Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Thermal Integrity Profiling
( TIP )
1
ASTM D7949
It is obvious why we test
2
3
Typical Inspection
Dry Cast • Generally visual inspection only
Wet Cast • Since visual inspection is impossible
some NDT is needed. Options include: 1. CSL 2. PIT (pulse echo) 3. Gamma Gamma Logging 4. Thermal Profiling
Top 1/3 44%
Bottom 1/3 45%
Mid 1/3 11%
4
Jones & Wu, Geotechnology, Inc. Missouri and Kansas
“Experiences with Cross-hole Sonic Logging and Concrete Coring for Verification of Drilled Shaft Integrity”, ADSC GEO3 Construction Quality Assurance/Quality Control Technical Conference, Dallas Nov 2005
Percentage of Shafts with “Anomalies”
37% 38% Top 2D, 58%Bottom 2D, 32%
Middle, 10%
Billy Camp, S&ME Inc. Southeast USA “Crosshole Sonic Logging of South Carolina Drilled Shafts: A Ten Year Summary” - Presentation to ADSC Expo 2012, San Antonio March 2012
Thermal Integrity Profiling Advantages 100% Cross-section of the shaft Use temperature vs. depth vs. quadrant Test early after casting, speeds const. 12 to 48 hours (dependent on diameter)
Evaluates concrete quality, cover & alignment Only reports significant defects
5
Concrete
Temperature versus depth during curing
at cage
Cover
Cement Quantity
Strength
Shaft Serviceability
Durability
6
Thermal Integrity Profiling Use temperature vs. depth vs. quadrant
1 4 7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 3 6
S1
S10
S19
S28S37
S46
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Shaft Heat Signature Te
mpe
ratu
re
7
1 4 7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 3 6
S1
S10
S19
S28S37
S46
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Shaft Heat Signature Te
mpe
ratu
re
8
1 4 7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 3 6
S1
S10
S19
S28S37
S46
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Tem
pera
ture
Shaft Heat Signature
9
10 For uniform shaft, temperature is constant, except 1 diameter at top and bottom roll-off
Two TIP Methods Probe or Wire
11
Test Procedure using probes
12
• Remove water from tube, if applicable • Insert IR probe into tube • Collect data (top to bottom) • Repeat IR scan in all tubes
CSL Tubes
To Depth Encoder
THERMAL WIRE® Cables
Thermal Wire TAP Data Logger
Data Output
14
Level 1: Direct Observation (Field)
• Verify shaft length - Identify top and bottom • Confirm cage alignment • Locate changes in shaft diameter
Locate immediate areas of concern
15
view data instantly in field
16
8
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
48
53
110 120 130 140 150 160
Dept
h (ft
)
Degrees F
Shaft # 17 Thermal Wire Data
A3
B4
A3
B4
ODOT – I71 over Little Miami River Shaft # 17 Thermal Wire @18 hours
B4
A3
17
Level 2: Added Field Records
• Relate concrete volume to meas’d temperature
• Predict as-built shaft radius, shape, and cover
18
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
70 90 110 130 150
Temperature (deg F)D
epth
(ft)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Shaft Diam (ft)
Average
Grnd Surf
TOS
WT
BOC
TOLime
TOR
BOS
EffectiveDiam.
TheoreticalDiam.
Method ShaftNo Correction for
Over-pour Concrete
No Correction forTremie f illing /
volume
Truck volume and depth after each truck can establish the effective diameter for each shaft segment.
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
70 90 110 130 150
Temperature (deg F)D
epth
(ft)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Shaft Diam (ft)
Average
Grnd Surf
TOS
WT
BOC
TOLime
TOR
BOS
EffectiveDiam.
TheoreticalDiam.
Method ShaftNo Correction for
Over-pour Concrete
No Correction forTremie f illing /
volume
Average temperature is related to average radius
20
21
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Dep
th (f
t)
Shaft Radius (ft)Sequoia Abutment 2 Pile C
TIP Projects
RW Harris Test Site • Probe Method, 3 tubes • 48 Inch Diameter • 25 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement – Tremie • Purpose built defects, sandbags installed
Tampa, FL • Instrumented with 4 Thermal Wires • 36 Inch Diameter • 75 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement - Tremie • Temporary Casing Installed to 40ft
Bridge 100722 Pier 3-1L Shaft 1
26
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135Temperature (deg F)
Dep
th (f
t)
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Elev
atio
n (ft
)
T1
T2
T3
T4
Avg
TOS
BOS
BOC
Bridge 100722Pier 3-1L Shaft 1
casi
ng
26
27
Bridge 100718 Pier 6-6 Shaft 3 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135Temperature (deg F)
Dep
th (f
t)
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Elev
atio
n (ft
)
T1
T2
T3
T4
Avg
TOS
BOS
BOC
Bridge 100722Pier 3-1L Shaft 1
28 28
Sequoia, CA • Instrumented with 4 Thermal Wires • 37 Inch Diameter • 60 Feet Depth
37 inch diameter shaft 18.5 in. radius, 15 in. cage radius Gradient = 2 inch Per 5.1oF Sequoia Project – soft bottom 15 cu.y installed (13.8 theoretical)
Rock
37 inch shaft
Granular
Casing
8
30
31
Sequoia Project – soft bottom 15 cu.y installed (13.8 theoretical)
Rock Rock
37 inch shaft
Granular
Casing
8
Reporting: Sequoia Results
32
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
50 70 90 110 130
Dept
h (f
t)
Temperature (F)
000
001
003
004
Average
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Dep
th (f
t)
Shaft Radius (ft)Sequoia Abutment 2 Pile C
32
Cleveland Innerbelt Bridge - OH • Instrumented with 6 Thermal Wires • 66 Inch Diameter • 180 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement - Tremie • Temporary Casing Installed to 28ft • Cage Spliced
34
35
4 hours – after end casting
20 trucks 5 hrs to fill
0.8 hr
2.5
hrs
2 hr break
Let’s watch temperature change during 6 day curing …
2 days
66 inch diameter shaft - Cleveland
Extra pumping 2 hr delay
Can assess shaft over a wide range of time
36
6 days 4 days
37
TIP can look outside cage also and estimate the shaft profile
CSL looks only inside the cage
38
TIP can look outside cage also and estimate the shaft profile
Retaining Wall Drilled Shaft - OH • Instrumented with 4 Thermal Wires • 21 Inch Diameter • 36 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement - Free Fall • Temporary Casing Installed to 24ft • Casing extracted using vibro hammer • Observed or Measured:
– Exterior to cage, materials caved in during casing extraction – Interior to cage, 18 inches of water & loose material at toe
(retaining wall – not an issue to contractor)
TIP Results at Peak Temp – 11 Hours
Temporary casing removed with vibratory hammer
Debris fell between cage and inner-wall of shaft –resulting in necking indicated by reduced temperature readings Early Rolloff Indicating Soft-Toe
Weighted tape showed 1.5 ft of water and soft soil at shaft bottom
CSL vs. TIP
Anomaly visible outside of cage
Anomaly not visible
TIP – At Peak Temp.
CSL – Results after 2 days
Anomaly not visible
Anomaly not visible
Soft Toe visible in both methods
?????
Thermal Integrity Profiling
45
• Temperature during curing at cage is related to concrete quality, volume, and cover
• Thermal Integrity Profiler evaluates concrete both inside and outside the cage, assessing both cover and alignment
• Evaluates shaft during curing (as early as 12 hrs)allows construction to progress much earlier
Thanks for your attention
Jim Zammataro Pile Dynamics, Inc.
234-525-8617
www.pile.com