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Main Teaching Points
• Parts of an Airplane
• Aircraft Construction
• Landing Gear
• Standard Terminology
Definition
The airplane is defined as:
• A power-driven…
• Heavier-than air aircraft…
• Deriving its lift in flight from aerodynamic
reactions…
• On surfaces that remain fixed under given
conditions of flight.
Fuselage
• The fuselage is normally classified according to the type
of construction:
• -Truss Type
• -Monocoque
• -Semi-monocoque
Empennage
• The empennage is the rear portion of the airplane
• It is integral to control and stability during flight
Wing Construction
• Spars
spanwise members
wood or metal
carry bending loads
• Ribs
web or truss
give wing its
cambered shape
Wing Construction
Edges
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
Strength & Shape
Wires
Internal / External
Bracing for strength
Covering
Metal or Fabric
Metal strength
Landing Gear
• Conventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels
and a tail wheel
• Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel
• Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they
are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing
drag)
• Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract
Landing Gear
Retractable Landing Gear
• PROS• Reduced drag at cruise
• Higher cruising speed
• CONS• Added weight
• Added mechanical complexity
• Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based)
• Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious)
Landing Gear
Shock Absorption
• Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway.
• Spring steel Landing Gear
• Air/Oil oleos
• Rubber cords (bungee) or discs
• Low pressure tires
Landing Gear - Brakes
Brakes
• Provide a means of stopping the aircraft
• Assist with steering on the ground
Confirmation
• How would you describe the aircraft to the left?
• -tail dragger?
• -tricycle gear?
• -retractable gear?
• -float plane?
• -high wing?
• -low wing?
• -mid wing?
• -biplane?
• Request the use of the tools to label the aircraft.
Chord
Chord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing
• A measure of the width of a wing
Aspect Ratio
Aspect Ratio
• Ratio of the span to chord of the wing • A measure of how SLENDER the wing is
Camber
Camber
• A measure of the curvature of an airfoil
• Mean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces
Relative Airflow
Relative Airflow
• Airflow over the wing
• Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air
Angle of Attack
Angle of Attack
• The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow
• It is a measure of how much the wing ‘bites’ into the air