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BIOMASS CONVERSION TO BIO-FUELSMANUEL GARCIA-PEREZ , Ph.D.Department of Biological Systems Engineering205 L.J. Smith Hall, Phone number: 509-335-7758e-mail: mgarcia-perez@wsu.eduLECTURER: ChE 481Lecture 2LECTURE OUTLINEA.- INTRODUCTION TO ETHANOL PRODUCTIONB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEC.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLGrowth of the ethanol manufacturing capacity: Driven by blending mandates, subsidies and tax incentives enacted at the government level. A.- INTRODUCCION TO ETHANOL PRODUCTION

http://www.marketresearchanalyst.com/2008/01/26/world-ethanol-production-forecast-2008-2012/

A.- INTRODUCCION TO ETHANOL PRODUCTIONWorld Ethanol Production60 % derived from sugar Crops30 % derived from grains (mostly corn)7 % derived from ethylene (synthetic ethanol)3 % bio-conversion of other feedstocks Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SugarcaneYield.pngSugar Cane Yield Although the basic process of ethanol production from sugar cane has not changed greatly for several decades, significant improvements were made throughout the 1980s and 1990s. A.- INTRODUCCION TO ETHANOL PRODUCTION

Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010

Mackay, AustraliaThe fiber in the stalks and leaves is used to generate process steam and electricity in the sugar mill. In addition, the liquid effluent (vinasse) is used as a fertilizer and irrigation supply to the cane fields, thereby eliminating cost of waste water treatment. B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010Production of Ethanol in BrazilTotal cost of ethanol from sugarcane: $ 0.81/galTotal Cultivated Land devoted to sugarcane: 7.4 million acres (10 % of cultivated land) Total Production: 4.2 BG ethanol7The Brazilian industry serves as a model in several ways: B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE(1) The starting material is extremely cost effective. (2) The output can be quickly and cheaply adapted to changing market demands (ethanol or sugar). (3) The process is continuously optimized through research and development as exemplified by the significant economies already achieved by this industry.8The Sugarcane Plant: Sugarcane is a tropical grass belonging to the same tribe (Andropogoneae) as sorghum, and corn (maize). Modern sugarcane is a complex hybrid of two or more of the five species of the genus Saccharum. New Guinea is the original home of Saccharum officinarum. Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, Inc

B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESucrose (Saccharose): The sugar of household and industry is sucrose, the most common sugar in the plant kingdom. Sucrose is the reservoir for the energy captured from the sun by the sugarcane leaves through photosynthesis, and sugarcane is the most efficient energy fixer per ton in the plant world.

Composition of Sugarcane and Juice solids Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE

Sucrose Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncHarvesting: The goal of harvest is to deliver sugarcane stalks of good quality to the mill. Quality, measured by sucrose and trash content, is reduced by: damaging cane, increasing trash in delivered cane, and delaying cane delivery. The removal of cane tops is highly desirable in the harvesting operation. Cane tops and leaves have little sucrose but are high in starch and reducing sugars. These tops and leaves lower sugar yields in the boiling house.

B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEHarvesting: The top is most effectively removed by hand cutting, the harvesting method of choice in most of the sugarcane world. Because of labor shortage, in many developed nations the entire crop has been mechanically harvested for several decades. So far, the combine machine is only efficient for standing straight cane.

Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE

Block-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice SterilizationFermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous Bio-ethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13

FLOW DIAGRAM OF RAW SUGAR FACTORY CaneImbibition waterBagasseMILLING PLANT JUICE PURIFICATIONMUD FILTRATIONEVAPORATIONCRYSTALLISATIONRaw SugarFinal MolassesPhosphate Vacuum Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE

http://www.msfsugar.com.au/irm/Company/ShowPage.aspx?CPID=1076&EID=36187078Block-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice SterilizationFermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous BioethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13CLEANING

Cane - cleaning Equipment: Necessary where mechanical harvesting prevails. The cane on the carrier is deluged with warm water from the condenser system delivered through nozzles at high pressures. The wastewater, carrying the mud and much of the trash, is led off to the drainage system or is separately treated before final discharge.

Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANECLEANING AND EXTRACTION OF SUGARSThe preparation of the cane for milling is accomplished in several ways: Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE1.- By revolving cane knives that cut the cane into chips but extract no juice.2.- By shredders that tear the cane into shreds but extract no juice3.- By crushers that break and crush the structure of the cane, extracting a large proportion of the juice.4.- By combinations of any or all the means just enumerated EXTRACTION OF THE JUICE

Chopper fibrizer

Shredder side Tongaat shredder

Shredder feeding Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANERevolving cane knives

Block-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice SterilizationFermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous BioethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13EXTRACTION OF THE JUICE

The classical combination of three rollers arranged in triangular form is the standard milling unit for the industry. B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANECrushers: Crushers in general consist of two (occasionally three) deeply grooved rollers that crush or break the cane, expressing from 40-70 % of the juice. EXTRACTION OF THE JUICECompound imbition is used in all modern installations. As a rule the water or juice is applied to the bagasse as it issues from between the rolls with the idea that the bagasse will adsorb the liquid like a sponge in expanding.

Compound imbition Cane Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANECrushersBlock-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice SterilizationFermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous BioethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13PURIFICATION OF THE JUICEPreliminary pretreatment: The juice from the mills is subjected to a coarse straining and further removal of suspended solids. Even after cane cleaning operations, juices may average 2-4 % insoluble solids, and wet weather 6-7 % is not uncommon. The material is mostly soil, sand, and ground rock that is not removed by preliminary screening. Continuous type settling devices in use in several factories are effective in removing coarser particles, but not clay and fine soil.

45o DSM juice screen Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEBlock-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice Sterilization FermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous BioethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13RAW SUGAR PROCESS AND EXTRACTION OF JUICEPurification of Juice (Clarification): The dark-green juice from the mills is ACID AND TURBID. The clarification process, designed to remove both soluble and insoluble impurities, universally employs LIME and HEAT as the clarifying agents. Milk of lime, about 0.5 kg CaO per ton of cane, NEUTRALIZES THE NATURAL ACIDITY OF THE JUICE, forming insoluble lime salts, mostly calcium phosphate. Heating the limed juice to boiling (95 oC) or slightly above COAGULATE THE ALBUMIN AND SOME OF THE FATS, WAXES, AND GUMS, and the precipitate thus formed entraps suspended solids as well as finer particles. The muds separate from the clear juice by sedimentation. The muds are filtered on rotary drum vacuum filters. Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEPURIFICATION OF THE JUICEFunction of a Clarifier: The function of a clarifier is to separate the INSOLUBLE PARTICLES FROM THE LIMES JUICE. The effectiveness of such removal is very often termed turbidity reduction. A good clarifier should not only produce good juice clarity, but also should have short retention time and more efficient mud removal. Any accumulation of mud that is not definitely scraped away will crust over rapidly and cool to a temperature that permits bacterial action and souring, resulting in sugar losses. Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE

Block-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice SterilizationFermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous BioethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13Evaporation: The clarified juice, having much the same composition as the raw extracted juice except for the precipitated impurities removed by the lime treatment, CONTAINS ABOUT 85 % WATER. Two-thirds of this water is evaporated in vacuum multiple effects consisting on a succession of (four or five) vacuum boiling cells or bodies arranged in series so that each succeeding body has a higher vacuum, and therefore BOILD AT LOWER TEMPERATURE. The vapors from one body can thus boil the juice in the next one. By this system the steam introduced into the first body does multiple effect evaporation. The vapor from the final body goes into a condenser. Only part of the juice is concentrated up to 65 % sucrose, and final juice contains around 22 % sucrose.B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncJUICE CONCENTRATIONEVAPORATIONEvaporator Types: A variety of multiple-effect evaporator types are used for raw sugar manufacture and refining. Calandria vessels are used in raw sugar manufacture. Long tube vertical rising film units are used for clarified juice evaporation in sugar manufacture.

Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEIn order to avoid contamination in fermentation, juice is sterilized and cooled till fermentation temperature (28 oC)

Multiple Effect EvaporatorEVAPORATION Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESteamVacuumBlock-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice SterilizationFermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous BioethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13Ethyl alcohol can be produced from the sterilized juice. The fermentation results from the action of yeast, which first inverts the sucrose (to glucose and fructose) by the action of invertase secreted by the yeast. Then the yeast converts the invert sugar to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is carried out at 28 oC to obtain wine with ethanol content of around 10 mass %. Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncPRODUCTION OF ETHANOLB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEC12H22O11(Sucrose)H2O+invertase+=C6H12O6C6H12O6+(Fructose)(Glucose)C6H12O6=2 C2H5OH+2 CO2(invert sugar)(ethyl alcohol)(carbon dioxide)Block-flow diagram of the ethanol production process from sugarcaneB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANESugarcane Sand, dirt, metalsCleaning Extraction of Sugars Juice TreatmentClarified juiceJuice ConcentrationJuice SterilizationFermentationCentrifugationYeast TreatmentYeastWineDistillation and RectificationAdsorptionFermentation Gases Sugarcane BagasseCO22nd grade Alcohol , Vinasse, Fusel oilDehydratationAnhydrous BioethanolDias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE

Dias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV: Improving bio-ethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy xxx (2010) 1-13CONVENTIONAL DISTILLATION SYSTEM Consist of a distillation column comprised by columns A, A1, and D and a rectification column comprised by columns B and B1. Pressure on the distillation columns range from 133.8 to 152.5 kPa, and from 116 to 135 kPa in the rectification columns.

Micro-distillery flowsheet Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEMicro-distillery: Microdistilleries have been developed by Brazil as small factories producing hydratated ethyl alcohol. This is an ultra-simple and comparatively inexpensive distillery which could be installed easily on any farm.Fermentation tanksBagasse is the byproduct or residue of milling cane. Bagasse amounts to one-third of the cane ground. It supplies the fuel for the generation of steam in the raw factories. Most modern factories have an excess of bagasse during the regular grinding season. Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, Inc

B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEBAGASSE

Schematic diagram of the pneumatic bagasse drying system Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncThe fuel value of dry bagasse is 8350 BTU/lb. The actual fuel value of bagasse burned on the grates depends on the moisture present. When bagasse contains moisture at the 53-54 % level, its heating value is reduced, and so is boiler efficiency. By pre-drying the bagasse using waste heat in the boiler flue gas, reducing the moisture to 46-47 %, not only may a great saving of supplementary fuel be expected, but also some 10-15 % of excess bagasse from total production may be available for other industrial purposes. B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEBAGASSESteam Boiler: The steam consumption per ton of cane varies widely depending on different factory equipment and product quality (450-550 kg steam/t cane). The most marked advanced in bagasse burning in the past 20 years has been the growing used of spreader stokers, particularly in connection with boilers of large capacity.

Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, IncB.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEBAGASSEBagasse Boards: It is now being used in practically all types of reconstituted panelboard, e..g., insulation board, process hardboard (wet or dry process), particleboard, and medium density board. The board forms by the process known in pulp handling as felting the strength of the board being due solely to the interweaving and entangling of the fiber. As the wet board comes from the forming machine, it is fed into a continuous hot-air drier, from which it emerges finished in a continuous sheet 12 ft wide, cut by saws into convenient sizes. Particle board is made from small pieces of lignocellulosic material with an organic binder agent under heat, pressure, or other treatments. Chen J.C.P., Chou C.C: Cane Sugar Handbook. A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.12th Edition, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, Inc

B.- ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEBAGASSEProduction of first generation biofuels alone will not be able to satisfy the worlds growing energy needs. Giving the limits of corn and sugarcane ethanol, fuel ethanol production in the long run depend on the use of cellulosic materials as primary feedstocks. Over 1.3 billion dry tons of biomass from forest land and agricultural land alone are potentially available in the US every year. Such an amount is sufficient to meet more than one third of current demand for transportation fuels while still meeting food, feed and export demand. Production from cellulosic material is not yet a commercial route. Diluted acid hydrolysis, the currently available technology, has a limited efficiency of 35 %. PRETREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ARE NEEDED! Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010B.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL

Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL

Simplified Diagram of Cellulosic Ethanol Production Girard P, Fallot A, Dauric F, Technology state of the Art, Forest Department of CIRAD FERMENTATION AT EXISTING CORN ETHANOL OR SUGAR CANE ETHANOL PLANTSugars NEW SYSTEMConcept 1Concept 2PRETREATMENT AND HYDROLYSISPRETREATMENT (Solubilization of hemicelluloses)HYDROLYSIS (Cellulose hydrolysis using Acid/enzymes)FERMENTATION (Conversion of sugars to ethanol by yeast)Biomass Biomass DISTILLATIONDISTILLATIONEthanolEthanolEXISTING SYSTEMSIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLSEPARATE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND FERMENTATION (SHF)C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLThis process consist of two steps: the first step involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cellulose into glucose, while the second step aims at converting the resulting glucose into ethanol. Enzymatic hydrolysis can be carried out under conditions optimum cellulose activity. The optimum temperature for hydrolysis by cellulase is usually around 50 oC, depending on the specific cellulase. SEPARATE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND FERMENTATION (SHF) Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010Main shortcomings of SHF:1.- The sugars produced strongly inhibit cellulase activity. 2.- Hydrolysis is a lenghty process and a diluted solution of sugar always bears the risk of contamination even at relatively high temperatures such as 50 oC.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLSIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION (SSF)Combines the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the subsequent fermentation of the cellulose hydrolyzate in a single step. As soon as cellulose conversion into glucose is initiated, a fermenting micro-organism is introduced in the medium and immediately consumes the produced glucose. Cellobiose and glucose significantly decrease the activity of cellulase. SSF therefore provides higher ethanol yields and requires lower amounts of enzyme than SHF, since end product inhibition from cellobiose and glucose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis is mitigated. Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL1.- Cellulase is inhibited by ethanol2.- Most micro-organisms used for converting cellulosic biomass (e.g. S. cerevisiae and Z. mobilis) preferentially use glucose and cannot efficiently utilize xylose and arabinose. Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 20103.- It operates at temperature and pH conditions that represent a compromise between the optimal of these parameters for both enzymatic activity and the growth of the fermenting micro-organisms. DisadvantagesC.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLPRETREATMENT TECHNOLOGIESSource: Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLPRETREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.Ammonia recycle percolation (ARP)Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL

Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL

Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLHIDROLISIS

Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.

Degradation of lignocellulosic biomass during pretreatment and the formation of inhibitory compounds. C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLLignocellulosic biomassCelluloseHexosesHMFLevulinic acidHemicellulosePentosesFurfuralFormic acidFuroic acidAcetic acidFerulic acidOther AcidsLigninOther aldehydesOther phenols Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010CLASIFICATION OF INHIBITORS BASED ON THEIR CHEMICAL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS(1) Aldehydes , (2) Ketones, (3) Phenols, (4) Organic acids Low molecular weight compounds show more toxic effects to microbes than the high molecular weight compounds. This property could perhaps be explained by an easier transport of the smaller molecules via a variety of mechanisms including passive diffusion. C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010

C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010Aldehyde inhibitors (Furfural, phenol aldehydes such as 4-hydoxybenzaldehyde, coniferyl aldehyde, syringaldehyde and vanillins) are inhibitors to cell grow and ethanol yield for most yeasts and bacterial strains. Lignin derived aldehydes seems to be more inhibitor than those derived from cellulose. Ketone inhibitors: exert a greater inhibitory effect on bacteria such as thermoanaerobacter mathranii than on yeast in term of reduced grow and ethanol yield.Phenols such as cathecol, hydroquinone, and coniferyl alcohol almost completely inhibit E. coli. However, eugenol and isoeugenol are inhibitory to yeast at low concentrations. The general toxicity of a phenol compound to yeasts has been correlated to the degree of its methoxy substitutes ortho to the phenol hydroxy group. The order of inhibitory effect ranked from strong to weak is as follows: (1) hydroxyphenol (2) guaiacyl and (3) syringyl. Organic acids, in general are more toxic to isolates of bacteria than yeats. The toxicity of organic acids has been correlated with their degree of hydrophobicity, suggesting the involvement of a hydrophobic target such as the cell membrane.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010INHIBITORY COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALSC.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLOvercoming the impact of inhibitory compounds derived from lignocellulosic biomass is one of the major challenges for a sustainable biomass to bio-fuels industry. Research and development in this area is under way in order to develop methods that limit the production of potential inhibitors produced during the deconstruction of biomass. Each of the currently available methods has different advantages and disadvantages. Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010Remediation Treatments (Detoxification)PhysicalChemical Bio-Chemical INHIBITOR REMOVAL METHODSPHYSICAL: Vacuum evaporation (used to remove the amount of volatile compounds) (Concentrations of furfural, vanillin, and acetic acid can be reduced from 29 to 100 %)CHEMICAL: Precipitation of toxic compounds (such as alkali treatment using Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. By employing overliming the pH of the hydrolysate can be increased to 9 10 and subsequently readjusted to an appropriate value using acid addition prior to microbial fermentation). This method reduces aldehyde and ketone inhibitors, including furfural and HMF, improves microbial growth and fermentation performance. The formation of CaSO4 precipitation product must be removed. This additional step increases costs and generate an additional waste. Activated Carbon: Level of toxic compounds is reduced.BIO-CHEMICAL: Enzymatic treatment using peroxides and laccase from the lignolytic fungus Trametes versicolor has been reported to improve ethanol productivity of a fermentation process based on willow hemicellulosic hydrolysate. The soft-rot fungus Trichoderma reesei has been reported to be able to degrade inhibitory compounds in a hydrolysate after steam pretreatment. Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLC.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL

Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLPERSPECTIVE Vertes A.A., Qureshi N, Blaschek H, Yukawa H: Biomass to Biofuels. Strategies for Global Industries. Wiley 2010The main challenges for cellulosic biomass based bio-ethanol process are:(1) The utilization of pentoses such as xylose and arabinose(2) The simultaneous utilization of glucose and pentoses(3) A lower sensitivity to fermentation inhibitors. C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL

Bura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.C.- CELLULOSIC ETHANOLBura R, Gustafson R: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: Challenges and opportunities. November 8, 2010.