general properties of the electron-nuclear Coulomb potential. The positiveness of the first member in the right part of (4) is a consequence of the positive determinacy of the kinetic- energy operator T.

LITERATURE CITED J

I. I.B. Bersuker, "Origin of the dynamic instability of molecular systems," Teor. Eksp. Khim., 16, No. 3, 291-299 (1980).

2. A.B. Anderson, N. C. Handy, and R. G. Parr, "Relationship between vibrational force constants and quadrupole coupling constants for molecules and solids," J. Chem. Phys., 50, No. 8, 3634-3635 (1969).

3. ~. L. Clinton, "Forces in molecules. 2. A differential equation for the potential- energy function," J. Chem. Phys., 38, No. I0, 2339-2344 (1963).

THERMAL IONIZATION OF ACETONE PEROXIDE ON TUNGSTEN AND ON

OXIDIZED TUNGSTEN

V. I. Paleev UDC 5 4 7 . 2 8 4 . 3 - 3 9 + 5 3 7 . 5 8 . 6 2 - 4 + 5 4 3 . 5 1

Mass spectrometric analysis of organic peroxides and mixtures containing them is extreme- ly complicated, since, on account of the instability of these compounds, the vapors to be analyzed contain not only the peroxide but also endproducts formed in its thermal decomposi- tion and reactions on the walls and in the volume of the instrument. The detection of per- oxides in mass spectrometric analysis of mixtures is also hindered by the absence of molec- ular ions in the mass spectra of ionization by electrons. Therefore the search for other methods of ionization of these compounds is an urgent problem. One of these methods may be ionization of peroxides on the surface of heated solids. This work presents the results of an investigation of the thermal ionization of dimer (DPA) and trimer (TPA) peroxides of ace- tone on tungsten and on oxidized tungsten, with the formation of positive and negative ions:

90,,/cH H3c,/o o\ lcH c c ; c - - c .

/ \o o ( I f ix ~-C \CH,~ H~C O0--C--O0 OH 3

H3C / \CH~ DPA TPA

As is shown in [I], when molecules of trimer acetone peroxide break down, radicals that are ionized by nonequilibrium ionization processes during thermal desorption are formed on the surface of heated tungsten or oxidized tungsten. Nonequilibrium ionization was manifested both in an increase in the yield of ions in comparison with that expected for the equilibrium process of surface ionization and in a deviation from the equilibrium energy distribution of the desorbed ions. The excitation of radicals in the case of their formation in the layer adsorbed on the surface apparently indicates a dual influence of ionization on them: It may decrease the effective ionization potential V' of the particle at the surface or correspond- ingly increase the electron affinity S', as well as increase the probability of desorption of ions as a result of an increase in the kinetic energy of the excited particles. In this case the effectiveness of the ionization of radicals should depend on the composition of the initial peroxide and the structure of the molecule, on the pathways of its decomposition on the surface, on the composition of intermediate decomposition products, and on their energy state. An elucidation of the peculiarities of ionization of peroxides close in composition but differing in structure and value of the internal energy may give information on the mech- anism of nonequilibrium ionization.

A static magnetic mass spectrometer with combined ion source, including a source with thermal ionization and a source with electron ionization, was used for the measurements.

A. F. Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 214-220, March-April, ]983. Original article submitted May 18, 1982.

192 0040-5760/83/1902-0192507.50 �9 1983 Plenum Publishing Corporation

lg I / I o

-3 -2,O

I -I,o -45 ~ -2,o -1,s -1,u -45

Fig. ]. Retention curves of ions (on an emitter of oxidized tungsten at |I00~ i l Cs + ; a) TPA: A) CH~; ,) CH3CO+; E) (CH3)2C0+; x) (CH3)2COCH~;�9 CH3C(OCH3)~; b) DPA: A) CH~; ,) CH3CO+; D) (CH~)2CO+; • (CH3)2COCH~; O) (CH30)2CCOCH~.

The possibility of comparing the mass spectra of ionization of peroxides on the surface with the mass spectra of ionization by electrons was thereby achieved. Ionization was brought about by low-energy electrons. Such a comparison is especially important in the investiga- tion of ionization on a surface with the formation of negative ions, since thermal electronic emission of an emitter heated to high temperatures may lead to the formation of negative ions in secondary and tertiary side processes, occurring both on the surface of the emitter and close to it [2]. A scheme of the ion source, the procedure of heat treatment of ion emitters, and the procedure of analysis of the ions according to the energy of translational motion are described in [3].

The experiments showed that in a stainless steel feeder system, DPA already breaks down intensively at room temperature. Therefore a glass feeder system with capillary inlet of peroxide vapors directly into the zone of the thermoemitter was used. The ampul with the peroxide was usually at a temperature of 273~ the value of the total molecular flux of per- oxide into the ion source was regulated by varying the cross-section of the flow-passage opening in the glass valve.

Table I presents the mass spectra of the ionization of DPA and TPA on oxidized tungsten. The mass spectra are close in composition but have lines specific for each peroxide (m = 89 amu in the spectrum of TPA; m = 57 and ;]7 amu in the spectrum of DPA). In addition, there is a substantial difference in the relative intensity of the lines of ions of the same com- position, formed from these peroxides. The difference in the composition of the mass spectra of DPA and TPA is associated with the fact that in the reaction zone arising during the de- composition of these molecules, there are different amounts of the reacting components.

An investigation of the energy state of ions of the same composition, obtained in the decomposition of peroxides under comparable experimental conditions, may promote an elucida- tion of the question of whether the ionizing products of primary decomposition of peroxides are in a uniform state of excitation. To clarify this we investigated the distributions of the ions being desorbed according to energy of translational motion, obtained by the methods of retention curves (as in []]); the experimental conditions (temperature of emitter, vapor pressure of peroxide in the instrument) were kept the same in the experiments with DPA and TPA. The analysis was performed according to the energies of ions with m = 15, 43, 58, 73, and 89 amu, obtained in the ionization of TPA and ions with m = 15, 43, 58, 73, and ]17 amu in the ionization of DPA. The retention curves of these ions were compared with the reten- tion curves of Cs + ions, formed in surface ionization on the emitter of cesium ions delivered from a Knudsen cell. The admission of peroxide vapors to the instrument had no effect on the energy distribution of Cs + ions, consequently, the retention curves of Cs + ions in these experiments characterize the thermal equilibrium desorption of ions.

The retention curves cited in Fig. |a are evidence that in the ionization of decomposi- tion products of TPA, the ions CH3(OCH3)2 + have the closest to an equilibrium energy distri- bution. Other ions have a more pronounced nonequilibrium distribution; this result agrees with that obtained in [l]. Figure ]b presents one of a series of retention curves of ionized

193

zo (zlz,.o,,) ' J -ll

-2

-,/S r " ~ / ' I I I I I

600 700 800 900 1000 T, lf

],o! %5

0,5

0 tO00 1500 2000 gtr

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Fig. 2. Temperature dependences of the ionic cur- rents in the ionization of TPA and Cs on oxidized tungsten: Q) Cs+; *) CH3CO+; x) (CH3)=COCH3 +.

Fig. 3. Dependence of the current of CH3C02- (I), 02- (2) ions and work function of the emitter (3) on the temperature in the ionization of TPA on tung- sten with the formation of negative ions.

products of the thermal decomposition of DPA, showing that this peroxide also forms excited particles that do not have time to reach thermal equilibrium with the solid during their lifetime on the surface. In the region of ion-retaining potentials, the functions log I = f(Ua) are well approximated by straight lines. Thus, ions being desorbed are characterized by a quasiequilibrium distribution according to energy of translational motion, indicating the absence of transmission of the discrete impulse by the particles being desorbed and accumulation of excitation energy on one bond. The temperature of this distribution can be determined according to the slope of the curves.

The retention curves of excited ions formed in the decomposition of TPA show that there are at least two groups of ions with different quasiequilibrium temperatures. One group in- cludes the ions (CHa)=COCHa + and CH~ +, the temperature of which is ~500~ greater than the equilibrium value; the other group includes ions CH3C0 + and (CH3)aCO +, for which the excess of the temperature over the equilibrium value is m800~ This excess is maintained when the temperature of the emitter is varied in the range 900-1200~

The ions CH3C0 +, (CH3)2C0 + and (CH3)2COCH3 +, obtained in the thermal decomposition of DPA, have energy distributions that virtually coincide with the distributions of the same

TABLE I. Mass Spectra of the Thermal Ionization of DPA and TPA on Oxidized Tungsten at l l00~

m, amu

15 28 29 43 45 47 57 58 59 73 74 75 89

101 117

Presumed composition of ions

Relative intensity

DPA

cH? C,2H4 + C2H5 chaco+ CHaCHOH+, CHO~ (CHa)2OH+, CHaO ~ CHaCH2CO+ (CHa)~CO + (CHa)2COH+, CHACO+ {cHa).,COClaf (CHa)2CO+, (CHa)aCOH+ CHaCOHOCH+ CHaC(OCHa) ~ CHaCC(OCH3) ? (CHaO) 2CCOCH #

19• 7•

100 4--+-2

7__+2 28+_.8 36+ 11 79+_+_.9 38• 27•

20___ 10

TPA

40• 5___2 2-+-I I00 4+__2 3-+-2

11_+_+2 9__+2

2O-+-5 2--+-I 7•

115-+-29

3-4-1

194

TABLE 2. Mass Spectra of DPA and TPA in Ionization by Electrons with Energy 15 eV

m, amu

15 18 28 29 32 42 43 45 57 58 59 73 74 75

101

Presumed composition of ions

c.? H20-- C2H ~, CO +

C2H5+ O,j- CH2CO +

CH3CO ~- c 3c.o.+, CHO? CH3CH2CO + (CHa)2CO+ (CHa)2COH+, CHACO._, ~ (CHa),_,COCH~

(CH)~,CO~, (CHa)3COH+ CH 33C()HOCH~

CIt~CC(OCHa) d

Relative inten~i~

DPA TPA

2

7 5

38 2

100

1

1

61 16

1

1

4

17 5 i

7 3

100

2 65

8

1

1

6 1

ions formed from TPA; the CH3 + ions receive less excitation -- their temperature exceeds the equilibrium value by %300~ Thus, at least some of the products of thermal decomposition of DPA and TPA are in the same excited state and are evidently formed in similar processes.

The supplementary kinetic energy received by the ions as a result of thermal decomposi- tion of peroxides facilitates their desorption, which at equal currents of ions and high tem- peratures leads to a displacement of the initial portions of the temperature dependences of the ionic current into the region of lower temperatures relative to the current of Cs § ions (Fig. 2). The ionic currents of the products of thermal decomposition of peroxides increase with increasing temperature of the emitter within the entire temperature range in which the work function of the emitter ~ remains unchanged, i.e., up to T = 1200~ This can be ex- plained by the fact that with increasing temperature of the emitter, the lifetime of the par- ticles on its surface decreases. Therefore, a larger number of particles are desorbed with- out having time to relax, i.e., while they are in an excited state, promoting ion formation. Moreover, for particles possessing an ionization potential V' > ~ at the surface, the prob- ability of leaving the surface in the ionized state also increases with the temperature W % exp ~(~-- V')/kT]. Since the ionic current increases with increasing T, it can be con- sidered that the increase in the decomposition of radicals undergoing ionization on the sur- face with increasing temperature is not the determining process.

The admission of ions of decomposition products of peroxides, produced by thermal de- composition of DPA and TPA in a separate reactor, to the mass spectrometer with ion emitter did not lead to the production of measurable ion currents. Consequently, ionization of radi- cals on the emitter when peroxides are admitted is the result of direct interaction of the peroxide molecules with the thermoemitter. Therefore the use of thermal ionization in the mass spectrometric analysis of acetone peroxides has substantial advantages. In electron ionization of mixtures containing thermal decomposition products of peroxides in addition to the peroxides themselves, it is difficult to distinguish lines corresponding to the ioni- zation of the peroxide in the general mass spectrum. Even using low-energy electrons, it is impossible to find any significant differences in the mass spectra of DPA and TPA permitting an unambiguous determination of the presence of each of these peroxides in mixtures (see Table 2).

Tungsten emitters were investigated in experiments on the formation of negative ions in thermoionization of peroxides. The mass spectra of the negative ions obtained when peroxides were admitted to a source with an emitter heated to high temperatures consist of many lines, which was noted in [1]. An analysis of the ions according to the method proposed in [2], however, showed that most of the ions were formed not on the emitter but in direct proximity

195

TABLE 3. Mass Spectra of Negative Ions Obtained in Capture of Electrons with Energy 0.6 eV by DPA and TPA Molecules

m t a m l l

17

32

41

45

48

56

57

58

59 73

75

90

106

!07

Presumed composition of ions

Relative intensity

OH-

I-tCCO-

HCO~- O~-, H:3COOH- (CO)~-, CH~CHCO-

CH:~CH~CO-, HC~O,2-

(CH~)2CO--, H2C20 ]- CH3COO-

(CH3);~CO-, CH;3CH~CO, ]"

(CH:3),2CHOO-

(CH~O) 2CO- (CH3OL)COO-

(CH:50)2CHOO -

DPA

4

306

I

3

2

I00

2

TPA

79

39

48

53

56O

35O

100

18

17

37

29

to it as a result of capture by the peroxide molecules of electrons emitted by the thermo- emitter. Actually, the mass spectra obtained in these experiments proved very close to the mass spectra of dissociative capture of electrons by peroxide molecules at electron energies close to zero. The results of these experiments are cited in Table 3. In addition, the currents of most of the ions changed with changes in the temperature in proportion to the current of thermoelectronic emission of the emitter. On the surface, however, chiefly ions with m = 59 amu were ionized; from the ratio of the isotopic peaks it was established that these ions are acetate ions (CHACO2-). In the ionization of TPA, substantially smaller cur- rents of 02- ions and traces of HCO0- ions were also obtained.

Figure 3 presents the temperature dependence of the currents of negative ions formed in the ionization of TPA and the work function of the emitter obtained from measurements of the ionic current of thermoelectronic emission. The temperature dependences of the ionic cur- rents as can be seen from this figure, are not associated with changes in the work function of the emitter, as was observed, for example, in the emission of benzoate ions in analogous experiments with benzoyl peroxide [3]. Therefore the bell-shaped curves of the temperature dependences of the ionic currents in Fig. 3 indicate a dependence of the rates of formation and decomposition of the ionizing products on the temperature of the emitter. The emission of acetate ions may be the result of surface ionization of acetate radicals, the electron affinity of which is comparatively high (ScH3COO = 3.36 V [4]). However, there is no doubt

that the formation of 02- on the surface of the emitter occurs in an nonequilibrium process, since the sensitivity of recording of the ionic current of the surface ionization is insuffi- cient for the recording of particles with S < 1 V, whereas SO2 = 0.44 V ~].

As a result of the smallness of the ionic currents, the energy distribution of negative ions could be investigated only for CH3COO- ions. In the case of joint ionization of TPA and CsCI molecules on the emitter, acetate ions had an excess energy in comparison with the Cs + and CI- ions formed by surface ionization; in the case of the ionization of DPA no differ- ence could be noted in the energy distribution of these ions. Possibly acetate ions are formed in different energy states in the ionization of DPA and TPA.

Thus, a comparison of the ionization of dimer and trimer acetone peroxides on one emitter shows that there are both coinciding and noncoinciding pathways of formation of the same ions in processes on the surface, and this will require further investigations. The peculiarities of the ionization of peroxides on the surface permits the use of this method of ionization for the identification of peroxides in mixtures.

The author would like to thank E. Ya. Zandberg for his discussion of the results of the work.

196

I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

LITERATURE CITED

I. N. Bakulina, N. M. Blashenkov, G. Ya. Lavrent'ev, et al,, "Nonequilibrium ionization of products of exothermic decomposition of molecules on the surface of heated solids," Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., ], No. 4, 170-]73 (1975). E Ya. Zandberg and V. T. Paleev, "Method of investigation of surface ionization with the formation of negative ions," Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 42, No. 4, 844-850 (1972). V. I. Paleev, "Ionization of benzoyl-containing 9~ounds on heated surfaces with the formation of positive and negative ions," Teor. Eksp. Khim., 14, No. 6, 747-753 (]978).

, Determlnation of electron affinities W. E. Wentworth, E. Chen, and J. C. Steelhammer " of radicals and bond dissociation energies by electron attachment studies at thermal energies. Electron affinity of acetate radical," J. Phys. Chem., 72, No. 7, 2671-2675 (1968). R. J. Celotta, R. A. Bennett, J. L. Hall, et al., "Molecular photodetachment spectrom- etry. 2. The electron affinity of 02 and the structure of 02-," Phys. Rev. A, 6, No. 2, 63]-642 (1972).

THE BELOUSOV--Z}LABOTINSKII OSCILLATING CHEMICAL REACTION

IN AQUEOUS DIOXANE SOLUTIONS

A. S. Kovalenko UDC 54].127

The Belousov--Zhabotinskii oscillating chemical reactions (the oxidation of organic re- ducing agents by bromate in acidic aqueous solutions, catalyzed by transition metal ions) are widely used for studying the regularities of the course of periodic chemical and biochemical processes [l]. The number of reagents that can participate in these reactions can be in- creased if we use water-insoluble compounds in conjunction with aqueous-organic solutions. As the organic solvent, we selected 1,4-dioxane, which is miscible with water in all propor- tions, and is chemically rather inactive. Nevertheless, dioxane can enter into a chemical reaction with the participants of an oscillating reaction and also change the physical prop- erties of the solution, thus inhibiting the concentrational oscillations or change their param- eters. In the present work, we found a dependence of the parameters of the oscillations on the dioxane concentration, studied the reaction of dioxane with the individual participants of the oscillating reaction, and evaluated its chemical influence on the parameters of the oscillations.

The study of the oscillating regimes was carried out by spectrophotometrical recording of the concentrational oscillations of catalyst ions on mixing a thermostated (293 • O.l~ reaction mixture by a rotating glass rod. The apparatus used and the measurement procedure have already been described in [2]. The chemical reaction between dioxane and the individual participants of the oscillating reaction were studied on a Specord UV Vis spectrophotometer with stirring of the reaction mixture and thermostating (293 • 0.1~

The solutions were prepared by accurately weighing c.p. or analytical grade reagents, followed by dilution with c.p. grade sulfuric acid (solution at a concentration of 1.5 mole/ liter in distilled water). The complex of iron(II) with o-phenanthroline Fe(phen) 32+ (fer- roin) was obtained by a method described in [3]. Analytical grade dioxane was thoroughly purified by prolonged boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and then over metallic sodium, and then was distilled in a nitrogen current [4].

To study the influence of dioxane, we selected two of the most frequently used Belousov-- Zhabotinskii oscillating reactions, in which cerium (III, IV) ions or iron (II, III) tris-o- phenanthrolinate ions serve as the catalyst. The chemical properties of these catalysts, and, possibly, the mechanisms of their action differ considerably, and this leads to differences in the parameters of the oscillating reactions with their participation ~].

L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrain- ian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 220-225, March-April, ]983. Original article submitted April I, ]982.

0040-5760/83/1902-0197507.50 �9 1.983 Plenum Publishing Corporation 197