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Eng’r Armando C. EmataNovember 4, 2014

THERMODYNAMICS 1

INTRODUCTION

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THE TIP MISSION

 The Techno"ogica" Institute o% thePhi"i&&ines is coitted

 To bring the b"essings o% higher educationwithin the reach o% !i"i&inos

 To aintain the highest standard o% instructionand to constant"$ rede'ne the eaning o%acadeic "i%e( and

 To trans%or students into graduates with %u""co&etence in their 'e"ds o% stud$ and whoa"so &ossesses)

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THE TIP MISSION cont’d 

Filipino Values

 The !i"i&ino va"ues o% honest$ and integrit$( service toothers( the i&ortance o% %ai"$( %ruga"it$( resi"ience in the%ace o% adversit$ ( and the wi""ingness to surount

di*cu"ties in order to succeed and e+ce",

Indust!"desied Values

 The industr$-desired va"ues o% &ositive wor. attitude( goodcounication s.i""s( &ro'cienc$ in co&uters and in theso%tware that &ertain to their 'e"ds o% stud$( and the

o&enness to .ee& on "earning to reinvent these"ves, #lo$al Citi%en Values

 The g"oba" va"ues o% res&ect %or cu"tura" diversit$( care %orthe environent and the desire to contribute to thegenera" we"%are o% societ$,

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THE TIP VISION

In the $ear /01/( the schoo"2s 30th anniversar$( TIPenvisions itse"% as the "eading schoo" in the 'e"ds o% 4ngineering and

In%oration and Counication Techno"og$ 5ICT6 and ina"" other acadeic o7erings8

as a C94D Centre o% 4+ce""ence or Centre o%Deve"o&ent in at "east three 4ngineering &rogras8

as a schoo" stee&ed in research and counit$ service8

as a schoo" that is anaged e*cient"$ withco&uteri#ed o&erations ca&ab"e o% having %ast accessto accurate in%oration in order to res&ond to an ever-changing environent to ensure 'nancia" viabi"it$8 and

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THE TIP VISION cont’d 

:s a schoo" with) Leve" III :ccredited ;tatus %or

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 TIP #RAD&ATE ATTRIB&TESTIP #aduate

Atti$utesInstitutional Intended

'eanin( Out)o*es +II'O,

Pro%essiona"

Co&etence

De*onstate understanding andaster$ o% the %undaenta".now"edge and s.i""s re?uired %ore7ective &ro%essiona" &ractice in the'e"d o% s&ecia"i#ation,

Critica" Thin.ing andProb"e ;o"ving ;.i""s

E-e)ise critica" and creative thin.ingin &roviding so"utions to disci&"ine-re"ated &rob"es,

Counication ;.i""sAppl! e7ective counication s.i""s(both ora""$ and in writing( using the4ng"ish "anguage,

Li%e-"ong Learning&tili%e "i%e"ong "earning s.i""s in&ursuit o% &ersona" deve"o&ent and

e+ce""ence in &ro%essiona" &ractice,

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 TIP #RAD&ATE ATTRIB&TES cont’d 

TIP #aduateAtti$utes

Institutional Intended'eanin( Out)o*es +II'O,

;ocia" and 4thica"Res&onsibi"it$

Hold &ersona" va"ues and be"ie%s asethica" &ro%essiona" consistent with!i"i&ino %ai"$ va"ues( industr$-desiredva"ues and g"oba" citi#en va"ues,

Productivit$

Conti$ute to nation-bui"ding andnationa" deve"o&ent through

a&&"ication o% new techno"og$,

Inter&ersona" ;.i""s.o/  e7ective"$ in u"ti-disci&"inar$and u"ticu"tura" teas,

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 CO&RSE OBJECTIVESProvide .now"edge and understanding o%

conce&t o% therod$naics using &ro&ertieso% substance and Idea" @as Laws,

4nhance students2 ana"$tica" and critica"thin.ing in the ana"$sis o% thera" s$steusing therod$naic "aws and &rinci&"es

4+&and .now"edge o% students on energ$conversion %ro one %or to another

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 CO&RSE O&TCOMESA$ the end o% the course( the students wi"" be

ab"e to)

1, De'ne the i&ortance o% the stud$ o%

 Therod$naics as %oundation subject inMechanica" 4ngineering

/, Discuss basic &rinci&"es( conce&ts and de'nition o% Therod$naics

B, :&&"$ the &rinci&"es and %oru"as o% the Laws o% Therod$naics and Idea" @ases in so"ving word&rob"es

, :na"$#e the ;econd Law o% Therod$naics( basic&rinci&"es o% @as and Va&our C$c"es

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 CO&RSE O&TCOMES cont’d 3, @enera"i#e therod$naic c$c"e &rocesses b$

using the Laws o% Therod$naics

, Discriinate the di7erent c$c"e &rocesses o%

Idea" @ases and Va&our

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ST&DENT O&TCOMES

ADDRESSED BY THE CO&RSE;tudents wi"" be ab"e to)

1, a&&"$ .now"edge o% atheatics( science( andengineering to so"ve co&"e+ engineering &rob"es

5student outcoe a6,/, identi%$( %oru"ate and so"ve co&"e+ engineering

&rob"es 5student outcoe b6,

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TE0TBOO AND OTHER

S&PP'EMENTA' MATERIA'ST2e*od!na*i)s3 An En(ineein(

Appoa)24 5t2 Edition

by: Cengel Yunus A. (2011)T2e*od!na*i)s

by: Virgil Moring Faires & Cliford Max Siang

T2e*od!na*i)s 1

by: !i"oli#o $. S#a. Maria'e)tue Boo/ in T2e*od!na*i)s 14 )6

7889

by: Fran%is%o '.

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.HAT IS THERMODYNAMICS: Therod$naics is that branch o% &h$sica"

sciences that treats o% various &henoena o%energ$ and the re"ated &ro&erties o% atter(

es&ecia""$ o% the "aws o% trans%oration o% heatinto other %ors o% energ$ and vice versa,

xa"les o #*ese e+eryday #ransora#ions:

1, Process o% converting heat into wor.

/, Converting e"ectricit$ into heat

B, Converting wor. into .inetic energ$

, 4tc,

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.HAT IS THERMODYNAMICS: Therod$naics is that branch o% &h$sica"

sciences that treats o% various &henoena o%energ$ and the re"ated &ro&erties o% atter(

es&ecia""$ o% the "aws o% trans%oration o% heatinto other %ors o% energ$ and vice versa,

xa"les o #*ese e+eryday #ransora#ions:

1, Process o% converting heat into wor.

/, Converting e"ectricit$ into heat

B, Converting wor. into .inetic energ$

, 4tc,

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.ORIN# S&BSTANCE9eat engines &roducing &ower invo"ve a

,or-ing subs#an%e, : ,or-ing subs#an%e is

a Euid in which energ$ can be stored and%ro which energ$ can be reoved,

: uid is a "i?uid( gas( or va&our F atterthat o7ers "itt"e resistance to de%oration,

4+a&"es o% wor.ing substances)o ;tea in stea turbine

o :ir in air co&ressor

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.ORIN# S&BSTANCEo :ir-and-%ue" i+ture in an interna" cobustion

engine

o Gater in a h$drau"ic turbine

o 4"ectrons in an e"ectron engine

:s the word substance is used herea%ter( wesha"" ean soething that usua""$ is ade u&o% o"ecu"es8 soeties atos a$ beinvo"ved 5in reactive s$stes6,

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THE SYSTEM: sys#e is that &ortion o% the universe( an

ato( a ga"a+$( a certain ?uantit$ o% atter( or acertain vo"ue in s&ace( that one wishes to

stud$,It is enc"osed b$ s&eci'ed boundaries( which

a$ be iaginar$( either '+ed or oving,

 The region a"" about the s$ste is ca""ed the

surroundings or en+ironen# , The surroundingscontain s$stes( soe o% which a$ a7ect the&articu"ar s$ste under stud$( such as a sourceo% heat,

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THE SYSTEM The ree body  in ana"$tica" echanics is a

s$ste in which the ode o% ana"$sis is basedon Newton2s "aws o% otion,

 The two .inds o% s$stes are)o : %losed sys#e is one in which there is no

e+change o% atter with the surroundings Fass does not cross its boundaries,

o :n o"en sys#e is one across whoseboundaries there is a Eow o% ass,

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P&RE S&SBTANCE: "ure subs#an%e is a sing"e substance that retains

an unvar$ing o"ecu"ar structure or it is a so"ution o%hoogeneous substances in '+ed &ro&ortions( each

o% which retains an unvar$ing o"ecu"ar structure,xa"les o "ure subs#an%es are:o Pure o+$gen

o Dr$ air in the gaseous state F "arge"$ a so"ution o%

o+$gen and nitrogen with '+ed &ercentages o% eachco&onent

o : s$ste o% ice 5s"id water6( water( 5"i?uid6( and waterva&our a$ be considered to be a &ure substancesince the o"ecu"ar in a"" &arts is the sae,

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P&RE S&SBTANCExa"les o sys#es #*a# are no# "ure subs#an%es are:o : i+ture o% oi" and water F the$ wi"" not go into so"ution

o Li?ue'ed dr$ air in contact with its va&our F because since

the condensing te&eratures 5boi"ing &oints6 o% o+$genand nitrogen are di7erent( the re"ative &ercentages o%o+$gen and nitrogen in the "i?uid and in the va&our aredi7erent and wi"" change with the &ercentages o% "i?uidand gas,

o

:"so( a s$ste that inc"udes an$ cheica" &rocess( suchas cobustion( wou"d not be a &ure substance during the&rocess because the o"ecu"ar structures be%ore and a%terthe &rocess are di7erent,

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PHASESSublia#ion F change o% &hase %ro so"id direct"$ to

gaseous &hase,

Moreover( an$ substances that ordinari"$ &ass

through the three &hases during heating o% the so"id&hase a$ sub"iate under certain conditions,

xa"les:

: &iece o% ice e+&osed to the atos&here at te&eraturesbe"ow B/H! wi"" sub"iate and( i% given tie( wi"" &ass

entire"$ into the atos&here as water va&our 5stea6,

In its so"id state at 1 at &ressure( so"id carbon dio+ide5dr$ ice6 sub"iates whi"e it receives heat and doesre%rigeration,

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PROPERTIES AND STATEro"er#ies are descri&tive characteristics that

aid in the co&utation o% changes that have

occurred in a s$ste or wor.ing substance that

e+&ress the behaviour o% the s$ste,;a&"es o% acrosco&ic &ro&erties are "ressure

 "( #e"era#ure 3 ( densi#y 4( and s"e%i5% +olue

6.

 The c"assi'cations o% &ro&erties are)o 7n#ensi+e "ro"er#ies F inde&endent o% ass,

xa"les: te&erature( &ressure( densit$ andvo"tage,

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PROPERTIES AND STATEo x#ensi+e "ro"er#ies F de&endent u&on the

ass o% the s$ste and are tota" va"ues,

xa"les: tota" vo"ue( tota" interna" energ$

S"e%i5% "ro"er#ies are those %or a unit ass8these( as s&eci'c vo"ue and s&eci'c interna"energ$( are intensive b$ de'nition,

 Thus( thin.ing genera""$( we note( ase+a&"es( that vo"ue is an e+tensive&ro&ert$ and that te&erature and &ressureare inherent"$ intensive,

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PROPERTIES AND STATEGhen we s&ea. o% s#a#e o% a substance( we are

assuing that the intensive &ro&erties are uni%orthroughout the s$ste( this state is de'ned b$

&articu"ar va"ues o% an$ inde&endent &ro&erties,:"" other therod$naic &ro&erties o% thesubstance have certain &articu"ar va"ueswhenever a certain ass o% the substance have

certain &articu"ar va"ues whenever a certain asso% the substance is in this &artic"uar acrosco&icstate,

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