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HOW TO DESIGN A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
[Review]A Model of the Research Process
Theory
Deduction
Hypothesis
Researchdesign
Findings
Data gathering
Operationalization
Measurement
Analysis
Induction
How to Design a Research Project1. Problem formulation
1) Selection of the research problem & Objective
2) Specification of the research problem2. Choice of Data collection method3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings
(Analysis)4. Conclusions, Interpretation, &
Limitations
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation
Selection of the research problem & Objective
Specification of the research problem
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem &
Objective
What do you want to study? Why is it worth studying? Does the proposed study contribute to our
general understanding of crime or police responses to crime?
Does it have practical significance?
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem
& Objective
The possible beginning points for a line of your research Interests: personal experience Theories (a complex set of relationships
among several variables) New programs
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem
& Objective
One key way to search for a research problem is through ___________
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem
& Objective
One key way to search for a research problem is through the Literature
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem
& Objective
Literature Review What has been said about this area
previously? Are the findings consistent, or do past studies
disagree? Are there flaws in the body of existing
research that you feel you can remedy?
How to Design a Research Project1. Problem formulation
1) Selection of the research problem & Objective
2) ___________________________________2. Choice of Data collection method3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings
(Analysis)4. Conclusions, Interpretation, &
Limitations
How to Design a Research Project1. Problem formulation
1) Selection of the research problem & Objective
2) Specification of the research problem2. Choice of Data collection method3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings
(Analysis)4. Conclusions, Interpretation, &
Limitations
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
1) Conceptualization 2) Formulate hypotheses3) Subjects for study (population &
sampling)4) Measurement
[Note]How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Conceptualization specify all the concepts you wish to study (ex.
recidivism, child abuse)
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
1) Conceptualization 2) Formulate hypotheses3) Subjects for study (population &
sampling)4) Measurement
[Review] Hypothesis A specified expectation about.. A specific statement about…
The relationship between (usually two) ____________, not theoretical concepts.
Derived from ___________
[Review] Hypothesis A specified expectation about.. A specific statement about…
The relationship between (usually two) VARIABLES, not theoretical concepts.
Derived from ___________
[Review] Hypothesis A specified expectation about.. A specific statement about…
The relationship between (usually two) VARIABLES, not theoretical concepts.
Derived from THEORY (Literature Review)
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
1) Conceptualization 2) Formulate hypotheses3) Subjects for study (population &
sampling)4) Measurement
[Note]How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Subjects for study (population & sampling) Population: Who or what will you study?
[Note]How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Subjects for study (population & sampling) Population: Who or what will you study? Sampling: how to select a sample?
[Note]How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Subjects for study (population & sampling) Population: Who or what will you study? Sampling: how to select a sample? If there is any possibility that your
research will have an impact on those you study, how will you ensure that they are not harmed by the research?
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
1) Conceptualization 2) Formulate hypotheses3) Subjects for study (population &
sampling)4) ______________
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
1) Conceptualization 2) Formulate hypotheses3) Subjects for study (population &
sampling)4) Measurement
[Note]How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Measurement What are the key variables?
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Measurement What are the key variables? How will you define them? How will you
measure them? _______?________
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Measurement What are the key variables? How will you define them? How will you
measure them? Operationalization
How to Design a Research Project Problem formulation : Specification of the research
problem
Measurement What are the key variables? How will you define them? How will you
measure them? Operationalization Do your definitions & measurement
methods duplicate or differ from those of previous research on this topic?
How to Measure? You may develop the scales to
measure the variables “parental control” and “delinquency.”
But, easiest way is to find the existing scales through literature review.
How to Design a Research Project1. Problem formulation
1) Selection of the research problem & Objective
2) Specification of the research problem2. Choice of Data collection method3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings
(Analysis)4. Conclusions, Interpretation, &
Limitations
How to Design a Research Project Choice of Data collection method
– how will you collect the information/observation?
1. Experiments2. Social surveys3. Participant observation 4. Case studies/life histories5. Unobtrusive measure
How to Design a Research Project1. Problem formulation
1) Selection of the research problem & Objective
2) Specification of the research problem2. Choice of Data collection method3. Analysis & Presentation of
Findings (Analysis)4. Conclusions, Interpretation, &
Limitations
How to Design a Research Project1. Problem formulation
1) Selection of the research problem & Objective2) Specification of the research problem
2. Choice of Data collection method3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings (Analysis)4. Conclusions, Interpretation, & Limitations
Formal Scientific Research Paper
Formal Scientific Research Paper They will want to know
1. Why you did the research2. How you did it3. What you found out4. Whether your findings were significant &
useful
Formal Scientific Research Paper1. Introduction2. Literature review3. Methods4. Results (findings)5. Discussion of results, conclusions, &
recommendations for future study (limitation of your study)
6. references
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 1. Introduction
Explain briefly the purpose of your research
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 1. Introduction
Explain briefly the purpose of your research
What problem did you address?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 1. Introduction
Explain briefly the purpose of your research
What problem did you address? Why did you address it?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 1. Introduction
Explain briefly the purpose of your research
What problem did you address? Why did you address it?
Provide enough background to enable the reader to understand the research problem being investigated
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 2. literature review
Summarizing previous research addressing same or a related problem
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 2. literature review
Summarizing previous research addressing same or a related problem
Are there findings consistent, or do past studies disagree?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 2. literature review
Summarizing previous research addressing same or a related problem
Are there findings consistent, or do past studies disagree?
Are there flaws in the body of existing research?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 2. literature review
Summarizing previous research addressing same or a related problem
Are there findings consistent, or do past studies disagree?
Are there flaws in the body of existing research?
present a hypothesis
Formal Scientific Research Paper – 3. Methods
A “cookbook” section
[Note] Formal Scientific Research Paper – 3. Methods
A “cookbook” section
How you did your investigation
[Note] Formal Scientific Research Paper – 3. Methods
A “cookbook” section
How you did your investigation
Sampling
[Note] Formal Scientific Research Paper – 3. Methods
A “cookbook” section
How you did your investigation
Sampling Data-Gathering Strategies
[Review] How you did your investigation
5 Data-Gathering Strategies Experiments Social surveys Participant observation Case studies/life histories Unobtrusive measures
[Note] Formal Scientific Research Paper – 3. Methods
A “cookbook” section
How you did your investigation
Sampling Data-Gathering Strategies What are the key variables?
[Note] Formal Scientific Research Paper – 3. Methods
A “cookbook” section
How you did your investigation
Sampling Data-Gathering Strategies What are the key variables? How to measure your variables (DV, IV)
[Note] Formal Scientific Research Paper – 3. Methods
A “cookbook” section
How you did your investigation
Sampling Data-Gathering Strategies What are the key variables? How to measure your variables (DV, IV) Do your definitions & measurement methods
duplicate (if yes, from where) or differ from those of previous research on this topic?
Formal Scientific Research Paper1. Introduction2. Literature review3. Methods4. Results (findings)5. Discussion of results, (possible)
conclusions, & recommendations for future study (limitation)
6. references
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 5. Discussion of Results, conclusions, & recommendations
Main part of the report
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 5. Discussion of Results, conclusions, & recommendations
Main part of the report
The key to success in this section – to link your findings to the research questions raised in the introduction
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 5. Discussion of Results, conclusions, & recommendations
Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 5. Discussion of Results, conclusions, & recommendations
Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?
Did you discover information that you hadn’t anticipated?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 5. Discussion of Results, conclusions, & recommendations
Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?
Did you discover information that you hadn’t anticipated?
Was your research design appropriate?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 5. Discussion of Results, conclusions, & recommendations
Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?
Did you discover information that you hadn’t anticipated?
Was your research design appropriate? Did your research raise new questions?
[Note]Formal Scientific Research Paper – 5. Discussion of Results, conclusions, & recommendations
Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?
Did you discover information that you hadn’t anticipated?
Was your research design appropriate? Did your research raise new questions? Are there implications from your results
that need to be explored?
