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8/3/2019 Theoar2 Styles of Architecture Complete
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GENERAL DIVISIONS IN THEDEVELOPMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
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ARCHAICPERIOD
CHARACTERIZED BY AN ATTEMPT TOMASTER NEW PROBLEMS AND NEWMEDIUMS AND ALSO AN EFFORT TOFIND AN EXPRESSION FOR A NEW
MATERIAL
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PERIOD OF DECADENCE
CHARACTERIZED WITH LESSSTRUCTURAL AND TOO ORNATE
STRUCTURES AND IT IS MARKED BY THEDECLINE OF ART AND THE BEGINNING
OF THE END.
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PERIOD OF
MASTERY
DISCOVERY OF THE ARTISTS IN CONDITIONING
THE MEDIUM AND PERFECTING HIS TECHNIQUESAND PERFORMANCE.
LATER PART OF GREEK, ROMAN, BYZANTINE,ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC.
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Architectural styles classify architecture in terms of the use ofform, techniques, materials, time period, region and other stylistic
influences.
It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution andhistory of architecture.It would include all aspects of the cultural context that went into the
design and construction of these structures.Hence, architectural style is a way of classifying architecture that
gives emphasis to characteristic features of design.
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CLASSIFICATION OF
HISTORICAL STYLES
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STRUCTURAL(CREATIVE: EGYPTIAN
TO GOTHIC) POST AND LINTEL
ARCH AND VAULT
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IMITATIVE(DECORATIVE:RENAISSANCE)
POST AND LINTELARCUATED
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REVIVALCONSISTED OF MIXTURE OF
CLASSICAL, ROMANESQUE, GOTHICAND RENAISSANCE
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NON HISTORICAL STYLES
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CONTEMPORARY(MODERNISM)
BASED ON THE THEORY THAT FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
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TRADITIONAL MODERNISMTHAT ARCHITECTURAL STYLE WHICH IS BASED ON A
PRIMARY CONSIDERATION OF FUNCTION , BUT WITH ARESERVATION THAT A HISTORICAL STYLE MAY BE USED AS
A BASIS FOR THE DESIGN.
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DECORATIVE FUNCTIONALISMBEGINS WITH THE INFLUENCE OF FUNCTION IN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN BUT INTEGRATESDECORATION, WHICH GROWS FROM THE STRUCTURE INTHE FORM OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
TOGETHER WITH TEXTURE, COLORS, CARVING ANDRHYTHMIC ARRANGEMENT OF ACCENTS.
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NON-TRADITIONAL MODERNISMTHAT ARCHITECTURAL STYLE WHICH IS
NOT BASED ON ANY OF THEHISTORICAL STYLE.
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PURE FUNCTIONALISMAPPROACHES ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SCIENCE AND
INTERPRETS THE MACHINE AGE
REFERENCE TO THE FOLLOWING:
ECONOMY OF COST SPEED OF ERECTION EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION REDUCING THE STRUCTURE
TO ITS BAREST ESSENTIALS
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20th CENTURY
ARCHITECTURE
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ECCLECTICISM
It is usually applied toany building thatincorporates a mixtureof historical styles
Exponents1. USA Henry
Richardson/LouisSullivan
2. BRITAIN AugustusPugin/George GilbertSeatle/Norman Richard
Shaw/Alfred Waterhouse3. FRANCE Violet Le Duc4. GERMANY Godfried
Semper
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Structuralism
Refers to the ironconstruction andother large scale
engineering style ofstructure
Initiators: JosephPaxton
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Monumentalism
This architecture wasbased on a generalnotion that the form ofan object should last
and the structureshould stand out.
Exponents:1. Karl Friedrich Schinkel
2. Peter Behrenz
3. Hanz Poelzig4. Le Corbusier
5. Mies Van Der Rohe
6. Tony Garnier
7. Auguste Perret
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National Romanticism
A style which adopts particular,local, historical motifs anddevices as well as theassociated/associative aspectsof the historical periods.
Exponents:
1. Glasgow
Charles RennieMackintosh2. Finland Eliel Saarinen/Lars
Sonck/Gllen Kallela3. Britain Norman Shaw/Charles
Voysey4. Spain Antonio Gaudi5. Germany Paul Donatz/Albert
Speer
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Radicalism
Radical changes orshifts in emphasisfrom the buildings of
the past design ofstructures whichrequired the needsif modern life
Exponents:1. Walter Gropius
2. Henry Van de Velde
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Constructivism
Architecture whichpleads for ideas onform and space inarchitecture(anthropometrics and
ergonomics) Exponents:
1. Naum Gabo2. Vladimir Tatlin3. Kasimir Melvitch
4. Mart Sham5. El Ussitzky6. James Stirlin7. Antoine Pevsner8. Marcel Breuer
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Constructivism (1920s and early 1930s)design began with construction
Buildings emphasized abstract
geometric shapes and functionalmachine parts.
Constructivist architecturecombined engineering andtechnology with political ideology.
Constructivist architects tried tosuggest the idea of humanity'scollectivism through theharmonious arrangement ofdiverse structural elements.
Constructivist buildings havemany of these features:
Glass and steel Machine-made building parts Technological details such as
antennae, signs, and projectionscreens
Abstract geometric shapes A sense of movement
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Expressionalism
Term used to describe the work of thesearchitects who prefigured in the internationaland functionalist period of the modernmovement.
Exponents:1. Erich Mendelsohn2. Walter Gropius3. Mies Van Der Rohe
4. Hanz Belzig5. Bruno Paut6. Finsterun7. Hans Scharcon
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Futurism
Refers to the architectof calculation, ofaudacity and simplicity.
The architecture if
reinforced concrete ofiron, glass and all thosesubstitute for wood,stone and brick whichmakes possible
maximum elasticity andlightness.
Exponent:1. Antonio Sant Ella
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Neo Plasticism
Relates to thetheory of pureplastic art, very
much used amongDutch architects
Exponents:
1. Theo Van Doesburg
Founder: De Stijl
2. Cor Van Esteren
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Bauhaus Style
Founder: Walter Gropius
Concept: Different styles,furniture, posters
Design methods inconsumer productsranging from furniture toposter and all over theworld.
Last architect: Mies VanDer Rohe
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CIAM and INTERNATIONALMODERNISM
CIAM CongresInternational D
Architecture Modernism
International Style
Standard Style ofArchitecture
Trend: House Design
Character:
1. Cubic
2. White Surface
3. Flat Roof Architecture
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Organicism
Organic Architecturenature of Frank Lloyd Wright
The whole structure shouldblend with the environment
Examples: Prairie Houses
(Informal Style of Planning) Followers:
1. Claude Bragbon
2. Henry Hitchcock
3. Hugh Harring
4. Hans Scharoon5. Bruce Goff
6. Paolo Soleri
7. Herb Greene
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Organic Architecture Organic buildings are
never linear or rigidlygeometric. Instead,wavy lines and curvedshapes suggest
natural forms.
Examples of Organic Modernism:
Frank Lloyd Wright used shell-like spiral forms when he
designed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York CityEero Saarinen is known for designing grand bird-likebuildings such as the TWA terminal at New York's Kennedy Airportand Dulles Airport near Washington D.C.
Jorn Utzon borrowed shell-like forms for the Sydney Opera
House in Australia.
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Utilitarianism
Pre-fabricatedConstruction
Examples: Housing
Projects
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Brutalism
Style: Exposure of allutilities of the Buildingand use of glass andsteel
Exponent: Mies Van DerRohe
Style: Use of exposedconcrete finishes
aggregates are exposed Exponent: Le Corbusier
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BrutalismRugged reinforced concrete construction, or Bton Brut, lead to an
approach popularly known as Brutalism.
The Bauhaus architect LeCorbusier used the French phrasebton brut, or raw concrete, todescribe the construction of hisrough, concrete buildings.Brutalism grew out of the BauhausMovement and the bton brut
buildings by Le Corbusier and hisfollowers. Heavy and angular,Brutalist buildings can beconstructed quickly andeconomically.
Common features include: Precast concrete slabs
Rough, unfinished surfaces Exposed steel beams Massive, sculptural shapes
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Metabolism
Meta structure
Initiated by JapaneseArchitects
Refers to therelationship of manand the environment
Exponent: KenzoTange
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Post Metabolism
Larger Scope:Relationship of thehouse with the city
Urban Architecture
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Contextualism
Blending of the newstructure with oldstructures
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PostmodernismCombining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings
may startle, surprise, and even amuse.
Postmodern architecture evolved fromthe modernist movement, yetcontradicts many of the modernistideas. Combining new ideas withtraditional forms, postmodernistbuildings may startle, surprise, andeven amuse. Familiar shapes anddetails are used in unexpected ways.
Buildings may incorporate symbols tomake a statement or simply to delightthe viewer. Philip Johnson's At&THeadquarters is often cited as anexample of postmodernism. Like manybuildings in the International Style, theskyscraper has a sleek, classicalfacade. At the top, however, is an
oversized "Chippendale" pediment. The key ideas of Postmodernism are
set forth in two important books byRobert Venturi: Complexity andContradiction in Architecture andLearning from Las Vegas.
Postmodern Architects:Robert Venturi and Denise ScottBrown
Michael GravesPhilip Johnson
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Minimalism One important trend in
Modernist architecture is themovement toward minimalist orreductivist design. Hallmarksof Minimalism include:Buildings are stripped of all butthe most essential elements
Emphasis is placed on the
outline, or frame, of thestructure
Interior walls are eliminated Floor plans are open Lighting is used to dramatize
lines and planes The negative spaces around
the structure are part of theoverall design
Minimalist in its emphasis onlines, planes, and openspaces.
Architects known for Minimalist designsinclude:
Tadao Ando
Luis Barragan
Yoshio Taniguchi
Richard Gluckman
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