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Theory and Context Term 2, Week 3 Plus ça change...

Theory and Context Lecture

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Page 1: Theory and Context Lecture

Theory and Context Term 2, Week 3Plus ça change...

Page 2: Theory and Context Lecture

Ideology reviewAny recent examples in the news?

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Some contributory factors to the rise of the Nazi party in

Germany.•Defeat in World War I

•Versailles Treaty resentment

•Great Depression: High Employment,

•German Military Tradition

•Anti-Semitism—Jews as Scapegoats

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Hitler’s Promises to the people of Germany

• Hitler promised Germans:– Stability– Jobs– To be Proud Again– To Reverse the Versailles

Treaty– To End “Weak” Democracy– To “Get Rid of” the Jews– Lebenstraum— “Living

Space for Germans

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Significant developments

• President Hindenburg Names Hitler Chancellor in January 30, 1933.

• February 27 Reichstag Fire—Legislature Building Burns Down

• March 5 New Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74; Socialists 120; Communists 81; Others 23—Nazis win only 44% of vote

• March 23, 1933—Reichstag passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler dictator until April 1, 1937

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• July 14, 1933—Nazi Party was made only legal party

• November 12, 1933 Nazis win 92% of the vote

• Main Point:– Only at this date does Hitler

behave illegally– July 1934-SS and Army purge the

SA and they begin to secretly arm the army

– 1935 Denounces Versailles Treaty– 1936 Remilitarizes the Rhineland

Significant developments

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The Nazi Revolution• June 30 “Night of the long

knives” – Nazis kill 77 people, mostly high ranking SA members—Ernst Roehm, Gregor Strasser

• August 1 Law combining President and Chancellor

• August 2 Death of President von Hindenburg

• August 19 Plebiscite approves Hitler as President with 88% voting yes

David Low, They salute with both hands now (1934)

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Racism in Nazi Germany

• Belief German “Aryan” Race Master Race– Jews inferior– Slavs inferior– Gypsies inferior– A corruption of Darwin’s ideas

• 1935 Nuremberg Laws– Identify Jews (with Yellow Star)– Deprive Jews of Citizenship– Allows only so many Jews in specific jobs– Outlaw marriage and sex between Jews

and non-Jews

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Kristallnacht ,9th November 1938Night of Broken Glass or Kristallnacht– In response to assassination of

German diplomat in Paris:• Nazis set synagogues on fire• Broke Jewish shop windows• Beat up Jews—91 killed;

thousands injured• Confiscated Jewish property• Jews forbidden to collect

insurance• 20,000+ Jews sent to

concentration camp

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• 1931: Fall of the monarchy and establishment of (Second) Republic

• Separation of church and state

Meanwhile in Spain...

Salvador Dali, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans(Premonition of Civil War), 1936

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1936

On 18 July, Spanish Civil War begins in Morocco (ends 1939) as General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion against the left-wing Popular Front government.

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Spain as ‘Dry Run’• Both sides in the conflict

were supported by outside parties; most significantly the Nationalists had Fascist (Italian) and Nazi support, the Loyalists had support from Russia and the International Brigades.

• Hitler infamously used the conflict as an exercise for his Condor Legion.

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Guernica, 1937

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Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

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Munich Conference, September 1938

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Nazi Soviet Pact, August 1939

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Group Activity

• What do you know about World War Two?

ParticipantsDatesKey Battles/EventsOutcomesEtc.

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Key Players

AlliesBritainFranceRussiaUnited StatesCommonwealth CountriesChinaAnd others

AxisGermanyItaly JapanAnd others

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Outbreak of War in Europe

September 1st 1939Germany invades

Poland.

September 3rd Britain and France declare war on Germany.

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Japan and Japanese Controlled Territory 1942

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Some Key Stages and Battles of the War

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Europe 1941 (as America Joins War)

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Turning Points in the War

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End Days

Mussolini captured and killed 28 April 1945Hitler commits suicide April 30 1945VE Day 8 May 1945VJ Day August 15 1945

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Consequences of the War

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Death Tolls, civilian and military combined

• Russia c. 20 million• China c. 10 Million• Germany c. 6.8 million• Poland c. 6.1 million • Japan c. 2 million• Yugoslavia c. 1.7 million• France c. 8oo,ooo • Greece c. 500,000• United States c. 500,000 • Italy c. 400,000• Britain c. 380,000

Holocaust c. 6 million

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Discuss the contribution of the second world war to, or influence on your area of study

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Tony Vaccaro, White Death — Requiem for a dead soldier. Bihain, Belgium. January 12, 1945.

Robert Capa, Death of a Loyalist Soldier, 1936

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John Heartfield, Don’t be Frightened he's a Vegetarian, 1936 (l), The Seeds of Death, 1937 (r)

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John Heartfield, Heil Hitler, 1934 (l) The Thousand Year Reich , 1934 (r)

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Yevgeny Khaldei, Raising the Soviet Flag over the Reichstag, 30 April 1945

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Joe Rosenthal, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, February 23, 1945