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Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 1 -
International Seminar on Metal PlasticityRome, Italy, June19, 2017
Organizers: Marco Rossi, Sam Coppieters
Frédéric Barlat
Graduate Institute of Ferrous TechnologyPohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
THEORETICAL MODELING OF PLASTICITY
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 2 -
1. Introduction 2. Plasticity modeling3. Isotropic hardening4. Anisotropic hardening5. Final remarks
International Seminar on Metal Plasticity June 19, 2017
Outline
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 3 -
1. Dislocation glide (slip)
Rauch et al., 2011
1. Introduction – Deformation mechanisms
Hull, 1983
2. Other mechanisms
Plastic behavior in metals
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 4 -
Continuum scale plasticity
Multiphase material modeling (unit cells)
Crystal plasticity (slip, twinning and homogenization schemes)
1. Introduction – Approaches
Dislocation dynamics (dislocation network with interaction rules)
Atomistic (lattice with interatomic potentials) and ab-initio
This presentation is about continuum scale plasticity
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 5 -
• External variables (elastic strain, plastic strain, strain rate, temperature)
• State variables assumed to represent deformation mechanisms (explicitly or implicitly)
• Thermodynamically conjugate variables through the expression of the free energy (stress, entropy)
Variables
2. Plasticity modeling – Approaches
Context of this presentation
• Rate and temperature-independent behavior (mostly)
• Isotropic hardening (applicable for monotonic loading)
• Anisotropic hardening (applicable for non-monotonic loading)
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 6 -
Plasticity concepts
• Hardening model (stress-strain curve in uniaxial tension)
• Flow rule 𝑑𝛆 (𝑑𝜀%&'() = − ,-⁄ 𝑑𝜀/0(1 for isotropic material in uniaxial
tension)
• Yield condition (applied stress equal to yield stress in uniaxial tension)
2. Material modeling – Approaches
• Elastic–plastic decomposition
Total strain increment
𝑑𝛆%0% = 𝑑𝛆2/' + 𝑑𝛆4/' (𝑑𝛆4/' = 𝑑𝛆 in this presentation)
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 7 -
Hardening rule
• 𝑥 represents (scalar or tensorial) state variables
• Same yield condition but with evolving state variables (microstructure)
Yield condition
𝛷 𝛔 = 0 for instance 𝜎; 𝜎<= − 𝜎> = 0
𝛷 𝛔, 𝛩, 𝑥 = 0 for instance 𝜎; 𝛔 − 𝜎A 𝛩, 𝑥 = 0
2. Material modeling – Plasticity concepts
• Effective stress and yield stress
• Yield condition defines yield surface
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 8 -
• Argument based on crystal plasticity by Bishop and Hill (1951) general approach (not restricted to specific boundary conditions)
Flow rule• Associated or non-associated. For metal, associated flow rule is
consistent with plastic deformation mechanisms
𝑑𝛆 = 𝑑𝜆 CDC𝛔
• Work-equivalent effective strain 𝜎;𝑑𝜀 = 𝝈 ∶ 𝑑𝛆 defines a possible state variable (accumulated deformation or accumulated dislocations)
2. Material modeling – Plasticity concepts
Choice of the yield condition fully defines the material behavior
• Associated flow rule reduces to 𝑑𝛆 = 𝑑𝜀 CHIC𝛔
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 9 -
• Principal stresses are invariants
• The effective stress is based on invariants such as von-Mises, Tresca, Hershey, etc.
𝜎; = HJKHL MN HLKHO MN HOKHJ M
-
, '⁄− 𝜎A 𝜀 = 0 (Hershey, 1954)
• Reduces to Tresca or von-Mises for specific values of 𝑎
• Non-quadratic and convex yield function
• Identification of 𝜎A 𝜀 , e.g., using least square approximation. Issue for extrapolation
𝜎; 𝛔 − 𝜎A 𝜀 = 0
3. Isotropic hardening – Isotropic material
Isotropic yield conditions
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 10 -
• Reduces to von Mises for specific values of F, G, H and N
• Plane stress case
𝜎; 𝛔 − 𝜎A 𝜀 = 0
𝜎; = 𝐹 𝜎>> − 𝜎RR- + 𝐺 𝜎RR − 𝜎TT - + 𝐻 𝜎TT − 𝜎>>
- + 2𝑁𝜎T>-, -⁄
= 𝜎A 𝜀
• Issue for identification F, G, H and N: Based on flow stresses or 𝑟-value in uniaxial tension?
• Same yield condition as for isotropic case but stress components must be expressed in material symmetry axes (eg., RD, TD, ND)
𝑟 = YZY[
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Anisotropic yield conditions
Effective stress based on Hill (1948)
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 11 -
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
0 20 40 60 80
Nor
mal
ized
flow
str
ess
Angle from RD (deg.)
2090-T3 2090-T3 Hill 1948 (stress-based)
Experiments
stress-based
Nor
mal
ized
flow
str
ess
Angle from RD (deg.)
2090-T3 Hill 1948 (stress-based)
r-value-based
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Hill (1948) plane stress
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 12 -
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0 20 40 60 80
r-va
lue
Angle from RD (deg.)
2090-T32090-T3 Hill 1948 (stress-based)
ExperimentsStress-based
Nor
mal
ized
flow
str
ess
Angle from RD (deg.)
2090-T3 Hill 1948 (stress-based)
r-value-based
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Hill (1948) plane stress
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 13 -
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
TD n
orm
aliz
ed s
tres
s
RD normalized stress
2090-T3
stress-based
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
r-value-based
TD n
orm
aliz
ed s
tres
s
RD normalized stress
Hill (1948) plane stress
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 14 -
𝜎; = 𝐹 𝜎>> − 𝜎RR' + 𝐺 𝜎RR − 𝜎TT ' + 𝐻 𝜎TT − 𝜎>>
' + 2𝑁𝜎T>', '⁄
= 𝜎A 𝜀
• Note that Hill (1948) cannot be generalized directly, i.e.,
• This formulation does not work because it is component-based, not invariant based
• Cannot, in general, model uniaxial tension properly
Non-quadratic yield functions and isotropic hardening
• Use average behavior (still inaccurate) or non-associated flow rule with strain potential (not based on the physics of slip)
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Hill (1948) limitations
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 15 -
• For instance, with two transformations 𝛔′ % = 𝐂 % ∶ 𝛔′ (𝑡 = 1,2 )
Non-quadratic yield functions
𝜎; =HJa J KHL
a J MN -HL
a L NHJa L M
N -HJa L NHL
a L M
-
, '⁄
= 𝜎A 𝜀
• Plane stress case: Yld2000-2d
• Total of eight anisotropy coefficients in 𝐂 , and 𝐂 -
• Linear stress transformation approach
• Reduces to isotropic Hershey (1954) when 𝐂 , and 𝐂 - are the identity
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 16 -
• General stress state Yld2004-18p
𝜎; =14c 𝜎d4
e , − 𝜎dfe - '
,,g
4,f
, '⁄
= 𝜎A 𝜀
• Total of 16 independent anisotropy coefficients in 𝐂 , and 𝐂 -
• Reduces to isotropic Hershey (1954) when 𝐂 , and 𝐂 - are the identity
• Advantage of linear transformations compared to other approaches for plastic anisotropy: Preserve convexity of the isotropic function
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Non-quadratic yield functions
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 17 -
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
0 20 40 60 80
ExperimentsYld2000-2dYld2004-18p
Nor
mal
ized
flow
str
ess
Angle from RD (deg.)
2090-T3 2090-T3 Hill 1948 (stress-based)
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Non-quadratic yield functions
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 18 -
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0 20 40 60 80
ExperimentsYld2000-2dYld2004-18p
Nor
mal
ized
flow
str
ess
Angle from RD (deg.)
2090-T3 2090-T3 Hill 1948 (stress-based)
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Non-quadratic yield functions
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 19 -
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
TD n
orm
aliz
ed s
tres
s
RD normalized stress
2090-T3
Hill (r-based)
Hill (σ-based)
Yld2000-2d
Yld2004-18p
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Non-quadratic yield functions
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 20 -
𝜎; =HJa KhHJa
MN HLa KhHLa
MN HOa KhHOa
M
i
, '⁄
− 𝜎A 𝜀 = 0
• Isotropic yield function (Cazacu et al., 2006)
• Compression to tension ratio HjH[= -M ,Kh MN- ,Nh M
-M ,Nh MN- ,Kh M
, '⁄
• Anisotropic yield function using linear transformation
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Strength differential (SD) effect
• Constant coefficient 𝐾
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 21 -
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
Xtal FCCXtal BCCYld FCCYld BCC
σ1
/ �σ
σ 2 / �
σ
TwinningFCC: {111} <11-2>BCC: {112) <-1-11>
Isotropic material
3. Isotropic hardening – Anisotropic material
Cazacu et al., 2006
Twinning yield surfaces
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 22 -
Good agreement between experiments, crystal plasticity and- Plane stress Yld2000-2d- General stress Yld2004-18p • stacked sheet specimen
5052-H35
1100-O
3. Isotropic hardening – Validation
Biaxial compression testing
Tozawa, 1978
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 23 -
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Yld2004-18pTBH polycrystal
Exp. locusExp. shear
Shear
σyy
/ �σ
σxx
/ �σAl-2.5%Mg
0.63 (yld)
0.62 (exp.)
0.61 (TBH)
Good agreement between: - Experiments - Crystal plasticity- Plane stress Yld2000-2d- General stress Yld2004-18p
3. Isotropic hardening – Validation
Biaxial compression testing
𝑟 = YZY[
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 24 -
ISO 16842: 2014 Metallic materials −Sheet and strip −Biaxial tensile testing method using a cruciform test
piece
3. Isotropic hardening – Validation
Biaxial tension testing
Tubular specimens
Cruciform specimensKuwabara and Sugawara, 2013
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 25 -
0 300 600 9000
300
600
900 εp
0 = 0.002 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16
True
stre
ss σ
y /MPa
True stress σx /MPa
6.826.45
6.205.985.90
a=7.68
Yld2000-2d
(a)DP600 steel
3. Isotropic hardening – Validation
Hakoyama andKuwabara, 2015
Contour of plastic work for DP 600 steel
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 26 -
• Kinematic hardening
• Differential hardening
• Combined kinematic hardening and distortional plasticity
• Distortional plasticity only
4. Anisotropic hardening
• Combined kinematic - isotropic hardening
Approaches
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 27 -
Differential hardening
• Hill and Hutchinson (1992)
• Can be modelled by varying the coefficients of an isotropic hardening model
• Relatively simple but based on one given strain path only
4. Anisotropic hardening – Differential hardening
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 28 -
4. Anisotropic hardening – Differential hardening
Example based on experimental data
RD uniaxial tension
Balanced biaxial tension
AISI 409 stainless steel
Solid line: ExperimentDash line: Crystal plasticity
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 29 -
-1200
-800
-400
0
400
800
-1200 -800 -400 0 400 800
-1200 -800 -400 0 400 800
σ yy
σ xx
60%
1%
45% 35%
5%
25%
(MPa)
(MPa
)
CPB06VPSC♦
Zr plate
4. Anisotropic hardening – Differential hardening
Example based on crystal plasticity of Zr
Plunkett et al., 2006
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 30 -
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.15 0.3 0.45
Spec
imen
hei
ght (
mm
)
Strain (ln[r/r0])
Major profile
In red,model withouttexture
evolution
Exp.
Model
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.15 0.3 0.45
Spec
imen
hei
ght (
mm
)
Strain (ln[r/r0])
Minor profile
In red,model withouttexture
evolution
Exp.
Model
Major profile Minor profile Footprint
4. Anisotropic hardening – Differential hardeningExample based on crystal plasticity of Zr (Taylor impact test application)
Major profile Minor profile Footprint
Plunkett et al., 2006Maudlin et al., 1999
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 31 -
𝛷 𝛔, 𝑥 = 𝜎; 𝛔− 𝐗 − 𝜎> = 0 (Prager, 1949)
• One state variable: Back-stress 𝐗 = 𝐱, �� = 𝐶𝐃
Yield surface translate
4. Anisotropic hardening – Kinematic hardening
Linear kinematic hardening
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 32 -
σ s,X( ) = Y +R ε( )Yield stress
Back-stress Hardening
Evolution equations
�� = 𝐶𝐃 − 𝛾𝐗𝜀
�� =𝑑𝑅𝑑𝜀
𝜀
• Chaboche et al. (1979)
Non-linear kinematic hardening
• Hu and Teodosiu (1995)
σ s,X,M( ) = Y +R S,P( )Texture anisotropy
(constant)Strength of
dislocation structure
Polarization of dislocation
structureBack-stress
4. Anisotropic hardening – Kinematic hardening
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 33 -
Translating surfaces
Two surfaces (Dafalias and Popov, 1975)
4. Anisotropic hardening – Kinematic hardening
Multiple nested surfaces(Mroz, 1967)
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 34 -
Two surfaces
f = φ s − α( )− Y = 0
F = φ s − β( )− B +R( ) = 0
• Yield surface evolution
Initial size boundary surface
Yield stressBack-stress 1
Back-stress 2 Hardening
π-plane
Bounding surface
Yield surface
• Yoshida and Uemori (2002)
4. Anisotropic hardening – Kinematic hardening
• Bounding surface evolution
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 35 -
4. Anisotropic hardening – Validation
Biaxial compression testing – Stacked sheet specimens
Tozawa, 1978
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 36 -
3. Isotropic hardening – ValidationDistortional hardeningYield loci at ε = 0.2% for steel (S10C) pre-
stretched by various strains in tension
εpre = 0.05
εpre = 0.20εpre = 0.10
Tozawa, 1978
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 37 -
εpre = 0.20
Yield loci at ε = 0.2% for steel (S10C) pre-
stretched by various strains in tension
εpre = 0.05εpre = 0.10
4. Anisotropic hardening – Validation
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 38 -
Homogeneous anisotropic hardening (HAH)
ω F s, f1q , f2q ,h( )q + ⎧
⎨⎩
⎫⎬⎭
1q= σ R ε( )
Flow stressFluctuating component
(Bauschinger effect)
!Microstructure deviator• Tensorial state variable with evolution rule• Mimics delays in formation / rearrangement of dislocation structures• Provides a reference for distortion
• replaced by for cross-loading & latent effectsω s( ) ωCL s( )f1q , f2q• describe the amount of distortion
Homogenous function
No kinematic hardening
Effective stress
ω s( )q
Effective stress
Stable component
σ s( ) =
4. Anisotropic hardening – Distortional plasticity only
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 39 -
• Effects captured− Distortional hardening− Bauschinger effect
• Loading sequences − (I) RD tension− (II) RD compression
Reverse loading
• Anisotropic material 1
• Note− Half and half
h
Yld2000-2d(real anisotropic
material)
4. Anisotropic hardening – HAH model
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 40 -
• Effects captured− Distortional hardening− Bauschinger effect− Cross-loading contraction− Latent hardening
• Loading sequence− (I) RD tension− (II) Near TD plane strain
tension
Cross-loading
• Anisotropic material 2
• Note− Proportional loading (proof)
h
Yld2000-2d(real anisotropic
material)
4. Anisotropic hardening – HAH model
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 41 -
Reverse loading• Independent identification of coefficients (Bauschingerand other effects)
Cross-loading• Independent identification of coefficients (latent hardening and other effects)
• Same identification procedure as that of isotropic hardening ( , )ω s( )σ R ε( )
Proportional loading• HAH reduces to isotropic hardening response (anisotropic yield function)
4. Anisotropic hardening – HAH model
Coefficient identification• Sequential
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 42 -
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.080
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Experiement HAH model YU model
Pre-strain: 1.8 % and 2.6 %
Tension
True
stre
ss (M
Pa)
True strain
Compression
4. Anisotropic hardening – HAH model
Choi et al., 2017
Forward and reverse simple shear
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 43 -
Fu et al. (2017)
4. Anisotropic hardening – HAH model
Forward and reverse simple shear (TRIP 780 steel)
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 44 -
4. Anisotropic hardening – HAH model
Fu et al. (2017)
Forward and reverse simple shear cycles (DP 600 & TWIP 980 steels)
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology - 45 -
Plasticity remains a topic with many challenges
• Anisotropic material under isotropic and anisotropic hardening
• Numerical implementation
• Identification with complex evolution equations
• Applicability for industrial problems
5. Final remarks