Theories & Translation (1)Theories & Translation (1)

20082008

Unit (2) Unit (2)

Translating the English SentenceTranslating the English Sentence

Unit (2) Unit (2)

Translating the English SentenceTranslating the English Sentence

First: Sentence Basic Divisions and First: Sentence Basic Divisions and SentenceSentence

TypesTypes

Unit (2) Unit (2)

Translating the English SentenceTranslating the English Sentence

Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic Divisions

Stative Sentences

Non-stative sentences

Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic DivisionsStative SentencesStative Sentences

The type of sentence pattern is determined by the kind of The type of sentence pattern is determined by the kind of verbs used. verbs used.

Linking or stative v. = stative sentencesLinking or stative v. = stative sentences (link the subject with (link the subject with the subjective complement)the subjective complement)

ExamplesExamples: : Ali is a soldier. Ali is a soldier. Ali seems worriedAli seems worried Ali remained in the fieldAli remained in the field

Arabic possess similar linking verbs such in the following Arabic possess similar linking verbs such in the following examples: examples:

جندي جندي علي عليسعيدا علي سعيدا سيكون علي سيكون

الحديقة في على الحديقة كان في على كانقلق على أن قلق يبدو على أن يبدو

تاجرا على تاجرا أصبح على أصبحالحقل في عي الحقل بقي في عي بقي

Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic DivisionsStative SentencesStative Sentences

Exercise: (1)Exercise: (1) Translate the following English stative sentences into Translate the following English stative sentences into

Arabic: Arabic: 1.1. The students are in the laboratoryThe students are in the laboratory2.2. It will be cloudy tomorrow. It will be cloudy tomorrow. 3.3. Mohammed is an engineer. Mohammed is an engineer. 4.4. Sami remained worried for five days in a row. Sami remained worried for five days in a row. 5.5. My friend became a surgeon. My friend became a surgeon. 6.6. Layla seems sad these daysLayla seems sad these days7.7. Sarah makes a wonderful wife. Sarah makes a wonderful wife. 8.8. My mother was very busy yesterday. My mother was very busy yesterday. 9.9. This girl looks gorgeous. This girl looks gorgeous. 10.10. These suggestions are ridiculous indeed. These suggestions are ridiculous indeed. 11.11. This soup tastes good. This soup tastes good. 12.12. Be polite with your parentsBe polite with your parents. .

Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic DivisionsNon-stative SentencesNon-stative Sentences

Verbs that designate = Non-stative Verbs that designate = Non-stative sentencessentences

actions or activitiesactions or activitiesTransitive verbs (take object)

e.g. [eat]

Intransitive verbs (don’t take object)

e.g. [fly away]

Types of sentence: Types of sentence: Classification Based on Classification Based on

GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. Compound sentences2. Compound sentences 3. Complex sentences3. Complex sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences4. Compound-complex sentences

PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of

clauses used to form itclauses used to form it. .

IntroductionIntroduction ClausesClauses are the are the main building blocks of sentences.main building blocks of sentences.

There are There are two kinds of clausestwo kinds of clauses: : independent and dependent. independent and dependent.

a)a) An independent clauseAn independent clause expresses a complete expresses a complete thought and thought and can stand alonecan stand alone as a sentence by itself. as a sentence by itself.

Example: I hate joggingExample: I hate jogging

b) A dependent clauseb) A dependent clause begins with a subordinator and begins with a subordinator and cannot stand alonecannot stand alone. There are three kinds of . There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun. dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.

……although I hate jogging…although I hate jogging………which people of all ages can enjoy…which people of all ages can enjoy…

……that people with weak bones shouldn’t jog…that people with weak bones shouldn’t jog…

1. Simple sentences1. Simple sentences

A simple sentenceA simple sentence is one independent clause (it is one independent clause (it can live alone!)can live alone!)

Examples:Examples: • I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend. I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend. • I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.

(simple sentence with compound verb)(simple sentence with compound verb)

• My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekendMy friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.. (simple sentence with compound subject + compound verb) (simple sentence with compound subject + compound verb)

Types of sentence: Types of sentence: Classification Based on Classification Based on

GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. 2. Compound sentencesCompound sentences 3. Complex sentences3. Complex sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences4. Compound-complex sentences

PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of

clauses used to form itclauses used to form it. .

2. Compound sentences2. Compound sentences A A compound sentencecompound sentence is two or more independent is two or more independent

clauses joined together. Each clause is of equal clauses joined together. Each clause is of equal

importance and could stand alone. importance and could stand alone.

There are There are three waysthree ways to join independent clauses to form to join independent clauses to form aa

compound sentence: compound sentence:

a)a) With a coordinatorWith a coordinator: (Fanboys): (Fanboys)

(Independent clause + coordinator+ Independent clause)(Independent clause + coordinator+ Independent clause)

Example: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf. Example: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf.

2. Compound sentences2. Compound sentencesb) With a conjunctive adverb:b) With a conjunctive adverb:(Independent clause + conjunctive adverb+ Independent(Independent clause + conjunctive adverb+ Independent clause)clause)

Example:Example: I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf. I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf.

Conjunctive adverbs: furthermore, besides, moreover, however,Conjunctive adverbs: furthermore, besides, moreover, however,

nevertheless, otherwise, accordingly, thus, thereforenevertheless, otherwise, accordingly, thus, therefore..

c) With a semi-colon:c) With a semi-colon: (only when the two clauses are (only when the two clauses are closely related)closely related)

Examples:Examples: I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf. I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf. My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies

medicine. medicine. The Berlin Wall’s construction in 1961 surprised the world; its The Berlin Wall’s construction in 1961 surprised the world; its

destruction in 1989 stunned it. destruction in 1989 stunned it.

Types of sentence: Types of sentence: Classification Based on Classification Based on

GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. 2. Compound sentencesCompound sentences 3. 3. Complex sentencesComplex sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences4. Compound-complex sentences

PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of

clauses used to form itclauses used to form it. .

3. Complex Sentences3. Complex Sentences

A A complex sentencecomplex sentence contains one contains one independent clause and one (or more) independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses. It is like a mother with dependent clauses. It is like a mother with one or more children. one or more children.

In a complex sentence, In a complex sentence, one idea is generally one idea is generally more important than the other one.more important than the other one. The more The more important idea is placed in the independent important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause. in the dependent clause.

3. Complex Sentences3. Complex Sentences

Examples: Examples:

1.1. Although women could own property, they could not Although women could own property, they could not vote. vote.

2.2. Women could not vote although they could own Women could not vote although they could own property.property.

3.3. Last summer we rented a house in Luxembourg, Last summer we rented a house in Luxembourg, which is a small county in Europe. which is a small county in Europe.

4.4. That the earth’s temperature is rising concerns That the earth’s temperature is rising concerns scientists. scientists.

5.5. Scientists believe that the Earth’s temperature is Scientists believe that the Earth’s temperature is rising. rising.

3. Complex Sentences3. Complex Sentences

There are There are three types of dependent clausesthree types of dependent clauses used in used in complex sentences: complex sentences:

a)a) A dependent adverb clauseA dependent adverb clause::This begins with an adverb subordinator such as: when,This begins with an adverb subordinator such as: when, while, because, even though, so that, if, etc.while, because, even though, so that, if, etc. - There are two possible position for a dependent adverb There are two possible position for a dependent adverb

clause: clause: before or after the dependent clausebefore or after the dependent clause.. - IfIf it comes it comes beforebefore the independent clause, it is the independent clause, it is followed followed

by a comma.by a comma. If the dependent adverb clause comes If the dependent adverb clause comes after the independent clause, no comma is used. after the independent clause, no comma is used.

3. Complex Sentences3. Complex Sentences

bb) A dependent adjective (relative) clause) A dependent adjective (relative) clause: : This begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, This begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom,

which, whose, or ht relative adverbs where, when and which, whose, or ht relative adverbs where, when and

whywhy..c) c) A dependent noun clause: A dependent noun clause: This begins with that, a wh—question word, whether, and This begins with that, a wh—question word, whether, and

sometimes if. A noun clause functions as a noun; that is itsometimes if. A noun clause functions as a noun; that is it

can be a subject. can be a subject.

Types of sentence: Types of sentence: Classification Based on Classification Based on

GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. 2. Compound sentencesCompound sentences 3. 3. Complex sentencesComplex sentences 4. 4. Compound-complex sentencesCompound-complex sentences

PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of

clauses used to form itclauses used to form it. .

4. Compound—complex 4. Compound—complex SentencesSentences

A A compound—complex sentencecompound—complex sentence is a is a combination of two or more independent combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses clauses and one or more dependent clauses (It is like a family of two or more adults and (It is like a family of two or more adults and one or more childrenone or more children. .

Examples:Examples: - After I graduated from high school, I wanted to travel, but After I graduated from high school, I wanted to travel, but

I had to work in my family’s business. I had to work in my family’s business. - Although women could own property, they could not Although women could own property, they could not

vote, not could they be elected to public offices.vote, not could they be elected to public offices.

Co—ordination vs Co—ordination vs SubordinationSubordination

Each of the four kinds of sentences is used in Each of the four kinds of sentences is used in academic writing, so you should develop the ability academic writing, so you should develop the ability to write all of them. to write all of them.

A composition with only one kind is boring A composition with only one kind is boring and ineffective. and ineffective. Effective writing requires a Effective writing requires a mixture of sentence types. mixture of sentence types.

Co—ordination vs Co—ordination vs SubordinationSubordination

Compound sentences Compound sentences [co-ordination][co-ordination] are used are used to to express related thoughtsexpress related thoughts which are more or less which are more or less equalequal..

Complex sentences Complex sentences [subordination][subordination] are used to are used to express unequal ideasexpress unequal ideas..

* In general, the use of subordination is * In general, the use of subordination is

considered a more mature, interesting and considered a more mature, interesting and effective writing style.effective writing style.

Co—ordination vs Co—ordination vs SubordinationSubordination

But!But!

Avoid illogical subordination.Avoid illogical subordination.

Example: Example:

Incorrect Because I drove though a top sign, I wasIncorrect Because I drove though a top sign, I was

blinded by the sun. (incorrect)blinded by the sun. (incorrect)

Correct - I drove though a stop sign because I wasCorrect - I drove though a stop sign because I was

blinded by the sun. blinded by the sun.

- Because I was blinded by the sun, I drove- Because I was blinded by the sun, I drove

though a stop sign.though a stop sign.

Types of SentencesTypes of Sentences

Exercise (3): Exercise (3): Translate the following English sentences into Translate the following English sentences into ArabicArabic Ahmed, who had been made unhappy by his deteriorating Ahmed, who had been made unhappy by his deteriorating

health, attempted suicide.health, attempted suicide. After having worked for long hours, the farmer stopped and After having worked for long hours, the farmer stopped and

had some tea. had some tea.

Many young authors start writing novels about subjects Many young authors start writing novels about subjects they know nothing about. they know nothing about.

The pupils line up when the bell rings, and one of the The pupils line up when the bell rings, and one of the teachers monitors them while they go to their classrooms. teachers monitors them while they go to their classrooms.