g.

1 sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

not

use

d.

4 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

12 s

prin

gs c

over

ing

5 ac

res;

ba

thin

g.

12

spri

ngs

cove

ring

1

acre

; ba

thin

g; c

amp

grou

nd.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

loca

l us

e.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

bath

ing.

Irri

gatio

n; b

athi

ng;

form

erly

L

atti

e's

Hot

Spr

ing.

Irri

gatio

n; b

athi

ng.

Ori

gina

l sp

ring

inc

reas

ed b

y dr

illed

w

ell.

Oi

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d S

tate

s C

onti

nued

Idah

o C

ont

inue

d

[See

pi.

11]

Map

no.

133

if;

136

137

138

139

140

141

149

Loc

atio

n

Cam

as C

ount

y

riet

own;

SW

Ji s

ec.

l, T

. 4

N.,

R.

14

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Car

riet

own,

NW

Ji s

ec.

32,

T.

4 N

., R

. 14

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

of B

ear

Cre

ek,

SWJ£

sec

. 18

, T.

3 N

., R

. 13

E .,

Saw

toot

h N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

of C

arri

etow

n, N

EJi

sec

. 30

, T.

3 N

., R

. 14

E.

of C

arri

etow

n, S

WK

sec

. 28

, T

. 3

N.,

R.

14 E

., Sa

wto

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. C

orra

l C

reek

, 2

mile

s no

rth

of C

orra

l, SE

M s

ec.

29,

T.

1 N

., R

. 13

E.,

Saw

­ to

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.

T.

1 N

., R

. 15

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

5 m

iles

sout

h of

Cor

ral,

SE

^ se

c. 3

4, T

.1

S.,

R.

13 E

., Sa

wto

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

. B

lain

e C

ount

y

Nea

r W

ood

Riv

er,

18 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Ket

chum

, S

WJi

sec

. 33

, T

. 6

N.,

R.

16 E

., Sa

wto

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.

nort

hwes

t of

Ket

chum

, SE

}£ s

ec.

11,

T.

5 N

., R

. 16

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

atio

nal

For

est.

15,

T.

4 N

., R

. 17

E.,

Saw

toot

h N

a­

tiona

l Fo

rest

.

Nam

e

War

drop

Hot

Spri

ngs

Rus

sian

Joh

n H

ot S

prin

gs.

Geo

logy

d

o .

.. ..

...

..

do

...

..

. ..

.

d

o .

..

.. d

o .. . - ..

Ter

tiar

y la

va ..

.

d

o

..... d

o .

.. -

Ter

tiar

y la

va

over

lyin

g Pa

leoz

oic

rock

s.

. .

do

- .

plan

es i

n bl

ack

limes

tone

, ne

ar f

aulte

d zo

ne.

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

Ho

t

d

o....

125-

150-

Hot

Ho

t-

102...

99

16

0

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

10

20.......

1 E 10-

250

10

0

IK 25

..

50

10

0-

..

<inn

Ref

eren

ces

>

174

174 . ..

174 ..

169,

p.

182;

174

.....

64, p

. 22

3; 1

74.. _

.

174

174

17

4..

174

174 . .

69, p

. 11

5; 1

74 .

..

Rem

arks

Abo

ut 2

5 sp

ring

s r

esor

t.

4 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

Do.

depo

sit.

td 3 M O

CD O W

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

War

m S

prin

g C

reek

, 11

mile

s so

uthw

est

of K

etch

um,

SEM

sec

. 36

, T

. 4

N.,

R.

16 E

., Sa

wto

pth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.D

eer

Cre

ek

6 m

iles

wes

t of

Hai

ley,

N

WJ£

sec.

26,

T.

3 N

., R

. 17

E.,

Saw

­ to

oth

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.2&

mile

s so

uthw

est

of H

aile

y, s

ec.

18,

T.

2 N

., R

. 18

E.

Nea

r M

agic

Res

ervo

ir,

sec.

24,

T.

1 S.

, R

. 17

E.

Nea

r C

arey

, sec

. 14

, T.

1 S.

, R

. 21

E_

.

Cla

rk C

ount

y

10 m

iles

sout

h of

Edi

e, s

ec. 2

5, T

. 11

N.,

R.

32 E

., L

emhi

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.18

mile

s w

est

of D

uboi

s, s

ec.

34,

T.

10

N.,

R.

33 E

.16

mile

s w

est o

f D

uboi

s, s

ec.

2, T

. 9

N.,

R.

33 E

., L

emhi

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.

Frem

ont

Cou

nty

Nea

r W

arm

Riv

er,

NE

J£ s

ec.

6,

T.

9 N

., R

. 44

E.,

Tar

ghee

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

Mad

ison

Cou

nty

Sou

th F

ork

of S

nake

Riv

er a

t H

eise

, S

EK

sec

. 25,

T. 4

N.,

R 4

0 E

., T

argh

ee

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

Teto

n C

ount

y

6 m

iles

sou

th o

f C

anyo

n C

ity,

sec

. 6,

T.

5 N

., R

. 43

E.,

Tar

ghee

Nat

iona

l F

or­

est.

Bonn

evill

e C

ount

y

Fal

l C

reek

, 4

mil

es n

orth

wes

t of

Irw

in,

sec.

29,

T.

1 N

., R

. 43

E.

Eas

t si

de o

f Sou

th F

ork

of S

nake

Riv

er,

5 m

iles

nor

thw

est

of A

lpin

e, s

ees.

18

and

19,

T.

2 S.

, R

. 46

E.

Wes

t sid

e of

Sou

th F

ork

of S

nake

Riv

er3

mil

es s

outh

wes

t of

Blo

wou

t, se

es.

13 a

nd 2

4, T

. 2

S.,

R.

45 E

.

Cla

rend

on H

ot

Sp

rin

gs

.

Hai

ley

Hot

Spri

ngs.

....

Lav

a C

reek

Hot

Spr

ing.

Con

die

Hot

Spri

ngs_

..

Lid

y H

ot

Spr

ings

.

Hei

se H

ot S

prin

g.

Pin

cock

Hot

Spr

ing.

Alp

ine

Hot

Spr

ings

.

Ter

tiar

y la

va

over

lyin

g P

aleo

zoic

roc

ks.

Pal

eozo

ic b

lack

lim

esto

ne. .

.

Pale

ozoi

c sl

ate.

__

..

Sna

ke R

iver

bas

alt

over

ly­

ing

rhyo

lite

.

Car

boni

fero

us l

imes

tone

..

over

lain

by T

erti

ary l

ava.

F

ault

ed

rhyo

lite

ov

erly

ing

Car

boni

fero

us r

ocks

.

Fau

lted

Pal

eozo

ic r

ocks.

....

Car

boni

fero

us.

Hot.

....

125-

150.

.

146

96.. ..

124..

....

SO

....

...

Hot-

-

124

120

Ho

t.....

War

m ..

.

120-

150.

.

88-1

44...

450......

100 ..

50

130. ..

45

0......

3,0

00....

300.

_ ..

50

400

65

25

169,

p.

182;

174.....

64,

p.

223;

69

, p.

11

5; 1

74.

69, p

. 11

5; 1

74

. ..

174

174

17

4

-

174. ..

17

4..

....

....

.

174................

65,

p. 3

2; 1

74

174. ....

65,

p. 3

2

174

65, p

. 33;

143

, p. 3

25.

6 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng.

3 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng p

ool.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

pi

ped

to

bath

s an

d ho

tel

in t

own.

N

ot u

sed.

2 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng p

ool

and

irri

gati

on.

2 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

1 sp

ring

; no

t use

d.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

bat

hing

poo

l an

d ir

riga

tion.

3 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

1 sp

ring

; re

sort

. F

orm

erly

Lim

e K

iln

Hot

Spr

ing.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

loca

l use

.

er

ones

; re

sort

. S

ulph

ur

odor

; tuf

a de

posi

t.

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f th

e bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of

the

wat

er a

re g

iven

.

148 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

T)0)

Idaho C ontinu [See pi. 11]

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171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

Wes

t F

ork

of B

rune

au R

iver

, se

c. 3

3,

T.

12 S

., R

. 7E

.

10 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Thr

ee C

reek

.

Goa

ding

Cou

nty

Nea

r B

lanc

he, s

ec.

31, T

. 4

S.,

R.

13 E

..

li-.

mile

s no

rthe

ast

of W

hite

A

rrow

Sp

ring

s, T

. 4

S.,

R.

13 E

.

2 m

iles

sout

heas

t of

Whi

te A

rrow

Hot

Sp

ring

s.

Tw

in F

alls

Cou

nty

South

sid

e of

Sna

ke R

iver

, on

isl

and i

nS

alm

on F

alls

Cre

ek n

ear

Aust

in,

sec.

30,

T.

8 S

., R

. 14

E.

South

sid

e of

Sna

ke R

iver

nea

r A

ust

in,

sec.

31,

T.

8 S

., R

. 14

E.

South

b

ank

of

S

nak

e R

iver

, 4

mil

esab

ove

mo

uth

of

Sal

mon

R

iver

, se

c.33

, T

. 8

S.,

R.

14 E

. C

anyon o

f S

alm

on R

iver

, 8

mil

es a

bove

jun

ctio

n

wit

h

Sna

ke

Riv

er,

about

T.

9 S.

, R

. 13

E.

Roc

k C

reek

, 10

mil

es s

outh

of

Str

icker

,S

EM

sec

. 10

, T

. 13

S.,

R.

18 E

. A

rtes

ian

Cit

y,

sec.

6,

T.

12 S

., R

. 20

E-

9 m

iles

nort

hw

est

of O

akle

y, N

EM

sec

. 6,

T.

13 S

., R

. 21

E.

6 m

iles

no

rth

east

of

Oak

ley,

sec

. 7,

T.

13 S

., R

. 23

E.

J-_ m

ile

sou

th o

f fo

rks

of T

horo

ughbre

d

Cre

ek,

SW

J^se

c. 2

1, T

. 16

S.,

R.

19E

.

5 m

iles

so

uth

of

Oak

ley,

SE

Ji s

ec.

27,

T.

14 S

., R

. 22

E.

1 m

ile

south

wes

t of

Elb

a, s

ec.

6, T

. 14

S.,

R.

25 E

.

Spr

ings

.

Art

esia

n C

ity

Ho

t S

pri

ngs.

Poult

on W

arm

Spri

ng. .

. .

lava.

in T

erti

ary l

ake

beds

.

.....d

o...... ...

... _

____

____

_

All

uviu

m,

nea

r fa

ult

in

un

­ der

lyin

g l

ava.

Issu

es f

rom

fau

lt f

issu

res

inP

aleo

zoic

lim

esto

ne.

alon

g fa

ult

ed b

ord

er o

f val

­ le

y.

der

lain

by f

ault

ed P

aleo

­ zo

ic r

ocks

.

145-

158-

Hot-

149

80

110

130

125

131

90

100

72

.. _ _

_

60

..

69

11

4

2,0

00

....

1,2

00

...-

Sm

all

5

200_

60

0

1,3

00..-

Sm

all

2,0

00

...

200.

. _ -

10

-..

.

17

4..

. ....... ...

..

174 .

174

174

...

. .

- -

17

4

174 -....-.

_

17

4-.

...

.

59,

p. 1

69; 174 -

59,

p. 1

69

174.-

.. _

_ _

.

174

66, pp.

61, 6

3* _

...

66,

pp.

58,6

3* _

_ .

66,

p. 6

2

66,

pp.

61, 6

3*

...

174-

..

2 pr

inci

pal

spri

ngs;

bat

hing

. In

ca

nyon

95

0 fe

et

deep

. A

lso

calle

d B

at H

ot S

prin

gs.

Bat

hing

.

4 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng p

ool;

irri

­ ga

tion.

Sup

ply

Soda

L

ake

(Lye

L

ake)

co

veri

ng 3

acr

es i

n th

e cr

ater

; no

t us

ed.

Seep

age

form

s a

smal

l m

ead­

ow

; dr

illed

wel

l ha

s ar

te­

sian

flo

w o

f 20

0 ga

llons

a

min

ute

of h

ot w

ater

; lo

cal

use.

1 sp

ring

; ba

thin

g.

Form

s a

pool

, bu

bbli

ng w

ith

odor

less

gas

; lo

cal u

se.

2 spr

ings

impr

oved

by

drill

ed

wel

l; ba

thin

g po

ol,

irri

ga­

tion

.N

ot u

sed.

3 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

Ori

gina

l flo

w

incr

ease

d by

se

vera

l wel

ls d

rill

ed in

190

9,

flow

ing

wat

er a

t 26

0 fe

et;

tota

l 50

0 ga

llons

a m

inut

e;

bath

ing

pool

an

d ir

riga

­ ti

on.

Loc

al u

se;

orig

inal

flo

w i

n­

crea

sed

by w

ells

dri

lled

at

spri

ng.

Irri

gati

on.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

loca

l use

.

Flow

ing

wel

l dr

illed

ne

aror

igin

al s

prin

g; l

ocal

use

. 1

spri

ng;

not

used

.

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f th

e bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

J Not

sho

wn

on p

i. 8.

CO

150 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 151

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152 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 153tJ * ,2 bfl bfl

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£ «

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£

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ibers correspond to shown on pi. 8.

P«So

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154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

o

I

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s

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overlain by Tertia Tertiary lake beds

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^ S « §S S « 5c; 23 "* J3

36 37

38

39 40

Par

k C

ount

y

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iles

nor

thea

st o

f L

ivin

gsto

n. ...

....

Em

igra

nt C

reek

nea

r C

hic

o..

. . _

.

...

Cor

win

Spr

ings

, se

c.' 2

5, T

. 8

S.,

R.

7 E

.

3 m

iles

nor

thea

st o

f Q

ardi

ner,

sec

. 19

. T

. 9S

., R

. 9E

.

Swee

t O

rass

Cou

nty

Nea

r B

ould

er C

reek

, 3

mil

es s

outh

wes

t of

Hub

ble,

sec

. 29

, T

. 3

S.,

R.

13 E

., A

bsar

oka

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

Hu

nte

r's

Hot

Spr

ings

. ...

.

Em

igra

nt

Gul

ch

War

m

Spr

ings

.

Bea

r C

reek

Spri

ngs.

. .....

Fau

lted

L

ivin

gsto

n fo

rma­

ti

on

(Upp

er

Cre

tace

ous

and

Eoc

ene)

and

vol

cani

c ro

cks,

nea

r di

kes.

Q

uate

rnar

y la

va

over

lyin

g pr

e-C

ambr

ian

rock

s.

Pre

-Cam

bria

n sc

hist

ov

er­

lain

by

lava

. P

re-C

ambr

ian

rock

s ov

er­

lain

by

Qua

tern

ary

lava

.

148-

168-

102.

. ....

120

90. ......

70

-

1,6

00

....

240

30

90. ......

76, p

. 74

; 77,

p. 6

01;

171,

p.

319*

; 17

3,

pp.

465-

466.

167,

p.

31

*;

169,

pp

. 17

8, 1

80*.

79

, p.

92...........

174.

.. ...... ..

.....

174 .

...............

3 gr

oups

, ab

out

25 s

prin

gs;

reso

rt

for

man

y ye

ars.

G

ypsu

m d

epos

it.

Bat

hing

; al

so c

alle

d C

hico

Sp

ring.

Se

vera

l spr

ings

; res

ort.

2 sp

rings

; loc

al u

se.

y

H

1 sp

ring

; bat

hing

. ^ 03 hd

Nev

ada

tj ^

[See

pi.

15]

O 00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Hum

bold

t C

ount

y

46 N

., R

. 27

E.

Nor

th s

ide

of T

hous

and

Cre

ek V

alle

y,

6 m

iles

sou

thw

est

of D

enio

, O

reg.

N.,

R.

31 E

.

Qui

nn R

iver

, abo

ut T

. 45

N.,

R. 3

2 E

.

44 N

., R

. 32

E.

T.4

5N

., R

. 33

E.

Riv

er,

abou

t T

. 45

N.,

R.

41 E

.

Cam

p M

cGar

ry,

T.

40 N

., R

. 25

E.

of B

lack

Roc

k D

eser

t, T

. 40

N.,

R.

28 E

.

7 m

iles

wes

t of

Mas

on's

Cro

ssin

g of

Q

uinn

Riv

er, a

bout

T. 4

3 N

.,R

. 31

E.

post

offi

ce, o

n L

ittle

Hum

bold

t Riv

er.

Bog

Ran

ch H

ot S

prin

gs .

Gra

nitic

roc

ks (

Jura

ssic

in-

tr

usiv

es).

.d

o ..

. ...

... .

.. ..

. ...

....

. do

...

..

. ...

. ...

. ...

.

.d

o..

. .

.. ..

.. ..

....

. .

--.d

o. ..

....

. ...

.

10

8

130-

190-

178

118

134

76, 8

0.

Hot

..do-.

60

155 .

130 .

20

-do

......

15,

pi. 8

...

15,

pi.

8;

169,

p.

19

8.

15,

pi.

8;

169,

p.

198.

16

9, p

. 198

15,

pi. 8.-

- ____ -

15, p

i. 8;

169

, p. 2

01-

169,

p. 199

169,

p. 1

98

84,

p. 7

86;

169,

p.

198.

169,

p. 199

15, p

i. 8;

17

4

2 sp

rings

; no

t use

d.

Do.

Do.

ply.

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk in

dica

tes

that

ana

lyse

s of

the

wat

er a

re g

iven

.O

t

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d S

tate

s C

onti

nued

Nev

ada

Conti

nued

[See

pi.

15]

Map

no

.

lla 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 19

IQa 20 91 22 90

Loc

atio

n

Hum

bold

t C

ount

y C

ontin

ued

T.

37 N

., K

. 24

E.

abou

t T

. 37

N.,

R.

25 E

. A

rm o

f B

lack

Roc

k D

eser

t, ab

out

T.

37N

., R

. 26

E.

sout

h of

Div

isio

n P

eak,

abo

ut T

. 36

N

., R

. 24

E.

mil

es

sout

heas

t of

D

ivis

ion

Pea

k,

abou

t T

. 36

N.,

R.

25 E

.

16, 2

1, 2

2, 3

4, T

. 36

N.,

R. 2

6 E

.

Gol

cond

a, T

. 36

N.,

R.

40 E

... .........

R.

43 E

.

Elk

o C

ount

y

Hea

d of

Sou

th F

ork

of L

ittl

e H

umbo

ldt

Riv

er,

abou

t T

. 39

N.,

R.

40 E

.

SEV

£ se

c. 3

0, T

. 45

N.,

R. 5

4 E

., H

um­

bold

t N

atio

nal

For

est.

T.

46

N.,

R.

56

E.,

Hum

bold

t N

atio

nal

For

est.

22,

T.

47 N

., R

. 68

E.

Nam

e

(«)

.-..--....

.....

.

Geo

logy

gran

ite.

.do-.

lava

.

lava

.

Riv

er V

alle

y.

. .do--

-.-.

...........

Tem

per­

at

ure

<°F

.)

Hot.

....

165-

191 ..

Hot.

--

-d

o .

-do... .

..

.-do

..do......

..do -

120-

150-

107 -

Hot-

..-.

104-

106.

.

104-

..

57

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

250

70

20.

55

850.

Ref

eren

ces

'

174

84,

p.

793;

169

, p.

198.

15

, p.

53

15,

p. 5

3

169,

p. 199.

94,

pi.

1;

169,

p.

198;

174

. 16

6, p

. 152

169,

p.

198;

174

- . .

174

169,

p.

19

9--

----

---

174.

17

4..

. -- - ---

66,

p. 6

2 ___ ..

Rem

arks

For

ks o

f H

umbo

ldt

Riv

er.

Do.

stoc

k w

ater

.

Ot

o>

35a

35b

35c 36 37

30,

T.

47 N

., R

. 70

E.

Eas

t si

de o

f G

oose

Cre

ek,

SE

K s

ee.

10,

T.

46 N

., R

. 69

E.

Hea

d of

mai

n fo

rk

of

Spr

ing

Cre

ek,

NW

K s

ee.

26,

T.

46 N

., R

. 69

E.

Sou

th e

nd o

f T

hous

and

Spr

ings

Val

ley,

ab

out

T.

41 N

., R

. 69

E.

Hot

Cre

ek

min

ing

dist

rict

, 15

m

iles

no

rth

of D

eeth

, T

. 39

N.,

R.

60 E

. 8

mil

es n

orth

of D

eeth

, sec

. 14

, T.

38 N

., R

. 59

E.

Em

igra

nt C

anyo

n, n

orth

end

of

Eas

t H

umbo

ldt

Ran

ge,

sec.

21,

T.

38 N

., R

. 62

E.

Nea

r C

arli

n, T

. 33

N.,

R.

53 E

___

1 m

ile

wes

t of

Elk

o, T

. 34

N.,

R.

55 E

...

8 m

iles

sou

thw

est

of F

ort

Hal

leck

, T

. 33

N

., R

. 58

E.

Nea

r W

arm

C

reek

, In

depe

nden

ce

Val

ley,

T.

34 N

., R

. 62

E.

Nor

thea

st e

nd o

f F

rank

lin

Lak

e, T

. 30

N

., R

. 59

E. Was

hoe

Cou

nty

10 m

iles

nort

h of

Vya

, sec

. 18

, T. 4

4 N

., R

. 20

E.

5 m

iles

nort

h of

Vya

, se

c. 1

1, T

. 43

N.,

R.

19 E

. V

ya, s

ec. 4

, T. 4

2 N

., R

. 19

E... .

...... .

Sout

h en

d of

Sur

pris

e V

alle

y, T

. 38

N.,

R.

18 E

. N

orth

wes

t en

d of

Alk

ali

Flat

, 5

mile

s no

rthe

ast

of G

rani

te P

eak,

T.

34 N

., R

. 23

E.

2 m

iles

wes

t of G

erla

ch...

. _ ..

..._

_ .

Hill

's Sp

ring

*.. .

....

....

..

War

d's

Hot

Spr

ings

(Fl

y ra

nch)

.

Mud

Spr

ings

.---

- __ .-

-.

rock

s.

.d

o-

Car

boni

fero

us ro

cks ..

.

Lat

e T

ertia

ry

valle

y fil

l, ne

ar C

arbo

nife

rous

rock

s.

Nea

r T

ertia

ry la

va. .

-

Faul

ted

Car

boni

fero

us ro

cks.

..-.

do

. -

Lat

e T

ertia

ry

valle

y fil

l, ne

ar C

arbo

nife

rous

roc

ks

and

Ter

tiary

intr

usiv

es.

Qua

tern

ary

allu

vium

ne

ar

Car

boni

fero

us r

ocks

. Q

uate

rnar

y al

luvi

um; p

rob­

ab

ly d

eep

faul

ting.

--.do- . -

Allu

vium

, ne

ar

gran

ite

mou

ntai

ns.

....

.do.

.. ..

....

....

... .

.. ..

..

_

do

-_. ..

.

103

62 .

Boi

ling-

Ho

t -

..do

..do.

. -

-d

o

192

-do

17

0

83

-.

66

70

Ho

t -

(6)

188-

194.

.

Ho

t ..

8

20

0

Sm

all

...

10

8 -

200-

-

66,

pp.

61,

63*

66,

p. 6

2.- _

-

169,

p. 199

143,

p.

325;

166

, p.

15

2.

17

4

-------

169,

p. 1

99

166,

p.

152;

169

, p.

19

9.

143,

p.

326;

166

, p.

15

2.

143,

p.

325;

166

, p.

15

2.

84,

p.

541;

169

, p.

19

8.

174-

174 -

174.

15,

pi. 8

.. ------

84,

p.

799;

16

9, p

. 19

8.

167,

p.

24

*;

169,

pp.

200,

202

*.

15,

pi.

8. -

Not

use

d; f

orm

s bo

ggy

area

at

ed

ge

of

Goo

se

Cre

ek

Mea

dow

. D

o.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs

over

are

a of

1 acr

e; n

ot u

sed.

1

sprin

g; n

ot u

sed.

1 sp

ring

; loc

al u

se.

1 sp

ring

; no

t use

d.

Do.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs; l

ocal

use

.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs; r

esor

t.

Seve

ral

sprin

gs;

loca

l us

e.

1 sp

ring;

loca

l use

.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

Mea

dow

irri

gatio

n.

Do.

Irri

gatio

n.1

sprin

g; n

ot u

sed.

Man

y sp

rings

; cov

er 7

5 ac

res,

sand

y m

ound

s an

d tu

fa d

e-

Eosits

. L

arge

st h

ot sp

ring

s i

nort

hwes

tern

N

evad

a;

irri

gatio

n.

Man

y sp

rings

; bat

hing

.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not u

sed.

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teris

k in

dica

tes

that

ana

lyse

s of

the

wat

er a

re g

iven

.* N

ot s

how

n on

pi.

8. 6

0° to

boi

ling.

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Con

tinu

edN

evad

a C

onti

nued

[See

pi.

15]

Map

no

. 4n 41 42 43 44

45 46 47 48 4Q en 51 52 54 55

Loc

atio

n

Was

koe

Cou

nty

Con

tinue

d

sec.

25,

T.

33 N

., R

. 22

E.

sec.

3,

T.

32 N

., R

. 21

E.

T.

31 N

., R

. 20

E.

T.

29 N

., R

. 19

E.

Sout

hwes

t sid

e of

Sm

oke

Cre

ek D

eser

t, ab

out

T.

29 N

., R

. 19

E.

abou

t se

c. 3

1, T

. 29

N.,

R.

19 E

.

N.,

R.

20 E

. N

orth

end

of

Pyr

amid

Lak

e, T

. 28

N.,

R.

21 E

.

stat

ion,

T.

26 N

., R

. 19

E.

N.,

R.

20 E

.

T.

27 N

., R

. 23

E.

N.,

R.

23 E

.

N.,

R.

22 E

.

Dew

ey,

sec.

26,

T.

23 N

., R

. 21

E.

Riv

er,

12 m

iles

sout

h of

Nix

on,

T.

21

N.,

R.

24 E

.

Nam

e

Wal

l S

pri

ng

....

...,

. ..

.

Buf

falo

Spr

ing.

. __ _

_

Rot

ten

Egg

Spri

ng......

..

Geo

logy

. ....d

o... .

..................

. do..-

.....d

o..-.

............. .

do.- . .

.....d

o...... .

....

....

....

.

Ter

tiar

y la

va.

. . ..

....

....

..

Ter

tiar

y la

va o

ver

Jura

ssic

rock

s.

Ter

tiar

y la

va.

. _

..

Fau

lted

Ter

tiar

y la

va.

... _

_

....

.do

..--

.............. .

.....d

o.. ..

..-_

.. .

..-.

.-.-

.

tiar

y la

va.

Ter

tiar

y la

va _

___

Fau

lted

gra

nite

. ____ ..

..

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

62

War

m..

...d

o

.

...d

o....

92

Hot

..

...d

o.

War

m..

206-

208

«.

d

o

.

12

0

...d

o .

12

0

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

30

10

250.

Ref

eren

ces

'

15, p

. 8... ..

.

15, p

i. 8

.. .

15, p

i. 8

.. ..

....

15, p

i. 8

15, p

i. 8;

174.......

15, p

i. 8;

174

.. ....

15,

p. 6

0;

169,

p.

198.

15

, p.

220

; 16

9, p

.19

8.

15, p

i. 8

15,

p. 6

0;

169,

p.

198.

15

, pi.

8....

15, p

i. 8.

__

_ ..

..

174

174

174

173,

pp.

472

-473

*;17

4.

Rem

arks

near

by.

Do.

Not

use

d.

Do.

Sul

phur

odo

r; n

ot u

sed.

near

by.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

Not

use

d.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

Do.

Do.

Do.

1 sp

ring

; no

t use

d.

2 m

ain

spri

ngs;

res

ort,

bath

­in

g.

O

O O § n O w (O

CO en

THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 159

sill I 3*3 iIJO Pvrt 1 T* f+

*""' fl

fl

jg o

I:«» is 3 -aS -c®o, M a b ftOa flOQ-S1 w ^

|l§lli.9

*

I 2

Msfes^

s

fl .a> ca

is II26-1

5| S a t> 45

O E^ fc O

>- *s

S g 8 tf Is

1

i& Mi ffl 3a §y o.

CO "03 « O1 -0

303 S tf S

r

00

gn"

S3

M_g *C

OQ

a*53

imOJ

OPQ

0

EH

X -I.

^ 1 3 $%

fl1.yp*"Swg

O

>>* *£s 0

i

&.y pP *a

GQ ft^, GQ

W O

« M

">> -M5 T3

3 §^ B

w

* 1 ^

bop

bo *S

r OQ

OQ ,9 O

is a «DO °0 -053 ® ffl

^ M £ t2

^ 10-^9 S3 ',_; CNI 3 53 2fc 5 5 gs s-i S |H-

^^ a Sg

ca * a I- I 2^a 44 S flsB » § '

1 S . » «*

!Ba«

>llfi-5 a "

S

160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

83c

o-O bog 3

lilll

« .11a "3

S S

Sa

«» W

fcfc £

sfP <ss a EH a > H

| 1 ff "S s02 H «

a « Si? "S 5 a^ s

3 °*> a

fta« f

§ S 0 1-1 t. t.

77

77a 90

2 mile

s wes

t of R

ock

Cre

ek, a

bout

sec.

8,

T.3

3N

., R

.47

E.

Smile

s w

est o

f Beo

waw

e, s

ec. 5

, T. 3

1N.,

R.

48 E

.

Buf

falo

Vel

ley,

25

mile

s so

uthw

est

ofB

attl

e M

ount

ain,

sec

. 24

, T

. 29

N.,

R. 4

1 E

. R

eese

Riv

er V

alle

y, 2

5 m

iles

sout

h of

Bat

tle

Mou

ntai

n, s

ec.

7,

T.

28 N

.,R

. 44

E.

Ree

se R

iver

Val

ley,

1 m

ile n

orth

of H

otSp

ring

ran

ch,

sec.

23,

T.

27 N

., R

. 43

Hot

Spr

ing

ranc

h, R

eese

Riv

er V

alle

y,se

c. 2

6, T

. 27

N.,

R.4

3E

. 10

mile

s so

uth

of L

ande

r, T

. 27

N.,

R.

47 E

. N

orth

end

of

Gra

ss V

alle

y, a

bout

T.

22N

., F

.47E

. 6

mile

s no

rth

of H

ot S

prin

gs,

Sm

ith

Cre

ek V

alle

y, T

. 18

N.,

R.

39 E

. W

est

side

of

Sm

ith

Cre

ek V

alle

y, s

ec.

25, T

. 17

N.,

R.

40 E

. 18

mile

s so

uthe

ast

of A

ustin

, T

. 17

N.,

R. 4

6 E

. 20

mile

s so

uthe

ast

of A

ustin

, SE

. H s

ec.

14,

T.

16 N

., R

. 45

E.,

Toi

yabe

Na­

tio

nal

Fore

st.

Eur

eka

Cou

nty

1 m

ile n

orth

east

of B

eow

awe.

----

----

--C

resc

ent

Val

ley,

12

m

iles

sout

h of

Beo

waw

e, s

ec. 2

, T.

29 N

., R

. 48

E.

Hea

d of

Hot

Cre

ek,

14 m

iles

nort

h of

Min

eral

, sec

. 12,

T.

28 N

., R

. 52

E.

10 m

iles

nort

h of

Min

eral

, sec

. 24

, T.

28N

., R

. 52

E.

7 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Min

eral

, se

c. 1

4,T

27

N.t

R 5

2 E

.

d

o ._

.._

.

-do...-

..--

...

....

....

....

.do..

. ....................

Ter

tiar

y in

trus

ives

.

Dev

onia

n ro

cks.

....

.do

..

..... d

o .

..

_ .d

o

intr

uded

by

Ter

tiar

y la

va.

lyin

g Pa

leoz

oic

rock

s.

.....d

o.. ...

....

....

....

-...d

o...... .

.. ..

....

....

100-

200.

.

13

0..

....

110.

... ..

12

4

12

2

Ho

t--

18

1-

Hot

....

117-

144-

Ho

t

125-

132-

12

2

84.

108-

152-

50

5...... ..

3

45

0

50.-

.. ..

6

5

...

.

30

40. .

5,9

00

.--

10

0

50

169,

p. 200

143,

pp.

322,

32

5;17

4.

94,

pi.

1; 1

02,

pp.

Ill,

126

, 12

7*.

102,

p. 126

102,

pp.

126,

127

*..

102,

pp.

126,

127'j.

143,

p.

3?6;

166

, p.

152.

16

9, p

. 201 -

169,

p.

201 ...

.

169,

p.

199

101,

pp.

91,

153,

154*

; 10

3, p

. 29

9.

17

4

.

174

174

17

4

17

4.

169,

p.

198;

17

4

Loc

al u

se.

Abo

ut

35

spri

ngs

on

tufa

te

rrac

e fo

r SA

m

ile

alon

g fa

ult

on

hills

ide;

3

hot

spri

ngs

in lo

wla

nd n

earb

y.

Dis

char

ge v

arie

s ac

cord

ing

to

seas

on;

2 or

3

spri

ngs

have

tru

e ge

yser

act

ion.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

Roa

dsid

e w

ater

ing.

Sev

eral

spr

ings

; ir

riga

tion.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

do

mes

tic,

irri

gatio

n.

1 sp

ring

; lo

cal u

se.

Do.

Do.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

loca

l us

e.

7 sp

ring

s; t

athi

ng.

2 sp

ring

s; i

rrig

atio

n, b

athi

ng.

2 sp

ring

s; c

attl

e w

ater

ing.

Gro

up o

f 6 s

prin

gs;

irri

gatio

n.

2 sp

ring

s V\

mile

apa

rt;

irri

ga­

tion.

6 spr

ings

; dom

estic

, irr

igat

ion.

R

ecen

t tu

fa

depo

sits

of

ca

lciu

m c

arbo

nate

; old

tufa

co

ntai

ns b

ayri

te a

nd f

iuri

te.

For

mer

ly M

iner

al H

ill H

ot

Spri

ngs.

i Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f th

e bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

* Not

sho

wn

on p

i. 8.

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d S

tate

s C

onti

nued

Nev

ada

Con

tinu

ed

[See

pi.

16]

Map

no

. 91 91a

91b

91c

91d 92 93 93a

93b

93c 94

95

96 97

Loc

atio

n

Eur

eka

Co

un

ty C

onti

nued

Dia

mon

d V

alle

y, s

ec.

5. T

. 25

N.,

R.

53 E

.

Dia

mon

d V

alle

y, s

ec.

6, T

. 24

N.,

R.

53 E

. D

iam

ond

Val

ley,

sec

. 23

, T.

24 N

., R

.52

E.

Dia

mon

d V

alle

y, s

ec.

36,

T.

23 N

., R

.52

E.

Wes

t sid

e of

Gra

ss V

alle

y, s

ec. 1

5, T

. 24

N,,

R. 4

7 E

. E

ast s

ide

of G

rass

Val

ley,

sec

. 33,

T. 2

4N

., R

. 48

E.

Eur

eka,

sec

. 5, T

. 19

N.,

R. 5

0 E

.

Ant

elop

e V

alle

y, 4

5 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Eur

eka,

sec

. 28,

T.

18 N

., R

. 50

E.

Hea

d of

Fis

h C

reek

, se

c. 7

, T

. 16

N.,

R. 5

3 E

. Whi

te P

ine

Cou

nty

Nor

th e

nd o

f Sc

hell

Cre

ek M

ount

ains

, 15

mile

s so

uthe

ast

of C

urri

e, s

ec.

27,

T.

26 N

., R

. 65

E.

Nea

r E

gan

Can

yon

1}4

mile

s so

uthw

est

of C

herr

y C

reek

rai

lroa

d st

atio

n, T

. 23

N..R

.63E

.

railr

oad

stat

ion,

T. 2

3 N

., R

. 63

E.

sec.

!6,T

.22

N.,

R.6

3E

.

Nam

e

spri

ngs.

'

Col

lar a

nd E

lbow

Spr

ing

. _

Che

rry

Cre

ek H

ot S

prin

gs.

Geo

logy

stru

ctur

e,

do.-

tain

s of

fau

lted

Pale

ozoi

c ro

cks.

.....do.- . .

... .

.d

o--

. . .

... .

....

....

..-- do..-.

-... ....... ..

.....

do-- .

faul

ted

Pale

ozoi

c ro

cks.

faul

ted

lava

.

stru

ctur

e.

Val

ley

allu

vium

__ ..

--

Val

ley

allu

vium

nea

r Pa

leo­

zo

ic ro

cks.

.....d

o -

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

69-7

8

87 -

10

6

74

71-7

5

Hot

-

d

o

105-

108-

14

2

66

92

1 18-

135-

.

124

66

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

10

.

30

0

5,0

00

.

20

Qft

fl

d

o

10

10

0

4,0

00

20

40

800

Ref

eren

ces

*

174-

174

166,

p.

IS

?.;

169,

p. 1

99;

174.

17

4.

174

17

4

174

174

174

17

4

104,

pp.

44*

, 49.

.

104,

p.48

--- -

104,

pp.

43*

, 48

-

104,

pp.

43*

, 49-

-._-

Rem

arks

Dee

p po

ol

and

min

orsp

ring

s; i

rrig

atio

n.

Irri

gatio

n.

Irri

gatio

n; fo

rmer

ly B

ig S

hip-

ley

Spri

ngs.

Irri

gati

on.

Do.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

stoc

k w

ater

.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

not

used

.

2 sp

ring

s on

larg

e tu

fa k

noll;

arte

sian

wel

l of

hot

wat

er

near

by.

Stoc

k w

ater

.

Abo

ut 2

0 de

ep p

ools

in

area

H m

ile in

dia

met

er;

irri

ga­

tion.

Not

use

d; tu

fa d

epos

it.

3 sp

ring

s; b

athi

ng.

2 spr

ings

; bat

hing

, irr

igat

ion.

05 to

1 m

ile n

orth

wes

t of

War

m S

prin

gs s

ta­

tion,

sec

. 24

, T.

21 N

., R

. 63

E.

T.

21 N

., R

. 70

E.

5, T

. 19

N..R

.63E

. N

ear M

cGill

, sec

. 21,

T. 1

8 N

., R

. 64 E

N.,

R.6

3E

. N

ewar

k V

alle

y, T

. 23

N.,

R.

56 E

....

..

Nor

th e

nd o

f Whi

te P

ine

Val

ley,

sec

. 23,

T.

14 N

., R

. 56

E.

12 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Pre

ston

, se

c. 3

3,T

.13N

..R

. 60

E.

Lun

d, s

ec. 3

3, T

. 12N

., R

. 62E

Val

ley,

T.

11 N

., R

. 65

E.

Snak

e V

alle

y, T

. 11

N

., R

. 69

E.,

15m

iles

sout

h of

Bak

er.

Hea

d of

Big

Spr

ings

Cre

ek, s

ec. 3

0, T

. 10

N.,

R.7

0. E

.

Min

eral

Cou

nty

east

of

Scbu

rz,

T.

13 N

., R

. 29

E.

Eas

t W

alke

r R

iver

, 20

mile

s w

est

ofH

awth

orne

, sec

. 4, T

. 7 N

., R

. 27

E.

Soda

ville

, T

. 6

N.,

R.

35 E

Esm

eral

da C

ount

y

Silv

er P

eak,

NE

J4 s

ec. 2

2, T

. 2

S., R

. 39

E.

11 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Gol

dfle

ld,

NE

Hse

c. 2

6, T

. 1S

..R

.41E

.

Mon

te N

eva

Hot

Spr

ings

~

Will

iam

s H

ot S

prin

g '...

.

(*)

. ..

....

.

Alk

ali

Spr

ing.

... ..

........

Val

ley

allu

vium

nea

r Pa

le­

ozoi

c ro

cks.

zoic

roc

ks,

. do - .

stru

ctur

e.

Ter

tiar

y la

va. .

__

__

__

.

zoic

roc

ks,

do

limes

tone

.

lava

.

rock

s ov

erla

in b

y T

erti

ary

lava

.

rock

s.

173-

193-

Warm

58

-76

.

76

-84

85

65-7

0

12

4

...d

o. -

d

o..

R4

d

o

Ho

t

d

o

fiO

_11S

120-

140-

20

0

200

450-

23- .

200 .

50

5,7

00..-

2,4

00

8,00

0-12

,000

2,

000-

...

Cfl

A

50

104,

pp.

43*

, 47;

174

-

166,

p.

151.

---

----

104

pp 4

4* 4

7

104,

43*

, 46-.

104,

p. 46

174 ..

169,

p. 2

01; 1

74- .

17

4

97,

p. 2

49;

98,

pp.

26, 5

5.Q

7 r»

94

.Q-

Qfl

nn

26, 5

5.

166,

p.

152;

169

, p.

201.

83

, p.

87;

12

7, p

.12

9.

174

17

4

-

99, p

. 17

1

87, p

. 257

; 90,

p. 1

61;

96, p

. 332

; 101

, pp.

14

3, 1

53*.

Q9

n

1Q**

Q

^ n

143*

; 101

, pp.

149

, 15

3, 1

54*.

6 sp

ring

s;

reso

rt,

bath

ing.

M

ound

of s

ilice

ous s

inte

r, H

m

ile i

n d

iam

eter

. F

or­

m

erly

G

oodri

ch

Hot

Spri

ngs

and

Mel

vin

Hot

Sp

ring

s.1

mai

n sp

ring

; no

t us

ed.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs; i

rrig

atio

n.

Do.

Bat

hing

.

Irri

gatio

n.

Bat

hing

.

Do.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

ir

riga

tion,

dom

estic

. M

unic

ipal

wat

er s

uppl

y.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs; l

ocal

use

.

Irri

gati

on,

Do.

Not

use

d.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

pu

blic

re

­ se

rve,

bat

hing

. Se

vera

l spr

ings

; loc

al u

se.

11 s

prin

gs;

tow

n w

ater

sup

­ pl

y.

Not

use

d; tu

fa d

epos

it.

Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

a Not

sho

wn

on p

i. 8.

05

CO

164 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

§§1° !§i) 0," i

| | | ||| |

i2 a

.S-o wig

W 00 _,a 2 a

« §

§ Sa <3S t

(3 > OT O.S ""g

a ^a-S03 S tj O

>T3 « 3 g-sgj >&> ^

.a -a

O 0

^ * s °°

S EH'^ | ; .^2 1 » -S-9 ^w° S

$?J ^ i

S S ?5 S

i

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

144a

145

146

147

148

149

Eas

t si

de o

f R

ailr

oad

Val

ley,

18

mile

s so

uth

of C

urra

nt,

sec.

11

, T

. 8

N.,

R5

7E

. %

m

ile s

outh

of

Blu

e E

agle

Spr

ings

, se

c. 1

4, T

. 8

N.,

R.

57 E

. E

ast

side

of

Rai

lroa

d V

alle

y, s

ec.

27,

T. 8

N.,

R.5

7E

. B

ast

side

of

Rai

lroa

d V

alle

y, s

ec.

34,

T.8

N., R

. 57

E.

Eas

t si

de o

f R

ailr

oad

Val

ley,

sec

28

, T

.7N

., R

.57E

. E

ast

side

of

Rai

lroa

d V

alle

y,

sec.

5,

T

. 6N

., R

57

E.

5 m

iles

wes

t of

Whi

te R

iver

, se

c. 3

3,

T.

9N

., R

. 61

E.

Nea

r W

hite

Riv

er,

T.

9 N

., R

. 62

E._

__

Whi

te

Riv

er V

alle

y, n

ear

Sunn

ysid

e,

sees

. 28,

31

and

32, T

. 7

N.,

R.

62 E

.

Whi

te R

iver

Val

ley,

8 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

Sun

nysi

de, s

ec. 1

8, T

. 6 N

., R

. 61

E.

5 mile

s no

rth

of B

eatt

y, T

. 11

S.,

R.4

7 E_

Ash

Mea

dow

, se

c. 2

2, T

. 17

S.,

R. 5

0 E_

_

Pah

rum

p ra

nch,

se

c.

14,

T.

20

S.,

R.

53 E

.

Linc

oln

Cou

nty

5 m

iles

east

of

P

atte

rson

, T

. 8

N.,

R.6

5E

.

9 m

iles

wes

t of

Pan

aca,

T.

2 S.

, R

. 66

E.

H

mile

no

rth

of

Cal

ient

e,

T.

4 S.

, R

. 67

E.

6 m

iles

nort

h of

Hik

o, s

ec.

22,

T.

4 S.

, R

.60E

.

i Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

Hic

ks H

ot S

prin

gs ..

......

Gey

ser

ranc

h sp

ring

s .....

Ash

Spr

ing

rs o

f th

e bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

r

Val

ley

allu

vium

; ar

tesi

an

stru

ctur

e.

. -do--. ..

.-..

do

.--.

--.-

..

.. ..

.

d

o...

....

_d

o_

--.

....

.. .. ..

.

d

o... ..

..

d

o....... ..

....

..

-do..

- .. - ..

d

o ..

..

.d

o..

..

..

Pale

ozoi

c ro

cks,

ove

rlai

n by

T

erti

ary

lava

. V

alle

y al

luvi

um n

ear

Cam

­ br

ian

rock

s.

Val

ley

allu

vium

nea

r fo

lded

an

d fa

ulte

d Pa

leoz

oic

rock

s.

Val

ley

allu

vium

nea

r fau

lted

Pale

ozoi

c ro

cks.

Val

ley

allu

vium

nea

r T

erti­

ar

y la

va.

Val

ley

fill

near

Pa

leoz

oic

limes

tone

.

Fau

lted

Pal

eozo

ic r

ocks

__

--- d

o

... .

.. . ..

Fau

lt i

n Pa

leoz

oic

limes

tone

.

d

o..

.. -

-

....

.do.-

- ---

--

isk

indi

cate

s th

at a

naly

ses

of t

82

73._

---.

64.

67

59

60

10

0

70

65-7

5

85-9

0

11

0

76

-94

77

76

65

-70

84

70

70

85

-88

11

0

90

90

90

-97

be w

ater

a

1,3

85.

14

227

2-.

. .

10

30

10

0

_.

200.

. .

2,00

0. .

.

5,0

00 .

40

450 .

2,2

00.. __

1,5

00

....

50

20

0

2,50

0

4,0

00.

9,0

00--

.9,0

00..

..

re g

iven

.

98,

p.

30;

174.

. ..

.. .

17

4

174....- .

174

174

174.

174

174

.

98,

pp.

26,

56;

169,

p

. 20

1.

98, p

. 26

; 128

, p. 3

0*;

169,

p.

200.

92

, p

. 20.. -

92

,p.2

0;1

69

,p.2

01

.

86, p

. 16

5; 9

1, p

. 16

6;

103,

pp.

63,

76.

103,

pp.

63,

77,

80*.

166,

p.

15

2;

169,

p.

200

. 98

, p.

49 . .

98,

p. 5

1 ...

174 .

98, p

p.

30*,

50;

174

.

174 . .

15,

pp.

26.

30*;

83,

p.

87;

169

, p.

201.

83

, p.

87

.

83,

p. 8

7. ...

. ..

.

« N

ot

s

2 m

ain

spri

ngs;

irr

igat

ion.

Dom

estic

, ir

riga

tion.

2 sp

ring

s; i

rrig

atio

n.

2 see

ping

spri

ngs;

sto

ck w

ater

.

Stoc

k w

ater

.

2 se

epin

g sp

ring

s; s

tock

wat

er.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

irri

gatio

n.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

ir

riga

tion.

F

orm

erl

y

Em

igra

nt

Spri

ngs.

6 s

prin

gs; i

rrig

atio

n; o

n W

hip-

pi

e an

d H

endr

icks

ran

ches

. F

orm

erly

Fla

g Sp

ring

s.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

irri

gatio

n.

5 sp

ring

s; r

esor

t.

4 sp

ring

s; n

ot u

sed.

2 m

ain

spri

ngs;

irr

igat

ion.

2 sp

ring

s; i

rrig

atio

n.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

irri

gati

on.

Do.

2

spri

ngs;

sto

ck w

ater

.

Irri

gatio

n;

oth

er

war

m

spri

ngs

on F

latn

ose

ranc

h ne

arby

. M

unic

ipal

wat

er s

uppl

y.

Bat

hhou

se a

nd p

ool;

form

erly

fl

owed

, lat

er p

umpe

d.

Dom

estic

, ir

riga

tion.

Do.

D

omes

tic,

irri

gatio

n; 6

mai

n sp

ring

s.bo

wn

on p

i. 8.

05

Ot

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Con

tinu

edN

evad

a C

onti

nued

[See

pi.

15]

Map

no

.

150

151

152

Loc

atio

n

Cla

rk C

ount

y

1 m

ile s

outh

of

Indi

an S

prin

g ra

ilroa

d st

atio

n, s

ec.

16, T

. 16

S.,

R.

56 E

. 2

mile

s w

est

of L

as V

egas

, T

. 20

S.,

R.

61 E

.

Nam

e

Indi

an S

prin

g .............

Geo

logy

....

.do

....

. ..

....

....

....

rece

nt

volc

anic

ac

tivi

ty,

or d

efor

mat

ion.

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

90

..

78

..

73.......

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

41

0

2,6

00..-

Ref

eren

ces

>

98, p

. 61

; 128

, p.

26.

86, p

. 165

; 91,

p. 1

66;

98, p

p. 3

0*, 7

3.

97,

pp.

26,

30*,

39;

169,

p.

199.

Rem

arks

irri

gatio

n.

Rai

lroa

d us

e an

d ir

riga

tion.

tria

l, ir

riga

tion.

Q

O td O §

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

San

Juan

Cou

nty

32, T

. 11

N.,

R.

2 W

.

T.

7N.,

R. 2

W.

16, T

. 7 N

., R

. 2 W

.

Rio

Arr

iba

Cou

nty

sec.

23,

T.

25 N

., R

. 8

E.

sec.

24,

T.

25 N

., R

. 8

E.

25, T

. 25

N.,

R.

8 E

.

sec.

35,

T.

25 N

., R

. 8

E,

porp

hyry

dik

e.

trad

ed b

y po

rphr

y di

ke.

gran

ite.

gran

ite.

68

65

_..

. ...

67

80

(') ....

90

«

3

3

7 ...

10

5

15

5........

108,

p

. 30

5*;

166,

pp.

625-

626*

; 16

9,

p. 1

95*.

174 .

. ..... ......

17

4..

....

...

174.

. ...

....

....

.. .

17

4.

174...... ...

174................

phur

odo

r.

sulp

hur

odor

. D

o.

Do.

Do.

Taos

Cou

nty

12 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Bar

ranc

a.

McK

inle

y C

ount

y

20 m

iles

east

of T

ohat

chi,

abou

t sec

. 33,

T

. 19

N.,

R.

15 W

.

Sand

oval

Cou

nty

15 m

iles

nort

h of

Jem

ez S

prin

gs, s

ec. 2

9,T

. 20

N.,

R. 3

E.

San

Ant

onio

Cre

ek,

20 m

iles

nort

h of

Jem

ez S

prin

gs, s

ec. 7

, T. 2

0 N

., R

. 4 E

. 12

mile

s no

rth

of J

emez

Spr

ings

, se

c. 3

,T

. 19

N.,

R.3

E.

2 m

iles

nort

h of

Jem

ez H

ot S

prin

gs,

abou

t sec

. 15,

T. 1

8 N

., R

. 2 E

.

7 m

iles

nort

h of

Jem

ez S

prin

gs,

SEJ<

£se

c. 4

, T.

18 N

., R

. 3 E

. 12

mile

s no

rth

of J

emez

, ab

out

sec.

22,

T.

18 N

., R

. 2E

.

1 m

ile n

orth

east

of

Rio

Sal

ado

and

8 m

iles

wes

t of J

emez

Pue

blo,

T. 1

6 N

., R

. 1

W.

2 m

iles

nort

h of

San

Ysi

dro,

T.

16 N

.,R

. 2E

. 7

mile

s so

uthw

est

of S

an Y

sidr

o, s

ec. 8

,T

. 15

N.,

R. IE

.

5 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of S

an Y

sidr

o, s

ees.

3,

9, 1

0, T

. 15

N.,

R.

1 E

.

Ojo

Cal

ient

e S

prin

gs...

...

Tog

ay S

prin

gs.

Mur

ray

Spr

ing_

_...

San

Ant

onio

Spr

ings

.

Sulp

hur

Spr

ings

......

Soda

Dam

Spr

ings

.

McC

aule

y Sp

ring

..

Jem

ez H

ot S

prin

gs.

Phill

ips

Spri

ngs.

Indi

an S

pri

ng

s_ _

_.

San

Ysi

dro

Hot

Spr

ings

....

San

Ysi

dro

War

m S

prin

gs

Gne

iss

with

m

iner

aliz

ed

dike

s.

Prob

ably

ar

tesi

an,

risin

gfr

om

Mes

aver

de

form

a­

tion

from

dep

th o

f 30

0 to

50

0 fe

et.

Ter

tiary

bas

alt..

. _ ..

......

Ter

tiary

and

esite

and

rhy

o-

lite.

Faul

ted

cont

act o

f pre

-Cam

- br

ian

gran

ite

and

Car

­ bo

nife

rous

lim

esto

ne.

Faul

ted

Perm

ian

red

beds

_

red

beds

with

C

arbo

na­

ceou

s lim

esto

ne a

nd C

hinl

e sh

ale

(Tria

ssic

).

Chi

nle

shal

e.

98-1

13

65

130 -

120 .

..

80-1

67

75-1

05

(0 .

...

94

-16

8

70

120 .

85

68.

350 -

20..

ISO

­

SO

.

500

10

.

110

200 .

8 ..

.

107,

p.

114*

; 108

, p.

290*

; 10

9, p

. 73

*;

110,

pp

. 22

-27*

; 16

6, p

p. 6

24, 6

25*;

17

1, p

. 33

5*;

173,

pp

. 48

9-49

1*.

174 ..........

17

4

111,

p.

10; 174.

108,

p.

30

0;

111,

pp

. 9, 2

6, 3

7-42

*;

113,

pp.

78*

, 88.

Il

l, p

p. 2

6, 3

5*; 1

74.

174.

.-- ...

.

108,

p.

29

9*;

109,

p.

71

; 11

1,

pp.

7,

25,

32-3

4*;

113,

pp.

78*

, 88

; 16

6, p

. 61

3; 1

69,

pp.

194,

19

5*;

171,

p.

336;

173

, pp

. 486

-488

*.

Ill,

pp.

4,

5; 1

13,

pp.

78*,

87,

88.

Ill,

p.

6; 1

13,

pp.

78, 8

6.

108,

p.

30

0*;

111,

p.

5;

113,

pp

. 78

*, 8

7; 1

74.

113,

pp.

78*

, 86,

87;

173,

pp.

492

-493

*.

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk in

dica

tes

that

ana

lyse

s of

the

wat

er a

re g

iven

.

5 spr

ings

; res

ort;

tufa

dep

osit.

Man

y sm

all

pool

s;

stoc

k w

ater

; fo

rmer

ly m

ore

ac­

tive.

Not

use

d.

1 sp

ring

; not

use

d.

Abo

ut 8

spr

ings

; no

t us

ed;

sulp

hur

odor

.

Seve

ral

sprin

gs;

not

used

. L

arge

tufa

dep

osit

in c

han­

ne

l of J

emez

Riv

er.

Not

use

d.

2 gr

oups

of

abou

t 10

and

40

sprin

gs; r

esor

t.

Abo

ut 4

0 sp

rings

, co

ver

30

acre

s; u

nuse

d.

Tra

vert

ine

mou

nds

of e

xtin

ct s

prin

gs.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs; l

ocal

use

.

Abo

ut 4

0 sp

rings

; lo

cal

use,

st

rong

ly c

arbo

nate

d.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs; u

nuse

d.

T Abo

ut 1

00°.

Dat

dlon

lthe

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d Sta

tes

Conti

nued

New

Mex

ico

Conti

nued

[See

pi.

13]

Map

no

. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Loc

atio

n

San

Mig

uel

Cou

nty

Vale

ncia

Cou

nty

21,

T.

8 N

., R

. 20

W.

sout

heas

t of S

uwan

ee ra

ilroa

d st

atio

n,

2 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Que

lites

vill

age,

T

. 8

N.,

R.

2 W

.

Soco

rro

Cou

nty

31,

T.

8 S.

, R

. 7

W.,

Dat

il N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

Cat

ron

Cou

nty

23, T

. 12

S.,

R.

20 W

. 1

mile

sou

th o

f D

D B

ar r

anch

, N

WJ4

sec.

30,

T.

11 S

., R

. 12

W.

Nam

e

Ojo

Cal

ient

eJS

prin

gS

Que

lites

Min

eral

Spr

ing-

--

Ojo

Cal

ient

e2-

..-

Geo

logy

bria

n an

d C

arbo

nife

rous

ro

cks.

Fau

lted

ant

iclin

e in

Tri

assi

csa

ndst

one

and

shal

e.

Issu

es a

t fo

ot o

f blu

ff o

f Cre

­ta

ceou

s sa

ndst

one

on a

nti­

cl

inal

str

uctu

re.

agai

nst

lava

hill

s.

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

80-1

40

SO

-

SO

93

85-

80-1

24..

.

80

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

100

500

3 ---

500

1,2

00

50

..

50

Ref

eren

ces

'

35,

pp.

164,

21

9;10

6, p

p. 3

49-3

51,

405-

406*

; 10

8, p

. 29

8*;

109,

p.

71;

112,

p.

69

; 16

6,

p. 6

23;

169,

pp.

19

4,

195*

; 17

1,

p. 3

34*;

173

, pp

. 48

8-48

9*.

108,

p.

312;

166

, p.

155;

169

, p.

194

; 17

4,

173,

pp.

491-

492*

;17

4.

108,

p. 305

108,

p. 3

12;

169,

p.

194;

174

.

17

4.

174................

Rem

arks

Mon

tezu

ma

Hot

Sp

ring

s;

slig

ht s

ulph

ur o

dor.

of S

ocor

ro.

not

used

.

W

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38

sec.

19,

T.

12 S

., R

. 13

W.

Qra

nt C

ount

y

Sec.

26,

T.

13 S

., R

. 16

W

_ ...

....

...

tion

wit

h G

ila R

iver

, se

c. 3

, T

. 14

S.,

R.

16 W

.

sec.

5,

T.

13 S

., R

. 13

W.

Gila

Riv

er,

sec.

3,

T.

13 S

., R

. 13

W....

Gila

Riv

er,

sec.

20,

T.

13 S

., R

. 13

W__

_G

ila R

iver

, se

c. 1

6, T

. 14

S.,

R.

14 W

...

6 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Fay

woo

d, T

. 20

S.,

R.

11W

.

Sier

ra C

ount

y

Don

a A

na C

ount

y

17 m

iles

nort

h of

Las

Gra

ces.

Spri

Egs

. Fa

ywoo

d H

ot S

prin

gs _

__

-....d

o. .

....................

....

.do

. .....................

....

.do

._..

. ....... ..........

do

Issu

e at

bas

e of

lav

a sl

ope,

in

top

of

calc

ium

car

bon­

at

e m

ound

20

feet

hig

h, 6

0 fe

et in

dia

met

er.

lyin

g P

enns

ylva

nian

san

d­

ston

e, f

aulte

d ag

ains

t gra

n­

ite.

on e

ast

bord

er o

f lo

wla

nd

of th

e R

io G

rand

e.

15

1......

80.......

Hot.

....

90

-10

0..

.

Hot.

....

do..

...

--do.....

142--

...

97

142

90

-10

5

165,

18

5.

30

20

20

...

Qft

fl

30

30

....

20

....

2 (\

f\f\

12

0

10

108,

p.

311;

166

, p.

153;

169

, p.

194

.

174...... ..........

17

4 ...... ..

.

108,

p.

310;

166

, p.

152;

169

, p.

194

. 1

74

174.

17

4

169,

p.

194;

171

, pp.

333*

, 33

4.

166,

p.

152;

169

, p.

194.

39

, p.

12

2;

108,

p.

29

5*;

109,

p.

71.

173,

pp.

485-

486*

;17

4.

169,

p.

194;

171

, p.

336;

174

.

Do.

Do.

Do.

1 sp

rin

g;

loca

l us

e.1

spri

ng

; n

ot

use

d.

Do.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

de

velo

ped

by c

ount

y.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

reso

rt,

bath

­ in

g.

merl

y

Palo

mas

Ho

t Sp

ring

s.

Abo

ut

15

bath

­ in

g es

tabl

ishm

ents

ge

t w

arm

w

ater

fr

om

wel

ls

drill

ed a

bout

100

fee

t de

ep.

Site

of

S

tate

hos

pita

l fo

r cr

ippl

ed c

hild

ren.

2 sp

ring

s ex

cava

ted

as s

hal­

low

w

ells

; re

sort

. Fo

r­

mer

ly S

elde

n H

ot S

prin

gs.

Sup

ply

wat

er fo

r bat

hs a

nd

heat

ing

hote

l. So

dium

ch

lori

de is

pri

ncip

al s

alt

in

solu

tion.

W

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f th

e bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

1 N

ot s

how

n on

pi.

8.

O>

C

D

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d S

tate

s C

onti

nued

New

Yor

k [S

ee p

i. 8]

Map

no

. 1

Loc

atio

n

Col

umbi

a C

ount

y

Alb

any.

Nam

eG

eolo

gy

beds

of d

rift

, nea

r jun

ctio

n of

lim

esto

ne

wit

h ta

lc

slat

e.

Evi

denc

e of

a f

ault

and

dera

ngem

ent

of t

he

stra

ta in

the

vic

inity

.

Tem

per­

at

ure

(°F

.)

75.

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

50

0

-

Ref

eren

ces

i

163,

p.

138;

166

, p.

150;

169

, pp

. 28

, 35

*;

170,

p.

74

; 17

1, p

. 35

5; 1

73,

pp.

508-

509*

.

Rem

arks

colo

nial

tim

es.

w d 3 i 02 1-3 o W 3 § F

O 31 1 2

Mad

ison

Cou

nty

Fren

ch B

road

Riv

er a

t Hot

Spr

ings

, 40

mile

s no

rthw

est

of A

shev

ille.

Cla

ckam

as C

ount

y

Sec.

29,

T.

2 S.

, R

. 29

E

. ...

....

....

.

24,

T.

3 S.

, R

. 8M

E.,

Mou

nt H

ood

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.Sp

ring

s.

Nor

th C

arol

ina

[See

pi.

8]

guei

ss

and

Cam

bria

n qu

artz

ite

and

slat

e ne

ar

larg

e th

rust

fau

lt.

Ore

gon

[See

pi.

14]

92-1

17

Ho

t

60

-80

100 .

25

9,

p.

186;

56

, p.

373*

; 16

6, p

. 15

0;

169,

pp.

76,

78*

; 17

1, p

. 37

5; 1

73,

pp.

531-

533*

.

174

174

Abo

ut 2

0 sp

ring

s, o

f whi

ch 4

have

bee

n de

velo

ped

(96°

- 10

6°);

issu

e at

riv

er e

dge;

re

sort

.

used

.

of 3

acr

es;

reso

rt.

Cla

ckam

as E

iver

, N

EJi

sec

. 25

, T

. 6

S.,

R.

6 E

., ab

out

25 m

iles

sout

heas

t of

Caz

ader

o.C

lack

amas

Eiv

er, a

bout

27

mile

s so

uth­

ea

st o

f C

azad

ero,

NW

Ji s

ec.

30,

T.

6 S.

, E

. 7E

.H

ot S

prin

gs C

reek

, 4

mile

s so

uth

of

Thu

nder

Mou

ntai

n,

NW

Ji s

ec.

26,

T.

78.,

R.

5E

.

Mar

ion

Cou

nty

Bie

iten

bush

Riv

er,

12 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Det

roit

, N

EJi

sec

. 20

, T

. 9

S.,

R.

7 E

.

Was

co C

ount

y

War

m S

prin

gs R

iver

9 m

iles

nort

h of

W

arm

Spr

ings

Ind

ian

Age

ncy,

see

s.

19 a

nd 2

0, T

. 8

S.,

R.

13 E

.

Um

atill

a C

ount

y

Cam

as C

reek

, 50

mile

s so

uth

of P

endl

e-to

n, S

WJi

sec

. 1,

T.

5 S.

, R

. 33

E.,

Um

atil

la N

atio

nal

Fore

st.

7 m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

L

ehm

an

Hot

Spri

ngs,

T. 5

S.,

R. 3

3 E

., ju

st o

utsi

deU

mat

illa

Nat

iona

l Fo

rest

.

Uni

on C

ount

y

10

2 mile

s no

rthe

ast o

f Sum

mer

ville

, abo

ut

sec.

6, T

. 1

S.,

R.

39 E

.11

H

ot

Lak

e,

10 m

iles

sout

heas

t of

La

Qra

nde,

T.

4 S.

, R

. 39

E.

12

20 m

iles

nort

h-no

rthe

ast

of B

aker

, se

c.

24, T

. 6

S.,

R.

41 E

.

Ora

nt C

ount

y

13

Nor

th b

ank

of M

iddl

e F

ork

of J

ohn

Day

Riv

er, n

ear

Rit

ter,

sec

. 8, T

. 8 S

., R

. 30

E.

14

Cam

p C

reek

, 6

mile

s so

uth

of S

usan

- vi

lle, s

ec. 3

5, T

. 10

S.,

R. 3

2 E

.

i Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f th

e bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

Bag

sby

Hot

Spr

ings

.

Hot

Lak

e.-.

-.-

. .......

-.-.

-do

....

..--

- ..

. ... ..

.

..d

o..

....

....

....

....

...

-.... d

o..

.. ..

....

. ........

area

of

C

olum

bia

Kiv

er

basa

lt.

-.d

o--

- - -

..

do

.. ...

.

..d

o--- -

erou

s ?)

.

Fau

lt

fiss

ure

in

cres

t of

broa

d lo

w d

ome

of C

olum

­ bi

a E

iver

bas

alt.

(Mio

cene

) ov

erly

ing

Car

­ bo

nife

rous

rock

s.

188

176-

196-

Ho

t

140-

198-

138-

145-

180

140

110

120

50

900

75

175

50

35

115,

p. 7

6 .

115,

p.

76; 174

115,

p.

76; 174

115,

p.

76; 174 -

171,

p.

394;

174

174

174-

-

169,

p.

216.

- ..

..

174

114,

p.

641*

174 - -

...--

114,

p.

642;

169

, p.

216.

Seve

ral s

prin

gs;

loca

l use

.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

ba

thin

g;

sulp

hur

odor;

fo

rmer

ly

Aus

tin

Hot

Spr

ings

.8

spri

ngs

in a

rea

of 5

acr

es;

cam

ping

gro

und.

Abo

ut 4

0 sp

ring

s in

2 g

roup

s in

are

a of

10

acre

s; r

esor

t.

Man

y sp

ring

s is

sue

alon

g ba

nks

of r

iver

for

2 m

iles;

su

lphu

r odor;

ca

mp

gr

ound

.

10 s

prin

gs;

reso

rt.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

re

sort

; su

l­

phur

odo

r.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

loc

al u

se.

Bat

hing

.

2 sp

ring

s; l

ocal

use

.

Ees

ort;

form

erly

M

cDuf

fee

Hot

Spr

ing.

Ees

ort.

CD

172 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

-c o« i

assis$g-SSB

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a -3i»a°

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34

22

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., C

asca

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iona

l Fo

rest

. D

ougl

as C

ount

y

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ntai

n, N

WJi

see

. 20

, T.

26 S

., R

. 4

E.,

Um

pqua

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

Jack

scn

Cou

nty

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mat

h C

ount

y

24 S

., R

. 5^ E

.

sec.

10,

T.4

0S

., R

. 13

E.

sec.

10,

T.

40 S

., R

. 13

E.

sec.

6,

T.

40 S

., R

. 14

E.

sec.

18,

T.

38 S

., R

. 15

E.

Des

chut

es C

ount

y

26,

T.

21

S.,

R.

12

E.,

Des

chut

es

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

29,

T.

21

S.,

R.

13

E.,

Des

chut

es

Nat

iona

l F

ores

t.

Cro

ok C

ount

y

Spri

ng n

umbe

red

33 b

y er

ror;

see

no. 7

5,

in M

alhe

ur C

ount

y, p

. 177

.

wes

t of

Pau

lina,

abo

ut s

ec.

36,

T.

19

S., R

.32E

.

Sprin

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and

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men

ts, n

ear

bord

er o

f lat

e T

ertia

ry la

va fl

ow,

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o ..- . ..

.

114

105..

....

104

185

130

75

76

148

146

76

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65,

70....

110-

141.

.

60-8

7 .

35..

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15

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.

500

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35 ....

5

20 .

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.. ..

....

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17

4 ...

169,

p. 2

16

..

.

17

4..

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17

4..

....

..

1

74

..

17

4...

174.... .........

174.

169,

p. 216... .

.

174 ......

116,

p.

100;

17

4

116,

pp.

65

-56

....

..

supp

lies

bath

ing

pool

. N

umer

ous w

ells

in v

icin

ity

supp

ly h

ot w

ater

for

hea

t­

ing

resi

denc

es.

spri

ngs

issu

e in

riv

er b

ed

near

by.

mer

ly T

urne

r Hot

Spr

ings

. B

athi

ng;

stoc

k w

ater

.

dom

estic

, irr

igat

ion.

09

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f the

bib

liogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

tha

t an

alys

es o

f th

e w

ater

are

giv

en.

1 Not

sho

wn

on p

i. 8.

CO

174 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

§o

.2

a J « §5

PI

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a

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sa Ibo«M

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e s I a

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S 15«s«j'S 25«oO

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45

2 m

iles

nort

h of

Lak

e vie

w..

46 47 48 49 60 61 61a 52 63 64 55 56 67 68 69

1H m

iles

sout

h of

Lak

evie

w.

2 m

iles

sout

h of

Lak

evie

w...

Upp

er

Roc

k C

reek

, 4

mile

s ea

st

of

Nor

th W

arne

r L

ake,

sec

. 16

, T.

35 S

., R

. 26

E.

Nor

th s

ide

of H

art

Mou

ntai

n, s

ec.

7, T

. 36

S.,

R.

26 E

.

War

ner

Val

ley,

1 m

ile e

ast

of A

del p

ost

offic

e, s

ec.

23,

T.

39 S

., R

. 24

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War

ner

Val

ley,

3 m

iles

east

of

War

ner

Lak

e po

st o

ffic

e, s

ec.

27,

T.

40 S

., R

. 24

E.

Ham

ey C

ount

y

17 m

iles

nort

heas

t of

Bur

ns,

sec.

14,

T.

22 S

., R

. 32

^ E

.

5 m

iles

sout

h of

Bur

ns,

sees

. 35

and

36,

T.

23 S

., R

. 30

E.

4 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Cra

ne,

sec.

34,

T.

24 S

., R

. 33

E.

Wes

t si

de o

f M

iddl

e F

ork

of M

alhe

urR

iver

, W

arm

Spr

ing

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ley,

8 m

iles

nort

hwes

t of

Riv

ersi

de,

sec.

23,

T.

22S.

, R

. 36

E.

Wes

t si

de o

f So

uth

For

k of

Mal

heur

Riv

er,

8 m

iles

nort

h of

Ven

ator

, se

c.16

, T

. 25

S.,

R.

36 E

. N

ear

sout

h sh

ore

of S

ilver

Lak

e, s

ec.

12, T

. 26

S.,

R.

27 E

. 3J

/2 m

iles

east

of

Iron

Mou

ntai

n, s

ec.

33,

T.

26 S

., R

. 28

E.

Wes

t si

de o

f H

arne

y L

ake,

\V

t m

iles

wes

t of

OO

ran

ch, s

ec. 3

4, T

. 26

S., R

.28

E.

OO

ran

ch,

sec.

36,

T.

26 S

.; R

. 28

E..

..

land

Plu

nge)

.

Spri

ng.

Ade

l H

ot S

prin

g.. _

. ....

Mill

pond

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ring

(a

nd

othe

rs).

OO

Bar

nyar

d Sp

ring

. ..

in r

egio

n of

lat

e T

erti

ary

lava

.

issu

es a

t bas

e of

faul

t sca

rp;

seco

ndar

y qu

artz

.

with

Mio

cene

lava

.

basa

lt.

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lted

Ter

tiar

y la

ke s

edi­

men

ts.

near

fa

ult

scar

p in

la

te

Ter

tiar

y la

va.

sedi

men

ts

and

asso

ciat

ed

rhyo

lite.

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oars

e tu

ffs

inte

rbed

ded

wit

h Q

uate

rnar

y ba

salt.

lava

blu

ffs.

tuft

s in

terb

edde

d w

ith

basa

lt.

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ted.

....

.do

...

....

....

....

....

.

Bas

e of

fa

ult-

line

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coar

se

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in

terb

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d w

ith

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rhy

olite

. ..

...d

o . .._..

128-

162.

.

16

2

175-

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.

105-

115-

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_

16

0.

.

16

0

72

73

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12

6

138-

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.

104-

108.

.

68

68

74

72

60

0..

....

50

25 ..

.....

60

10

20

22

5..

....

1,20

0....

18

0

90

30

0

45

5,35

0....

6,5

00.

1,75

0....

117,

p.

61;

17

4..

....

169,

p. 2

15;

171,

p.

395;

174

.

117,

p. 5

1; 1

74

118,

pp.

40,

66;

169

,p.

216

.

17

4..

....

..

....

174. .

17

4

17

4

60,

p. 3

9; 1

18,

pp.

35, 3

9, 6

6, 6

3; 1

74.

60, p

. 39;

116

, p. 4

1;11

8,

pp.

39,

57,

64;

174.

11

8, p

p. 4

1, 8

1, 8

3-

118,

pp.

41,

81,

83.

.

118,

p. 3

9

118,

p.

39; 1

74

118,

pp.

35,

39,

63;

174.

174

arte

sian

wel

l 1A

mile

nor

th­

east

, 20

0 fe

et d

eep,

di

s­

char

ges

120

gallo

ns a

min

­ ut

e of

boi

ling

wat

er,

used

to

hea

t ho

tel.

odor

; fo

rmer

ly

Lak

evie

w

Hot

Spr

ing.

odor

; fo

rmer

ly

Lak

evie

w

Hot

Spr

ings

an

d D

own'

s H

ot S

prin

gs.

Har

t M

ount

ain;

st

ock

wat

er.

3 sp

ring

s,

% m

ile a

part

; ir

­ ri

gatio

n an

d in

dust

rial

.

Seve

ral

spri

ngs;

irr

igat

ion.

Do.

1 sp

ring

; st

ock

wat

er.

1 sp

ring

; ir

riga

tion.

Do.

OQ

1 Num

bers

cor

resp

ond

to n

umbe

rs o

f th

e bi

blio

grap

hy;

aste

risk

ind

icat

es t

hat

anal

yses

of t

he w

ater

are

giv

en.

> Not

sho

wn

on p

i. 8.

48,0

00-7

5.00

0.

176 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

e o '£55,

a .2 (o«S 3-9 £?§d

CD- .

*

2

i iig!

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SS&

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71 71a 72 84b 85

5 m

iles

nor

thea

st o

f F

lags

taff

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te, s

ec.

24,

T.

38 S

., R

. 37

E.

5 m

iles

sou

thw

est

of W

hite

hors

e R

anch

.N

orth

sid

e of

Tro

ut C

reek

, 1$

mil

e be

­ lo

w m

outh

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ittl

e T

rout

Cre

ek,

sec.

16

, T

. 39

S.,

R.

37 E

.

Mal

heur

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nty

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r W

illo

w C

reek

, 20

mil

es n

orth

wes

t of

Val

e, s

ec.

4, T

. 16

S.,

R.

43 E

.

Val

ley

of W

arm

C

reek

ne

ar

Beu

lah,

ab

out

sec.

11,

T.

19 S

., R

. 37

E.

12 m

iles

nor

thw

est

of V

ale,

sec

. 9, T

. 18

S.

, R

. 43

E.

Mal

heur

R

iver

15

mil

es s

outh

wes

t of

V

ale,

abo

ut s

ec.

18,

T.

19 N

., R

. 43

E.

Sou

th s

ide

of M

alhe

ur R

iver

Vi

m

ile

east

of V

ale,

sec

. 20

, T

. 18

S.,

R.

45 E

.M

alhe

uf R

iver

, 3 m

iles

wes

t of

Ont

ario

, se

c. 3

1, T

. 17

S.,

R.

47 E

.O

wyh

ee R

iver

, sec

. 12,

T. 2

1 S.

, R. 4

5 E

._

Ow

yhee

Riv

er,

abou

t se

c. 1

4, T

. 21

S.,

R.

45 E

. O

wyh

ee R

iver

nea

r S

nive

ley'

s ra

nch,

abou

t se

c. 2

5, T

. 21

S.,

R.

45 E

.

Ow

yhee

Riv

er,

abou

t se

c. 3

5, T

. 21

S.,

R.

45 E

. O

wyh

ee R

iver

, 2

mil

es b

elow

mou

th o

fD

ry C

reek

, ab

out

sec.

10

, T

. 23

S.,

R.

44 E

. N

ear

Sou

th

For

k of

Mal

heur

Riv

er,

5m

iles

sou

th o

f R

iver

side

, se

c. 2

0, T

.24

S.,

R.

37 E

. 30

mil

es n

orth

wes

t of

Jor

dan

Val

ley,

sec.

18,

T.

27 S

., R

. 43

E.,

on O

wyh

eeR

iver

. 25

mil

es n

orth

wes

t of

Rom

e, a

t no

rth

end

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addl

e M

ount

ain.

O

ne-h

alf

mil

e w

est

of J

orda

n V

alle

y,se

c. 2

, T

. 30

S.,

R.

46 E

.

> N

umbe

rs c

orre

spon

d to

num

bers

of

the

bibl

iogr

aphy

; as

teri

sk i

ndic

ates

that

ana

lyse

s of

th

e w

ater

are

giv

en.

Spr

ings

.

Dee

r B

utt

e H

ot S

prin

g _

Nor

th

Bla

ck

Wil

low

Spr

ing.

Spr

ing.

(«

)

(J)

-

eene

lav

a.

....

.do

....

....

....

....

....

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-..d

o-.

.. ..................

form

atio

n) n

ear

Col

umbi

a R

iver

bas

alt.

form

atio

n),

in

regi

on

of

late

Ter

tiar

y l

ava.

form

atio

n);

pro

bab

ly

faul

ted.

form

atio

n) n

ear

late

Ter

­ ti

ary

lav

a.

form

atio

n).

do

hori

zont

al s

trat

a of

mas

­ si

ve c

ongl

omer

ate

of P

ay-

ette

for

mat

ion.

of P

ayet

te f

orm

atio

n (T

er­

tiar

y) a

t in

ters

ecti

on o

f 2

faul

ts.

tiar

y l

ava.

tiar

y l

ava.

faul

ted,

d

o.-

- d

o--

-

96

-10

0

114

128

Hot

-

185.-

.-.

168.

Hot

..

198-

_

.

164

122-

141-

115

67

71

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.

106-

143_

.

Hot

120

30

10 .

45

.......

24--

.....

20

60

Sm

all.

_ _

10

118,

pp.

41,

79;

174

.

17

4

118,

pp.

40,

73,

81.

.

63,

p. 3

5

60,

p. 2

3

...

60,

p. 2

8; 6

3, p

. 34

-

60,

p. 2

8; 1

74

..

143,

p.

325;

169

, p.

215.

63

, p.

33;

174.-

-..

60,

p. 2

8; 6

3, p

. 33

;17

4.

174

63,

p. 3

4; 1

74......

63,

p. 3

3; 1

74

118,

p. 83

174

174

169,

p.

215;

174....

* Not

sho

wn

on p

i. 8.

4 sp

ring

sr s

tock

wat

er.

Bat

hing

.S

ever

al s

prin

gs;

stoc

k w

ater

.

1 sp

ring

; lo

cal

use.

D

rill

ed

wel

l al

so h

as h

ot w

ater

.

Sev

eral

spr

ings

; le

cal

use.

Loc

al u

se.

Sev

eral

spr

ings

; no

t us

ed.

1 sp

ring

; ba

thin

g re

sort

; 14

0-

foot

wel

l als

o ha

s ho

t w

ater

. 1

spri

ng;

loca

l us

e.

3 m

ain

spri

ngs;

loc

al u

se.

Loc

al u

se.

Do.

Do.

Sev

eral

spr

ings

; no

t us

ed.

Sev

eral

spr

ings

; ir

riga

tion

.

Unu

sed.

Do.

3 m

ain

spri

ngs;

bat

hing

.

' N

ear

boil

ing.

Dat

a on

the

rmal

spr

ings

in t

he U

nite

d Sta

tes

Con

tinu

ed

Ore

gon

Con

tinue

d00

Map

no

.

85a

85b

85c 8fi 1 1

Loc

atio

n

Mal

heur

Cou

nty C

ontin

ued

abou

t se

c. 3

6, T

. 40

S.,

R.

42 E

.

Perr

y C

ount

y

of H

arri

sbur

g.

Fal

l Riv

er C

ount

y H

ot S

nrm

es. i

n w

est

Dar

t of t

own.

...

..

Nam

e

Spri

ng.

Hot

Bor

ings

_ ..

......

Ibee

pi.

iij

Geo

logy

....

. do-

_. . -- -..

lava

.

Pen

nsy

lvan

ia

[See

pi.

8]

Sou

th D

akot

a

[See

pi.

8]

Sour

ce o

f wat

er is

Dea

dwoo

d

Tem

per­

at

ure

68

68 88

-95

13

0

72

98

App

roxi

­ m

ate

dis­

ch

arge

(g

allo

ns

a m

inut

e)

5,00

0.-.

.6

,00

0.

1,0

00.

200

90

20

0

Ref

eren

ces

>

17

4

174-,

174

169,

p.

215;

174..-

163,

p.

174;

166

, p.

150;

16

9,

p.

45;

170,

p.

74;

174.

120.

D. 5

75:

122.

DO

.

O

0

Rem

arks

W W 3 M

O

Do.

.j

alon

g so

uth

fork

of O

wyh

ee

Riv

er;

unus

ed.

M e M 0

O 9 O

tied.

O

nly

loca

l us

e in

.

1934

. d 1

00 g

8 sp

ring

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THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 179

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180 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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ever

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. S

ever

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hur

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i. 8.

00

182 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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184 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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73°

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a

min

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at

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aste

risk

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anal

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of t

he w

ater

are

giv

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10 A

ll th

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prin

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Vir

gini

a an

d W

est V

irgi

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issu

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om P

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zoic

sed

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rock

s, f

olde

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sual

ly o

n an

ticl

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axe§

wit

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am-

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rdov

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meg

tone

.0

0

186 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY OF UNITED STATES, 1935

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Hot

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prin

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se

c.

21,

T.

20 N

., R

. 9

E.

Kitt

itaa

Cou

nty

8 m

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eas

t of

Ell

ensb

urg,

se

c.

5,

T.

17 N

., R

. 20

E.

Lew

is C

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y

Nea

r so

uth

base

of

M

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Rai

nier

, N

EM

se

c.

4,

T.

14

N.,

R.

10

E.,

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l F

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t.

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Cou

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Nor

th

For

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Cre

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sec.

9,

T

. 11

N.,

R.

15 E

., Y

akim

a In

dian

R

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vati

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10 m

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nor

th o

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unny

side

, se

c.

15,

T.

11 N

., R

. 23

E.

Klic

kita

t C

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5 m

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sout

heas

t of

Gle

nwoo

d, a

bout

se

c. 1

6, T

. 6 N

., R

. 13

E.

8 m

iles

wes

t of

Gol

dend

ale,

se

c.

12,

T. 4

N.,

R.

14 E

.

Skam

ania

Cou

nty

Nea

r Cas

cade

, sec

. 16,

T. 2

N.,

R. 7

E ..

..

Blo

ckhouse

M

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al

Sprin

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Issu

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om c

revi

ces i

n ba

salt

over

lyin

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ale

and

sand

­ st

one

of E

llens

burg

form

a­

tion

(Mio

cene

); pr

obab

ly

arte

sian

str

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do............. ..

....

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Elle

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INDEX

PageAbert Lake, Oreg., springs near ___.__ 174 Absaroka National Forest, Mont., spring in.. 155 Abstracts.. ..... . . 1-2,59Acknowledgments for aid ______... 3-4,60-61 Ada County, Idaho, springs of. ._.-- __ 141 Adams, L. H., work of.....-------_---.__ 70Adams County, Idaho, springs of _____ 137 Adel Hot Spring, Oreg---__- _.___ _._ 175 Aetna Springs, Calif--------.-.---.- ... 123Agua Caliente Spring, Ariz. -. .... 116Agua Caliente Spring, Calif. See Neills Hot

Spring.Agua Caliente Spring, Colo __ ... 135 Agua Caliente Springs, Ariz____ _ .. 91,116Agua Caliente Springs, Calif- . 130

See also Warner Hot Springs. Aguajito Spring, Ariz. .... 91,116Agua Tibia Spring, Calif-.---------- ... 130Alameda County, Calif., springs of...- 124 Albany County, Wyo., spring in. 191 Albion, Idaho, spring near_________ 150 Alcova Hot Springs, Wyo.___ 190 Alhambra Hot Springs, Mont__.__._.__. 81,153 Alkali Lake, Oreg., spring near 174 Alkali Spring, Nev. 163Alkali Springs, Colo_...._._._-_--..-. 132Alleghany County, Va., springs of.__ 185 Alien, E. T., Day, A. L., and, quoted- .... 67,70

Day, A. L.. and, work of 65-66, 69, 70,83, 94,95, 97

Alluvium, physical properties of samples of 28 Alpha, Idaho, springs near._.... -_ 139Alpine County, Calif., springs of..__.__ 126 Alpine Hot Springs, Idaho...-_.. __. 147 Alturas, Calif., springs near...... 118Alum Rock Park Springs, Calif..-.__. 124 Alvord Desert, Oreg., springs in_______. 176 Alvord Lake, Oreg., springs near....... 176Amedee Hot Springs, Calif. . .... .. 119Anaconda Hot Springs, Mont... .. 153 Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake, Nev., springs

on 158Ana River springs, Oreg __......_.__ 174Anderson Springs, Calif.. . 122

' Anspach, E. W., Kelley, Clyde, and, work of. 87 Apache County, Ariz., spring's of._------_ 115Apache Tejo Warm Springs, N. Mex__.___ 169 Appalachian Highlands, geology and springs of- 74-77 Aravaipa, Ariz., spring near_____._... . 116Archuleta County, Colo., springs of.. .. 135 Arizona, springs of.________ 91,115-116, pi. 13

springs of, bibliography of... ... 98 Arkansas, springs of._ __._ 78-80,117, pi. 8

springs of, bibliography of .. .....

PageArrowhead Hot Springs, Calif_________ 129 Artesian City Hot Springs, Idaho_ ___ 149 Ash Meadow, Nev., springs in... __ 165 Ash Spring, Nev..______________ 165 Aspen, Colo., spring near...... . .. 132Atlanta, Idaho, springs near___.-...__.. 145 Atlantic Plain, springs of_____._____.. 74 Auburn, Wyo., springs near.... 189Augusta County, Va., springs of . ___ 184 Aurora, Utah, springs near._______..-. 182 Austin Hot Springs, Oreg. See Carey Hot

Springs.Austin, Idaho, spring near____ ______. 149 Austin, Nev., springs near 161 Avalanche Springs, Colo-.... 132

BBacon Springs, Nev__ 165 Bagsby Hot Springs, Oreg. .... ----- 171Baker County, Oreg., springs of 172 Baker Hot Spring, Wash__...-...- ...... 186Baldwin Lake, Calif., spring near... 129 Ballarat, Calif., springs near 128 Banbury Hot Springs, Idaho. 149 Bannock County, Idaho, springs of. . 150 Barht's Hot Springs, Idaho- ...... 137Barkel's Hot Springs, Mont__ 154 Barker Spring, Ga _... .. - 136 Barry Ranch Hot Springs, Oreg 175 Bartine Hot Springs, Nev...--- 162 Bartlett Springs, Calif., spring near . .... 121Basin and Range province, springs of.. 91-93, pi. 15. Basque Spring, Dreg... 17ft. Basset Hot Spring, Idaho. - 142; Bassett Hot Springs, Calif - H* Bath County, Va., springs »f __.. 75-77,184 Bat Hot Springs, Idaho. See Indian Hot

Springs.Battle Mountain, Nev., springs near..____ 161 Bear Creek Springs, Mont ___._____ 155 Beardsley Hot Springs, Idaho..________ 144 Bear Gulch Spring, Oreg-__..___... .. 172 Bear Lake County, Idaho, springs of.... .. 151Bear Lake Hot Springs, Idaho __.._... 151 Bear River, Idaho, springs near....____.. 150Bear River Hot Springs, Utah_________ 179 B.ear Valley Creek, Idaho, spring near._._ 139 Beaver County, Utah, spring in .. 183 Beaverhead County, Mont., springs of....... 154Becker, G. F., work of-__..__._.___ 95 Beck's Hot Springs, Utah... 180 Bedford County, Va., springs of 185 Bedford Springs, Mont________-...- 153 Belknap Hot Springs, Oreg-.-______.. 94,172 Bell, A. N., and others, work of.._.....__ 62-63Bell, John, work of.___ ________ 61-62

193

194 INDEX

PageBenmac Hot Springs, Calif.__________ 119 Bennetts Springs, Nev..__ _________ 165 Bennington, Vt., spring at_..___....__ 75Benton Hot Spring, Calif.___________ 127 Beowawe Geysers, Nev..________... _ 161 Beowawe, Nev., springs near________ 161 Berkeley Springs, W. Va.---........._.--.. 188Berkshire County, Mass., spring in. ___ 151 Benlah, Oreg.,- springs near_________.. 177 B ibliogra phy of thermal springs... _____ 98-114 Bidwell Creek, Calif., springs near...____ 118 Big Belt Range, Mont., springs in______ 81 Big Bend Hot Springs, Calif_.________ 119 Big Blue Spring, Nev..... _.....____ 163Big Blue Springs, Nev. See Charnock

Springs.Big Chalybeate Spring, Ark__________ 117 Big Creek, Idaho, spring near.-.-.-__.-._ 140 Big Dotsero Spring, Colo___________ 132 Big Hole Hot Springs, Mont.........____ 154Big Horn County, Wyo., springs of______ 189 Big Horn Hot Springs, Wyo ......__ 84-85,190Big Horn River, Wyo., springs in canyons of.. 189 Big Shipley Springs, Nev. See Sadler Springs. Big Smoky Creek, Idaho, springs near____ 146 Big Smoky Valley, Nev., springs in..____ 164 Big Spring, Nev-________________ 163 Big Spring, Utah............................ 91,181Big Springs Creek, Nev., springs near____ 163 Big Springs, Utah________________ 180 Big Warm Springs, Mont......__..__.... 152Bingham County, Idaho, springs of....___ 148Bishop, Calif., springs near___________ 127 Bitterroot Mountains, Idaho, springs in..__ 81 Bitterroot National Forest, Mont., springs in. 153 Black Canyon of Big Horn River, Wyo.,

springs in_____________ . 189 Blackfoot River, Idaho, springs in canyon of.. 150 Black Hills, S. Dak., springs in.____ 77-78, pi. 8 Black Rock Desert, Nev., springs in__ 91,155,156 Black Rock Range, Nev., springs in..____ 156 Black Willow Springs, Oreg- _________ 177 Blaine County, Idaho, springs of._____ 146-147 Blaine County, Mont., springs of___...... 152Blaine, Idaho, spring near_. .- 146 Blanche Crater Warm Springs, Idaho...__ 149 Blancks Hot Springs, Calif.____.....__ 122Blaney Meadows Hot Springs, Calif .___ 127 Blockhouse Mineral Springs, Wash..____ 89,187 Blossom Hot Springs, Nev_...... 156Blowout, Idaho, springs near._ .. 147 Blue Eagle Springs, Nev____-------- --.. 165Blue Mountain Hot Springs, Oreg______ 172 Blue Mountains, Oreg., springs of-____. 89 Blueridge Springs, Va______________ 185 Blue Springs, Utah__________...__. 179

springs near..________________ 179 Bog Ranch Hot Springs, Nev...______. 155 Boiling Spring Lake, Calif...____.____. 120 Boise County, Idaho, springs of._ 141-142 Boise Hot Springs, Idaho--..-.-______ 141 Boise, Idaho, springs near..________. 141 Boise National Forest, Idaho, springs in.142,144-145 Boise River, Idaho, Middle Fork of, springs

near___..__________ 144-145South Fork of, springs near....-_ 145,146

Bolar Spring, Va._______.________ 184

PageBonito Creek, Ariz., spring on_________ 116 Bonneville County, Idaho, springs in ___ 147 Bonneville Hot Springs, Idaho. _______ 142 Borax Spring, Nev.....________ __.. 160Borchert John Spring, Nev___________ 162 Boston & Idaho power plant, Idaho, springs

near______.________ 142 Botetourt County, Va., springs of--..-.__.. 185 Botset, H. G., with Wyckoff, R. D., and

Muskat, M., work of ..___ 22-2S Bonlder County, Colo., springs of--_____ 131 Boulder Creek, Mont., spring near.. _____ 155 Boulder Dam, Arfz., springs near . . 116 Boulder Hot Springs, Mont._________ 153 Boulder, Mont., springs near________ 81 Bowditch, H. I., and others, work of- ____ 62-63 Bowers Mansion Spring, Nev...______ 159 Box Elder County, Utah, springs of._____ 179 Boyd Spring, Calif_.-__.._____.........____ 118Boyes Hot Springs, Calif.....___..___ 123Bozeman Hot Springs, Mont_________ 154 Bragg Spring, Va....-_...----.__------- 184Branbecks Hot Springs, Calif. See Shaffer

Hot Springs.Breitenbush Hot Springs, Oreg________ 171 Brewer's Springs, Mont. See White Sulphur

Springs.Brewer's Springs, Utah.._________ 182 Bridgeport, Calif., springs near______ 126 Bridger Hot Spring, Idaho.__.. .. 150 Broadwater County, Mont., springs of 153 Brockway Hot Springs, Calif.___-.....- 120Brown, J. S., work of-_____._____ 91 Brownlee Creek, Idaho, spring near... 138 Brown Springs, Mont _____ 154 Bruffey's Hot Springs, Nev_._________ 161 Bruneau Hot Spring, Idaho.. 148 Bruneau River, Idaho, spring near... 148 Brunean Valley, Idaho, springs in 148 Bryan, Kirk, quoted......... ......... 79-80

work of .__. . -.. _ -. 91 Buckaroo diversion dam, Idaho, spring near 148 Buckbrush Spring, Nev 158 Buckeye Hot Spring, Calif-.. 126Buckhorn Creek Springs, Oreg- 174 Buena Vista Hot Springs, Colo. See Cotton-

wood Springs. Buffalo Spring, Nev ...... 158Buffalo Valley, Nev., springs in 161 Buford's Gap Springs, Va. See Blueridge

Springs.Buhler's Springs, Utah . _. 181 Bull Creek, Idaho, springs near 139 Bullwhacker Spring, Nev._ 165 Bumpas Hot Springs (Bumpas Hell), Calif 119 Bundys Elsinore Hot Springs, Calif 129 Burgdorf Hot Spring, Idaho.. 137 Burns, Oreg., springs near 175 Butterfleld Springs, Nov..___ 165 Buttermilk Spring, W. Va. 188Butte Spring, Nev 159 Byron Hot Springs, Calif 123

Cache Creek, Idaho, spring near. 140Caddo Gap, Ark., spring at.. 117Caliente Hot Spring, Nev 165-

INDEX 195

Page California Hot Springs, Calif................. 127 California, springs of ------ 91,94-95,117-131,pi. 15

springs of, bibliography of __-_____ 99-101 Calistoga Hot Springs, Calif__________ 123 Camas County, Idaho, springs of...----___ 146Camas Hot Springs, Mont...-__ _.__ 81,151 Camas, Mont., spring near__________ 151 Cameta Warm Spring, Calif__. ______ 125 Campbell Hot Springs, Calif.--.--.--.--.... 120Camp McGarry, Nev., spring near ___. 155 Camp Verde, Ariz., springs near_...____ 115 Canter's Hot Springs, Oreg____._____ 177 Canyon County, Idaho, spring in.-.--...__ 141 Canyon Creek, Calif., spring near..._.-_-.. 118 Cape Horn, Idaho, spring near.... ....__ 143Capon Springs, W. Va_._ _ ........Carbon County, Wyo., springs of. _ _____ 191 Carey Hot Springs, Oreg___.- .......... 171Caribou County, Idaho, springs of..____ 150 Carlotti ranch springs, Nev..._______. 161 Carlsbad Springs, Calif ' ..-__.... 121 Carmen, Idaho, springs near..________ 140 Carrietown, Idaho, springs near.-...__-.... 146Carson Hot Springs, Nev.______.... 159Carter Spring, Va. ________. _____ 185 Casa Diablo Hot Pool, Calif ............... 127Casa Diablo Hot Springs, Calif_............ 127

spring near___ .... ._..____ 126 Cascade, Idaho, springs near...___..._ 138,139 Cascade Mountains. See Sierra-Cascade

Mountains.Cascade National Forest, Oreg., springs in.. 172 Cascade Springs, S. Dak.. ................. 178Cascade Warm Springs, Wash --.-.... .. 187Castac station, Calif., spring near__.....__ 126Castilla Mineral Springs, Utah --------_ 181Castle Hot Springs, Ariz. ___________ 115 Castle Hot Springs, Calif...---.--_......... 122Casto, Idaho, spring near..._.._.._.__ 143 Catron County, N. Mex., springs of..____ 168 Cazadero, Oreg., springs near... ...._.... 171Cebolla Hot Springs, Colo.....--------------- 133Cedarville, Calif., springs near...... _. 118-110Cement Creek Spring, Colo...,._..._.... 132Chaflee County, Colo., springs of_.__ _ 133 Chaille, S. E., and others, work of.... .-.. 62-63Chalk Creek Hot Springs, Colo. See Mount

Princeton Springs.Chain's, Idaho, springs near._______-... 144 Challis National Forest, Idaho, springs in.... 139,

140,142-143Chamberlain Hot Springs, Colo.._.._._ 133 Charnock Springs, Nev.... ...... .. 164Cherry Creek Hot Springs, Nev- __ - - _ - - - - 162Chico Spring, Mont. See Emigrant Gulch

Warm Springs.Chimney Springs, Nev.,1. -- - . 164 Chinook Mountain, Idaho, springs near...... 139Christian County, Ky., springs of... 78 Christian Spring, Utah....---. 182Christmas Lake, Oreg., spring near 174 Cbugwater formation, springs from . 84 Churchill County, Nev., springs of. 160 Clackamas County, Oreg., springs of.... 94,170-171Clackamas River, Oreg., springs near. .... 171Clallam County, Wash., springs of.. 186 Clarendon Hot Springs, Idaho_~_ . 147

PageClark County, Idaho, springs of._ _._ 147 Clark County, Nev., springs of________ 166 Clarke, F. W., cited. . 66Clark's Warm Springs, Mont ._.. _ __ 154 Clay's Hot Springs, Utah....... ........... 179Clear Creek County, Colo., springs of.____ 131 Clear Creek Hot Springs, Calif._______ 128 Clear Lake, Calif., springs near. . 121 Clearwater Mountains, Idaho, springs in. __ 81 Clerf Spring, Wash. - 89,187Cliff Lake, Mont., spring near.._____._ 154 Clifton Hot Springs, Ariz .. .___ lie Globe Hot Spring, Nev.._......... . 162Cloverdale, Calif., springs near__ . 122,123 Cochise County, Ariz., springs of______ 116 Cody Hot Springs, Wyo. See Demaris Hot

Springs. Coefficient of permeability, cause of variation

in....__.__._____.____ 44computation of._______________ 41-50

by Thiem'sformula.--._______ 42-44 final_____..._....__......_ 47

Coeur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, springs in.. 81 Colgate Springs, Idaho..____________ 336 Collar and Elbow Spring, Nov.._______ 162 Colorado Plateaus, springs of.__..___ 89-90 Colorado, springs of______ 86-87,131-135, pi. 13

springs of, bibliography of_ _.___ 101-102 Columbia County, N. Y., spring in..____ 170 Columbia Plateaus, springs of _____.__ 88-89 Colusa County, Calif., springs of-.._____ 122 Comal Springs, Tex.....____________ 78 Complexion Springs, Calif.________ 121 Computation of r2 for P=975.. ________ 48 Condie Hot Springs, Idaho.__________ 147 Conejos County, Colo., springs of..____ . 135 Cone of depression, approximate equilibrium

of ..... .. .... 46difference between observed and theoreti­

cal _ _ 50-51features of_. ___________ 36-41, pi. 6formula for determining--.-.._____... 23-25use of, in computation of permeability.... 43-44

Cone Spring, Nev...______.._____.. 160 Contra Costa County, Calif., springs of. 123 Converse County, Wyo., spring in_.._ 191 Cooper Hot Springs, Utah...________ 183 Copper King Mountain, Idaho, spring on.... 149Corral, Idaho, springs near...________.. 146 Corwin Hot Springs, Mont_____.__._-.. 155 Coso Hot Springs, Calif....-. . ... 128-Cottonwood Creek, Idaho, spring near. . 141 Cottonwood, Idaho, springs near..______ 137 Cottonwood Spring, Nev__________.. 158- Cottonwood Springs, Colo___________ 13S Cove Springs, Utah_.____...._..__ 182Crabtree Springs, Calif...... .. .... 121Crane Hot Spring, Oreg_____ _ 175 Crater Rock Hot Springs, Oreg- .. 170- Crescent Valley, Nev., springs in..._ .... 161Crested Butte, Colo., spring near..._.__ 132 Crevice Spring, Idaho...._ .._ 144Crook County, Oreg., springs of.___..__ 173 Crystal Spring, Nev____.__..... ... 165Crystal Springs, Oreg-_____ .. ... 173 Crystal Springs, Utah, Box Elder County__. 179

Salt Lake County ......_ .. .... 180

196 INDEX

PageCurry Spring, W. Va______________ 188 Ouster County, Idaho, springs of _____ 142-144 Cuyama Hot Springs, Calif. See San Marcos

Hot Springs.

D

j, Idaho, spring near..____ 139 Daland, Judson, and others, work of ___ 63 Daly, R. A., work of -----_-__-_. 69,84Danskin Creek, Idaho, spring near. _. ___ _ 141 Darcy, H., application of Poiseuille's law by_ 4-5 Darrough Hot Springs, Nev______.___ 164 Barton, N. H., work of -.-.._____..--. 78,84 Daubeny, Charles, work of___-_..._ 70 Daugherty's Hot Spring 145 Day, A. L., and Alien, E. T., quoted--..--._ 67, 70

and Alien, E.T., work of._________ 65-66, 69, 70, 83,94, 95,97

D D Bar ranch, Catron County, N. Mex.,spring near__.._____.__.. 168

Dead Ox Canyon, Nev., spring in_______ 158 Deadshot Springs, Calif____________ 122 Deadwood formation, springs believed to rise

from..-____:__________ 78 Deep Creek Canyon, Calif., springs in.___ 129 Deep Hole Spring, Nev___________.. 158 Deer Butte Hot Spring, Oreg-____;__.. 177 Deer Creek Hot Springs, Calif. See Cali­

fornia Hot Springs.Deer Lodge County, Mont., springs of . 153 Deeth, Nev., springs near....________ 157Delmue's SpriBgs,*Nev ----------- _ 165Delonegha Springs, Calif-.... _ .._ 128Delta County, Colo., springs of __-.. -_ 132 Deluz Warm Springs, Calif__________ 130 Demaris Hot Springs, Wyo ____.__.. 85,189 Democrat Springs, Calif.____________ 128 Dennison, Charles, and others, work of___-- ' 2-63 Deschutes County, Oreg., springs of .--.-.-. 173 Deseret, Utah, springs near.____--....... 181Devil's Kitchen, Inyo County, Calif....__ 128Devils Kitchen, Plumas County, Calif_._ 120 Dexter Spring, Colo-- - -- . .. 135 Diamond Creek, N. Mex., spring near___.. 169 Diamond- Creek-, Utah, springs near.____ 181 Diana's Punch Bowl, Nev - _ ....... 164Diee's-Spring, Va- ___.__...- __... 184. Discharge of pumped-well", measurement ofc 31~32,

pi. 3Division Peak, Nev., springs near.______ 156 Dolan's Hot Springs, Calif.-._________ 124 Dolores County, Colo., springs of._____.. 134 Dona Ana County, N. Mex., springs of____ 169 Dos Palmas Spring, Calif __-----._-._.--- 91,130Dotson's Spring, Utah. See Radium Warm

Springs. Double Hot Springs, Nev....-_..___... 156Double Spring, Nev_______________ 163 Douglas County, Nev., springs of---.,.___ 159 Douglas County, Oreg., springs of______ 173 Douglas, Wyo., springs near...._ 191Downata Hot Springs, Idaho_____.__ 150 Down's Hot Springs, Oreg. See Barry Ranch

Hot Springs. Drake Hot Springs, Calif.__....._____ 120

PageDraw-down, change of, by interruptions in

pumping-____._______... 52 computation of coefficients of permeability

from_________________ 42-43 difference between observed and theoreti­

cal-. ... 44-46, 51-52differences in average, on lines A and C_ 45

Draw-down curves, features shown by. 33-34, pis. 4,5plotting of._______________ 32-33, pi. 4typical, for test 1.. _____ _____ 33, pi. 4

for test 2._.__-.....---____ 33, pi. 5DraW'down-of water table," amount of _ -. - - 35

amount of, for several distances and direc­ tions from the pumped well...... 45

Dry Creek, Oreg., springs near.._______ 177 Dubois, Idaho, spring near........__.__. 147Dubois, Wyo., springs near _________ 190 Duckwater, Nev., springs near....__.__. 164Dunton Store, Colo., spring near.______ 134 Durphy Creek, Mont., springs near..____ 152 Dutch Frank' Springs, Idaho_______.. 145

E

Eagle County, Colo., springs of....__-__. 132Eagle Creek, Ariz., spring near________ 116 Eagle Salt Works Springs, Nev. ....-__.. 160Eagleville, Calif., springs near________ 119 Easly Warm Springs, Idaho__..._.__.. 146 East Humboldt Range, Nev., spring in.___ 157 East Lake Hot Springs, Oreg_ ____ 173 East Walker River, Nev,, springs near. ___ 163 Ed»nHetSprings,-,,Galii --,-- ---._... 130 Edie, Idaho, springs near . . 147 Elba, Idaho, spring near______ - __ __ 149 Eldridge, Calif., spring near.__..______ 123 Elgin quicksilver mine, Calif., spring near. 122 Elizabeth Lake Canyon, Calif., spring in__ 126 Elkhorn Hot Springs, Mont__.__.-__.. 154 Elko County, Nev., springs of_-__..... 156-157Elko Hot Springs, Nev ...... .......... 157Elk Summit ranger station, Idaho, spring

near______... __.._... 137 Elliott Springs, Calif. See England Springs. Elmore County, Idaho, springs of... . 144-145 Elsinore Hot Springs, Calif .._ _ . 130 Ely Warm Spring,JSfev_.__... __.. 163 Emery, County, Utah, SRf tags ,of-. 183 Emigrant Canyon, Nev., springin.....-- . 157 Emigrant Gulch Warm Springs', Mont'..__ 155 Emigrant Springs, Nev. See Riordan ranch

springs. England Springs, Calif. ------- 121Enterprise, Idaho, springs near .. 141,148 Equations, form of, used in Thiem method

and its application.. .. 4,6-7,10, 12-25, 36,42, 47-50, 53-56

Esmeralda County, Nev., springs of 163 Essex Springs, Calif.. -------- . -. 118Eureka County, Nev., springs of.._-.. 161-162

rFairbanks, H. W., work of - 95 Fairmount Hot Springs, Calif. See Hoods

Hot Springs. Fales' Hot Springs, Calif-.__-... 126

INDEX 197

Fall Creek, Idaho, springs near________ 147 Fall Creek Warm Springs, Idaho___.__ 150 Falling Spring, Va..._.---._.........__ 185Fall River County, S. Dak., springs of.___ 178 Fallon, Nev., springs near___...___..._. 160 Faywood Hot Springs, N. Mex.__._.__ 169 Featherville, Idaho, springs near... _ _.._. 145 Fergus County, Mont., springs of.___._ 152 Ferris Hot Springs, Mont. See Bozeman Hot

Springs.Fish Creek Hot Springs, Calif_________ 127 Fishing Falls, Idaho, springs near. ______ 145 Fish Spring, Nev________________ 158 Fish Springs, Calif..__..........__...... 91,131Fish Springs, Nev __-_... 164 Fish Springs, Utah.......-_......_____.. 91,181

See also Hot Springs, Utah.Fitzgerald Spring, Va______________ 184 Five Springs Creek, Wyo, springs near___ 189 Flag Springs, Nev________________ 165 Flagstaff Butte, Oreg., springs near_____ 177 Florida, springs of.._______..______ 74 Foley Springs, Oreg.... .__............. 94,172Flynn ranch springs,. Nev__.__._____ 162 Fly ranch, Washoe County, Nev., springs on. 157 Foote's ranch, Utah, springs near___ ___ 181 Forestburg, Tex., spring near_________ 78 Fort Halleck, Nev., springs near______ 157 Fort Thomas, Ariz., spring near__-...--._ 116 Fort Washakie Hot Springs, Wyo.... _..... 85,190Franktown Hot Spring, Nev. See Bowers

Mansion Spring.Frazier Hot Spring, Idaho__. ________ 150 Fremont Butte, Wyo., spring near______ 189 Fremont County, Colo., springs of...__._ 133 Fremont County, Idaho, springs of__..._ 147 Fremont County, Wyo., springs of_.__._ 190 French Broad River, Tenn., spring on____ 77 Fresno County, Calif., springs of.____... 127 Fresno Hot Springs, Calif..__________ 127

O

Gabbs Valley, Nev., spring in_________ 164 Gallatin County, Mont., springs of_____ 154 Oallogly Hot-Springs, Mont_________ 153 Gamble's Hole, Nev...____________ 157 Gandy, Utah, springs near.._....____.. 181Garden Valley, Idaho, springs near______ 141 Garfleld County, Colo., springs of._____ 132 Garfield County, Utah, spring in_______ 183 Garland County, Ark., springs of.______ 117 Garrison, Mont., springs near.. ________ 151 Gautier, Armin, work of_..------._ 83Gem County, Idaho, springs of_-.-.-. ... 141 Gendron Spring, Nev_._____.___.... 164Genoa Hot Springs, Nev. See Walley's Hot

Springs.Gentile Valley, Idaho, springs in....____ 150 Geologic structure, relation of thermal springs

to.... . 71-72George, R. D., work of.________ . 87 Georgia, springs of...----.---- -- 77,135-136, pi. 10

springs ,pf, bibliography of. . 102 Gerlach Hot Springs, Nev 157 Geyser ranch springs, Nev... 165 Geyser Warm Spring, Colo______.. 134

Geysers, occurrence of ____ _________ 97 Geysers, Calif. See The Geysers; Little

Geysers.Gila County, Ariz., springs of..___.____ 115 Gila Hot Springs, N. Mex _________ 169 Gila River, N. Mex., springs near__ . 169 Gilbert, G. K., quoted...___.._..... 61,72-73

work of .._..---- _. . 63Gilbert's Hot Springs, Nev. See Sou Hot

Springs. Giles County, Va., springs of______..... 185Gilroy Hot Spring, Calif.--. 124 Given's Hot Springs, Idaho..-... 148 Glen Ivy Hot Spring, Calif._. ... 129 Glenwood Springs, Colo 132 Glenwood, Utah, springs near__ 183 Glenwood, Wash., springs near____ 187 Golconda Hot Springs, Nov....__ 156Gold Fork River, Idaho, springs near.. .. 138Gooding County, Idaho, springs of.. 149 Goodrich Hot Springs, Nev. See Monte Neva

Hot Springs.Goose Creek, Nev., springs near.. 156-157 Gordon, C. H., work of..------- 78Gordon Hot Spring, Calif-- . 122Goshen, Utah, springs near ... 181 Graham County, Ariz., springs of. 116 Grand County, Colo., springs of 131 Grand Island, Nebr., pumping tests near 26-32 Grand View, Idaho, springs near.__ 141,148 Granite Creek, Idaho, springs near. 145 Granite Creek Springs, Idaho...... 145Granite Hot Springs, Idaho. 81 Granite Hot Springs, Mont...... . 151Granite Hot Springs, Wyo.. . - 189 Grant County, N. Mex., springs of- 169 Grant County, Oreg., springs of 171-172 Grants ville Warm Springs, Utah........ 180Grapevine Springs, Calif... 128 Grass Valley, Nev., springs in 161,162 Grayson Springs, Ky. 78 Great Northern Hot Springs, Wash. See

Scenic Hot Springs.Greenbrier County, W. Va., springs of- 188 Greenlee County, Ariz., springs of. 116 Green River Canyon, Utah, springs in. 181 Green River, Wyo., springs near. 189 Gregson Hot Springs, Mont 153 Greyhound, Idaho, springs near.... .. 139,142Ground water, computed quantities of, that

percolated around pumped well. 54method of determining natural velocities of. 6percolation of -. 53-56quantities of, taken from storage 55

Ground-water divide, definition of 38Grouse Peak, Idaho, spring near 137Grover's Hot Springs, Calif... 126Gunnison County, Colo., springs of-. 132-133Gunnison Spring, Utah.. 182Guyer Hot Springs, Idaho 146

H

Hague, Arnold, work of_ 67,83 Hailey Hot Springs, Idaho 147 Hailey, Wyo., spring near.. . , 190 Haiwcie, Calif., springs near. , 128

198 INDEX

PageHammond ranch, Nev., springs at . -.-. 165 Hampshire County, W. Va., springs of 188 Hapgood Hot Springs, Mont___ __ 81,154 Happy Camp, Calif., spring near.- _. 117 Harbin Springs, Calif..... .. -. ... 122Harney County, Oreg., springs of 175-177 Harney Lake, Oreg., springs near .. 176 Harrisburg, Pa., spring near 75,178 Hart Mountain Hot Spring, Oreg- 175 Hartsel Hot Springs, Colo....... .... . 133Hatton, Utah, springs near.. . .... 181Hawthorne, Nev., springs near... . 163 Hazen, Alien, work of. .- .. -- 5 Healing Springs, Va______________ 75,184 Heat of thermal springs, sources of_____-. 68-70 Heise Hot Spring, Idaho... 147 Helena Hot Springs, Mont.______.... 152Herrin's Hole Spring, Utah_________.. 182 Heywood Hot Springs, Colo. See Mount

Princeton Springs. Hicks Hot Springs, Nev............... 165Hideaway Springs, Oreg ____ . 171 Highland County, Va., springs of.._____ 184 Highland Springs, Calif.......... . 121Highrock Spring, Calif..____..__------- 119Hike Spring, Nov. ... . -... 165 Hill, R. T., work of.. . .. . .. 78 Hill's Spring, Nev. - .. 157Hill's Warm Spring, Nev...-. - 157 Hoback River, Wyo., springs near _..._ 189 Hobo Springs, Calif. See Clear Creek Hot

Springs.Hoghouse Spring, Oreg- 176 Honey Lake, Calif., springs near... .._ 91 Hoods Hot Springs, Calif._-------__.__ 122Hookers Hot Springs, Ariz._________. 116 Horse Creek, Idaho, Idaho County, spring

near________________ 136Lemhi County, spring near.._...-_... 140

Horse Creek, Wyo., springs near._______ 190Horseshoe ranch springs, Nev.... 161Hot Brook, S. Dak _ ..._._......._ 178Hot Creek, Calif., springs on._________ 127 Hot Creek, Idaho, Custer County, springs

near________-... . 343Owyhee County, springs near. 148

Hot Creek, Nev., Eureka County, springs near 161Nye County, springs near._--. -_ ... 164

Hot Creek mining district, Nev., spring in__ 157Hot Creek ranch springs, Nev... . ___ 165Hot Creek Springs, Idaho.___________ 148Hot Creek Valley, Nev., springs in______ 164Hot Lake, Oreg ... 171Hot Spring, Idaho...__......___...__. 145Hot Spring Creek, Tex., spring on_. ____ 179 Hot Spring ranch, Nev., springs at... -... 161 Hot Spring Valley, Calif., springs in____.... 120Hot Springs, Ark 78-80,117Hot Springs, Idaho ._.......__....__ 145Hot Springs, Nev., spring near..._.___ 161 Hot Springs, N. Mex. ........ ........ 169Hot Springs, N. C_......__.... 77,170Hot Springs, S. Dak__.____.........__ 178Hot Springs, Utah__.___..______.. 1S1 Hot Springs, Va 75,184Hot Springs, Wash__.___...__ .__ 187 Hot Springs County, Wyo., springs of.. . 190

Hot Sulphur Spring, Oreg..... ..-. .. 171Hot Sulphur Springs, Colo.. 131Hot Sulphur Springs, Nev . . 157Houston Hot Springs, Oreg 175Howard Springs, Calif____ 121Hubble, Mont., spring near. 155Hudson's Hot Springs, N. Mex 169Hudspeth County, Tex., springs of. 179Hughet Spring, Oreg-. ......--.. .... 176Humboldt County, Nev., springs of. 155-156Humboldt National Forest, Nev., springs in 156Humboldt River, Nev., springs near.....__ 159Hund's Hot Springs, Nev. 159Hunter Spring, Va 185Hunter's Hot Springs, Mont... 155Hunter's Pulaski Alum Springs, Va__...... 185Hunters Hot Springs, Oreg 175

Iceland, relation of hot springs of, to volcanicactivity.... .... ..-.. ... 68-69

Idaho, springs of . 81-82,88-89,136-151, pi. 11springs of, bibliography of_____-... 103-104

Idaho City, Idaho, springs near..______ 142 Idaho County, Idaho, springs of.______ 136-137 Idaho Springs, Colo. 131 Idaho National Forest, Idaho, springs in_ 137,138 Imperial County, Calif., springs of.- 131 Independence Valley, Nev., springs in ..... 157 Independence, Wyo., springs near_____... 190 Indian Creek, Calif., springs near_._____ 120 Indian Creek, Idaho, springs near.______ 139 Indian Hot Springs, Ariz. .- -... 116 Indian Hot Springs, Idaho, Owyhee County 150

Power County.... 149 Indian Spring, Nev _ ____ 166 Indian Spring, Utah...__-__._.____ 183 Indian Springs, Nev _ ... _ 164 Indian Springs, N. Mex . _.. . 167 Interior Highlands, springs of . --._-. 78-80 Interior Plains, springs of__._____ 77-78, pi. 8 Intermontane Plateaus, springs of.______ 88-93 Inyo County, Calif., springs of.. .... 128 Iron Mountain, Oreg., spring near 175 Iron Spring, Colo. . 134 Irwin, Idaho, springs near___________ . 147 Izzenhood Ranch Springs, Nev. .._ 160

Jackson County, Oreg., springs of.._____ 173 Jackson Hot Springs, Oreg___.__.__ 173 Jacobson ranch springs, Nev 162 Jacumba Springs, Calif. 130 Jagger, T. A., Jr., work of.___________ 83 Japan, relation of hot springs of, to vol anic

activity. Java, relation of hot springs of, to volcanic

activity..-. 68-69 Jefferson County, Mont., springs of..__.... 163 Jemez Hot Springs, N. Mex__________ 167 Jemez Plateau, N. Mex., springs in.._____ 87 Jensen, Utah, springs near__________ 181 Jericho Spring, Utah. ______.______ 183 Jerry Johnson's Hot Springs, Idaho...___.. 136 Johnson Creek Springs, Oreg_________ 174 Johnson Spring, Oreg ____________ 176

INDEX 199Page

Johnson Spring, Utah..____________ 183 Jones Hot Springs, Calif.___.________ 122 Jordan Hot Springs, Calif....________ 127Jordan Valley, Oreg., springs near_____ 177,178 Joseph Hot Springs, Utah..._....__..._ 183Joyland Plunge, Oreg--__._________ 175 Juab County, Utah, springs of--------------- 181Juniper Hot Springs, Colo___.-______ 131 Jupiter Terrace, Yellowstone National Park-. 84

K

Kate Spring, Nev._-_________... 165 Katmai Volcano, Alaska, thermal springs re­

lated to activity of ._____.. 68 Keeler, Calif., spring near.._________ 128 Kelley, Clyde, and Anspach, E. W., work of- 87 Kelly's Hot Spring, Calif.. .......... 118Kelseyville, Calif., springs near_______ 121Kentucky, springs of..___________.. 78Kenwood, Calif., spring near... _ _____ 123Keough Hot Springs, Calif............. ... 128Kern County, Calif., springs of________ 128Kern Mountains, Nev., springs near.. ____ 163Kernville, Calif., springs near. ________ 128Ketchum, Idaho, springs near. _____ ___ 147 Keyser's Springs, Va. See Layton Springs.Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, steam given off by. 68 King County, Wash., springs of...._----- 186-187King, F. H., work of--..____. . __. 5-6King Hill, Idaho, spring near________ __ 145Kingman, Ariz., springs near_________ 115King River Valley, Nev., springs in. ___.. 155Kirkham Hot Springs, Idaho_________ 142Kitson Springs, Oreg-_____.______.. 173Kittitas County, Wash., springs of..___-. 187Kitty's Hot Hole, Idaho -___ .. 149Klamath County, Oreg., springs of-.____ 173Klamath Falls, Oreg., use of heat from rock at- 68Klamath Hot Springs, Calif. .- 117Klamath Hot Springs, Oreg-_________ 173Klickitat County, Wash., springs of____.. 187Knoll Springs, Utah...__...__,.___... 181 Knox, Idaho, springs near._..______ 138,139Kosk Creek, Calif., springs near______.. 119Kronk Canyon, Idaho, springs in_______ 141Kruger Springs, Calif______________ 120Kyle's Hot Springs, Nev...__________ 160

Lake County, Calif., springs of-______ 121-122 Lake County, Oreg., springs of.______ 174-175 Lakes, Arthur, quoted--____________ 86-87

work of__________________ __ 64 Lakeview Hot Spring, Oreg. See Leithead Hot

Spring. Lakeview Hot Springs, Oreg. See Barry

Ranch Hot Springs.Lake Walcott, Idaho, springs near______ 150 La Madera, N. Mex., springs near. ____ 166 Lander County, Nev., springs of._____ 160-161 Lander, Nev., springs near__________ 161 Land Spring, Idaho______________ 149 Lane County, Oreg., springs of_______ 172-173 La Plata County, Colo., springs of______ 135 Laramie, Wyo., spring near...________ 191

72202 37 10

PageLas Cruces Hot Springs, Calif.____.___ 125Lassen County, Calif., springs of. 119Lassen Peak, Calif., springs near..... 65,

67,68, 70, 71,94, pi. 16Las Vegas Hot Springs, N. Mex________ 168 Las Vegas Springs, Nev..._________ 166 Lattie's Hot Spring, Idaho. See Daugherty's

Hot Spring.Laurentian Upland, geology of... 73 Lava Creek Hot Spring, Idaho... .... 147 Lava Hot Springs, Idaho.... -. 150 Lava Springs, Ariz. 115 La Verkin Hot Springs, Utah ________ 183 Lawton Hot Springs, Nev 158 Layton Springs, Va. ___ . __. 185 Leach's Hot Spring, Nev..... .. 159 Leadore, Idaho, spring near.. 141 Lebanon Warm Spring, N. Y. ____ 74-75,170 Lehman Hot Springs, Oreg- 171 Leithead Hot Spring, Oreg..- . . 175 LemflLCounty, Jdaho,JSDCtogs of____ T ._ 140-141 Lemhi Indian Agency, Idaho, springs near... 141 Lemhi National Forest, Idaho, springs in .. 141,

144,147Leonard Springs, Calif... .. 118 Lester, O. C., quoted . .. 70

work of 64 Lewis and Clark County, Mont., springs of.. 152 Lewis County, Wash., springs of.__ --.- 187 Lewis Range, Mont., springs in,. . 81 Liberty Cap, Yellowstone National Park.__ 84 Lidy Hot Springs, Idaho.. . . 147 Lifsey Spring, Ga.. _ .. 135 Lime Kiln Hot Spring, Idaho. See Pincock

Hot Spring.Limestone Springs, Va_. 184 Lincoln County, Nev., springs of- 165 Lincoln County, Wyo., springs of__ _._ 18ft Lincoln Valley Warm Springs, Idaho ..... 148Lindgren, Waldemar, work of.. 87,8* Linsey's Mineral Spring, Ky. 7& Lithia Spring, Va.... ... 185Little Geysers, Calif 123.Little Hot Spring Valley, Calif., springs in... 118 Little Humboldt River, Nev., springs near. 155,156. Little Lake, Inyo County, Calif., springs near. 128. Little Lost River Valley, Idaho, spring in 144 Little Missouri River, Ark., spring near ... 117" Little Salmon River, Idaho, spring near. __ 137 Little Smoky Creek, Idaho, springs near___ 14$ Little Sur River, Calif., spring near North

Fork of. ___ 124 Little Valley Creek, Idaho, spring near 148 Little Warm Spring Creek, Wyo^springs near. 190- Little Warm Springs, Mont . 152 Livingston Warm Springs, Utah 182 Lock's Springs, Nev______. . 164 Loftus Spring, Idaho-.- ..- 144 Lo-Lo Hot Springs, Idaho______..... 81 Long Ridge, Utah, springs near.-- 181 Long Valley, Calif., springs in 127~ Loon Creek Hot Springs, Idaho. 143 Loon Creek, Idaho, springs near . 14a Los Angeles Connty, Calif., spring of... 126 Los Guilicos Warm Springs, Calif____... 123.

200 INDEX

PageLos Ojos Springs, Colo...__________ 135Lovell Springs, Mont______________ 154Lower Lake, Calif., springs near._______ 119Lowry Spring, Utah.._________.__ 182Luke's Hot Pots, Utah...................._ 181Lund Spring, Nev___________ ___ 163Lynch Spring, Oreg...___._________ 176Lyon County, Nev., springs of.._______ 159Lytle Canyon, Calif., spring in________ 129

M

McCammon, Idaho, springs near_______ 150 McCauley Spring, N. Mex.__________ 167 McCredie Springs, Oreg. See Winino Springs. McDaniels Hot Springs, Wash.._______ 186 McDennitt, Nev., springs in Oregon near__ 178 McDuffee Hot Spring, Oreg._.__..__... 171 McEwan ranch, Calif., spring on.______ 123 McOee, W J, work of ..----...-..__.._ 74McOill, Nev., springs near..._________ 163 McOill Warm Springs, Nev.______..... 163McHenry's Spring, Va..._,_______.. 185 Mclntyre Warm Springs, Colo....____.. 135McKenzie Bridge, Oreg., springs near..___ 172 McKinley County, N. Mex., springs of___ 167 McLear Sulphur Springs, Calif...._____ 120McLeod's ranch, Nev., spring near ______ 164 McNish ranger station, Idaho, spring near__ 141 Madera County, Calif., springs of.._____ 127 Madison County, Idaho, spring in___.._ 147 Madison County, Mont., springs of.-----.... 154Madison County, N.-G,, springs of-_____ !?$> Madison National Forest, Mont., spring in_ 154 Malad, Idaho, springs near___.._...__ 151 Malheur County, Oreg., springs of.-------- 177-178Malheur River, Oreg., springs near____ 175,177 Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National

Park, Minerva Terrace at_ _ 84, pi. 7 Manse Springs, Nev..__...-_____.__ 165 Manti Springs, Utah.._____________ 182 Manti, Utah, springs near.. .__.. _ 182 Maricopa County, Ariz., springs of_ __ _ 116 Marin County, Calif., springs of.._____ 123 Marion County, Oreg., springs of.. 171 Mark West Warm Springs, Calif......_.... 123Martin Creek Hot Springs, Idaho..-. ._ 137 Mason's Crossing*N6v., spring's near... ... 155 Massachusetts, spring in_...__. 74-75, 151,.pi. 8 Matilija Hot Springs, Calif.-.._-----.-..... 125Meadows, Idaho, spring near____ ... 137 Meagher County, Mont., springs of._..._ 153 Medical Springs, Oreg.... --.-...-.- .. 89,171Medicine Hot Springs, Mont. See Gallogly

Hot Springs. Medicine Rock Hot Springs, Mont.---------- 152Meinzer, O. E., methods of determining spe­

cific yield discussed by.-..- - - 7-8,53 quoted.__............ ....... ... 71-72work of -..- 74

Melvin-Hot Springs,'Nev. See Monte NevaHot Springs.

Memphis, Tenn., spring near.. 74 Mendocino County, Calif., springs oL - 121 Menlo Warm Springs, Calif__________ 119 Mercey Hot Springs, Calif. . 127

PageMeriwether County, Oa., springs of._____ 136 Millard County, Utah, springs of-.-_____ 181 Mill City, Nev., springs near --...--.. 159 Mill Creek, Calif., springs near._-------__ 119Miller's Hot Springs, Nev .--------------- 157Miller's ranch, Utah, springs on ---- 181Millett, Nev., spring near. -..__. 164 MU1 Mountain Springs, Va...__..___.. 185 Millpond Spring, Oreg... .--__._ 175 Mills Hot Springs, Calif. See Castle Hot

Springs.Mineral County, Colo., springs of...__---- 134 Mineral County, Nev., springs of..._____ 163 Mineral Hill Hot Springs, Nev. See Brufley's

Hot Springs.Mineral, Nev., springs near.. 161 Minersville, Utah, springs near -___.. 183 Minerva Terrace, Yellowstone National

Park... ...-.-. .......... 84, pi. 7Minnehaha Springs, W. Va_. ___.. 188 Minnekahta limestone, springs issuing from.. 78 Missoula County, Mont., springs of.. 151 Mitchell Butte Hot Springs, Oreg._..-__ 177 Moana bathing resort, Nev., hot wells at 159 Moapa, Nev., springs near. -. 166 Mockel Spring, Mont. See Plunkett's Spring. Modoc County, Calif., springs of.--------- 118-119Moflat County, Colo., springs of..______ 131 Moflat Spring, Colo. -.._......____. 131Moffet's Hot Springs, Wash. See Cascade

Warm Springs.Mohaye County, Ariz., springs, of 115 Moisture equivalent, relation between specific

retention and-.-.. --.. 56-57 Monache Meadows, Calif., spring in...-- 127 Mono Basin Warm Spring, Calif.._-__.-..--. 126 Mono County, Calif., springs of......__-- 126-127Mono Creek, Calif., springs near...... ... 125Mono Lake, Calif., springs near.. 126 Monroe County, W. Va., springs of.. 188 Monroe Creek, Idaho, springs near..... 138Monroe Hot Springs, Ariz. See Castle Hot

Springs.Montana, springs of. . 81,151-155, pi. 11

springs of, bibliography of. . .. 104-105 Mpntecitq Hot Springs, Calif......------ 125M6nte* Neva'TECot-Sprihgs, 'Nov. --------- 163Monterey County, Calif., springs of.... 124Montgomery County, Ark., springs of_- 117 Moore, R. B., Schlundt, Herman, and, quoted. 69

Schlundt, Herman, and, work of.. 83 Moore's ranch springs, Nev. - 163 Moorman, J. J., work of-___.---_ 62 Morenci, Ariz., spring near. . 116 Morey, O. W., work of-.__ .- 67 Morgan County, W. Va., springs of.... 188Morgan Hot Springs, Calif.----- 120Morgan Spring, Vt-. ---- 75Morgan's Warm Springs, Utah. 180 Mormon Creek, .Calif., spring-near. __ 126 Mormon ranch, Idaho, spring near... 140 Mormon Springs, JNev . .. -- 165 Morrison Spring, Utah... -._ 182 Mound Soda Spring, Colo___- -- 133 Mound Spring, Nev 161Mound Spring, Oreg. See Sand Springs.

INDEX 201

PageMountain City, Nev., springs near_____ 156 Mountain Glen Hot Springs, Calif. See San

Marcos Hot Springs.Mountain Home, Idaho, springs near____ 145 Mount Hood Warm Springs, Oreg-__..__ 170 Mount Princeton Springs, Colo..__.____ 133 Mount Shasta, Calif., springs on.._____ 117 Mud Lake, Oreg., springs near. ________ 176 Mud Springs, Nev...-__________.. 157 Murray Spring, N. Mex______.._.__ 167 Murrieta Hot Springs, Calif.___ 130 Muskat, M., Wyckofl, R. D., Botsflt, H. Q.,

and, work of-..__...-.-.-__. 22-23 Myersville, Wyo., springs near_-..___. 190

N

Napa County, Calif., springs of_..__.. 123 Napa Rock Soda Springs, Calif________ 123 Nap's Creek Spring, W. Va. See Curry

Spring.Natrona County, Wyo., springs of . 190 Nave's Warm Spring, Mont. See Plunkett's

Spring.Neal Hot Spring, Oreg-_________.__ 177 Neills Hot Spring, Calif-....... ....... . 128Nelson's Springs, Nev_.-___ _ 160 Nevada, springs of.___.___ 91, 155-166, pi. 15

springs of, bibliography of. 105-107 Nevin Spring, Idaho... -- 142 Newberry Spring, Calif - _ 129Newcomb, N. Mex., springs near 166 Newrrian'Sprmgs, Calif. -- .. 121 New Mexico, springs of.._ .. 87,91,166-169, pi. 13

springs of, bibliography of---. -- 107 New River White Sulphur Springs, Va____ 185 Newsom's Arroyo Grande Warm Springs,

Calif_ . 125 New York, spring in__. ___ 74-75,170, pi. 8 New Zealand, relation of hot springs of, to vol­

canic activity. --__ 68-69 Nezperce National Forest, Idaho, springs in.. 137 Nicolai Spring, Wash. - 187 Nile Spring, Nev___ __ 157 Ninemeyer Springs, Idaho.. 144 Ninemile Warm Spring, Utah--- -. - 182 Nifcon, Nev., springs neat.-.-------------- 158Norris'Hot Springs, Mont. See Hapgood Hot

North Black Willow Spring, Oreg. See BlackWillow Spring.

North Carolina, springs of___ 77,170,pl.8 North Carolina, springs of, bibliography of... 108 Northern Rocky Mountains, springs of.. 80-85,

pis. 8, 11North Warner Lake, Oreg., springs near 175 Nye County, Nev., springs of. 164-165

Oakley Warm Spring, Idaho. 149 Oak Spring, Utah....... ._ . 1826 bservation equations for y1. ................. 49Observation wells, line of.. 29, pi. 2

measurements of depth to water in. 31-32, pis. 2,3Ogden Hot Springs, Utah.... .. 180Ohanapecosh Hot Springs, Wash . 187 Ojo Caliente, N. Mex.. .. 168

Page Ojo Caliente Springs, N; Mex., Taos County. 87,167

Valencia County.-__________._ 168 Ojo de los Caballos, Colo. See Cebolla Hot

Springs.Olancha, Calif., spring near__________ 127 Old Sweet Spring, W. Va___________ 188 Olene, Oreg., springs near...._________ 173Olympic Hot Springs, Wash- -...____.. 94,186 Oneida County, Idaho, springs oL _______ 151 Ontario, Oreg., spring near.__________ 177 OO Barnyard Spring, Oreg___________ 175 OO Spring, Oreg.__.. _ ___ 175 Orange County, Calif., springs of....--.___ 129Oregon Hot Springs, Oreg-------_......... 373Oregon, springs of.._____ 88-89,91,170-178,pi. 14

springs of, bibliography of_________ 108 Ormsby County, Nev., springs of..- _- . 159 Orrs Hot Springs, Calif. . 121 Orvis Hot Spring, Colo...__ __ 134 Ouray County, Colo., springs of__._____ 134 Ouray Hot Springs, Colo......... ...... 134Owyhee County, Idaho, springs of._-_. 148-149 Owyhee River, Oreg., springs near...___ 177,178

Pacific Border province, springs of..._____ 94-95 Pacific Mountain System, springs of_____ 93-95 Page County, Va., springs of._____...._ 184Pagosa Hot Springs, Colo. ___________ 135 Pagosa Springs, Colo., springs near_-_.. 134,135 Pahgun Spring, Ariz. See Pakoon Spring. Pahrump,Springs, Nev _ ..._____ _._ 165Pah Ute Mountains, Nev., springs in....._ 160Pakoon Spring, Ariz..._......._. ... 115Palm Springs, Calif....------ --- 130Palomas Hot Springs, N. Mex. See Hot

Springs. Panaca Spring, Nev...... 165Panamint Valley, Calif.._.__.._....__ 128Panguitch, Utah, spring near . . 183 Paoha Island, Calif., spring on..._.. .. 126 Paradise, Ariz., spring near...------ . .. 116Paradise, Mont., springs near._._._ .-. 151 Paradise Springs, Calif... . 129Pacadise Valley, Nev., springs near..,. 155,156 Paraiso Hot«Springs, Calif - 124Parcel Creek Spring, Utah... ".. 183 Pardon Warm Spring. ___ _ 174 Park County, Colo., springs of...._ 133Park County, Mont., springs of.. 155 Park County, Wyo., springs of _ 189 Parker Mountain, Idaho, springs near . 140 Parkman Pond, Ga...---------------------- 136Parnassus Springs, Colo. -See Red Creek

Springs. Paso Robles Hot Springs, Calif --------- 123Paso Robles Mud Bath Springs, Calif - 125 Patio Spring, Utah. . - - 180 Paulina, Oreg., springs near. -. 173 Paulina Springs, Oreg..--------------------- 173Payette National Forest, Idaho, springs in. 138-142 Payette River, Idaho, Middle Fork of, springs

near---.---- ---------_------- 139Payette River, Idaho, South Fork of, springs

near 141,142Payson, Utah, spring near 181

202 INDEX

PagePeale, A. C., quoted____.________ 61-63

work of. ..._ 63-64, 77, 78,83 Pecho Warm Springs, Calif__________ 125 Pennsylvania, spring in_________ 75,178, pi. 8 Pepper, William, and others, work of........ 62-63Percolation of ground water, measurement of. 53-56 Permeability, coefficients of, computation of 4-6,

41-50, pi. 1determination of, by Thiem method___ 8-9

Perry County Warm Spring, Pa_______ 75,178 Pershing County, Nev., springs of_____ 159-160 Phillips County, Mont., springs of._____ 152 Phillips Springs, N. Mex ___........... 167Physiographic divisions, distribution of ther­

mal springs by________ 72-95, pi. 8 Pierson Hot Spring, Idaho___________ 143 Piezometric surface, assumption of, for simpli­

fication of development of Thiem's formula_______________ 16-18

Pike County, Ark., springs of_________ 117 Pike County, Qa., springs of.______.__ 135 Pilares Hot Spring, Calif--...-.--..-...___ 130 Pima County, Ariz., springs of- ________ 116 Pincock Hot Spring, Idaho__.________ 147 Pine Flat, Idaho, spring near.._.___..__ 142 Pine Forest Range, Nev., springs in_____ 155 Pine Mountain, Qa., springs on. _____ _ 77 Pine Mountain Spring, Qa. See Lifsey Spring. Pinkerton Springs, Colo____ _____ __ 135 Pipestone Springs, Mont____________ 153 Pitkin County, Colo., springs of._______ 132 Placer County, Calif., springs of______ 120Platte Valley, Nebr., ground-water investi­

gation in.. -._ ._.. 2-3 Pleasonton, N. Mex., springs near______ 168 Plumas County, Calif., springs of.______ 120 Plunkett's Spring, Mont..................... 153Pocahontas County, W. Va., springs of.___ 188 Point Arena Hot Springs, Calif______.. 21 Poiseuille, J-, law of flow through capillary

tubes discovered by________ 4 Poison Spring, Idaho---.-.. .._____ 149 Poncha Springs, Colo .. ________.. 133 Pool Creek Spring, Idaho___________ 145 Portersville, Calif., springs near ____.. 127 Pothole Spring, Calif-._._.____.. .. 118 Potosi Hot Springs, Mont. See Clark's Warm

Springs.Potts, Nev., springs near.___________ 164 Poulton Warm Spring, Idaho. _______ 149 Powell County, Mont., springs of.______ 151 Power County, Idaho, springs of______ 150 P ranch, Oreg., springs near. . _ _ 176 Presidio County, Tex., spring in.______ 179 Preston Hot Springs, Nev____.______ 163 Priest Soda Springs, Calif. See Napa Rock

Soda Springs. Pritchard Spring, W. Va _ ...... 188Promontory Point, Utah, spring near_.._ 179 Pueblo County, Colo., springs of.______ 133 Pulaski County, Va., springs of----____.. 185Puller's Hot Springs, Mont. .......... . 154Pumping, arrangements for tests of... 26-32, pis. 2,3 Pumping method, determination of specific

yield by.._ . 9-10,53-57 Pumping tests, results obtained from_ 32-55, pi. 6 Pumping time, record of _ . 31

PagePurdue, A. H., work of..________.__ 79 Pyramid Lake, Nev., springs near.....___ 158

Q

Quelites Mineral Spring, N. Mex______ 168Quinn River, Nev., springs near 155Quitman Mountain, Tex., springs near 179

Radioactivity, source of heat for thermalsprings in ._______ 69-70

Radium Hot Spring, Oreg_____.. 172 Radium Hot Springs, N. Mex.......... 169Radium Steam Baths, Nov.. __. 159 Radium Warm Springs, Utah___._____ 183 Raleigh Mineral Spring, Tenn...._ 74Ranch Springs, Idaho.-... . 145 Randolph County, Ark., springs of.. 117 Rattlesnake Creek, Calif., spring near. 118 Ravalli County, Mont., springs of 152-153 Recovery curves, fe'atures shown by.. 34-36, pis.4,5 Recovery, rate of_______ ___ - 35-36 Red Creek Springs, Colo_....... _ 133Redland Mountain, Ark., spring on. 117 Redmond Springs, Utah..................... 182Redmond, Utah, spring near.-__. 182 Red River Hot Springs, Idaho.________ 137 Reds Meadows Hot Springs, Calif______ 127 Reed Spring, Idaho__________ 144 Reed Spring, W. Va.._...........- ....... 188Reese River Valley, Nev., springs in- -. . 161 Reeves, Frank, cited...__.-.._-------- 77Relief Hot Springs, Calif. See San Jacinto

Hot Springs.Reno Hot Springs, Nev..--_____ 159 Resting Spring, Calif...-----...-__...... 128Rhodes Spring, Colo...-------_.--..._ 133Rice's Spring, Ark.......................__ 80,117Richfield Hot Springs, Utah.........--.. -. 182Richfield, Utah, springs near.___ 183 Rico, Colo., springs near__....... .. 134Ridgway Hot Spring, Colo. See Orvis Hot

Spring.Riggins Hot Spring, Idaho..____ 137 Ring's Hot Spring, Idaho ------------ .. 149Rio Arriba County, N. Mex., springs of 166 Rio Grande, Tex., springs near.__ 179 Rio Grande County, Colo., springs of.. 134 Riordan Creek, Idaho, spring near 138 Riordan ranch springs, Nov..___ 165 Ritchey Hot Springs, Calif-.--------_- 130Ritter Hot Spting, Oreg 171Riverside County, Calif., springs of.. 129-130 Riverside, Oreg., springs near. _ 175,177 Robertson's Springs, Oreg__ 173 Robinson Bar Ranch Hot Springs, Idabo 143 Rockbridge Baths, Va-.. .___.__ 185 Rockbridge County, springs of.. . 185 Rock Creek, Idaho, springs near 149 Rock Creek, Oreg., springs near.... 175Rockingham County, Va., spring in 184 Rocky Mountain System, springs of. 80-87, pis. 8,11 Rocky Point Spring, Calif. . . 123 Rogers, W. B., work of.________ 63,75 Rome, Oreg., springs near... 177 Roosevelt Hot Spring, Utah.. 183

INDEX 203

Page Roosevelt, Idaho, springs near.... ........ 139Rosebrier Spring, Idaho._-_..-.__... 148 Hoss' Hole Hot Springs, Mont. See Gallogly

Hot Springs.Boss Spring, Nev_________...._ .. 158 Rotten Egg Spring, Nev____________ 158 Round Hole Spring, Nev_ ___ ___ _ _ 158 Eound Valley, Idaho, spring near.... _. __ 137 Routt County, Colo., springs of. ___ ___ 131 Routt Hot Springs, Colo____________ 131 Euidosa, Tex., spring near. __.___. __ 179 Russell, H. L., with Turneaure, F. E., work

of._________....._........ 20-22Eussell's Warm Springs, Utah________ 180 Russian John Hot Springs, Idaho. ..._.. 146 Eyan Canyon Springs, Mont. See Brown

Springs.S

Saeajawea Hot Springs, Idaho__ ._..... 142Saddle Mountain, Oreg., springs near...--_ 177 Sadler Springs, Nev______________ 162 Saguache County, Colo., springs of.__ ,. 133 St. Helena White Sulphur Springs, Calif.. _ 123 St. Johns, Ariz., springs near._________ 115 Saline Valley, Calif., spring in-_..._.._ 128 Salmon Falls Creek, Idaho, spring on island

in. _. __.._.... .. 149Salmon Hot Springs, Idaho-,--___--.--..- 140Salmon National Forest, Idaho, springs in. 140,141Salmon Eiver, Idaho, springs near___ 137,141,143

East Fork of, springs near________ 143,144Middle Fork of, springs near. _.___ 139,140South Fork of, springs near.___ ____ 138Yankee Fork of, springs near_______ 143

Salmon Eiver Mountains, Idaho, springs in.. 81Salt Banks, Ariz_.___.___. ..-. -_ 115Salt Lake County, Utah, springs of._____ 180Salt Marsh Valley, Nev., springs in.--...__ 160Salton Trough, Calif., springs in_______ 91Salt River, Wyo., springs near_______.. 189Salt Spring, Utah_______ _______ 182Sam-O Mineral Springs, Oreg.._____- 172Sam-O Spring, Oreg...___--..._____... 172San Antonio Springs, N. Mex.__ . . 167San Bernardino County, Calif., springs of.... 129Sanders County, Mont., springs of... .. 151 San Diego County, Calif, springs of.... 130Sand Spring, Mass. ____________- 74-75,151 Sand Springs, Oreg______________ 174 Sandoval County, N. Mex., springs of . 167 San Jacinto Hot Springs, Calif_.____.... 130San Juan Capistrano Hot Spiings, Calif. .. 329 San Juan County, N. Mex., springs of____ 166 San Juan County, Utah, spring in.. ...... 183San Juan Hot Springs, Wash_________ 186 San Luis Obispo County, Calif., springs of... 125 San Marcos Hot Springs, Calif________ 125 San Miguel County, Colo., springs of__ 134 San Miguel County, N. Mex., springs of___ 168 Sanpete County, Utah, springs of__ .. 182 Santa Ana Canyon, Calif., spring in.___... 129 Santa Barbara, Calif., springs near..__.._ 125 Santa Barbara County, Calif., springs of..-.. 125 Santa Barbara Hot Springs, Calif. See Monte-

cito Hot Springs.

PageSanta Clara County, Calif., springs of____ 124 Santa Cruz County, Ariz, springs of___ __ 116 Santa Ynez River, Calif., springs near.___ 125 Santa Ysabel Springs, Calif..... - 125San Ysidro Hot Springs, N. Mex............. 167San Ysidro Warm Springs, N. Mex....___ 167Sara ranch springs, Nev____________ 162 Saratoga Springs, Calif.____________ 129 Saratoga Springs, Wyo____ ____ ... 191 Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho, springs in.. 143-147 Scenic Hot Springs, Wash_ . 186 Schlundt, Herman, and Moore, R. B., quoted. 69

and Moore, R. B., work of...___..__ 83 Schneitter's Hot Pots, Utah. 181 Schellbourne Hot Springs, Nev._______ 162 Scope of report. _________________ 60-61 Scott's Springs, Oreg.____ 178 Seigler Springs, Calif.______________ 122 Selden Hot Springs, N. Mex. See Radium

Hot Springs.Selway National Forest, Idaho, springs in.. 136-137,

140Sespe Hot Springs, Calif.__ 125 Sevier County, Utah, Springs of. 182-183 Sevier Desert, Utah, springs in.... 181 Sevier Spring, Utah .____ . . 183 Sevier Valley, Utah, springs of... 90 Shaffer Hot Springs, Calif. -- - 119 Shasta County, Calif., springs of._ 119 Shaver, Calif., springs near.. 127 Shaw's Hot Spring, Nev. See Carson Hot

Springs.Shaw's Spring, Colo_____ 134 Sheep Canyon of Big Horn River, Wyo.,

springs in.. . 189 Sheep Creek Bridge Spring, Idaho 144 Shiefers, Idaho, springs near. 138 Shiprock, N. Mex., springs near 166 Shoofly Creek, Idaho, springs near__ ...- 148 Shoup, Idaho, springs near.. - 140 Shovel Creek Springs, Calif. See Klamath

Hot Springs.Sierra-Cascade Mountains, springs of 93-54 Sierra County, Calif., springs of.. 120 Sierra County, N. Mex., springs of. 169 Silver Bow County, Mont., springs of. 153 Silver Creek, Idaho, springs near 139 Silver Lake, Oreg., spring near 175 Simcoe Creek, Wash., spring near North Fork

of._ 187Simmons' Hot Spring, Calif. -See Wilbur Hot

Springs.Siri ranch springs, Nov.. 162 Siskiyou County, Calif., springs of. 117 Sizemore Springs, Oreg_ __ 176 Skaggs Hot Springs, Calif....._ 122 Skamania County, Wash., springs of. 187 Slate Creek, Idaho, springs near 143 Slate Creek River station, Mont., springs

near_.._. . 153 Slate's Hot Springs, Calif...--------- 124Slichter, C. S., work of... 5,6,18-20,22 Smith, O. O., work of--- . - - 89 Smith Cabin Springs, Idaho.. 144 Smith Creek Valley, Nev., springs in 161 Smith's Hot Spring, Oreg-__... . 173

204 INDEX

PageSnake River Canyon, Idaho, spring in___.. 138 Snake River, Idaho, South Fork of, springs

near ____.. __ 147 Snake River Plain, springs in..________ 88 Snake River, Wyo., springs near._______ 189 Snake Valley, Utah, springs in.._______ 181 Snohomish County, Wash., springs of..._-. 186 Soap Creek Springs, Calif. See Newman

Springs. Soboba Hot Springs, Calif. See Ritchey Hot

Springs. 'Socorro County, N. Mex., springs of... .__ 168 Socorro Warm Springs, N. Mex.....-.-.__ 168 Soda Bay Springs, Calif.___ . .. 121 Soda Dam Springs, N. Mex...._______ 167 Soda Spring, Ariz..____________.. 115 Soda Springs, Idaho__________.___ 150 Soda Station Springs, Calif___________ 129 Sodaville, Nev., springs near..._...____ 163 Soldier Meadows, Nev., springs near..___ 155 Sol Due Hot Springs, Wash. 94,186 Somerset, Colo., springs near... .... 132 Sonoma County, Calif., geysers in __. 65 Sonoma County, Calif., springs of__--.-. 122,123 Sou Hot Springs, Nev_______._____ 160 Soupan Hot Springs, Calif. See Tophet Hot

Springs. South Black Willow Spring, Oreg. See Black

Willow Spring.South Dakota, springs of.._____ 77-78,178, pi. 8 South Dakota, springs of, bibliography of.. 108 Southern Rocky Mountains, springs of_._.. 85-86 Specific retention, relation between moisture

equivalent and.____________ 56-57Specific yield, computation of... ---------- 55

determination of__.........__ 7-8,9-10,53-57practical use of - ._....- ..-..-.._- 7

Spencer Hot Springs, Nev____ ______ 161 Spiers Springs, Calif ----------_ ._-. 122Spring Creek, Nov., springs near 157 Springer's Hot Springs, Nev______.___ 160 Springville, Utah, springs near.... -... 181Squaw Creek, Idaho, spring near__.-.__-. 141 Squires Spring, Utah___..________ 182 Stanley Hot Spring, Idaho. __________ 137 Stanley, Idaho, springs near_____ __- 143 Steamboat Springs, Colo.._____.-..__. 131 Steamboat Springs, Nev_______.- .- 159 Stearns, N. D., work of _____. ._.. 97 Stearns, N. D. and H. T., and Q. A. Waring,

Thermal springs in the UnitedStates _ . 59-191, pis. 7-16

Steens Mountain, Nev., springs near. .. 155 Stingley's Hot Springs, Calif-..----_... . 125 Stonebreaker Hot Springs, Calif._______ 119 Stone Spring, Va.________________ 185 Storey County, Nev., spring in._ 159 Straight Creek, Idaho, spring near .. 145 Stricker, Idaho, springs near__ 149 Strickler's Spring, Va. See Rockbridge Baths. Stuart Hot Spring, Idaho, 137 Sublette County, Wyo, springs of- 189 Sullivan Hot Springs, Idaho... .__.... 143 Sulphur Bank Hot Springs, Calif_ _ 121 Sulphur Creek, Calif., springs near. 123 Sulphur Creek, Idaho, springs near. 139 Sulphur Creek Spring, Idaho_ 144

PageSulphur Creek Spring, Wash_________ 186 Sulphur Springs, Calif ------___....__ 128Sulphur Springs, N. Mex___-._____ 167 Sulphur Springs ranch springs, Nev_ - ___ Ifi2 Summerville, Oreg., springs near.______ 171 Summit Lake Valley, Oreg., springs in.-__ 173 Sunbeam Dam, Idaho, spring near..------_ 143Sunnyside, Nov., springs near.....____ 165Sun River Hot Springs, Mont___.._--... 152 Supari Hot Springs, Calif. See Tophet Hot

Springs.Surprise Valley, Calif., springs in..___ 118,119 Surprise Valley, Nev., spring in____..__ 157 Sweet Alum Springs, Va. See Healing Springs. Sweet Chalybeate Springs, Va.____.--__ 185 Sweet Chalybeate, Va., springs near_ 185 Sweet Grass County, Mont., spring in. ... 155 Sweet, Idaho, springs near__-._.._.. .. 141 Sweetwater River, Wyo., springs near.--.---- 190 Swift's Hot Spring, Nev. See Carson Hot

Springs.T

Taos County, N. Mex., springs of__.- 167 Targhee National Forest, Idaho, springs in... 147 Tartarus Lake, Calif. See Boiling Spring

Lake.Tassajara Hot Springs, Calif._____ 124 Taylor Spring, Ga 135Taylor Warm Spring, Oreg._ - 17$ Tehama County, Calif., springs of.. . 120 Temescal Hot Spring, Calif. See Glen Ivy

Hot Spring. ' Tendoy, Idaho, spring near -. -- 140 Tennessee, spring in. - 74,77 Tensleep sandstone, possible source of springs

in... 84-85Terminal Geyser, Calif ' - 120Terrace station, Utah, spring near. 179 Teton County, Idaho, spring in.. 147 Teton County, Wyo., springs of_ 189 Teton National Forest, Wyo., springs in 189 Texas, springs of.__ 78,92-93,179, pi. 8The Geysers, Calif., Mono County 127

Sonoma County. .-- - ---- 95,123Thermal springs, age of. 72

distribution of 72-95geologic problems relating to 66-72 relation of, to geologic structure 71-72 sources of heat of... -- 68-70 sources of water of -- 66-68 summary of..... 95-98tabulated data on - ----- ------ 115-191

Thermopolis Hot Springs, Wyo. See BigHorn Hot Springs.

Thermo siding, Utah, springs near... ----- 183Thiem's formula, adjustment of.. 50-52

confirmation of... ---- 18-28development of..._------- --. ---- 10-18graphic solution of 25-26, pi. 1

Thoroughbred Springs, Idaho.. 149 Thousand Springs, Oreg 174 Thousand Springs Valley, Nev., spring in 157 Thundering Springs, Ga 136

springs near.... 136Togay Springs, N. Mex.... - 167Toiyabe National Forest, Nev.,*springs in 161

INDEX 205

PageTom Brown Spring, Ga.____________ 136 Tomichi Hot Springs, Colo. See Waunita Hot

Springs.Tooele County, Utah, springs of-_ ___ 180 Tophet Hot Springs, Calif .__---------- 119Toy ranch, Owyhee County, Idaho, spring at. 148 Trammel's Hot Springs, Idaho._______. 148 Triassic red beds, springs from________ 84,85 Trimble Springs, Colo___________'__ 135 Tripp Springs, Colo. .. ....-__......_..... 135Trout Creek, Oreg., springs near...__..__ 177 Trout Creek, Utah, springs near__ ___ 181 Truckee River, Nev., springs near_....__ 158Tschannen Warm Springs, Idaho______ 149 Tudor's Springs, Oreg_____________ 178 Tulare County, Calif., springs of...__.__- 127 Tule River, Calif., springs near South Fork of

Middle Fork of ................ 127Turkey Creek, N. Mex., spring near_____ 169 Turneaure, F. E., and Russell, H. L., work of. 20-22 Turner Hot Springs, Oreg. See Oregon Hot

Springs.Twain, Calif., springs near___________ 120 Twelvemile Creek, Oreg.,.springs near____ 173 Twin Falls County, Idaho, springs of-... 149-150 Twin Springs, Idaho...________.___ 142 Twin Springs, Nev_______________ 157 Tybo, Nev., springs near.___________ 164 Tyler, Mont., springs near....________ 152

U

Udy's Hot Springs, Utah......_._........ 179Uintah County, Utah, springs of..______ 181Uinta National Forest, Utah, springs in.._. 181Umatilla County, Oreg., springs of.._____ 171Umpqua Warm Spring, Oreg._________ 173Undine Springs, Utah.___....._._.._ 183Union County, Oreg., springs of._______ 171Upper Lake, Calif., springs near________ 118Upson County, Ga., springs of.________ 136 Utah, springs of_____________ 179-183, pi. 13

springs of, bibliography of.___.___ 108-109Utah County, Utah, springs of.._______ 181Utah Hot Springs, Utah__..............__ 179Utah Lake, Utah, springs near.________ 181

Vale Hot Springs, Oreg-____________ 177 Vale, Oreg., spring near....__________ 177 Valencia County, N. Mex., springs of____ 168 Valley County, Idaho, springs of.._____ 138-140 Valley Falls, Oreg., springs near________ 174 Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, hot

springs of. . . .. 68,71 Valley View Hot Springs, Colo________ 133 Van Orstrand, C. E., methods of, for determin­

ing coefii@ieM.of permeability._ 47-50 work of____________________ 83

Vaughn Spring, Idaho__.__________ 144 Venator, Oreg., springs near__________ 175 Ventura County, Calif., springs of______ 125 Verde Hot Springs, Ariz_________.__ 115 Vermont, spring in_______________ 75 Vichy Springs, Calif_______________ 121 Vicker's Hot Springs, Calif________... 125

Page Victorville, Calif., springs near... .... 129Virginia, springs of.. ........ 75-77,184-185, pi. 9

springs of, bibliography of.. 109-110

W

Wabuska Springs, Nev 159 Wadsworth, Nev., spring near__.. . 159 Wagon Wheel Gap Springs, Colo- -- 134 Wall Creek Hot Springs, Oreg.... ......... 172Wajley's Hot Springs, Nev......_ 159Wall Spring, Nev.-.. ... .- 158Walton, G. E., work of 62Wardrop Hot Springs, Idaho__ 146 Ward's Hot Springs, Nev............... .. 157Waring, G. A., with Stearns, N. D. and H. T.,

Thermal springs in the United States...... ... 59-191, pis. 7-16

Waring, G. A., work of__...... 64Warm Creek, Nev., spring near... 157 Warm Creek, Oreg., springs near. 177 Warm River, Idaho, springs near. 147 Warm Spring, Mont._______ 152 Warm Spring, Va... _ . - 75,184 Warm Spring Canyon, Utah, spring in. ..... 183Warm Spring Creek, Idaho, Adams County,

springs near._- -- . 137Blaine County, springs near.. 147 Lemhi County, springs near - 140

near Lemhi Indian Agency, springsnear..._ .. 141

Warm Spring Creek, Wyo., springs near . 190 Warm Spring Valley, Calif., springs in. ... 118 Warm Spring Valley, Oreg., springs in 175 Warm Springs, Calif._______ 124 Warm Springs, Ga..__________ ... 77,136 Warm Springs, Mont..__ 15* Warm Springs, Oreg..___ - 171 Warm Springs Creek, Idaho, springs near._ 144 Warm Springs Creek, Mont., springs near. 151 Warm Springs Flat, Calif., springs on.. .. 126 Warm Springs Valley, Va., springs of .75-77, pis. 8, 9 Warm Sulphur Spring, Colo___ 135 Warm Sulphur Springs, Nev 163 Warm Sulphur Springs, Va...... 184Warner Hot Springs, Calif..__...... 130Warner Warm Springs, Mont._ 153- Wasatch County, Utah, springs of 181 Wasatch Springs, Utah... _.... 180Wasco County, Oreg., springs of 171 Wasewick Hot Springs, Idaho 146 Washington, springs of 88,89,186-187, pi. 14:

springs of, bibliography of. 110 Washington County, Idaho, springs of 138 Washington County, Utah, springs of 185 Washington County, Va., spring in.. 185 Washoe County, Nev., springs of. 157-159 Water-bearing formations, hydrologic proper­

ties of 5-8.Water-bearing material, volumes of, unwatered

by pumping_...__ 54 Waterman Hot Spring, Calif.._____.__ 129 Water table, contours on____ 38-41, pi. 6

decline of, after pumping ceases 35-36, pi. 4 draw-down of.__-.___ 35,40-41,45, pi. ft effect of lowering of______ 50-52 measuring depth to 31, pi. 2

206 INDEX

Waterworks Springs, Nev___. ______ 163 Watson, T. L., cited. _. ----- ._... 75-77Waunita Hot Springs, Colo_-________ 133 Weber County, Utah, springs of.______ 179-180 Weeping Child Hot Springs, Mont. See

Medicine Rock Hot Springs. Weed, W. H., cited . .. 65,83 Weir Creek Hot Springs, Idaho...__._.... 136Weir for measuring discharge of pumped

well. 32, pi. 3Weiser, Idaho, springs near______._ 138 Weiser National Forest, Idaho, springs in 137 Well 83, record of pumping time of-_-_... 31 Well 84, log of.. . -.. 28

record of pumping time of..__ . 31 samples of alluvium from, physical proper­

ties of...._.__..._._ 28Wells, location, diameter, depth, and altitude

of-..... 29Wellsville Warm Spring, Colo_._ ... 133 Wells, Wyo., springs near... _.. _ 189 Wenzel, L. K., The Thiem method for deter­

mining permeability of water­ bearing materials and its applica­ tion to the determination of specific yield--___ _-_ 1-57, pis. 1-6

West Virginia, springs of 75-77, 188, pi. 9 springs of, bibliography of _____.___ 110

Wheeler's Hot Springs, Calif. _____ - _ -. 125 Whatcom County, Wash., spring in_____ 186 White Arrow Hot Spring, Idaho_______. 149 White Chuck Hot Springs, Wash--. __. 186 Whitehorse Ranch, Oreg., springs near.. 177 White Pine County, Nev., springs of 162-163 White River Valley, Nev., springs in____ 165 White Rock Ranch Springs, Oreg_ . 174 White Rock Spring, Nev___________ 161 White Sulphur Springs, Mont_________ 153 White Sulphur Springs, W. Va_...._..... 188Whitmore Warm Springs, Calif.... . 127Wilbur Hot Springs, Calif 122 Wilkerson's Warm Springs, Oreg__.___. 173

PageWillett Hot Spring, Calif.... 125 Williams Hot Spring, Nev_-_________ 163 Williams Hot Springs, Calif- ... . 128 Willow Creek, Idaho, springs near. .... 145 Willow Creek, Oreg., spring near____._. 177 Willow Springs, Nev______.._. .-.. 165 Wilson Thermal Spring, Va. See Lithia

Spring. Wind River, Wyo., springs near..__ .... 190Winino Springs, Oreg--__._________ 172 Winnemucca Lake, Nev., springs near,...... 158Winnemucca, Nev., springs near....._._. 156Woodward Hot Spring, Oreg-____ -- 174 Wyckofl, R. D., Botset, H. G., and Muskat,

M., work of- ........ .... 22-23Wyoming Basin, springs of___________ 85-86 Wyoming National Forest, springs in-------- 189Wyoming, springs of._... 83-86,189-191, pis. 11,12

springs of, bibliography of. - 110-112

XL ranch, Oreg., spring at. 174

Yakima County, Wash., springs of 187 Yakima Indian Reservation, Wash., spring

on 89,187Yankee Fork of Salmon River, Idaho, springs

near..___.... 143Yavapai County, Ariz., springs of 115Yellow Pine Basin, Idaho, spring in 138Yellowstone National P ark, springs of 66,

69,83-84,189, pi. 12springs of, list of_______________ pi. 12

Yeoman Hot Springs, Calif__________. 128 Yoghann Hot Sulphur Spring, Idaho 137

Zabriskie, Calif., springs near ... 128 Ziegler Hot Springs, Mont.-.- _ , 154

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director

Water-Supply Paper 679

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY

OF THE UNITED STATES

1935

NATHAN C. GROVER, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1937

CONTENTS

fThe letters in parentheses preceding the titles are those used to designate the papers for advancepublication]

Page(A) The Thiem method for determining permeability of water-bearing

materials and its application to the determination of specific yield results of investigations in the Platte River Valley, Nebr., by L. K. Wenzel___________.______________________ 1

<B) Thermal springs in the United States, by N. D. Stearns, H. T. Stearns,and G. A. Waring__.________________________________________ 59

Index. ___________________________________________________ 193

ILLUSTKATIONS

Tage PLATE 1. Graph for computing coefficients of permeability ______ _______ 24

2. A, Line SW of 1-inch observation wells; B, Measuring the depthto the water table__-___________________________________ 28

3. A, Weir for measuring the discharge of the pumped well; B,Pumping arrangement in second test_____________________ 29

4. Typical draw-down and recovery curves for test !____________ 365. Typical draw-down and recovery curves for test 2____________ 366. Contours on the water table before pumping and at several

times after pumping began______________________________ 367. Minerva Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National

Park, Wyo__________-_-_-_____________________________ 598. Map of the United States showing thermal springs and physio­

graphic divisions._________________________________ In pocket.9. Map of Virginia and West Virginia showing thermal springs,__ 76

10. Map of part of Georgia showing thermal springs and theirrelation to Pine Mountain_______________________________ 76

11. Map of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming showing thermalsprings _______________________________________________ 82

12. Map of Yellowstone National Park showing principal groups ofhot springs and geysers.________________________________ 84

13. Map of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico showingthermal springs--______________________________-------- 86

14. Map of Washington and Oregon showing thermal springs.____ 8815. Map of California and Nevada showing thermal springs-_____ 9216. Map of Lassen Peak area, Calif., showing thermal springs and

their relation to the peak and to probable faults. __________ 94FIGURE 1. Plan and section of ideal ground-water conditions assumed by

Thiem____.________________________________._ 112. Plan and section showing assumed ground-water conditions for

the development of the formula from horizontal water table. 16

in

IV CONTENTS

PageFIGURE 3. Plan and section showing assumed ground-water conditions

for the development of the formula from horizontal artesian conditions.___________________________________________ 17

4. Map showing location of wells used in pumping tests___-_-__ 27 5-. Computed recovery curve for well 5, test 1______ ________ 376. Profiles of the cone of depression at several times after pump­

ing began and location of cylindrical sections used for com­ puting specific yield-_________-____________-___---_-_ 39

7. Relation of Sv2 to P.____-___._-__---____________-__-._ 488. Map of the United States showing mean annual temperature- 629. Geologic cross sections showing general structure at thermal

springs in the Virginia region-___-____---___--____-----_ 7610. Geologic cross section showing structure near Hot Springs,

Ark_________________________________________________ 7911. Map of Idaho showing distribution of thermal springs and

principal areas of granite and of lava.___________________ 8212. Geologic cross section through the hot springs at Thermopolis,

Wyo__________________________________________ 8413. Map of Utah showing thermal springs and principal faults. __ 9014. Map of northwestern Nevada and adjacent portions of Cali­

fornia and Oregon showing thermal springs and principal faults.__________________________________ 92

O

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