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Theories of Personality
Jung
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/jung.html
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Outline• Overview of Analytical Psychology• Biography of Jung• Levels of the Psyche• Dynamics of Personality• Psychological Types• Development of Personality• Jung’s Method of Investigation• Related Research• Critique of Jung• Concept of Humanity
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Biography of Jung
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Overview of Analytical Psychology• People are extremely complex
• Opposing qualities
• Occult Phenomena Influence Lives
• Inherit Experiences from Ancestors
• Aim at Achieving Balance between Opposing Forces
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Levels of Psyche
Conscious Unconscious
Personal
Collective
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Archetypes
Archetypes Archetypes include:
– Persona
– Anima
– Animu
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Shadow
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Great Mother
www.roxyn.typad.com
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Wise Old Man
www.wikopedia.com
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Hero
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Self
• Your picture here!
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Dynamics of Personality
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Causality and Teleology
Past experiences Future expectations/goals
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Progression and Regression
– Progression
• Forward flow of psychic energy
– Regression
• Backward flow of psychic energy
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Psychological Types
Attitudes
Introversion Extraversion
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Psychological Types (cont’d)
Functions
Thinking Feeling Sensation Intuition
Rational Irrational
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Jungian Types
• Introversion – Thinking
• Extraversion – Feeling
• Introversion – Sensation
• Extraversion – Intuition
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Development of PersonalityStages of Development
1) Childhood (birth to adol)
• Anarchic
• Monarchic
• Dualistic
2) Youth
3) Middle Life
4) Old Age
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Self-Realization
• Individuationassimilation of unconsciousness– Process of integrating opposites – Must allow unconscious to dominate – Rarely achieved
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Jung’s Method of Investigation
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Critique of Jung
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Concept of Humanity
• Deterministic or Pessimistic
• Causal or Teleological
• Conscious or Unconscious
• Biology or Social
• Similarity or Individual Differences
Theories of Personality
Horney
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Biography of Horney
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Outline
• Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory• Introduction to Psychoanalytic Social Theory• Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety• Compulsive Drives• Intrapsychic Conflicts• Feminine Psychology• Critique of Horney’s theory• Concept of Humanity
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• Why would college women with an alcoholic parent offer more help to an exploitative person than to a nurturing person?
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Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory
• Social and Cultural Conditions Largely Responsible for Shaping Personality
• When Needs Are Not Met in Childhood, Basic Hostility and Anxiety Arise
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Psychoanalytic Social Theory
• Horney criticizes Freud
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Horney’s theories
• stressed– The Impact of Culture– The Importance of Childhood Experiences
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Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
• Basic hostility
• Basic anxiety
• Protective factors– Affection– Submissiveness– Power or prestige– Withdrawal
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Compulsive Drives
• All use strategies to protect self
• Neurotic Needs
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Neurotic need for:
1. Affection and approval
2. Powerful partner
3. Restrict life in narrow borders
4. Need for power
5. Exploit others
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Neurotic need for (continued):
6. Social recognition/prestige
7. Personal admiration
8. Ambition and personal achievement
9. Self-sufficiency and independence
10.Perfection
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Neurotic Trends
–Moving toward people
–Moving against people
–Moving away from people
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Intrapsychic Conflicts
• become part of belief system
• take on a life of their own
• separate from the interpersonal conflicts that created them
• Originate from Interpersonal Experiences
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Intrapsychic Conflicts
Idealized self image
• Neurotic search for glory
• Neurotic claims
• Neurotic pride
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Intrapsychic Conflicts
• Self-Hatred– (1) relentless demands on self, – (2) merciless self-accusation, – (3) self-contempt, – (4) self-frustration, – (5) self-torment or self-torture– (6) self-destructive actions and impulses.
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Feminine Psychology
–Found concept of “penis envy” unsound
–If that existed, should also be “womb envy”
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Critique of Horney• Horney’s Theory Is:
– Moderate on Internal Consistency and Parsimony
– Low on Falsifiability, Generating Research, and Guiding Action
– Very Low on Organizing Knowledge– Based mostly on own clinical experiences with
neurotic patients
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Concept of Humanity
• Free Choice vs. Determinism
• Optimism vs. Pessimism
• Biology vs. Social Influence
• Similarities vs. Uniqueness
• Causality vs. Teleology
• Conscious vs. Unconscious
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Name that Theorist!Anatomy is destiny
Freud
A particularly beautiful woman is a source of terror. As a rule, a beautiful woman is a terrible disappointment.Jung
To be human means to feel inferior.Adler
I cannot think of any need in childhood as strong as the need for a father's protection.Freud
Like all sciences and all valuations, the psychology of women has hitherto been considered only from the point of view of men.Horney
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America is the most grandiose experiment the world has seen, but, I am afraid, it is not going to be a success.
• Freud
Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves.
• Jung
Men are more moral than they think and far more immoral than they can imagine.
• Freud
War is organized murder and torture against our brothersAdler
Concern should drive us into action, not into a depression. • Horney
Neurosis is the inability to tolerate ambiguity. • Freud
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• As we ascend the social ladder, viciousness wears a thicker mask.
• Creativity requires the courage to let go of certainties.
• In love the paradox occurs that two beings become one and yet remain two
• Man is the only animal for whom his own existence is a problem which he has to solve.
Erich Fromm
©Rene Burri/Magnum Photos
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Outline• Overview of Humanistic Psychoanalysis• Biography of Fromm• Fromm’s Basic Assumption• Human Needs• The Burden of Freedom• Character Orientations• Personality Disorders• Critique of Fromm• Concept of Humanity
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Biography of Fromm
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Overview of Humanistic Psychoanalysis
• People Have Lost Their Connection with Nature and One Another
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Fromm’s Basic Assumption
• Personality can only be understood in the light of history
• “torn away” from their prehistoric union with nature
• Two fundamental dichotomies– Life and death– Complete Self-realization and the fact that
we cannot reach this goal because “life is too short
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Human Needs
1) Relatedness
2) Transcendence
3) Rootedness
4) Sense of Identity
5) Frame of Orientation
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• Summary of Human Needs– needs have evolved from humans’
existence as a separate species– Aimed at moving humans toward
reunification with the natural world– Lack of satisfaction of any of these needs
is unbearable and may result in insanity
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The Burden of Freedom
• Freaks of the universe
• Freedom means no more fixed roles
• Freedom becomes a burden
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The Burden of Freedom
• To reduce sense of isolation
• 3 Mechanisms of Escape
– Authoritarianism– Destructiveness– Conformity
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Questions re: Burdon of Freedom
• Did you feel more lonely after moving away from home?
• Is technology (Internet, Email) increasing the sense of loneliness?
• Insignificance?
• Alienation?
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The Burden of Freedom
• Positive Freedom– Spontaneous and full expression of both
rational and emotional potentialities– Achieved when a person becomes
reunified with others and with the world
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Character Orientations
• Assimilation
• Socialization
• The Nonproductive Orientations– Receptive – Exploitative– Hoarding– Marketing
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Character Orientations
• The Productive Orientations– Working– Loving– Reasoning– Psychologically healthy people work
toward positive freedom
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Personality Disorders
–Necrophilia
–Malignant Narcissism
–Incestuous Symbiosis
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Critique of Fromm
• Fromm’s Theory Is:– High on Organizing Knowledge
– Low on Guiding Action, Internal Consistency, and Parsimony
– Very Low on Generating Research and Falsifiability
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Concept of Humanity
Unconscious vs. Conscious
• Free Choice vs. Determinism
• Pessimism vs. Optimism
• Uniqueness vs. Similarities
• Teleology vs. Causality
• Social vs. Biology
