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Theory and Context Term 2, Week 3Plus ça change...
Ideology reviewAny recent examples in the news?
Some contributory factors to the rise of the Nazi party in
Germany.•Defeat in World War I
•Versailles Treaty resentment
•Great Depression: High Employment,
•German Military Tradition
•Anti-Semitism—Jews as Scapegoats
Hitler’s Promises to the people of Germany
• Hitler promised Germans:– Stability– Jobs– To be Proud Again– To Reverse the Versailles
Treaty– To End “Weak” Democracy– To “Get Rid of” the Jews– Lebenstraum— “Living
Space for Germans
Significant developments
• President Hindenburg Names Hitler Chancellor in January 30, 1933.
• February 27 Reichstag Fire—Legislature Building Burns Down
• March 5 New Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74; Socialists 120; Communists 81; Others 23—Nazis win only 44% of vote
• March 23, 1933—Reichstag passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler dictator until April 1, 1937
• July 14, 1933—Nazi Party was made only legal party
• November 12, 1933 Nazis win 92% of the vote
• Main Point:– Only at this date does Hitler
behave illegally– July 1934-SS and Army purge the
SA and they begin to secretly arm the army
– 1935 Denounces Versailles Treaty– 1936 Remilitarizes the Rhineland
Significant developments
The Nazi Revolution• June 30 “Night of the long
knives” – Nazis kill 77 people, mostly high ranking SA members—Ernst Roehm, Gregor Strasser
• August 1 Law combining President and Chancellor
• August 2 Death of President von Hindenburg
• August 19 Plebiscite approves Hitler as President with 88% voting yes
David Low, They salute with both hands now (1934)
Racism in Nazi Germany
• Belief German “Aryan” Race Master Race– Jews inferior– Slavs inferior– Gypsies inferior– A corruption of Darwin’s ideas
• 1935 Nuremberg Laws– Identify Jews (with Yellow Star)– Deprive Jews of Citizenship– Allows only so many Jews in specific jobs– Outlaw marriage and sex between Jews
and non-Jews
Kristallnacht ,9th November 1938Night of Broken Glass or Kristallnacht– In response to assassination of
German diplomat in Paris:• Nazis set synagogues on fire• Broke Jewish shop windows• Beat up Jews—91 killed;
thousands injured• Confiscated Jewish property• Jews forbidden to collect
insurance• 20,000+ Jews sent to
concentration camp
• 1931: Fall of the monarchy and establishment of (Second) Republic
• Separation of church and state
Meanwhile in Spain...
Salvador Dali, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans(Premonition of Civil War), 1936
1936
On 18 July, Spanish Civil War begins in Morocco (ends 1939) as General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion against the left-wing Popular Front government.
Spain as ‘Dry Run’• Both sides in the conflict
were supported by outside parties; most significantly the Nationalists had Fascist (Italian) and Nazi support, the Loyalists had support from Russia and the International Brigades.
• Hitler infamously used the conflict as an exercise for his Condor Legion.
Guernica, 1937
Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937
Munich Conference, September 1938
Nazi Soviet Pact, August 1939
Group Activity
• What do you know about World War Two?
ParticipantsDatesKey Battles/EventsOutcomesEtc.
Key Players
AlliesBritainFranceRussiaUnited StatesCommonwealth CountriesChinaAnd others
AxisGermanyItaly JapanAnd others
Outbreak of War in Europe
September 1st 1939Germany invades
Poland.
September 3rd Britain and France declare war on Germany.
Japan and Japanese Controlled Territory 1942
Some Key Stages and Battles of the War
Europe 1941 (as America Joins War)
Turning Points in the War
End Days
Mussolini captured and killed 28 April 1945Hitler commits suicide April 30 1945VE Day 8 May 1945VJ Day August 15 1945
Consequences of the War
Death Tolls, civilian and military combined
• Russia c. 20 million• China c. 10 Million• Germany c. 6.8 million• Poland c. 6.1 million • Japan c. 2 million• Yugoslavia c. 1.7 million• France c. 8oo,ooo • Greece c. 500,000• United States c. 500,000 • Italy c. 400,000• Britain c. 380,000
Holocaust c. 6 million
Discuss the contribution of the second world war to, or influence on your area of study
Tony Vaccaro, White Death — Requiem for a dead soldier. Bihain, Belgium. January 12, 1945.
Robert Capa, Death of a Loyalist Soldier, 1936
John Heartfield, Don’t be Frightened he's a Vegetarian, 1936 (l), The Seeds of Death, 1937 (r)
John Heartfield, Heil Hitler, 1934 (l) The Thousand Year Reich , 1934 (r)
Yevgeny Khaldei, Raising the Soviet Flag over the Reichstag, 30 April 1945
Joe Rosenthal, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, February 23, 1945