THEMESREVEALEDFROMFIGURATIVELANGUAGEIN ...THEMESREVEALEDFROMFIGURATIVELANGUAGEIN BILLIEEILISH’SEP'21 760,/($70(ANUNDERGRADUATETHESIS PresentedasPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements

THEMES REVEALED FROM FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE INBILLIE EILISH’S EP DON’T SMILE AT ME

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

EA GITTHA JUNIOR

Student Number: 16421409

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERSFACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMAYOGYAKARTA

2020

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

THEMES REVEALED FROM FIGURATIVE LANGUAGEIN BILLIE EILISH’S EP DON’T SMILE AT ME

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

EA GITTHA JUNIOR

Student Number: 164214091

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERSFACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMAYOGYAKARTA

2020


vii

“There are always going to

be bad things. But you can

write it down and make a

song out of it.”

Billie Eilish


viii

FOR MY

LIFE

SUPPORTER

S THAT

HAVE

NEVER

BEEN OUT

OF STYLE


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I am grateful to Allah SWT for his blessing and mercies, so I have

finished my thesis, entitled “Themes Revealed from Figurative Language in Billie

Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me”.I would like to express my gratitude to Arina

Isti'anah S.Pd.,M.Hum. as my thesis advisor for helping, supporting, and

encouraging me to finish my undergraduate thesis. Also, I would like to thank to

my co-advisor, Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum for giving me further

advice and supports to finish my undergraduate thesis.

My special thanks for my mother, Eny Kesumawati for her support and

pray for my success. I would like to thank to the company I work for, Jogja

Translator, for giving me extra time to finish my thesis, while I am on duties. I

also would like to thank to Bobby, for giving me his time to support me and help

me to finish my thesis. Last but not least, thank you to my friends: Fritha, Recza,

Bunga, Aling, Stefanny, Samo, Rimbo, and Jito for helping me to get through

these around forty-five months in English Letters.

Ea Gittha Junior


x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE..................................................................................................................... iiAPPROVAL PAGE.......................................................................................................... iiiACCEPTANCE PAGE.....................................................................................................ivSTATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY................................................................................. vLEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYAILMIAH...............iviMOTTO PAGE................................................................................................................ viiDEDICATION PAGE.................................................................................................... viiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................... viixTABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................... viiiLIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................xiiiABSTRACT......................................................................................................................xvABSTRAK.........................................................................................................................xvi

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 15A. Background of the Study........................................................................................15B. Problem Formulation............................................................................................... 4C. Objectives of the Study.......................................................................................... 19D. Definition of Terms................................................................................................19

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................. 21A. Review of Related Studies..................................................................................... 21B. Review of Related Theories...................................................................................241. Semantics........................................................................................................... 252. Figurative Language.......................................................................................... 27a. Simile............................................................................................................. 27b. Metaphor........................................................................................................ 28c. Personification............................................................................................... 29d. Metonymy...................................................................................................... 29e. Synecdoche.................................................................................................... 30f. Symbol........................................................................................................... 30g. Irony...............................................................................................................31h. Allegory......................................................................................................... 31i. Paradox...........................................................................................................32j. Apostrophe.....................................................................................................33


xi

k. Hyperbole.......................................................................................................33l. Litotes.............................................................................................................34

3. Theme.................................................................................................................354. Song....................................................................................................................22

C. Theoretical Framework.......................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 24A. Object of the Study................................................................................................ 24B. Approach of the Study........................................................................................... 25C. Method of the Study...............................................................................................251. Data Collection................................................................................................ 2552. Data Analysis..................................................................................................... 26

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.................................288A. Figurative Language in Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me....................................... 288a. Metaphor............................................................................................................ 29b. Hyperbole.........................................................................................................355c. Simile................................................................................................................. 39d. Personification................................................................................................. 422e. Symbol............................................................................................................. 444f. Paradox...............................................................................................................46g. Apostrophe....................................................................................................... 477h. Allegory........................................................................................................... 488

B. Theme in Billie Eilish’ EP Don’t Smile at Me.....................................................5001. Love................................................................................................................. 511a. “Love” Seen through Metaphor................................................................... 511b. “Love” Seen through Hyperbole..................................................................522c. “Love” Seen through Simile........................................................................ 544

1. “Sorrow”.......................................................................................................... 544a. “Sorrow” Seen through Metaphor................................................................555b. “Sorrow” Seen through Hyperbole.............................................................. 555c. “Sorrow” Seen through Personification.......................................................566d. “Sorrow” Seen through Symbol...................................................................577e. “Sorrow” Seen through Paradox.................................................................. 578

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION......................................................................................59

REFEERENCES..............................................................................................................61

APPENDICES.................................................................................................................. 63


xii

APPENDIX 1: Literal and Non-Literal Meaning of Figurative Expression found in thesong lyrics...................................................................................................................... 64a. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “COPYCAT”............................................ 64b. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “idontwannabeyouanymore”.................... 65c. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “my boy”...................................................66d. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “watch”..................................................... 66e. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “ocean eyes”............................................. 67f. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “hostage”.................................................. 67g. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “&burn”.................................................... 69

APPENDIX 2: Summary of Theme Revealed Through Figurative Language in the EPDon’t Smile at Me.......................................................................................................... 70APPENDIX 3: Song Lyrics........................................................................................... 711. Billie Eilish - COPYCAT.................................................................................. 712. Billie Eilish - idontwannabeyouanymore...........................................................723. Billie Eilish - my boy.........................................................................................734. Billie Eilish - watch............................................................................................745. Billie Eilish - party favor................................................................................... 756. Billie Eilish - bellyache......................................................................................767. Billie Eilish - Ocean Eyes.................................................................................. 778. Billie Eilish - hostage.........................................................................................789. Billie Eilish ft. Vincent Staples - &burn............................................................ 79


xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Summary of Figurative Language in Song Lyrics.............................................288Table 2. Song Lyrics Contain Metaphor............................................................................29Table 3. Metaphor in “COPYCAT”.................................................................................300Table 4. Metaphor in “COPYCAT”.................................................................................300Table 5. Metaphor in “COPYCAT”.................................................................................311Table 6. Metaphor in “idontwannabeyouanymore”.........................................................322Table 7. Metaphor in “idontwannabeyouanymore”.........................................................333Table 8. Metaphor in “my boy”....................................................................................... 333Table 9. Metaphor in “watch”..........................................................................................344Table 10. Metaphor in “Ocean Eyes”.............................................................................. 344Table 11. Metaphor in “Ocean Eyes”.............................................................................. 355Table 12. Metaphor in “hostage”..................................................................................... 355Table 13. Song Lyrics Contain Hyperbole.......................................................................366Table 14. Hyperbole in “idontwannabeyouanymore”......................................................366Table 15. Hyperbole in “idontwannabeyouanymore”......................................................377Table 16. Hyperbole in “watch”...................................................................................... 377Table 17. Hyperbole in “watch”...................................................................................... 388Table 18. Hyperbole in “hostage”....................................................................................388Table 19. Hyperbole in “hostage”......................................................................................39Table 20. Song Lyrics Contain Simile.............................................................................400Table 21. Simile in “my boy”.......................................................................................... 400Table 22. Simile in “my boy”.......................................................................................... 411Table 23. Simile in “bellyache”....................................................................................... 411Table 24. Simile in “hostage”............................................................................................ 41Table 25. Song Lyrics Contain Personification............................................................... 422Table 26. Personification in “idontwannabeyouanymore”.............................................. 433Table 27. Personification in “Ocean Eyes”......................................................................433Table 28. Personification in “&burn”.............................................................................. 444Table 29. Song Lyrics Contain Symbol...........................................................................444Table 30. Symbol in “watch”...........................................................................................455Table 31. Symbol in “Ocean Eyes”................................................................................. 455Table 32. Song Lyrics Contain Paradox.......................................................................... 466Table 33. Paradox in “COPYCAT”................................................................................. 466Table 34. Paradox in “idontwannabeyouanymore”......................................................... 477Table 35. Song Lyrics Contain Apostrophe.......................................................................48Table 36. Apostrophe in “Ocean Eyes”........................................................................... 488Table 37. Song Lyrics Contain Allegory........................................................................... 49Table 38. Allegory in “COPYCAT”.................................................................................. 49Table 39. “Love” Seen Through Metaphor......................................................................522Table 40. “Love” Seen Through Hyperbole.................................................................... 544Table 41. “Love” Seen Through Simile...........................................................................544Table 42. Sorrow” Seen through Metaphor..................................................................... 555


xiv

Table 43. Sorrow” Seen through Hyperbole....................................................................566Table 44. Sorrow” Seen through Personification...............................................................57Table 45. Sorrow” Seen through Symbol........................................................................ 577Table 46. Sorrow” Seen through Paradox........................................................................588


xv

ABSTRACT

JUNIOR, EA GITTHA. (2019). Themes Revealed from Figurative Languagein Billie Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me. Yogyakarta: Department of EnglishLetters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Language is important for human beings to communicate with one andanother. In literary works, human beings use language to express their feelings ortheir mind. For the example, in the songs lyrics. Song writers use language toexplore things they want to achieve. Figurative language is one of the importantthings that helps song writers express their thoughts. In this study, the researchertry to identify the figurative language in Billie Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me.

There are two objectives of this study. First is to reveal what types offigurative language found in Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me. In analyzing the typesof figurative language, the researcher discussed the relation among words, phrases,and sentences to understand its meaning and find its semantic feature. Second is toreveal the theme of the EP from the figurative language that have been analyzed.In revealing the theme of the EP, the researcher observed how the people, image,and action are depicted in the EP.

The researcher applied qualitative method in doing the research. Theresearcher also applied purposive sampling method to collect the data. Semanticapproach was also applied in this research to find the relation between words,phrases, and sentences.

The result showed that there are eight types of figurative language found inBillie Eilish’s EP “Don’t Smile at Me” which are metaphors, hyperbole, symbols,simile, personifications, paradox, apostrophes, and allegory. From the nine songsthat the researcher analyzed, there is only one song that did not contain figurativelanguage which is “party favor”. From the figurative language that has beenanalyzed, the researcher found the possible themes of the EP which are “Love”and “Sorrow”.

Keywords:figurative language, semantics, themes, EP.


xvi

ABSTRAK

JUNIOR, EA GITTHA. (2019). Themes Revealed from Figurative Languagein Billie Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me. Yogyakarta: Program Studi SastraInggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Bahasa adalah suatu alat yang penting bagi manusia untuk berinteraksi satusama lain. Di dalam lingkup karya sastra, manusia menggunakan bahasa untukmenyatakan perasaan atau apa yang ada di dalam pikirkannya. Contohnya, dalamlirik lagu. Penulis lagu menggunakan bahasa untuk menyelidiki atau menjelajahisuatu hal yang ingin mereka raih. Bahasa kiasan adalah salah satu hal pentingyang digunakan seorang penulis lagu untuk menyatakan apa yang sedang diarasakan. Pada penelitian kali ini, peneliti mengidentifikasi bahasa kiasan yangterdapat di dalam lirik lagu Billie Eilish dari EP “Don’t Smile at Me”.

Terdapat dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis bahasa kiasan yang terdapat di dalam EP “Don’t Smile at Me”. Dalammenganalisis bahasa kiasan, peneliti mendiskusikan hubungan antara kata, frasa,dan kalimat untuk memahami artinya dan mencari fitur semantik dari bahasakiasan tersebut. Kedua, mengungkapkan tema EP melalui bahasa kiasan yangtelah dianalisis. Dalam mengungkapkan tema EP, peneliti mengamati bagaimanaorang, gambaran, dan tindakan disampaikan dalam EP.

Peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif dalam melakukan penelitian ini.Kemudian, peneliti menerapkan metode purposive sampling dalammengumpulkan data. Peneliti juga menerapkan pendekatan semantik dalampenelitian ini untuk menemukan hubungan antara kata, frasa, dan kalimat.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan delapan jenis bahasa kiasandi dalam EP “Don’t Smile at Me” milik Billie Eilish, yaitu metafora, hiperbola,simbol, simile, personifikasi, paradoks, apostrof, dan alegori. Dari sembilan laguyang telah dianalisis oleh peneliti, hanya terdapat satu lagu yang tidakmengandung bahasa kiasan, yaitu “party favor”. Dari bahasa kiasan yang sudahdianalisis, peneliti menemukan dua kemungkinan tema yaitu “Cinta” dan“Penderitaan”.

Kata kunci: figurative language, semantics, themes, EP


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is important for human in communication and in the development

of the civilization in this world. Language is a code that is socially acceptable or a

common system to convey concepts through the use of symbols and the

combination of symbols that regulated by the provisions (Owen, 2006, p. 1) . It is

the meaningful symbols that used to communicate. People use language to

communicate, express their feelings and their mind. By communicating with

others, people can understand one and another and learn new things. People also

could express their feelings by writing songs, such as the feeling when they are

sad or happy. People also writing songs to opine about humanism, and social life.

Listening to songs is a part of our life. It also has some impacts to our life

when we pay attention to the lyrics. When the listeners are truly pay attention to

the music and the lyrics, the listeners will find that there is a song that has a

fascinating music, but the lyrics are simple and easy to understand. The listeners

could also find a song that has a beautiful music with magnificent and meaningful

lyrics. However, the listeners usually will only focus on the song because they

only like the singer or they only like the genre.

To understand the meaning of the word, in language, there is a study called

linguistics which study about how languages are put together and its function. It

also talks about the meaning of language, the form of language, and the context of


2

language. There are many branches in linguistics. Semantics is one of the

branches in linguistics which study about the meaning of a language. Semantics

can also be defined as the study of word and sentence meaning which separated

from the use of contexts (Griffiths, 2006, p. 6).

In linguistics, meaning is the important things for the sender to deliver or

convey the message that they want to show. In semantics, meaning is divided into

two parts which are literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning is

the real meaning of sentences or an utterances. Literal meaning also could be

defined as the explicature and implicature meaning that the sender wants to

inform to the addresses based on the context (Griffiths, 2006, p. 90). It means that

the sentences or utterances does not have any other meaning. In the other hand,

non-literal meaning is the hidden meaning of sentences or utterances.

Figurative language is a part of semantic study. Figurative language

describes as a way of saying something in unusual way (Perrine, 1991) . The use

of figurative language is to make imaginative effects to the listeners or to the

readers. It makes the listeners or the readers argue with themself about what the

sentences actually mean. Figurative language uses figure of speech in delivering

sentences or even speech that can not be taken literally (Arp & Johnson, 2009).

Many songwriters use figurative language to make a new sense in their

lyrics. Songwriters use figurative language to beautify the lyrics. Nevertheless,

songwriters also use figurative language to urge the listeners to assume the

meaning of the lyrics by themself. Therefore, the songwriters and listeners

become more interactive. From many female songwriters, the most phenomenal


3

one in this era is Billie Eilish. According to the musical website, Thrillest, Billie

Eilish is one of the biggest and the best young solo pop singer and songwriter

from Los Angeles, California (Bell, 2019) . Bell add that Billie Eilish has

hypnotized teenagers with everything she does, especially with the hypebeast

outfit that she wore.

Don’t Smile at Me is Eilish’s first debut extended play (EP) released in

August 11, 2017. This EP includes nine songs which are “COPYCAT”,

“idontwannabeyouanymore”, “my boy”, “watch”, “party favor”, “bellyache”,

“Ocean Eyes”, “hostage”, and “&burn”. In writing her songs, his brother, Finneas

O’Connell has an important role to her. Her single, Ocean Eyes and bellyache are

the songs that Eilish and Finneas wrote which successfully caught public’s

attention. In her interview with Teen Vogue, Eilish stated that she uploaded this

song in SoundCloud with no intention for make it popular, but then people started

to sharing it all around the world (Marsh, 2017) . Then, a musical website called

Hillydilly found it and posted it, so it became more popular.

The researcher chose Billie Eilish’s songs as the object of the research is

because all the songs that she wrote are easy listening and the lyrics are a little bit

difficult to understand for the listeners and the researcher, herself. The other

reason is the lyrics contains figurative language. It makes the songs attractive and

has interesting hidden meanings when the listeners carefully pay attention to the

lyrics. The researcher is interested in identify Billie Eilish’s also because she is a

young talented girl who can wrote beautiful songs that could be enjoyed and relate

to all ages.


4

In identifying figurative language in the song lyrics, the researcher uses the

theory of figurative language by Perrine to support this research. According to

Perrine (1991) figurative language is a way of saying something that can not be

understood literally. Usually, figurative language used in writing a poem. With the

use of figurative language in a poem, it makes the poem more aesthetic and

sometimes make the readers wonder what is the actual meaning of the words.

However, figurative language is not only use in a poem, but also in song lyrics.

Figurative language has relation with semantics and theme that the

researcher discuss in this research. The relation among semantic, figurative

language, and theme is how to interpret the meaning of figurative language

contained in all the songs in the EP Don’t Smile at Me. Since Perrine states that

figurative language is adding special effect in words or sentences, it must be

interpreted because figurative language used an imaginatively words rather than in

the actual sense. By interpreting those types of figurative language, the researcher

could reveal the theme of the EP.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the research background and the research focus, the problems are

formulated as in the following:

1.What types of figurative language are found in Billie Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at

Me?

2.What themes are revealed from the use of figurative language in the EP Don’t

Smile at Me?


5

C. Objective of the Study

Related to the research problems above, the researcher has two purposes in

doing the research. The first is to reveal what types of figurative language found

in Billie Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me. After the researcher finished analyzing

the types of figurative language that found in Billie Eilish’s EP, the researcher

tried to answer the second research question by revealing the themes of the EP

from the figurative language that found.

D. Definition of Terms

There are some terms that the researcher uses in this research. To avoid the

misconception and misunderstanding in this research between the researcher and

the readers, the researcher will define several terms in this research.

The first is EP. EP is the abbreviation for extended play which means a

musical recording that contains one until six track, but not eligible to become an

album. According to Music Industry, EP or extended play is the shorter version of

an album, but longer than a single (Letang, 2019) . EP is usually released as a

vinyl, but now it could also released as CDs, digital download EPs, and others

format. It is used by the musicians to raise a confidence in their musical talent.

The second is theme. Theme is the main idea of the discussion. It means

that theme is the fundamental or basis of the story. Theme also could be defined

as the general idea or insight expressed by the whole story (Kennedy & Gioia,

1999, p. 75). Theme is also applied by songwriters when they are writing songs in

order to make the songs have a good plot. Songs contain someone’s idea, feeling,

or even their life experience. So, that is why theme is important in songs in order


6

to make a song more meaningful and have more values. To reveal the theme in the

song, the readers should identify who the character is, what action that he/she do,

and how its representation to the work. Usually, theme reflects the main idea of

the story, such as love, life, depression, society, hatred, madness, hesitation, etc.

The last is figurative language. Figurative language is a language which

use figure of speech which means the meaning is not literal. Figurative language

uses to deliver the implicit meaning of a sentence. Figurative language describes

as a language that could not be taken literally or should not be taken literally or

say something in order rather than the common way or say a thing and means

another (Perrine, 1983, p. 565) . Figurative language is how someone expresses

his/her thoughts through the discussion in a common way, so that it can be

determined through the personality and the author’s soul (Keraf, 2009) . In short,

the writer assumed his thought in a sentence, so that the language that comes out

is a representative of his mind.


7

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter provides the review of related studies, review of related

theories and theoritical framework. There are four related studies that the

researcher uses as the reference of this research. In this chapter, the researcher

also explained the theory of figurative language by Perrine and enlighten the types

of figurative language. Besides using Perrine’s theory of figurative language,

there are some theories of the experts that helps the researcher to support the

research. In the theoretical framework, the researcher explained how the theories

answer the research questions. It helps the researcher to relieve misunderstandings

with the readers.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are several research about identifying figurative language which has

done by previous researcher. The first is an undergraduate thesis written by

Harmastuty (2016) , entitled A Study of Figurative Language in The Script’s

Album No Sound Without Silence. There are two purposes of the research. The

first is to identify the types of figurative language in the lyrics of The Script’s

album No Sound Without Silence. The second purpose is to find out which types

of figurative language predominate in the of The Script’s album No Sound

Without Silence. In this research, Harmastuty uses qualitative method to gather

and analyse the data. The result of this research is that Harmastuty found ten types

of figurative language in The Script’s album No Sound Without Silence. These are

metaphor, simile, hyperbole, meiosis, idiomatic expression, rhetorical questions,


8

metonymy, irony, sarcasm, and personification. Hyperbole and rhetorical

questions are the types of figurative language that most frequently used in The

Script’s album No Sound Without Silence.

The difference of the present research with the previous is the object and the

second objective of the research. In the present research, the object that used to

analyse is Billie Eilish’s EP, while the previous research is used The Script’s

album as the object of the study. Also, in the present research, the second

objective is to reveal the theme of Billie Eilish’s EP through figurative language

that has been analyzed, while in the previous research is to reveal which types of

figurative language predominate in the lyrics of The Script’s album No Sound

Without Silence. The similarities between the previous research and the present

research research is on the approach of the study and the method of the study.

Both of the research uses semantic approach and qualitative method to conduct

the study.

The second previous research is an article written by Marhamah (2018) ,

entitled “Figurative Language in Rihanna’s Selected Songs”. The aims of this

article are to identify the types of figurative language and to state how the

figurative language is in Rihanna’s selected songs. Marhamah uses qualitative

method to collect and analyse the data. In her research, Marhamah found that

there are ten kinds of figurative language in Rihanna’s selected songs which are

hyperbole, personification, simile, metaphor, symbol, repetition, imagery,

alliteration, metonymy, and assonance.


9

There is a difference between the previous research and the present

research in the second objective of the research. The second purpose of the

previous research is to describe the describe how the figurative language depicted

through Rihanna’s selected songs, while the second purpose of the present

research is to reveal the theme through figurative language in Billie Eilish’s song

lyrics. The similarity in both of the researches is on the method that used which is

qualitative method. The researcher also adopted Perrine’s theory of figurative

language that Marhamah used.

The third is an article written by Yulidar (2014) , entitled “Figurative

Language Used in Owl City’s Albums: A Pragmatics Perspective”. The objectives

of this research is to identify the types of figurative language and illocutionary act

in the lyric of Owl City’s Albums. Yulidar uses qualitative research method in

collecting and analyzing the data. The findings of the research are hyperbole is the

most dominant type that used in Owl City’s albums, then personification, simile,

metaphor, symbol, and the last is paradox. There are also thirteen illocutions of

figurative language in Owl City’s albums which are thanking, asserting, stating,

suggesting, boasting, complaining, ordering, requesting, advising, recommending,

blaming, praising, and condoling. The result of the speech act that Yulidar

concludes is that there is asserting that mostly appear in the analysis.

The difference between the previous research and the present research are

on the approach of the research. The previous research use the pragmatic approach

while the present research use the semantic approach. There are two similarities of

the previous research and the present research which are identifying the types of


10

figurative language and the qualitative research method that used in collecting the

data.

The last research is an undergraduate thesis written by Pirenaningtyas

(2019) , entitled “A Semantic Analysis”.The purposes of this research are to

discover what types of figurative language in Sympathy poem, along with the

discussion of its meaning and to reveal the theme of the poem. Pirenaningtyas

uses qualitative method in collecting the data. The result of the research is that

Pirenaningtyas found five types of figurative languages that occurs in twelve

expressions. These are personification, metaphor, simile, metonymy, and symbol.

There are two possible themes of the poem which are “oppression” and “hope”.

Pirenaningtyas concludes that the two themes are combined and become a

dominant theme which is “Someone hopes to get free from the oppression”.

The difference of the previous and the present research is on the object of

the research. The present research use the Billie Eilish’s song lyrics in the EP

Don’t Smile at Me, while the previous research use a poem entitles Sympathy by

Dunbar as the object of the study. The similarity of the previous and the present

research is on the purposes of the research and on the approach of the research.

Both are revealing the theme through figurative language by using semantic

approach.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the researcher explains the three theories which are relevant to

this research. These are theory of semantics, theory of figurative language, and

theory of theme that support this research.


11

1. Semantics

Understanding the meaning of a word or sentence is useful for us. By

knowing the meaning of a word or sentence, we could understand what the author

wants to say. In linguistics, it is called semantics.

Semantics is the study about the meaning of language. Semantics also can

be defined as the study of words, phrases or sentences meaning. The meaning of

words is really important in learning a language. By learning the meaning of those

words, then the words could be combined into phrases and sentences.

According to Griffiths (2006, p. 6) , semantics is the study of word and

sentence meaning. Semantics is studying the literal meaning of a sentence. It

means that the meaning of the sentence is based from the information of people’s

knowledge in English.

For example:

That was the last bus (Griffiths, 2006, p. 6).

From the sentence above, the meaning is that is equated, was is a past tense

which means that the event has already happened, and last means the final or the

recent bus which just came in. The meaning is exist without asking who say or

write the words, when or where. In that sentence, no consideration of context is

involved.

Meaning is a part of semantic study. According to Yule, meaning in

semantics is divided into two which are conceptual meaning and associative

meaning (2010, p. 113). Conceptual meaning is the basic components of meaning

from the literal use of word that the dictionary provides. Yule (2010) states that


12

the conceptual meaning of a word needle has the basic components which are

“thin, sharp, steel, and instruments”. However, some people will have different

associations and connotations to the word needle.

In semantics, semantic features is important for knowing the element of

meaning. Semantic features are the the specific features of a word that helps

adjust based on the context of the sentence. It represents the basic conceptual parts

of meaning for each lexical item. In order to find the semantic feature easier, there

is a semantic feature table that helps to show if a subject has a specific features or

not.For the example :

Table Horse Boy Man Girl Woman

Animate - + + + + +

Human - - + + + +

Female - - - - + +

Adult - + - + - +

(Yule, 2010, p. 114)

From the example above, we can conclude that part of the meaning of the word

horse consist the elements [-animate, -human, -female, -adult], part of the

meaning of the word horse consist the elements [+animate, -human, -female,

+adult], part of the meaning of the word boy consists the elements [+animate,

+human, -female, -adult], etc. The feature also could be characterized that is

necessary in a noun, so it can appear as the subject of a particular verb,

completing syntactic analysis with semantic features.


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According to all the definition above, it can be conclude that semantics is the

study of word, phrase, and sentence meaning in literal. There are two types of

meaning in semantic which are conceptual meaning that is the basic components

of meaning and associative meaning that uses to beautify the meaning of a

sentence. The meaning is exist without considering the contex of a sentence.

2. Figurative Language

Figurative language is a part of semantic study which talks about language

which use figure of speech that means the meaning is not literal. According to

Perrine (1991), figurative language is a way of saying something in unusual way.

Figurative language attracted the readers to become more imaginative when they

read it. Using figurative language means that the meaning can not be interpreted

literally.

According to Perrine (1991) , there are twelve types of figurative language

which are simile, metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole,

irony, allegory, paradox, apostrophe, symbol and litotes. The explanation of those

types of figurative language are presented in the following.

a. Simile

Simile is the comparison between two things by using the words such as like,

as, than, similar to, or resembles (Arp & Johnson, 2009, p. 705) . It means that

simile expresses the similarity between two things. In simile, it uses connective

words to compare things. It also needs the different kinds of thing to be

compared.Simile compares two things directly. It makes the readers more easier

to understand the meaning.


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For example :Shine bright like a diamond

The sentence above is taken from Rihanna’s song, entitled Diamond. The

example above shows that the author used simile by using the word like. The

writer compares the act of shining bright to a diamond. Diamond is known that it

shine bright and sparkling (Marhamah, 2018).

b. Metaphor

Metaphor is a comparison between two different things, like simile. Perrine

(1992) states that metaphor is a comparison between two different things which

has the same equality. Rozakis affirms that metaphor is a comparison without

using the word as or like (1995, p. 33) .The difference is that metaphor is more

directly in compared things. It makes metaphor more difficult to be recognized.

Metaphor and simile have a close relation because both are comparing two

different things. In simile, the comparison could be seen clearly, while metaphor

is more abstract in comparing things. Simile says the thing X is like Y, while

metaphor say the thing X is Y. In this case, metaphor is created more vivid

imagination to the readers when they read it.

For example :My mother’s face curdled.

In the example above the writer used the metaphor to express his mother’s

reaction after saw the writer’s grandfather pour tea from his cup into a saucer.

This metaphor would make the sentence more provoke the reader’s thought rather

than write it in a common way such as My mother grimaced (Griffiths, 2006, p.

78).


15

In Britain, tea is usually served together with curdled milk in common

consent. The taste of the tea is sour and bring a bitter feeling. The reaction after

tasting the tea is could be a grimaced. The writer uses the metaphor to described

his mother’s hatred and fearfulness.

c. Personification

Personification is figurative language which attaches human characteristics

into inanimate objects. It makes the inanimate objects have properties like living

things. Personification also could be defined as giving human’s attribute to an

animal, object, or ideas (Arp & Johnson, 2009, p. 708) . It means that the use of

personification is to make the inanimate object behave like an animate object.

For example :Relax your back and let the noiseSing to you to sleep in my arms

The example above is taken from Owl City’s song, entitled “Air Traffic”.

The meaning of the sentence above is the word noisepretend it can sing like

human. In fact, sing is human’s activity, but in the sentence above noise is given

the characteristic of human being (Yulidar, 2014).

d. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech whose the object are someone name or

ideas that subtitute with other thing that closely associated with it. Metonymy also

could be defined as the use of something which represent other things that has a

close relation (Arp & Johnson, 2009) . It means that the represented thing has the

same meaning with the actual word.

For example :A vision of ecstasy


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In the line above, the word ecstasy uses to represent the object itself. The

use of metonymy here is to let the readers or the audiences think about what

object that has related meaning to the word ecstasy. The sentence a vision of

ecstasy represents Rihanna and Chris Brown who have no secret in taking drugs

together that was seen in the music video, entitled “We Found Love”(Marhamah,

2018).

e. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech that focuses on the whole and the part of

the things. According to Kennedy, synecdoche uses a part of thing to replaced the

whole thing and vice versa (1979, p. 479) . It means that the part stands for the

whole or a part of things refers the whole. Usually, the writer uses synecdoche to

briefness a sentence.

For example :The eyes around – had wrung them dry

The example above was taken from the first stanza of Emily Dickinson’s

poem, entitled I heard a Fly buzz – when I died. Dickinson’s used synecdoche in

her poem which is the word the eyes. The word the eyes refers to the audience

who gathered Dickinson’s deathbed. She does not directly refer to the people who

gathered her bed, but rather to their eyes which are dry because they run out of

tears and breath.

f. Symbol

Symbol is a figurative language that use things to represents an idea.

Symbol is also can be an object or action that depicts something beyond its literal

self (Diyyani, 2004). The use of symbolism makes a literary work more


17

meaningful and colorful. In literary work, everything can have their own symbol

with a deeper meaning. Usually, the use of symbol is depending on the context of the

sentence.

For example :Ah Sunflowers, weary of time,Who countest the steps of the sun;Seeking after that sweet golden climeWhere the traveler’s journey is done– William Blake

In the example above, the poem, entitled Ah! Sunflower by William Blake

contains a figurative language which is symbol. The word sunflower is a symbol

for human being and the word the sun represents life. Those symbols are

represents the cycle of human life and their longing of the life that never ends.

g. Irony

Irony is the word expression which the actual meaning is the opposite from

the literal meaning. Irony appears when someone get a difference result from what

they expected to happen (Diyyani, 2004). In short, irony is a figure of speech that

shows difference between the appearance and reality. Usually, someone used

irony to make a humor or give empathy to others.

For example :I love your voice when you stop singing.

In the sentence above, the speaker actually not loving someone’s voice

when she/he sing a song. However, the addressee keep singing by the speaker

statement (Perrine, 1974, p. 626).

h. Allegory

Allegory is a figurative language which use characters, art, or events to

described abstract ideas. Arp & Johnson affirms that, allegory is narrative or


18

description that has other meaning within the surface one (2009, p. 734) . The

other meaning within is different with its story or description. Usually, the

purpose of using of allegory is to give a moral lesson or explaining someone’s

ideas.

For example :No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals areequal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions foryourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades,and then where should we be?The example above is taken from Animal Farm by George Orwell. This

story is about the farm where the animals kick out humans to become the equal

workers and the revival of pig Comrade Napoleon to destroy any possible equality.

The example of allegory is on the words Comrade Napoleon. Comrade Napoleon

represents Stalin, while the other outstanding pigs represent Lenin and Trotsky.

i. Paradox

Perrine states that paradox is an explicit contradiction that is somehow true

(1991, p. 1) . Paradox contains two opposite things that may be true or not. It is a

contradiction between a statement and fact. The statement that appears is

contradict public opinion or truth, but in reality it contains truth. In short, paradox

has premise that seems to be contradictory in one or with the conclusion.

For example :Heavenly Hurt, it gives us

The example above was taken from the first line in the second stanza of

Emily Dickinson’s poem, entitled There’s a certain Slant of light. The word

Heavenly and Hurt are two contradictory words. The word Heaven has positive a


19

connotation, while the word Hurt has a negative connotation. In fact, heaven

doesn’t hurt humans, but instead gives happiness for humans.

j. Apostrophe

Apostrophe is a figure of speech which use to deliver words to an inanimate

object or an abstract idea as if exist and able to understand feelings. Perrine

(1992) mention that apostrophe consist of mentioning someone absent or

something inanimate as if it were alive and present and also can give response of

what is being said. In the other words, the speaker uses apostrophe to addressed

the entity which can not give a respond.

For example :This is my letter to the world

The example above was taken from Emily Dickinson’s poem, entitled “This

is My Letter to the World”. Actually, Dickinson does not really addressing herself

to all the people in the world. In the other hand, the world could not act like

humans, because it has never been discussed that the world never give Dickinson

feedback or response.

k. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech which use to exaggerate things. Murfin and

Ray stated that hyperbole is a figure of speech that exaggerated words deliberately

to get an effect, whether serious, comic or ironic (2003, p. 205) . Perrine affirms

that hyperbole is merely exaggerating the service of truth (1987, p. 102) . The

meaning of the sentence is not taken literally. It means that hyperbole is a figure

of speech that exaggerates a sentence to obtain the ideas.


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For example :We played golf on the moonAnd tennis on the sun

The example above is taken from Owl City’s song, entitled “Super

Honeymoon” which contains hyperbole. The sentence above shows that the

author can play on the moon and the sun. However, in fact, to reach the space is

not easy and need more strength. It is also impossible to play golf and tennis on

the moon and the sun (Yulidar, 2014).

l. Litotes

Litotes is the opposite of the hyperbole. Litotes is the expression of

understating the actual condition. It brings a positive thing to a negative thing.

The speaker uses the negative words to express something which the meaning is

the opposite. In the other words, litotes is the expression of saying something

which is the opposite of someone’s thought, it is to make someone’s statement

remarkable (Hornby, 2000).

For example :I’ve been reading books of oldThe legends and the mythsThe tastements they toldThe moon and its eclipseSuperman unrolls, a suit before he liftsBut I’m not the kind of person that it fits

The example above is taken from Coldplay’s song, entitled Something Just

Like This. The word But I’m not the kind of person that it fits explain that the

songwriter doesn’t have power to attract people, but actually he has good music

that he used to express his thoughts and ideas .


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3. Theme

Theme is the main or central idea of the discussion. According to Kennedy

and Gioia (1999, p. 175) , theme can be defined as the general idea or insight

expressed by the whole story. Theme is what the author decided in the beginning

before she/he write the story. Holman and Harmon (1986, p. 502) affirm that

theme is the abstract concept made concretely through its representation, in person,

action, and image in the work.

In order to understand the theme, the readers need to read the whole story

carefully. Moreover, there are some ways for the readers who would like to

consider the theme (Arp & Johnson, 2006). First, the theme should be written in a

sentence that contains a subject and predicate. Second, theme should be stated in

general and avoid using name, place, or event. Third, theme generalizations

should not be larger than the story. In writing the theme, it is better to avoid using

the word like every, all, and always. The word like some, sometimes, and may are

more accurate used for writing the theme. Fourth, the theme is the main idea of

the story, so it is not contradicted to the story. Theme also can not depend on the

facts that it supposed to be. The last is the story provides a view of life that fitted

into the condition which view can be explained in more than one way.

The use of theme in a song is really important. Theme comes from the

writer’s thought and it should be explicitly formulated in a long sentence, such as

in a song lyrics. Theme is the main foundation of every song. Song actually has a

story, so theme is really important to determine the storyline. It is the weapons for

the songwriters to make a powerful lyrics.


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According to Richard (2002) a song describes as a short musical

arrangement for the human voice, which presents words or lyrics. A song is

followed by music instrument to beautify it and make it more alive when the

audience listen to it. Every songs has their own style and sung in different tones,

rhytms, speeds, and style.

Sometimes, in a song, the lyrics has rhymes and uses a language style

which is different from the language that is used in everyday life. The language

style that uses in a song is uses to convey the writer’s feelings, experiences, or

ideas. The language style uses in a song is called figurative language which has

many types. The use of figurative language in a song is to avoid misunderstanding

in interpreting the meaning (Setiawati & Maryani, 2018) . The effect of figurative

language in a song is important (Siallagan, Manurung, & Sinaga, 2017). It uses to

beautify the lyrics and the meanings of a song. Therefore, the audience can simply

enjoy the song.

C. Theoretical Framework

The researcher uses the three theories to support this research which are the

theory of semantics, the theory of figurative language, and the theory theme. The

three theories helped the researcher to answer the two research questions.

The first theory is the theory of semantics that the researcher uses to answer

the first research question. This theory uses to identify the meaning of a word,

phrase, or sentence. The researcher needs to find the literal meaning first by using

the dictionary.


23

The second theory is the theory of figurative language which helped the

researcher to classify the type of figurative language in the first research question.

After classifying the types of figurative language and understanding the literal

meaning of the sentences, the researcher analyzed the non-literal meaning based

on the context by using the theory of figurative language.

The last third theory is the theory of theme that the researcher uses to

answer the second research question. According to Kennedy and Gioia (1999) ,

theme is the general idea or insight expressed by the whole story. Theme can be

revealed after analyzing all the figurative language in song lyrics and its meaning.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the explanation of the object of the study, approach of the

study, and method of the study. The first part is the researcher explains the object

of the study analyzed in this research. The second part is the researcher explains

the approach of the study that used in identifying the data. The last part is method

of the study which is divided into two parts, data collection and data analysis. In

the data collection, the researcher explained the method used in collecting the data.

In the data analysis, the researcher explained the steps of analyzing the data.

A. Object of the Study

The data of the research are from Billie Eilish’s song lyrics. The song lyrics

that used in the research were taken from her first debut EP (extended play),

entitled Don’t Smile at Me. This EP was released in August 11, 2017. The

researcher chooses this EP because all of Eilish’s songs in the EP Don’t Smile at

Me has the lyrics that fit into all ages. Moreover, the song lyrics are contains

figurative language that makes the researcher interested in identifying the song

lyrics.

The EP Don’t Smile at Me contains nine songs. These are “COPYCAT”,

“idontwannabeyouanymore”, “my boy”, “watch”, “party favor”, “bellyache”,

“Ocean Eyes”, “hostage”, and “&burn”. Each song in the EP Don’t Smile at Me

has beautiful lyrics which has hidden meanings. The songs also contains

figurative language. That is the reason why the researcher chooses Eilish’s EP


25

Don’t Smile at Me as the object of the research. All of the song lyrics is enclosed

in the appendix.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach of the study uses in the research is semantics. This approach

is discussed with objective or general meaning and avoids trying to explain

subjective or local meaning. Studying semantics is trying to decipher what we

know when we act as if we share knowledge of the meaning of a word, a phrase,

or a sentence in a language (Yule, 2010, p. 112) . This research uses semantic

approach to analyse figurative language in Billie Eilish’s songs lyrics in the EP

Don’t Smile at Me in order to get and understand the meaning.

C. Method of the Study

The researcher used qualitative research method in doing the research.

Qualitative research is a method that does not need a statistical analysis (Marczyk,

DeMatteo, & Festin, 2005, p. 17) . Qualitative research uses observations in

identifying the data. Qualitative research method is fit into this research because

the researcher observed the figurative language in the song lyrics.

In this part, the method of the study is divided into two parts. The first part

is data collection which provides the method of how the researcher collect the data.

The second part is data analysis which provides the steps in analyzing the data.

1. Data Collection

Before the data are collected, the researcher had to decide the population.

Polit and Hungler (1999) mention that population is the totality of all the objects,

subjects, or members that suit to the set of specifications. The population of the


26

research is Billie Eilish’s song lyrics in the EP Don’t Smile at Me. There are 9

songs in the EP, these are “COPYCAT”, “idontwannabeyouanymore”, “my boy”,

“watch”, “party favor”, “bellyache”, “Ocean Eyes”, “hostage”, and “&burn”.

However, the researcher only uses the lyrics that contain figurative language to

identify.

In this research, the researcher uses purposive sampling method. Miles,

Huberman, and Saldana (2014, p. 31) states that in qualitative research, the data is

chosen purposefully. Purposive sampling method also can be defined as selecting

sample by the specific purpose. Purposive sampling method is fitted in the

research because the researcher only uses Billie Eilish’s song lyrics that contains

figurative language in the EP Don’t Smile at Me.

2. Data Analysis

In this part, the researcher elaborated the steps in analyzing the data. There

are some steps that the researcher took in doing the research. The first is the

researcher chose the object of the study which is Billie Eilish’s song lyrics from

the EP Don’t Smile at Me. Then, the researcher gathered all the song lyrics from

genius.com.

The second step is the researcher identified the types of figurative language

that found in Eilish’s song lyrics to answer the first research question. Then, to

ease the researcher in the data reading, the researcher classify the figurative

language found based on its type by using Perrine’s theory. To find the figurative

language, the researcher read Perrine’s theory and fit it into the data found. The

researcher classified the types of figurative language from the most data found.


27

After that, the researcher found the literal meaning of the by using Oxford

Dictionary. Then, the researcher interpreted the meaning of the figurative

language in Eilish’s song lyrics. The researcher identify the relation of words,

phrases, and sentences in the sentence based on the context to find the figurative

meaning. The result of the second step is the researcher found the types of

figurative language and its literal and figurative meaning.

In order to answer the second research question, the researcher read all the

interpretation of the figurative language that found. In order to reveal the theme of

the EP, the analysis processes used semantic features. After that, the researcher

revealed the theme of the Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me.


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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the researcher presents the analysis and discussions of Billie

Eilish’s song lyrics in the EP Don’t Smile at Me. This chapter is divided into two

parts. The first subchapter is the analysis of figurative language in Billie Eilish’s

song lyrics. The second subchapter is discussed the theme of Eilish’s EP Don’t

Smile at Me.

A. Figurative Language in Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me

This part contains the explanation of figurative language in Eilish’s song

lyrics from the EP Don’t Smile at Me. The researcher classifies the type of

figurative language from the most data found. In order to find the meaning of

figurative language, the researcher find its literal meaning from the dictionary.

The researcher use Oxford Dictionary to find the meaning of each word. Then, the

researcher relate the literal meaning with the figurative language based on the

context. The summary and the analysis are presented below.

Table 1. Summary of Figurative Language in Song Lyrics

No. Type of FigurativeLanguage

Frequency

1. Metaphor 102. Hyperbole 73. Simile 44. Personification 35. Symbol 26. Paradox 27. Apostrophe 18. Allegory 1

Total 30


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a. Metaphor

Metaphor is a comparison between two different things. Rozakis states that

metaphor is a comparison without using the word as or like (1995, p. 33) . The

difference is that metaphor is more directly in compared things. It makes

metaphor more difficult to be recognized. Here are some lyrics containing

metaphor that Billie Eilish uses.

Table 2. Song Lyrics Containing Metaphor

No. Song Song Lyrics

1. “COPYCAT” Push my button anytimeYou got your finger on the triggerBut your trigger finger’s mine

2. Silver dollar, Golden flamesDirty water, Poison Rain

3. You’re Italic,I’m in Bold

4. “idontwannabeyouanymore” Was I made from a broken mold?

5. Told, “A tight dress is what makesyou a whore”

6. “my boy” My boy is bein’ sus, he was shadyenough

But now, he’s just a shadow7. “watch” Your lies will never keep, I think you

need to blow ‘em out8. “Ocean Eyes” Burning cities and napalm skies

Fifteen flares inside those ocean eyes9. Fifteen flares inside those ocean eyes

10. “hostage” Gold on your fingertipsFingertips against my cheekGold leaf across your lipsKiss me until I can’t speak

Gold chain beneath your shirtThe shirt that you let me wear homeGold’s fake and real love hurtsBut nothing hurts when I’m aloneWhen you’re with me and we’re

alone


30

The table above shows the result of the analysis in Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile

at Me. The researcher found that there are nine metaphors found in the song

“COPYCAT”, “idontwannabeyouanymore”, “my boy”, “watch”, “Ocean Eyes”,

and “hostage”. The explanation of the metaphors above are presented below.

Table 3. Metaphor in “COPYCAT”

FigurativeExpression

LiteralMeaning

FigurativeMeaning

SemanticFeature

Push my buttonanytime

A small part of amachine thatyou press tomake it work

The emotion [+trigger]

The metaphor above show that the word button compares to Eilish’s

emotion. Eilish’s clone try to annoy and hurt her, but it will never be them who

did it. Because her clone always acted like what Eilish did and would end up

being an “Eilish”. It is about Eilish controlling her emotion. It is also about the

people who try to control her, but she’s already in control because that other

people is just her clone. The previous lyrics but your trigger finger’s mineis

interpreted as everything that they got are from Eilish too because everything they

do is just the same like what Eilish do. So, the researcher decides that the feature

of the figurative expression above is [+trigger].


FigurativeExpression Literal Meaning Figurative

MeaningSemanticFeature

Silver dollar

A chemical element.Silver is a grayish-white precious metalused for makingcoins, jewellery,decorative objects.

Precious [+valuable]


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Golden flame Made of gold Precious [+valuable]

Dirty water Not clean Worthless [-valuable]

Poison rain

A substance thatcauses death or harmif it is swallowed orabsorbed into the

body

Worst [+dangerous]

Eilish uses that metaphor to compares herself to the one who tried to copy

her. Eilish compares herself with silver dollar which means the way she is

precious and the she looks is luxurious and in the second phrase, Eilish compares

her clone to golden flame which means her clone is precious and special to her

because they are the one who make Eilish known all over the world by copying

her everything and the result will never be as good as what Eilish’s got. Eilish also

compares herself to dirty water and compares her clone to poison rain which

means even Eilish did something wrong and worthless, her clone will always be

worst than her. Silver dollar and golden flame has the same semantic feature

which is [+valuable], while the feature for dirty water is [-valuable] and poison

rain is the opposite which is [+dangerous].




You’re Italic

(of printed orwritten

letters)leaning tothe right

Inconfident [-strong]

I’m in Bold(of printed wordsor letters)in athick, dark type

Prominent [+strong]


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Italic and bold are the terms of typography. When the text written in Italic, it

is slanted and thinner, but when the text written in Bold, it is more prominent

because the text is thicker and stokes.

Eilish uses this term to compare herself and her clone. She compares her

clone to the term Italic which is slanted and thinner. It means that her clone is

weak. Then, Eilish compares herself to the term Bold which is prominent. It

means that Eilish is strong and notable personthat could control her clone.

Therefore, the researcher decided that the feature of the word Italic is [-

confidence], while the feature of the word Bold is [+confidence].

Table 6. Metaphor in “idontwannabeyouanymore”



Broken moldA container for

pouring liquid or softsubstance into it

Inferior [-strong]

The lyrics above show that Eilish compares herself to the broken mold.

Mold is the thing used to shape the candle. By using mold, we could make a

beautiful candle with varieties shapes. For example, when we want to make a

candle wax, we need to pour the liquid wax into the mold and let it dry. To get the

perfect candle, we have to broke the mold and get the candle with the shape of the

mold was.

Eilish here compares herself to the broken mold. She is wondering was she

made from a broken mold that makes her feel inferior. She was not born as a

candle which is whole and perfect.The semantic feature for the figurative


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expression above is [-strong]. The researcher found that Eilish hesitate herself and

think that she is like a broken mold which is imperfect and reckless.

Table 7. Metaphor in “idontwannabeyouanymore”



Told, “A tightdress is whatmakes you awhore”

A piece of woman’sclothing that is madein one piece andcovers the bodydown to the legs,sometimes reachingto below the knees,or to the ankles

Whore [+protect]

Eilish uses the word tight dress as a symbol of cultural misconception

towards sexuality. Tight dress is a woman’s cloth that is considered negative

because it show off their body’s curves. People usually see a girl or a woman who

wear tight dress as a whore. A whore is an idea of prevalent in business or

modeling industry. So, the researcher decides that the feature is [+protect].

Table 8. Metaphor in “my boy”



But now, he’sjust a shadow

The dark shape thatsomebody/something’s

form makes on asurface, for exampleon the ground, whenthey are between thelight and the surface

The past thatremains [+untouchable]

Eilish uses the word shadow to represent her boyfriend. The metaphor that

Eilish uses above is to express her boyfriend existence. Eilish compares her

boyfriend existence with the shadow. It means that Eilish’s boy is not around her

anymore, but the memories still follow her everywhere she goes.. The researcher


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chose that the feature of the figurative expression above is [+untouchable]

because Eilish’s boy is just a part of her past that now live in the background of

Eilish’s life.

Table 9. Metaphor in “watch”



I think you needto blow ‘em out

To send out airfrom the mouth To stop lying [+release]

The metaphor lies in the word lies and blow ‘em out. Eilish compares lies

with a candle. The meaning of the candle is that candle could hurt us if we play

with it by putting our finger in the flare for too long. It is the same like the lies.

Eilish’s boy keep his lies for too long and it will hurt her if someday she knows

the truth. So, Eilish ask her boy to stop lying to her. Therefore, the researcher

states that the feature is [+release].

Table 10. Metaphors in “Ocean Eyes”



Burning cities Very hot Fierypersonality [+warmth]

Napalm skies

A substance likejelly, made frompetrol/gas, thatburns and is usedin making bombs

Fierypersonality [+dangerous]

Fifteen flaresinside thoseocean eyes

To burn brightly,but usually foronly a short timeor not steadily

The boy’s eyes [+warm]

Eilish compares the color of the boy’s eyes to the color of large-scale

saturation. She compares the boy’s eyes with the words burning, napalm, and

flares. It shows the emotion that comes out when she looked into the boy’s eyes.


35

She had mixes feelings to the boy. She is scared and deeply in love at the same

time when she looked into the boy’s eyes. So, the researcher states that the feature

of the figurative expression above are [+warmth] and [+dangerous].

Table 11. Metaphor in “Ocean Eyes”




The mass of saltwater that coversmost of the earth’s

surface

Affection [+deep]

Eilish represent her lover with the ocean which is blue, deep, calm, but

sometimes it is cruel. It means that her boy can make her feel calm but in the other

times Eilish can easily make him shed tears. Therefore, the researcher decides that

the feature of the figurative expression above is [+deep].

Table 12. Metaphor in “hostage”



Gold on yourfingertips

A chemical element.Gold is a yellow

precious metal usedfor making coins,

jewellery, decorativeobjects, etc

Precious [+valuable]

In the lyrics above, Eilish consider herself as a gold. Gold is the precious

and most valuable thing in the world. So, she conveys herself as the gold that is

precious for his boy. Therefore, the researcher decides that the semantic feature is

[+valuable].

b. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech which use to exaggerate things. Murfin and

Ray states that hyperbole is a figure of speech that exaggerated words deliberately


36

to get an effect, whether serious, comic or ironic (2003, p. 205) . Perrine affirms

that hyperbole is merely exaggerating the service of truth (1987, p. 102). Here are

some lyrics containing hyperbole that Billie Eilish uses.

Table 13. Song Lyrics Containing Hyperbole


1.“idontwannabeyouanymore”

Don’t be that way,fall apart twice a day

2. If teardrops could be bottled

3.

“watch”

Lips meet teeth and toungeMy heart skips eight beat at once

4.Go ahead and watch my heart burnWith the fire that you started in meBut I’ll never let you back to put it out

5. “Ocean Eyes” Falling into your ocean eyes

6.

“hostage”

I wanna be aloneAlone with you does that make sense?I wanna steal your soulAnd hide you in my treasure chest

7.And let me crawl inside your veinsI’ll build a wall, give you a ball andchain


at Me. The researcher found that there are seven hyperboles found in the song

“idontwannabeyouanymore”, “watch”, “Ocean Eyes”, and “hostage”. The

explanation of the hyperbole above are presented below.

Table 14. Hyperbole in “idontwannabeyouanymore”



Fall apart twice aday

Two times; ontwo occasions

Feeling sad andannoying at thesame time.

[+time]

In fact, people can’t physically fall apart two times in one day. The word

twice a day is the exaggeration of Eilish’s feelings. The next lyric I just wish you


37

could feel what you say shows that she hates the fact that nobody cares about her

feelings. That is why she feels sad and so annoying at the same time. Therefore,

the researcher decides that the semantic feature of the figurative expression above

is [+time].

Table 15. Hyperbole in “idontwannabeyouanymore”



If teardrops couldbe bottled

Sold or stored inbottles Sad [-strong]

The lyrics above contains hyperbole by looking at the word bottled. In fact,

tears can not be put in a bottle. No matter how much the tears come out, it is

impossible to be put into a bottle. The word bottled exaggerating Eilish’s sadness.

The hyperbole above means that Eilish cried so many times because she felt very

sad. Therefore, the researcher decides that the feature is [-strong].

Table 16. Hyperbole in “watch”



My heart skipseight beat at once

The organ in thechest Love [+valuable]

The lyrics above is the expression of Eilish who feels very happy because

she is deeply in love until she feel like her heart is beating not as usual. Eilish’s

heart is uncontrollable because of the love that she feels. However, heart can not

skip eight beats at once. In fact, heart beats so many in times at once. So, the

researcher decides that the semantic feature of the figurative expression above is

[+nervous].


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Table 17. Hyperbole in “watch”



Go ahead andwatch my heart

burn

To produceflames and heat Suffered [+dangerous]

The word my heart burn is exaggerating Eilish’s feeling that she suffered

because the boy never asked or did anything serious to her. So, she did not want to

be attracted to extinguish her anger and revenge towards her boy. She let her boy

watch her suffering from what he has done to her. Therefore, the researcher

decides that the feature is [+dangerous].

Table 18. Hyperbole in “hostage”



I wanna stealyour soul

To take somethingfrom a person,

shop/store, etc. withoutpermission and withoutintending to return it or

pay for it

To take the boy’sheart [+obsessed]

And hide youin my treasure

chest

To put or keepsomebody/somethingin a place where they/it

cannot be seen orfound

Feeling anxious [+worried]

The lyrics above contains hyperbole that express how much Eilish loves his

lover and how much she wants to be alone with her lover. She want to take the

boy’s soul because she want him to be hers, so no one can’t bothered him. That is

why she wants to steal her lover heart and locked it in a chest. Eilish tends to keep

her boy away from the others because she’s too anxious that she will lost him. So,

the researcher decides that the feature are [+obsessed] and [+worried].


39

Table 19. Hyperbole in “hostage”



Let me crawlinside your veins

To move forward onyour hands andknees, with yourbody close to the

ground

To approach yourlife and your heart [+motion]

I’ll build a wall,give you a balland chain

A long vertical solidstructure, made ofstone, brick orconcrete, that

surrounds, divides orprotects an area of

land

A locked heart [+protect]


A heavy metal balland chain attached tothe prisoner’s leg toprevent their escape

A locked heart [+protect]

Eilish wants to crawl inside the boy’s veins means that she wants to be his

blood that controls and keeps him alive. She exaggerate the feeling of how much

she wanted to be the part of her lover’s life. It shows that Eilish wants to keep her

boy seriously.

Eilish also exaggerating her feelings toward the boy in the lyrics I’ll build a

wall, give you a ball and chain. It shows that she wants to keep her lover like in a

prison, so he couldn’t go anywhere. She just want to be with him everytime. So,

the researcher decides that the features are [+motion] and [+protect].

c. Simile

Perrine states that simile is the comparison between two things by using the

words such as like, as, than, similar to, or resembles (Arp & Johnson, 2009, p.

705). It means that simile expresses the similarity between two things. In simile, it


40

use connective words to compare things. It also needs the different kinds of thing

to be compared. Here are some lyrics containing simile that Billie Eilish uses.

Table 20. Song Lyrics Containing Simile


1.

“my boy”

My boy loves his like I love my split endsAnd by that, I mean he cuts ‘em off

2.

My boy’s bein’ sus, and he don’t knowhow to cussHe just sounds like he’s tryna to be hisfather

3. “bellyache” The way I wear my noose like a necklace

4. “hostage” Just let me hold you like a hostage


at Me. The researcher found that there are four simile found in Eilish’s song,

entitled “my boy”, “bellyache”, and “hostage”. The explanation of the simile

above are presented below.

Table 21. Simile in “my boy”



My boy loves hisfriends like I lovemy split ends

A hair on your headthat has divided intoparts at the end

because it is dry orin poor condition

Toxicity [-good]

Eilish compares the way her boyfriend maintain their relationship with her

unhealthy hair. As hair get longer, it becomes unhealthy, dry, and frayed. Usually,

the hair will cut off. It is the same like her boyfriend that will cut off any friends

that he makes. The lyrics that depicted toxicity of Eilish’s boyfriend in

maintaining their relationship. Therefore, the researcher states that the feature is [-

good].


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Table 22. Simile in “my boy”



He just soundslike he’s tryna tobe his father

A male parent of achild or an animal; aperson who is actingas the father to a

child

Dominant [+mature]

Eilish compares his boyfriend with his father. The previous lyrics is My

boy’s bein’ sus, and he don’t know how to cuss, it shows that Eilish’s boy is trying

to be mature by cursing someone because he felt superior in their relationship, but

he ended up embarrassing himself. Although he tried so hard to be mature, but he

still acted like a child. Therefore, the researcher decides that the feature is

[+mature].

Table 23. Simile in “bellyache”



The way I wearmy noose like anecklace

A piece of jewelleryconsisting of achain, string ofbeads, etc. wornaround the neck

Sorrow [+precious]

A nooseis a tied rope used to commit suicide. Eilish here shows that she wears

it like a necklace which is something valuable and to be proud of. The wearing of

the noose represent Eilish’s sorrow and regret. Eilish regretted her past with her

boy. So, the researcher decides that the feature is [+precious].

Table 24. Simile in “hostage”



Just let me holdyou like ahostage

A person who iscaptured and heldprisoner by a person

A feeling of fearof loss [+worried]


https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/noose

42

or group, and whomay be injured or

killed if people do notdo what the person or

group is asking

Eilish compares her lover to the word hostage which means she wants to

keep her lover away from other girls. Eilish’s wants to keep her lover only for

herself because she loves him so much . It because she did not want to loose her

lover. Here, Eilish describers herself as a possessive person. So, the researcher

decides that the feature of the figurative expression above is [+worried].

d. Personification

Personification is figurative language which attaches human characteristic

into inanimate objects. It makes the inanimate objects have properties like living

things. Personification also could be defined as giving human’s attribute to an

animal, object, or ideas (Arp & Johnson, 2009, p. 708) .Here are some lyrics

containing personification that Billie Eilish uses.

Table 25. Song Lyrics Containing Personification


1. “idontwannabeyouanymore” Tell the mirror what you know she’sheard before

2. “Ocean Eyes” I’ve been walking through a world goneblind

3. “&burn”I still remember thatHeaven sent a present my wayI won’t ever forget your laugh


at Me. The researcher found that there are three personification found in Eilish’s

song, entitled “idontwannabeyouanymore”, “Ocean Eyes”, and “&burn”. The

explanation of the personification above are presented below.


43

Table 26. Personification in “idontwannabeyouanymore”



Tell themirrorwhat you know

she’s heard before

A piece of specialflat glass that reflectsimages, so that youcan see yourself

when you look in it

A feeling ofworry [+insecurity]

The phrase tell the mirror is inanimate that given the ability of human that

can listen. The word mirror represents Eilish’s appearance. It seems like she

doesn’t like herself everytime she sees herself in the mirror. As she was grows

older, she becomes more self-conscious about her appearance. She’s also feel that

there is something wrong with her. So, the feature of the figurative expression

above is [+insecurity].

Table 27. Personification in “Ocean Eyes”



I’ve been walkingthrough a worldgone blind

The earth, with all itscountries, peoplesand natural features.

Lost [+location]

The word world is personified by the phrase gone blind. Eilish expresses her

fiery feelings towards the boy. A world gone blind means Eilish’s lost her mind

because she could only thinking about her lover. The lyrics above followed by the

sentence Can’t stop thinking of your diamond mind which means that she could

only think about the boy’s beautiful personality until she forgot about herself.

Therefore, the researcher decides that the feature is [+location].


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Table 28. Personification in “&burn”



Heaven sent apresent my way

The place believed tobe the home of Godwhere good people go

when they die

Happiness [+please]

The word heaven above represents happiness that Eilish and her boy have

been through before. The previous lyric is I still remember that shows that the boy

remembers all the good times with Eilish. The next lyrics I won’t forget your

laugh also shows that he did not want to erase all the beautiful memories with

Eilish. The meaning of the figurative expression can be concluded that all the

good memories still remains in the boy’s mind. So, the researcher decides that the

feature of the figurative expression above is [+please].

e. Symbol

Symbol is a figure of speech that use things to represents an idea. Symbol is

also could be an object or action that depicts something beyond its literal self

(Diyyani, 2004) . The use of symbolism makes a literary work more meaningful

and colorful. Here are some lyrics containing symbol that Billie Eilish uses.

Table 29. Song Lyrics Containing Symbol


1. “Watch”I’ll sit and watch your car burnWith the fire that you started in meBut you never came back to ask it out

2. “Ocean Eyes” Can’t stop thinking of your diamondmind


45


at Me. The researcher found that there are two symbols found in the song “watch”,

and “Ocean Eyes”. The explanation of the symbols above are presented below.

Table 30. Symbol in “watch”



With the fire thatyou started in me

The flames, lightand heat, and oftensmoke, that areproduced whensomething burns

The emotionalsuffering [+anger]

The word fire represents the emotional suffering that Eilish felt. She blames

her boy for everything that happened when they are together. Eilish states that her

act of revenge is a reaction to what her boy had been done before. Therefore, the

researcher states that the feature is [+anger].

Table 31. Symbol in “Ocean Eyes”



Can’t stopthinking of yourdiamond mind

A clear preciousstone of pure carbon,the hardest substanceknown. Diamondsare used in jewelleryand also in industry,especially for cutting

glass

A strong andunbreakableperson

[+precious]

The word diamond mind represents that the boy is brilliant and luminous.

The boy is like a diamond which is strong and unbreakable. It means that Eilish

can’t stop thinking about how adorable the boy is. Therefore, the researcher states

that the feature is [+precious].


46

f. Paradox

Paradox is an explicit contradiction that is somehow true (Perrine, 1991) .

Paradox contains two opposite things that may be true or not. It is a contradiction

between a statement and fact. The statement that appears is contradict public

opinion or truth, but in reality it contains truth. In short, paradox has premise that

seems to be contradictory in one or with the conclusion.

Table 32. Song Lyrics Containing Paradox


1. “COPYCAT” Why so sad, bunny? You can’t havemine

2. “idontwannabeyouanymore” There’s be swimming pools filled bymodels


at Me. The researcher found that there are two paradox found in Eilish’s song,

entitled “COPYCAT” and “idontwannabeyouanymore”. The explanation of the

paradox above are presented below.

Table 33. Paradox in “COPYCAT”



Why so sad,bunny?

A child’s wordfor a rabbit

A weak andannoyingcreature

[+small]

Eilish uses the word bunny to compare her clone as a small cute fluffy and

nothing. The reason why the lyrics above contain paradox because the meaning of

bunny are contradict public opinion. Usually, people see a bunny as a cute fluffy,

but in her song, Eilish represents her clone as a bunny which is small, weak, and

annoying creature. She is mockingly her clone that her clone is so annoying


47

because she always copying Eilish but in the end her clone can not have

everything that she has. Therefore, the researcher decides that the feature is

[+small]

Table 34. Paradox in “idontwannabeyouanymore”



There’s beswimming

pools filled bymodels

A person whose jobis to wear and shownew styles of clothesand be photographed

wearing them

The saddestpeople in the

world[+sorrow]

The reason why the lyrics above contain paradox because the meaning of

models are contradict public opinion but in reality it contains truth. The word

models above represnts the saddest people in the world. Usually, modls are the

standard or role model to all the people around the world. Models must be look

perfect in front of public, because they are the people that everyone will always

looked up to. Even models look perfect in public, there are lots of pressure that

unseen. Therefore, the researcher decides that the feature is [+sorrow].

g. Apostrophe

Apostrophe is a figure of speech which use to deliver words to an inanimate

object or an abstract idea as if exist and able to understand feelings. Perrine

(1992) mention that apostrophe consist of mentioning someone absent or

something inanimate as if it were alive and present and also can give response of

what is being said. In the other words, the speaker uses apostrophe to addressed

the entity which can not give a respond. Here are some lyrics containing

apostrophe that Billie Eilish uses.


48

Table 35. Song Lyrics Containing Apostrophe


1. Ocean Eyes Careful creatureMade friends with time


at Me. The researcher found that there is one apostrophe found in Eilish’s song,

entitled “Ocean Eyes”. The explanation of the apostrophe above are presented

below.

Table 36. Apostrophe in “Ocean Eyes”



Made friendswith time

What is measured inminutes, hours,

days, etcBe at peace [+moment]

The phrase made friends with time refers to the boy who deal with every

moment that he has been through. The previous lyrics careful creature describes

that the boy is someone who is careful when he act or when he want to decide

something. So, he always tries to deal with himself. Therefore the researcher

decides that the feature for the figurative expression above is [+moment].

h. Allegory

Allegory is a figure of speech which use characters, art, or events to

described abstract ideas. Perrine(1987, p. 88) affirms that, allegory is narrative or

description that has other meaning within the surface one. The other meaning

within is different with its story or description. Here are some lyrics containing

allegory that Billie Eilish uses.


49

Table 37. Song Lyrics Containing Allegory


1. “COPYCAT”

I'm so sorry, now you knowSorry I'm the one that told you soSorry, sorry, I'm sorry, sorryPsych


at Me. The researcher found that there is one allegory found in Eilish’s song,

entitled “COPYCAT”. The explanation of the allegory above are presented below.

Table 38. Allegory in “COPYCAT”



PsychShort for

psychiatrist orpsychologist

An imitation ofEilish [+sanity]

Psych is a show that Eilish uses to represent her ideas about the one who

tried to copy her. Psych is a comedy drama series in America about young

policewho solved crimes with the strong power of observation. What he did when

he solved crimes makes the detective thinks he is a psychic.

Eilish compares her clone with a character in the drama which is the young

police. Her clone did the same thing like him who observed everything that

Eilish’s did and had. So, Eilish think that her clone is a psychic like the young

police. Therefore, the researcher decides that the feature of the figurative

expression above is [+sanity].


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-copycat-lyrics




50

B. Themes in Billie Eilish’ EP Don’t Smile at Me

From the previous discussion, the researcher found that there are nine

figurative language contain in Eilish’s song lyrics. The meaning of each type of

figurative language have been discussed in the previous part. In this part, the

researcher focuses on how the researcher reveal the theme of Eilish’s EP Don’t

Smile at Me through figurative language which have been discussed above.

Theme is the general idea or insight expressed by the whole story (Kennedy &

Gioia, 1999, p. 175).

Holman and Harmon (1986) affirm that theme is the abstract concept made

concretely through its representation, in person, action, and image in the work.

The representation of person, action, and image are identified through the three

elements which are noun uses to see the person, predicate uses to see the action,

and adjective uses to see the the image described in the song lyrics.

According to Arp and Johnson (2006), theme must be written generally and

avoid using name, place, or event. The theme also should be written in a sentence

that contains a subject and predicate and should not be larger than the story. Since

theme is the main idea of the story, so it should not contradicted to the story and

depend on the facts that it supposed to be.

By analyzing the meanings of figurative language in the previous discussion,

the researcher concludes that there are two possibilities subjects that could form a

theme of the EP. These are “love” and “sorrow”. The discussion of the two

subjects for the theme are presented below based on the use of figurative

expression that have been discussed.


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1. Love

The first theme that is revealed through the use of figurative language is

“Love”. The theme “Love” can be seen from the use of metaphor, hyperbole, and

simile, in the previous discussion. The explanation are presented below.

a. “Love” Seen through Metaphor

The theme “Love” is depicted from the use of metaphor in Eilish’s song

lyrics. The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled “Ocean Eyes”. The explanation

are presented below.

i. Fifteen flares inside those ocean eyes

The lyrics above is from Billie Eilish’s song, entitled “Ocean Eyes”. The

researcher decides that the lyrics is fit into the theme “Love” because on the

phrase fifteen flares it represents the beautiful mixture of colors in the boy’s eyes

that makes Eilish falling in love. This figurative expression of flares has semantic

feature which is [+warmth]. Usually, when someone is falling in love, they will

feel comfortable just by looking into her lover’s eyes. Therefore, the feature

warmth here represent the feeling of pleasure and comfortable just by looking into

the boy’s eyes.

The other figurative expression which represent the theme “Love” is the

phrase ocean eyes. In this case, Eilish’s talks about falling in love with the boy’s

beautiful eyes. The researcher decides that the feature is [+deep] because the

subject (Eilish) is attracted with the boy’s eyes which look beautiful like an ocean

and bring the warmth when he stared deeply into her eyes.


52

Table 39. “Love” Seen through Metaphor

Theme Figurative Expression Figurative Meaning SemanticFeature

LoveFifteen flares insidethose ocean eyes The boy’s eyes [+warmth]

Fifteen flaresinside thoseocean eyes Affection [+deep]

b. “Love” Seen through Hyperbole

The theme “Love” is depicted from the use of hyperboles in Eilish’s song

lyrics. The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled “watch” and “hostage”. The

explanation are presented below.

i. My heart skips eight beat at once

The researcher decides that figurative expression above is fit into the theme

“Love” because heart has figurative meaning love. The word heart represent the

subject’s feeling of love. Therefore the researcher decides that the feature of the

figurative expression above is [+valuable] because heart has the literal meaning

the organ in the chest which is very valuable for every people. It is the same like

the feeling of love. Love is important and valuable in our life because with love

we can make a close relationship with people in every situation to achieve

happiness in life.

ii. I wanna steal your soul

When a person is falling in love, usually she/he wants to be the part of the

lover’s life. The subject shows the feeling of wanting to be the part of someone’s

life with the lyrics I wanna steal your soul. The word steal has the literal meaning

to take something from a personwithout permission and without intending to

return it or pay for it, while the figurative meaning of the phrase steal your soul is


53

to take the boy’s heart. Based to the literal and figurative meaning, it creates the

semantic feature [+obsessed] because the subject is obsessed with wanting to be

the part of her lover’s life.

iii. And hide you in my treasure chest

The lyrics above is fit into the theme “Love” because it means the subject

feels anxious of losing her lover. The word hide has the literal meaning which is

to put or keep somebody/something in a place where they/it cannot be seen or

found. This literal meaning create the feature [+worried] and relate to what the

subject feels about losing her lover.

iv. I’ll build a wall, give you a ball and chain

Love is having an interest or affection towards a person. Falling in love with

someone will create the feeling of wanting a person’s whole life or the feeling of

fear of losing. In Eilish’s songs, entitled “hostage”, it talks about loving someone

too much until it create possessiveness. The lyrics above show that the subject

wants to protect her lover from others. The semantic feature of the figurative

expression above is [+protect]. The phrase a ball and chain has the literal

meaning a heavy metal ball and chain attached to the prisoner’s leg to prevent

their escape. It is the same like what the subject do to protect her locer. The

figurative meaning of the phrase a ball and chai is a locked heart which means

that the subject wants to keep her lover only for her and feels worried about losing

him.


54

Table 40. “Love” Seen through Hyperbole


Love

My heart skips eightbeat at once Love [+valuable]

I wanna steal your soul To take the boy’sheart [+obsessed]

And hide you in mytreasure chest Anxious [+worried]

I’ll build a wall, give youa ball and chain A locked heart [+protect]

I’ll build a wall, give youa ball and chain A locked heart [+protect]

c. “Love” Seen through Simile

The theme “Love” is depicted from the use of simile in Eilish’s song lyrics.

The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled “hostage”. The explanation are

presented below.

i. Just let me hold you like a hostage

The lyrics above is from Eilish’s song, entitled “hostage”. The researcher

decides that the lyrics is fit into the “Love” theme because the subject here is

feeling anxious about losing her lover. Therefore, it has the feature [+worried]

because the subject is falling deeply in love until she has a feeling of fear of lost

towards the boy.

Table 41. “Love” Seen through Simile


Love Just let me hold you likea hostage

A feeling of fear oflost [+worried]

2. “Sorrow”

The second theme that is revealed through the use of figurative language is

“Sorrow”. The second theme is related with the first theme because love is not


55

always about being happy all the time, but we also can feel the sadness or sorrow

sometimes. The theme “Sorrow” can be seen from the use of metaphor, hyperbole,

personification, symbol, and paradox in the previous discussion. The explanation


a. “Sorrow” Seen through Metaphor

The theme “Sorrow” is depicted from the use of metaphor in Eilish’s song

lyrics. The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled “idontwannabeyouanymore”.

The explanation are presented below.

i. Was I made from a broken mold?

The lyrics above is from the song “idontwannabeyouanymore”. The

researcher decides that the lyrics is fit into the theme “Sorrow” because the

subject feels she is inferior. The feature of the the figurative expression above is [-

strong] because the literal and figurative meaning of the word mold . The literal

meaning of mold is a container for pouring liquid or soft substance into it that

breakable and the figurative meaning of mold is inferior. The subject feels that

herself is weak and easily break.

Table 42. Sorrow” Seen through Metaphor


Sorrow Was I made from abroken mold? Inferior [-strong]

b. “Sorrow” Seen through Hyperbole

The theme “Sorrow” can be seen through the use of hyperbole in Eilish’s

song lyrics. The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled

“idontwannabeyouanymore”. The explanation are presented below.


56

i. If teardrops could be bottled

The researcher decides that lyrics above is fit into the theme “Sorrow”

because the word bottled has the literal meaning sold or stored in bottles which

exaggerating the word teardrops . It means that the subject feels so sad and cry so

many times. This figurative expression creates the feature [-strong] because the

subject feels so distressed and weak.

Table 43. Sorrow” Seen through Hyperbole


Sorrow If teardrops could bebottled Sadness [-strong]

c. “Sorrow” Seen through Personification

The theme “Sorrow” can be seen through the use of personification in

Eilish’s song lyrics. The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled

“idontwannabeyouanymore”. The explanation are presented below.

i. Tell the mirror what you know she’s heard before

The lyrics above is from the song “idontwannabeyouanymore”. The

figurative expression above creates the feature [+insecurity] because the literal

meaning of the word mirror is a piece of special flat glass that reflects images, so

it actually explain abouthow the subject worried about herself while looking at

herself on the mirror. The subject feels insecure about how she looks like and

she’s also feel that there is something wrong with her that makes her sad.


57

Table 44. Sorrow” Seen through Personification


Sorrow Tell themirrorwhat youknow she’s heard before A feeling of worry [+insecurity]

d. “Sorrow” Seen through Symbol

The theme “Sorrow” can be seen through the use of symbols in Eilish’s

song lyrics. The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled “watch”. The explanation


i. With the fire that you started in me

The lyrics above is from Eilish’s song, entitled “watch”. It is fit into the

theme “Sorrow” because it talks about the emotion suffering that the subject felt

after she broke up with her boyfriend. The figurative expression above creates the

feature [+anger] because the word fire has the literal meaning which is the flames,

light and heat that are produced when something burns. From the literal meaning,

the researcher conclude that fire is the symbol that trigger the subject’s feeling of

hatred and anger.

Table 45. Sorrow” Seen through Symbol


Sorrow With the fire that youstarted in me

The emotionalsuffering [+anger]

e. “Sorrow” Seen through Paradox

The theme “Sorrow” can be seen through the use of paradox in Eilish’s song

lyrics. The evidence lied in Eilish’s songs entitled “idontwannabeyouanymore”.

The explanation are presented below.


58

i. There’d be swimming pool filled by models

Sorrow is a feeling of sadness and distress. The lyrics above are represent

sorrow because model is symbolized as the perfect role model for public but in

fact there is a deep distress inside their heart. This figurative expression creates

the feature [+sorrow] because even models look perfect in public, there are lots of

unseen pressure that we could not see it.

Table 46. Sorrow” Seen through Paradox


Sorrow There’d be swimmingpool filled by models

The saddest peoplein the world [+sorrow]


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the last chapter, the researcher presents the conclusion based on the

previous chapter discussions. The data of this research are taken from Billie

Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me. In this research, the researcher focuses on finding

the types of figurative language and reveal the theme of the EP. The researcher

applies semantic approach in conducting this research. This approach helps the

researcher to find the meaning of figurative expressions in Eilish’s song lyrics and

also helps the researcher to reveal the theme of the EP.

According to the discussions in the previous chapter, there are two results of

the discussions. The first is, the researcher found that there are eight types of

figurative language found in Billie Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me. These are

metaphor, hyperbole, symbol, personification, symbol, paradox, apostrophe, and

allegory. Metaphor is the dominant type found in this research that occurs ten

times, while apostrophe and allegory appear only once. The researcher also found

that from the nine songs in Eilish’s EP, there is one song that did not contain

figurative language which is “party favor”.

The second is the researcher found that there are two possible themes of the

EP which are “Love” and “Sorrow”. The theme “Love” is depicted from the use

of metaphor, hyperbole, and simile in Eilish’s songs entitled, “Ocean Eyes”,

“hostage”, and “watch”. There are some features that proved the theme “Love”

which are [+warmth], [+deep], [+valuable], [+obsessed], [+worried], and

[+protect]. The theme “Sorrow” is depicted from the use of metaphor, hyperbole,


60

personification, symbol, and paradox in Eilish’s song entitled,

“idontwannabeyouanymore” and “watch”. There are some features that

determined the theme “Sorrow”. These are [-strong], [+insecurity], [+anger], and

[+sorrow].

From the two major themes that the researcher found, the researcher finds

the connection between the two theme, “Love” and “Sorrow”. By reading and

understanding Eilish’s EP Don’t Smile at Me, the researcher finds that Eilish talks

about being loved or falling in love is not always bring happiness, there is a

hidden sorrow deep inside your heart. In the other words, Billie Eilish wants to

share her feelings when she’s being loved and giving her love to someone and

also she wants everybody knows that love also can hurt your feelings. Therefore,

the researcher concludes that the combination of the two possible theme formed a

dominant theme of the EP which is there is a hidden sorrow behind the feeling of

being loved or falling in love.

Finally, the researcher can provide the evidence that linguistics can be used

to analyze the literary work such as song lyrics. The researcher hopes that this

research can help student to understand linguistic study and also help the student

to understand many types of figurative language. The researcher also hope that the

future research will do the analysis deeper about figurative language in the song

lyrics.


61

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Marsh, A. (2017). How Billie Eilish's "Ocean Eyes" Turned Her Into anOvernight Sensation. Dipetik 9 15, 2019, dari www.teenvogue.com:https://www.teenvogue.com/story/how-billie-eilishs-ocean-eyes-turned-her-

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64

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: Literal and Non-Literal Meaning of Figurative Expressionfound in the song lyrics

a.Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “COPYCAT”


Type ofFigurativeLanguage

Literal Meaning Non-LiteralMeaning

SharedSemanticFeature

Theme

Pushmybutton anytime

Metaphor

A small part of amachine that youpress to make it

work

The emotion [+trigger] -

Silver dollar

A chemicalelement. Silver is agrayish-white

precious metal usedfor making coins,

jewellery,decorative objects,

etc.

Precious [+valuable] -

Golden flame Made of gold Precious [+valuable] -Dirty water Not clean Worthless [-valuable] -

Poison rain

A substance thatcauses death orharm if it isswallowed or

absorbed into thebody

Worst [+dangerous] -

You’re Italic

(of printed orwritten

letters)leaning tothe right

Inconfident [-strong] -

I’m in Bold(of printed wordsor letters)in a thick,

dark typeProminent [+strong] -

Why so sad,bunny?

Paradox A child’s word fora rabbit

A weak andannoyingcreature

[+small] -

Psych AllegoryShort for

psychiatrist orpsychologist

An imitationof Eilish [+sanity] -


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b.Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “idontwannabeyouanymore”





Theme

Was I madefrom a broken

mold?

Metaphor

A container forpouring liquid orsoft substance into

it

Inferior [-strong] Sorrow

Told, “A tightdress is whatmakes you awhore”

A piece ofwoman’s clothingthat is made in onepiece and coversthe body down tothe legs, sometimesreaching to belowthe knees, or to the

ankles

Whore [+protect] -

Fall aparttwice a day

Hyperbole

Two times; on twooccasions

Feeling sadand annoyingat the same

time.

[+time] -

Ifteardropscould bebottled

Sold or stored inbottles Sad [-strong] Sorrow

Tell themirrorwhat youknow...

Personification

A piece of specialflat glass that

reflects images, sothat you can seeyourself when you

look in it

A feeling ofworry [+insecurity] Sorrow

...swimmingpools filled by

modelsParadox

A person whosejob is to wear andshow new styles ofclothes and bephotographedwearing them

The saddestpeople in the

world[+sorrow] Sorrow


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c. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “my boy”





Theme

...he’s just ashadow Metaphor

The dark shape thatsomebody/something’s form makes on

a surface, forexample on the

ground, when theyare between thelight and thesurface

The past thatremains [+untouchable] -

...loves hisfriends like Ilove my splitends

Simile

A hair on yourhead that has

divided into parts atthe end because itis dry or in poor

condition

Toxicity [-good] -

He just soundslike he’s tryna

to be hisfather

A male parent of achild or an animal;a person who is

acting as the fatherto a child

Dominant [+mature] -

d.Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “watch”





Theme

...you need toblow ‘em out Metaphor To send out air

from the mouth To stop lying [+release] -

My heartskips eightbeat at once Hyperbole

The organ in thechest Love [+valuable] Love

...watch myheart burn

To produce flamesand heat Suffered [+dangerous] -

Withthefirethat youstarted in me

Symbol

The flames, lightand heat, and oftensmoke, that areproduced whensomething burns

Theemotionalsuffering

[+anger] Sorrow


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e. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “ocean eyes”





Theme

Burning cities

Metaphor

Very hot Fierypersonality [+warmth] -

Napalm skies

A substance likejelly, made frompetrol/gas, that

burns and is used inmaking bombs

Fierypersonality [+dangerous] -

Fifteenflaresinsidethose ocean

eyes

To burn brightly,but usually for onlya short time or not

steadily

The boy’seyes [+warm] -


The mass of saltwater that coversmost of the earth’s

surface

Affection [+deep] -

...walkingthrough aworld gone

blind

Personification

The earth, with allits countries,

peoples and naturalfeatures.

Lost [+location] -

...yourdiamond mind Symbol

A clear preciousstone of pure

carbon, the hardestsubstance known.Diamonds are usedin jewellery andalso in industry,especially forcutting glass

A strong andunbreakableperson

[+precious] -

Made friendswith time Apostrophe

What is measuredin minutes, hours,

days, etcBe at peace [+moment] -

f. Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “hostage”





Theme

Gold on yourfingertips Metaphor

A chemicalelement. Gold is ayellow preciousmetal used for

Precious [+valuable] -


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making coins,jewellery,

decorative objects,etc

I wanna stealyour soul

To take somethingfrom a person,shop/store, etc.

without permissionand without

intending to returnit or pay for it

To take theboy’s heart [+obsessed] Love

And hide youin my treasure

chest

To put or keepsomebody/something in a place wherethey/it cannot beseen or found

Feelinganxious [+worried] Love

Let me crawlinside your

veins

Hyperbole

To move forwardon your hands andknees, with yourbody close to the

ground

To approachyour life andyour heart

[+motion] -

I’ll build awall, give youa ball andchain

A long verticalsolid structure,made of stone,

brick or concrete,that surrounds,

divides or protectsan area of land

A lockedheart [+protect] Love

I’ll build awall, give youa ball andchain

A heavy metal balland chain attachedto the prisoner’sleg to prevent their

escape

A lockedheart [+protect] Love

...hold you likea hostage Simile

A person who iscaptured and heldprisoner by a

person or group,and who may beinjured or killed ifpeople do not dowhat the person orgroup is asking

A feeling offear of loss [+worried] Love


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g.Literal and Non-Literal meaning of “&burn”





Theme

Heaven sent apresent my

way Personification

The place believedto be the home ofGod where goodpeople go when

they die

Happiness [+please] -


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APPENDIX 2: Summary of Theme Revealed Through Figurative Language

in the EP Don’t Smile at Me

Theme Song TitleType of

FigurativeLanguage



Love

Watch

Hyperbole

My heart skipseight beat atonce

[+valuable]

Hostage

I wanna stealyour soul [+obsessed]

And hideyou inmy treasurechest

[+worried]


[+protect]


[+protect]

SimileJust let me holdyou like ahostage

[+worried]

Sorrow

idontwannabeyouanymore

MetaphorWas I made

from a brokenmold?

[-strong]

Hyperbole If teardropscould be bottled [-strong]

Personification

Tell themirrorwhat you knowshe’s heardbefore

[+insecurity]

ParadoxThere’d be

swimming poolfilled by models

[+sorrow]

Watch SymbolWith the firethat you started

in me[+anger]


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APPENDIX 3: Song Lyrics

1.Billie Eilish - COPYCAT

Don’t be cautious, don’t be kindYou committed, I’m your crimePush my button anytimeYou got your finger on the trigger, but your trigger finger’s mine

Silver dollar, golden flameDirty water, poison rainPerfect murder, take your aimI don’t belong to anyone, but everybody knows my name

By the way, you’ve been uninvited‘Cause all you say are all the same thing I did

Copycat tryna cop my mannerWatch your back when you can’t watch mineCopycat tryna cop my glamourWhy so sad, bunny? Can’t have mine

Call me calloused, call me boldYou’re italic, I’m in boldCall me cocky, watch your toneYou better love me, ‘cause you’re just a clone

MineI would have to see you goHate to be the one that told you soYou just crossed the lineYou’ve run out of timeI’m so sorry, now you knowSorry I’m the one that told you soSorry, sorry, I’m sorry, sorryPsych


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2.Billie Eilish - idontwannabeyouanymore

Don’t be that wayFall apart twice a dayI just wish you could feel what you sayShow never tellBut I know you too wellGot a mood that you wish you could sell

f teardrops could be bottledThere’d be swimming pools filled by modelsTold, “a tight dress is what makes you a whore”If “I love you” was a promiseWould you break it, if you’re honest?Tell the mirror what you know she’s heard beforeI dont wanna be you anymore

Hands getting coldLosing feeling is getting oldWas I made from a broken mold?Hurt, I can’t shakeWe’ve made every mistakeOnly you know the way that I break


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3.Billie Eilish - my boy

My boy’s bein’ sus, he was shady enoughBut now, he’s just a shadowMy boy loves his friends like I love my split endsAnd by that, I mean he cuts ‘em off

My boy, my boy, my boyDon't love me like he promisedMy boy, my boy, my boyHe ain’t a man as sure as hell ain’t honest

My boy's bein' sus and he don't know how to cussHe just sounds like he's tryna be his father

My boy's an ugly crier but he's such a pretty liarAnd by that, I mean he said he'd change

My boy, my-my boy, my friendsI love-love, I-I love-love my split endsMy boy (Love, love, love, love, love, love)My-my boy (Love, love, love, love, love, love)My boy, my (Love, love, love, love, love, love, love, love)(Alright, dude, go trip over a knife)

You want me to be yours? Well, then you gotta be mineAnd if you want a good girl, then goodbyeYou want me to be yours? Well, then you gotta be mineAnd if you want a good girl, then goodbye


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-my-boy-lyrics



74

4.Billie Eilish - watch

Lips meet teeth and tongueMy heart skips eight beats at onceIf we were meant to be, we would have been by nowSee what you wanna see, but all I see is him right now

I'll sit and watch your car burnWith the fire that you started in meBut you never came back to ask it outGo ahead and watch my heart burnWith the fire that you started in meBut I'll never let you back to put it out

Your love feels so fakeAnd my demands aren't high to makeIf I could get to sleep, I would have slept by nowYour lies will never keep, I think you need to blow 'em out

When you call my nameDo you think I'll come runnin'?You never did the sameSo good at givin' me nothin'When you close your eyes, do you picture me?When you fantasize, am I your fantasy?Now you knowNow I'm free

Never let you backLet you back, let you backNever gonna let you backLet you back


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-watch-lyrics
















75

5.Billie Eilish - party favor

Hey, call me back when ya get thisOr when you've got a minuteWe really need to talkWait, you know what?Maybe just forget it'Cause by the time you get thisYour number might be blocked

"Stay" and "blah blah blah"You just want what you can't haveNo wayI'll call the copsIf you don't stop, I'll call your dad

And I hate to do this to you on your birthdayHappy birthday, by the way"It's not you, it's me" and all that other bullshitYou know that's bullshitDon'tcha, babe?I'm not your party favor

Look, now I know we coulda done it betterBut we can't change the weatherWhen the weather's come and goneBooks don't make sense if you read 'em backwardsYou'll single out the wrong wordsLike you mishear all my songs


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-party-favor-lyrics


















76

6.Billie Eilish - bellyache

Sittin' all aloneMouth full of gumIn the drivewayMy friends aren't farIn the back of my carLay their bodies

Where's my mind?Where's my mind?

They'll be here pretty soonLookin' through my roomFor the moneyI'm bitin' my nailsI'm too young to go to jailIt's kinda funny

Maybe it's in the gutterWhere I left my loverWhat an expensive fakeMy V is for VendettaThought that I’d feel betterBut now I got a bellyache

Everything I doThe way I wear my nooseLike a necklaceI wanna make 'em scaredLike I could be anywhereLike I'm reckless

I lost my mindI don't mindWhere's my mind?Where's my mind?


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-bellyache-lyrics




























77

7.Billie Eilish - Ocean Eyes

I've been watchin' you for some timeCan't stop starin' at those ocean eyesBurning cities and napalm skiesFifteen flares inside those ocean eyesYour ocean eyes

No fairYou really know how to make me cryWhen you give me those ocean eyesI'm scaredI've never fallen from quite this highFallin' into your ocean eyesThose ocean eyes

I've been walkin' through a world gone blindCan't stop thinkin' of your diamond mindCareful creature made friends with timeYou left her lonely with a diamond mindAnd those ocean eyes


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-ocean-eyes-lyrics















78

8.Billie Eilish - hostage

I wanna be aloneAlone with you, does that make sense?I wanna steal your soulAnd hide you in my treasure chest

I don't know what to doTo do with your kiss on my neckI don't know what feels trueBut this feels right so stay a secYeah, you feel right so stay a sec

And let me crawl inside your veinsI'll build a wall, give you a ball and chainIt's not like me to be so meanYou're all I wantedJust let me hold youLike a hostage

Gold on your fingertipsFingertips against my cheekGold leaf across your lipsKiss me until I can't speak

Gold chain beneath your shirtThe shirt that you let me wear homeGold's fake and real love hurtsBut nothing hurts when I'm aloneWhen you're with me and we're alone


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-hostage-lyrics










79

9.Billie Eilish ft. Vincent Staples - &burn

Lips meet teeth and tongueMy heart skips eight beats at once (That's better)If we were meant to be, we would have been by nowSee what you wanna see, all I see is him right now

I'll sit and watch your car burnWith the fire that you started in meBut you never came back to ask it outGo ahead and watch my heart burnWith the fire that you started in meBut I'll never let you back to put it out (Thanks)

Your love feels so fakeMy demands aren't high to makeIf I could get to sleep, I would have slept by now (Ahh)Your lies will never keep, I think you need to blow them out

7-4-2008I still remember thatHeaven sent a present my wayI won't forget your laughPacking everything when you leaveYou know you coming backWanna see me down on my kneesBut that was made for a ringI try to wait for the storm to calm downBut that's stubborn, baby, leading to warWe droned down on each otherTryin' to even the scoreWe all been found guilty in the court of aorta

Watch your car, watch your car burnI won't forget your laughGo ahead and watch my heart, watch my heart burnYou know you coming back, you know you coming backWatch your car, watch your car burn(Go ahead and watch my heart, watch my heart burn)Tryna even the scoreGo ahead and watch my heart, watch my heart burnFound guilty in the court of aorta


https://genius.com/Billie-eilish-and-vince-staples-burn-lyrics























Documents

THEMESREVEALEDFROMFIGURATIVELANGUAGEIN ...THEMESREVEALEDFROMFIGURATIVELANGUAGEIN BILLIEEILISH’SEP'21 760,/($70(ANUNDERGRADUATETHESIS PresentedasPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements