Theories of Signs and LanguageTheories of Signs and Language

Tiga struktur elemen pesan:Tiga struktur elemen pesan:1.1. Signs dan SymbolsSigns dan Symbols2.2. LanguageLanguage3.3. DiscourseDiscourse

Tiga Cabang kajian tentang Signs dan SymbolsTiga Cabang kajian tentang Signs dan Symbols

Semantics: Study of how signs relate to Semantics: Study of how signs relate to things; relationship between the world of things; relationship between the world of signs and the world of thingssigns and the world of things

Syntactics: study of how signs relate other Syntactics: study of how signs relate other signs; pointing to the ways signs are signs; pointing to the ways signs are organized into larger sign systemorganized into larger sign system

Pragmatics: The actual use of codes in Pragmatics: The actual use of codes in everyday lifeeveryday life

Summary: Pragmatics dan Syntactis CodesSummary: Pragmatics dan Syntactis CodesDonald G Ellis,” Syntactic and Pragmatic Codes In Communication” – Donald G Ellis,” Syntactic and Pragmatic Codes In Communication” –

Communication Theory 2 (1992, p.1-23)Communication Theory 2 (1992, p.1-23)

FeatureFeature Pragmatics Pragmatics CodeCode

Syntactic Syntactic CodeCode

MeaningMeaning

ComprehensionComprehension

ReasoningReasoning

StructureStructure

ContentContent

Fragmentation- IntegrationFragmentation- Integration

Involved-detachedInvolved-detached

Level of PlanningLevel of Planning

Oral – LiterateOral – Literate

In person, assumedIn person, assumed

CoherenceCoherence

Subjective, organicSubjective, organic

ImplicitImplicit

High ContextHigh Context

FragmentedFragmented

InvolvedInvolved

UnplannedUnplanned

Oral-likeOral-like

In text In text

CohesionCohesion

LogicLogic

ExplicitExplicit

Low ContextLow Context

IntegratedIntegrated

DetachedDetached

PlannedPlanned

Literate-likeLiterate-like

Classical Semantic TheoryClassical Semantic Theory

Pemikiran Charles Saunders PeircePemikiran Charles Saunders Peirce

Pemikiran Charles MorrisPemikiran Charles Morris

Susanne Langer Susanne Langer

Peirce’s Basic Notion of SignPeirce’s Basic Notion of Sign

Semiosis: a relationship among a sign, an Semiosis: a relationship among a sign, an object, and a meaningobject, and a meaning

Sign represent the object or referent in the Sign represent the object or referent in the mind of interpretermind of interpreter

Interpretant: Representation of an object Interpretant: Representation of an object by a sign/ association that interpreter by a sign/ association that interpreter makes makes

Ogden and Richard Meaning TriangleOgden and Richard Meaning Triangle

Thought or ReferenceThought or Reference

a causala causal other other

relationrelation causal relation causal relation

SymbolSymbol Stand forStand for ReferentReferent

Relasi antara Symbol, Thought dan Referent – Relasi antara Symbol, Thought dan Referent – Ogden and RichardOgden and Richard

Between a thought and a symbol causal Between a thought and a symbol causal relations holdrelations hold

Between the Thought and the Referent Between the Thought and the Referent there is a relation, more or less direct or there is a relation, more or less direct or indirectindirect

Between the symbol and the Referent is Between the symbol and the Referent is no relevant relation other than the indirect no relevant relation other than the indirect oneone

Charles Morris on SignsCharles Morris on Signs

A sign is a stimulus that elicits a readiness A sign is a stimulus that elicits a readiness to respondto respondInterpreter as organism that takes a Interpreter as organism that takes a stimulus as a signstimulus as a signInterpretant as a disposition to respond in Interpretant as a disposition to respond in a certain way because of signa certain way because of signDenotatum as anything designated by the Denotatum as anything designated by the sign that enables the organism to respond sign that enables the organism to respond appropriatelyappropriatelySignificatum as conditions making Significatum as conditions making response possibleresponse possible

Three values of a signThree values of a sign

The designative aspect: directs (point, The designative aspect: directs (point, refer, show) the interpreter to specific refer, show) the interpreter to specific object or particular of denotata - object or particular of denotata - perception stageperception stageThe prescirptive aspect: tend to prescribe, The prescirptive aspect: tend to prescribe, advise, or tell us what to do- manipulation advise, or tell us what to do- manipulation stagestageThe appraisive aspect: orients the The appraisive aspect: orients the interpreter to particular qualities of interpreter to particular qualities of denoted object, which enables one to denoted object, which enables one to appraise or evaluate the object- appraise or evaluate the object- Consummated stageConsummated stage

Susanne Langer on SymbolsSusanne Langer on Symbols

She uses the term sign in more restricted She uses the term sign in more restricted sense than Morris to mean a stimulus that sense than Morris to mean a stimulus that signals the presence of something elsesignals the presence of something else

A sign corresponds closely to the actual A sign corresponds closely to the actual signified objectsignified object

A Symbol is vehicle for the conception of A Symbol is vehicle for the conception of objects- an instrument of thought objects- an instrument of thought

Meaning dalam Pemikiran LangerMeaning dalam Pemikiran Langer

Terdiri dari dua segi: 1) Logis- hubungan antara Terdiri dari dua segi: 1) Logis- hubungan antara symbol dan referent; 2) psikologis- hubungan symbol dan referent; 2) psikologis- hubungan antara symbol dan personantara symbol dan person

Makna terdiri dari konsepsi privat individu dan Makna terdiri dari konsepsi privat individu dan konsep umum yang dipahami/dihayati bersamakonsep umum yang dipahami/dihayati bersama

Mengapa? Symbol mengkomunikasikan konsep- Mengapa? Symbol mengkomunikasikan konsep- gagasan/pemikiran umum, pola atau bentuk-gagasan/pemikiran umum, pola atau bentuk-bentuk tertentu- konsep ini sebagai: a meaning bentuk tertentu- konsep ini sebagai: a meaning shared among communicators. Tetapi setiap shared among communicators. Tetapi setiap komunikator mempunyai “private image” sebagai komunikator mempunyai “private image” sebagai person,s conceptionperson,s conception

Signification: is the meaning of a sign- a Signification: is the meaning of a sign- a simple stimulus announcing the presence simple stimulus announcing the presence of some objectof some object

Denotation: is the relation of symbol to its Denotation: is the relation of symbol to its objectobject

Connotation: is the direct relation between Connotation: is the direct relation between the symbol and the conceptionthe symbol and the conception

Language and The Study of SyntacticsLanguage and The Study of Syntactics

Ferdinand de SaussureFerdinand de Saussure

Noam ChomskyNoam Chomsky

Ferdinand de Saussure and LanguageFerdinand de Saussure and Language

Sign, language-arbitrarySign, language-arbitrarySigns are conventions governed by the Signs are conventions governed by the rulesrulesLanguage is a structureLanguage is a structureLanguage and reality are separateLanguage and reality are separateLanguage as a structured system Language as a structured system representing realityrepresenting realityThe key understand the structure of The key understand the structure of system is differencesystem is differenceLangue-synchrony-formal system and Langue-synchrony-formal system and parole-diachrony-actual use of languageparole-diachrony-actual use of language

Noam Chomsky and Generative GrammarNoam Chomsky and Generative Grammar

Generative grammar rests on the Generative grammar rests on the assumption that sentence generation is assumption that sentence generation is central to sentence structurecentral to sentence structure

The objective of generative grammar is to The objective of generative grammar is to isolate a set of rules that explains how any isolate a set of rules that explains how any sentence could be generatedsentence could be generated

Transformational grammarTransformational grammar