INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

THEMES IN PALAEOANTHROPOLOGY AND PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY (ARCLG179)

Core Course for MSc in Palaeoanthropology and Palaeolithic

Archaeology (30 credits)

COURSE HANDBOOK 2017-18

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania – I. de la Torre

Course Co-ordinator: Dr. Andrew Garrard e-mail: a.garrard@ucl.ac.uk

Room: IoA 408, tel: 020 7679-4764

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INTRODUCTION This is the core course for the MSc in Palaeoanthropology and Palaeolithic Archaeology and as such is compulsory for all students taking this degree. This handbook contains basic information about the content and administration of this course. If you have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the course, please consult the Course Co-ordinator. Further important information, relating to all courses at the Institute of Archaeology, is to be found in the general MA/MSc handbook (which is also on the Institute website). It is your responsibility to read and act on it. It includes information about originality, submission and grading of coursework; disabilities; communication; attendance; and feedback. AIMS This course will provide essential background on a range of topics necessary for graduate study in the fields of Palaeoanthropology and Palaeolithic Archaeology. It will be taught by UCL’s leading specialists in the fields concerned. The topics will include: 1) the interpretive history of palaeoanthropology and palaeolithic archaeology. 2) aspects of primate behaviour, adaptation and evolution. 3) recent hunter-gatherer lifeways and the use of ethnoarchaeology and experimental archaeology. 4) environmental history, faunal communities and palaeoecology. 5) taphonomy and site formation processes. 6) the human fossil record and the evolution of human life history. 7) the role of genetic evidence in studying human evolution. 8) lithic technology, subsistence strategies and cognitive evolution. 9) case studies drawn from various time periods. OBJECTIVES On successful completion of this course, students will: 1) have a very strong foundation for graduate study in the fields of palaeoanthropology and

Palaeolithic archaeology. 2) be knowledgable about the methodological and analytical tools, and the theoretical models which

have been used in reconstructing the human evolutionary past. 3) be able to review and critically appraise a wide range of primary and secondary sources and data

relating to these fields. LEARNING OUTCOMES 1) a detailed knowledge of human biological and cultural evolution. 2) expansion of written and oral skills in communicating complex ideas and data-sets derived from

these academic disciplines. 3) ability to critically evaluate evidence and arguments regarding issues in human evolution. TEACHING METHODS This 30 credit course will be taught weekly through the autumn and spring terms in 20 two hour sessions. Lecturers may vary in their presentation format, but each session is likely to begin with a lecture and be followed by a discussion. There will also be two sessions at the British Museum and Natural History Museum in London. This handbook contains weekly recommended readings and others will be handed out during the course. Students are expected to read recommended references before the sessions, so they are able to follow and actively contribute to discussion. WORKLOAD There will be 40 hours of lectures/discussion sessions for this course. Students will be expected to undertake around 160 hours of reading for the course, plus 100 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 300 hours for the course. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT This course is assessed by means of a total of 8,000 words of coursework, divided into two essays of ca. 4,000 words each. The topics and deadlines are given at the end of this handbook. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator. The Course Co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of their approach to the assessment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.

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LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES The most important libraries in UCL relating to the subject matter of this couse are the Institute of Archaeology Library and the Watson Science Library (especially the Anthropology section). The most useful library outside of UCL with relevant holdings is the British Library in Euston Road TEACHING SCHEDULE Unless otherwise indicated, seminars will be held on Mondays 11.00-1.00 in Term 1 and on Mondays 12.00-2.00 in Term 2 in Room 412 at the Institute of Archaeology. It is hoped that students will attend all the sessions, but a minimum attendance of 70% is required, except in the case of illness or other adverse circumstances which are supported by medical certificates or other documentation as appropriate.

LECTURERS: Nick Ashton (British Museum) Christopher Dean (Cell Biology) Jennifer French (Archaeology) Andrew Garrard (Archaeology) Phil Hopley (Birkbeck College) Maria Martinon-Torres (Anthropology) Norah Moloney (Archaeology) Simon Parfitt (Natural History Museum)

Matt Pope (Archaeology) Christophe Soligo (Anthropology) James Steele (Archaeology) Rhianon Stevens (Archaeology) Mark Thomas (Genetics) Ignacio de la Torre (Archaeology) Todd Whitelaw (Archaeology)

SCHEDULE OF SEMINARS 1. (02 Oct) History of Palaeolithic Archaeology – I de la Torre 2. (09 Oct) History of Palaeoanthropology – C Dean 3. (16 Oct) Primate Evolution and Behaviour – C Soligo 4. (23 Oct) Adaptation, Phylogeny and Reconstruction of Behaviour – C Soligo 5. (30 Oct) Taphonomy and Site formation in Palaeolithic Archaeology – I de la Torre

Reading Week 06 Nov - 10 Nov.

6. (13 Nov) Plio-Pleistocene Environments – P Hopley 7. (20 Nov) Human Fossil Record I – Earliest Hominins & Australopithecines – M Martinon-Torres 8. (27 Nov) Human Fossil Record II – Genus Homo – M Martinon-Torres 9. (04 Dec) Genetics and Human Evolution – M Thomas 10. (11 Dec) Evolution of Human Life History – C Dean

Christmas break 16 Dec – 07 Jan. 11. (08 Jan) Stone tool technology and analysis I – N Moloney 12. (15 Jan) Stone tool technology and analysis II – N Moloney 13. (22 Jan) Application of Ethnoarchaeology to the Palaeolithic – T Whitelaw 14. (29 Jan) Reconstructing Palaeolithic demography – J French 15. (05 Feb) Application of Isotope Studies to the Palaeolithic – R Stevens

Reading Week 12 Feb – 16 Feb. 16. (19 Feb) Evolution of Cognition – J Steele 17. (26 Feb) Reconstructing Subsistence Strategies – S Parfitt (at Natural History Museum) 18. (05 Mar) Lower & Middle Palaeolithic Technology in UK – N Ashton (at British Museum) 19. (12 Mar) Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic Landscape Projects in Near East – A Garrard 20. ( May) Field trip to Sussex – M Pope and A Garrard

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LECTURE/SEMINAR SUMMARIES The following is an outline of the course as a whole, and identifies key readings relevant to each session. Further readings for individual classes will be provided during the course. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings can be found and whether they are available online. However, this should be checked against the UCL library computer system to see if material is out on loan or whether there are other copies available in other branches/sections of the library. Arch. = item in Archaeology Library Anthrop., Biology, Geology, History of Science etc are held in the Watson Science Library. * = Highly recommended reading 1. History of Palaeolithic Archaeology (02 Oct) – Ignacio de la Torre This will examine the history of research on the archaeology of human evolution. It will discuss the work of 19th Century European pioneers in Palaeolithic archaeology and their involvement in the emergence of evolutionary theory. It will continue with a discussion of 20th Century and more recent developments in methodological and theoretical approaches. Dennell R.W. 2001. From Sangiran to Olduvai, 1937-1960: The quest for 'centres' of hominid origins

in Asia and Africa. In R. Corbey & W. Roebroeks (ed.): Studying human origins: Disciplinary history and epistemology. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 45-66. (Arch: BB1 Qto COR)

Grayson D.K. 1983. The Estabishment of Human Antiquity. New York, Academic Press. (Arch: AG GRA; or order from Library Stores)

Henke W. 2007. Historical Overview of Paleoanthropological Research. In W. Henke & I. Tattersall, (eds.) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1-56. (Online book – see library catalogue)

* Lewin R. 1987. Bones of Contention. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (Arch: BB 1 LEW) * Sackett J.R. 2000. Human antiquity and the Old Stone Age: the nineteenth century background to

palaeoanthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 37-49. (Online) Trinkaus E. & Shipman P. 1993. The Neandertals. Changing the Image of Mankind. London,

Jonathan Cape. (Arch: Issue Desk TRI; Anthrop: B 34 TRI) Walker A. & Shipman P. 1996. The Wisdom of Bones. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. (Arch: BB 1

WAL) 2. History of Palaeoanthropology (09 Oct) – Christopher Dean Beginning especially with Darwin's The Descent of Man, hypotheses have been put forward to explain the evolution of human anatomy and behaviour. Discoveries in the fossil record test these hypotheses. This session goes through the history of fossil discoveries and how they have refined our general understanding of human evolution and raised new questions. In general, explanations that integrate many aspects of human anatomy and behaviour into single transformations have broken down, so that human evolution is now interpreted as a mosaic pattern. Bowler P.J. 1986. Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844-1944. Baltimore, Johns

Hopkins University Press. (Anthrop: B 30 BOW; History of Science: RG 5 BOW) Darwin C.R. 1885. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd edn. London, Murray.

(For reprints see: History of Science: RG 4 DAR) De Groote I. et al. 2016. New genetic and morphological evidence suggests a single hoaxer created

Piltdown Man. Royal Society Open Science 3: 160328. (Online) * Delisle R. 2006. Debating Humankind's Place in Nature: The Nature of Paleoanthropology: 1860-

2000. New York, Prentice Hall. (Arch: BB 1 DEL; Issue Desk DEL 4) Keith A. 1916. The Antiquity of Man. London, Williams and Norgate. (Order from Library Stores) Le Gros Clark W. 1978. The fossil evidence for human evolution. 3rd ed. Chicago, Univ of Chicago.

(Arch: BB 1 CLA; Anthrop: B 45 CLA) Lewin R. 1987. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the search for human origins. London,

Penguin. (Arch: BB 1 LEW) * Reader J. 1981. Missing Links: The hunt for the earliest Man. London, Penguin. (Arch: BB 1 REA)

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* Tattersall I. 2000. Paleoanthropology: the last half century. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 2-36. (Online)

3. Primate Evolution and Behaviour (16 Oct) – Christophe Soligo Research on non-human primates forms an integral part of palaeoanthropological research due to the comparative insights non-human primates provide into human evolution. Tool use, hunting and the recent discovery and descriptions of local cultural traditions in a range of non-human primate species are some of the most obvious behaviours exhibited by extant primates with a direct relevance to human evolution. Similarly, the fossil record of non-human primates is of foremost importance in that it provides insights into the physical and temporal framework within which the earliest phases of human evolution took place. This session will give students an overview of the latest developments in the fields of palaeoprimatology and comparative primate behaviour. * Fleagle J.G. 2013. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. (Anthrop:

B 34 FLE) Hartwig C. (ed.) 2002. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

(Anthrop: B 40 HAR) Martin R.D. 1990. Primate Origins and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton. (Anthrop: B

34 MAR) Reed K.E. & Bidner L.R. 2004. Primate communities: past, present, and possible future. Yearbook of

Physical Anthropology 41: 2-39. (Online) * Soligo C. (ed.) 2007. Primate Evolution and Environments. Folia Primatologica 78: 273-448. (Online) Soligo C & Smaers JB. 2016. Contextualising primate origins – an ecomorphological

framework. Journal of Anatomy 228: 608–629. (Online) * Strier K. 2017. Primate Behavioral Ecology (5th edn). Routledge, New York. (Anthrop: B 24 STR) Whiten A. 2005. The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans. Nature 437: 52-55.

(Online)

4. Adaptation, Phylogeny and Reconstruction of Behaviour (23 Oct) – Christophe Soligo The process of natural selection is central to understanding how the environment has shaped human evolution. It also provides the theoretical framework for using skeletal evidence to reconstruct behaviour of humans and other animals in the past. In this session we go through concepts of adaptation, how to test hypotheses of adaptation, and the challenges of then using evidence of adaptation to reconstruct behaviour. Cartmill M. 1990. Human uniqueness and theoretical content in paleoanthropology. International

Journal of Primatology 11:173-192 (Online) Felsenstein J. 2003. Inferring Phylogenies. Sunderland (Mass.): Sinauer Assocs. (Biology J 9 FEL) Goswami A, Smaers JB, Soligo C, Polly PD. 2014. The macroevolutionary consequences of

phenotypic integration: From development to deep time. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 369 (1649): 20130254. (Online)

* Hall B.K. 2007. Homoplasy or homology: dichotomy or continuum? Journal Human Evolution 52: 473-479. (Online)

* Nunn C.L. 2011. The Comparative Approach in Evolutionary Anthropology and Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (Anthrop: B 30 NUN)

* Plavcan J.M., Kay R.F., Jungers W.L. & Van Schaik C.P. (eds) 2001. Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record. New York, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: 1-41. (Arch: BB 3 PLA; Anthrop; B 44 PLA)

Rose M.R. & Lauder G.V. (eds.) 1996. Adaptation. San Diego, Academic Press. (Biology J 7 ROS)

5. Taphonomy & Site Formation Studies in Palaeolithic Archaeology (30 Oct) – Ignacio de la Torre Paleolithic sites are commonly found in caves and rockshelters, eroding out of cuts in alluvial deposits, as well as in open-air sites in arid and semi-arid environments. Each of these settings has formation processes that are distinct, and often heavily impacted by natural factors. In order to determine which characteristics of a site are the result of human behavior, and which stem from natural taphonomic processes, it is essential for archaeologists to understand the human and natural

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factors that interact to transform an ephemeral camp site, chipping station or base camp into the archaeological deposits we excavate and record. In this session we will discuss the taphonomy of early hominin and later Palaeolithic sites. Early Sites Benito-Calvo A. & Torre I. de la 2011. Analysis of orientation patterns in Olduvai Bed I assemblages

using GIS techniques: Implications for site formation processes. Journal of Human Evolution 61, 50-60. (Online)

Blumenschine R.J. & Masao F.T. 1991. Living sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania? Preliminary landscape archaeology results in the basal Bed II lake margin zone. Journal of Human Evolution 21, 451-462. (Online)

* Isaac G.L. 1983. Bones in contention: competing explanations for the juxtaposition of Early Pleistocene artefacts and faunal remains. Reprinted in B. Isaac (ed.) The Archaeology of Human Origins. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 325-335. (Arch: BB 1 ISA, Issue Desk ISA1)

Malinsky-Buller, A., Hovers, E., Marder, O., 2011. Making time: ‘Living floors’, ‘palimpsests’ and site formation processes – A perspective from the open-air Lower Paleolithic site of Revadim Quarry, Israel. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30: 89-101. (Online)

Schiffer M.B. 1987. Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press. (Arch: Issue Desk SCH6)

* Stern N. 1993. The Structure of the Lower Pleistocene Archaeological Record. Current Anthropology 34, 201-225. (Online)

Later Sites * Binford L. 1980. Willow smoke and dogs’ tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and

archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45: 4-20. (Online) Goldberg P. & Bar-Yosef O. 1998. Site formation processes in Kebara and Hayonim Caves and their

significance in Levantine prehistoric caves. In T. Akazawa et al. (eds) Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York, Plenum. (Arch: BC 120 AKA; Issue Desk AKA)

* Goldberg P. & Macphail R. 2006. Practical and theoretical geoarchaeology. (Chapter 6 on “Aeolian settings and geomorphological environments” and Chapter 8 on “Caves and Rockshelters”) Malden MA, Blackwell Science: 169-187. (Arch: BA 10 GOL; Issue Desk GOL2)

Hovers, E., Ekshtain, R., Greenbaum, N., Malinsky-Buller, A., Nir, N., Yeshurun, R., 2014. Islands in a stream? Reconstructing site formation processes in the late Middle Paleolithic site of ‘Ein Qashish, northern Israel. Quaternary International 331: 216-233. (Online)

Pettitt P.B. 1997. High resolution neanderthals? Interpreting Middle Palaeolithic intrasite spatial data. World Archaeology 29: 208-224. (Online)

6. Plio-Pleistocene environments (13 Nov) – Phil Hopley The climatic and ecological context of human evolution is crucial to the understanding of hominin adaptations and the speciation and extinction of early hominins. This seminar will outline trends in global and African climate in the Plio-Pleistocene and will discuss the geological and palaeontological evidence used to reconstruct hominin environments. We will discuss different hypotheses relating to the micro- and macro-evolutionary responses of hominins and other species to Plio-Pleistocene climatic change. Hominin ecomorphology will be discussed within the context of changing environments. * Behrensmeyer A.K. 2006. Climate Change and Human Evolution. Science 311 (5760): 476-478. Behrensmeyer A.K., Todd N.E., Potts R. & McBrinn G.E. 1997. Late Pliocene faunal turnover in the

Turkana Basin, Kenya. Science 278: 1589-1594. (Online) * Kingston J. 2007. Shifting adaptive landscapes: Progress and challenges in reconstructing early

hominid environments. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 134 (S45): 20-58. (Online) Potts R. 1996. Evolution and climate variability. Science 273: 922-923. (Online) Sponheimer M., Passey B., de Ruiter J., Guatelli-Steinberg D., Cerling T., & Lee-Thorp J. 2006.

Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Variability in the Early Hominin Paranthropus robustus. Science 314 (5801): 980-982. (Online)

* Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., & Billups K. 2001. Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present. Science 292 (5517): 686-693 (Online)

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7. Human Fossil Record I: Earliest Hominins and Australopithecines (20 Nov) – Maria Martinon-Torres

The palaeontological record of ancient hominins is covered in detail in the Palaeoanthropology option course. The purpose of these two lectures is to provide a brief overview of general patterns in the human fossil record over the last seven million years, including the major groups of hominin species,1current understanding of their evolutionary relationships, and major questions in human palaeontology. The first lecture covers the earliest putative hominins and species of the genus Australopithecus. Aiello L.C. & Dean M.C. 1990. An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy. London, Academic

Press. (Arch: BB 1 AIE; Anthrop: B 25 AIE) Berger L.R. et al. 2010. Australopithecus sediba: A new species of Homo-like Australopith from South

Africa. Science 328: 195-204. (Online) De Queiroz K. 2007. Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56: 879-886.

(Online) * Kimbel B. 2007. The species and diversity of Australopiths. In W. Henke and I. Tattersall (eds.)

Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1539-1573. (Online book – see library catalogue).

* Senut B. 2007. The earliest putative hominids. In W. Henke and I. Tattersall (eds.) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1519-1538. (Online book – see library catalogue).

Teaford M.F. & Ungar P.S. 2000. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 13506-13511. (Online)

White T. et al. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of Early Hominids. Science 326: 65-86. (Online)

Wood B. & Lonergan N. 2008. The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades. Journal of Anatomy 212: 354-376. (Online)

8. The Human Fossil Record II: The Genus Homo (27 Nov) – Maria Martinon-Torres This lecture begins with a discussion of the origins of the genus Homo and covers species up to and including modern humans. Aiello L.C. 2010. Five years of Homo floresiensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology

142:167-179. (Online) * Bermudez de Castro J.M. & Martinon-Torres M. 2013. A new model for the evolution of the human

Pleistocene populations of Europe. Quaternary International 295: 102-112. (Online) Dennell D.W., Martinon-Torres M., de Castro J.M.B. 2011. Hominin variability, climatic instability and

population demography in Middle Pleistocene Europe. Quaternary Science Review 30: 1511-24. (Online)

Green R.E. et al. 2010. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328: 710-722. (Online) Hublin J.J. 2009. The origin of Neanderthals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:

16022-16077. (Online) Leakey M.G. et al. 2012. New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity

in early Homo. Nature 488: 201-204. (Online) Lordkipanidze D. et al. 2007. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature

449: 305-310. (Online) Reich D. et al. 2010. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia.

Nature 468: 1053-1060. (Online) * Wood B. & Baker J. 2011. Evolution of the genus Homo. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and

Systematics 42: 47-69. (Online) 9. Genetics and Human Evolution (04 Dec) – Mark Thomas The study of molecular information revolutionised anthropology in the 1960s and 1970s, pointing to major conclusions such as the close relationships of humans to chimpanzees and the relatively high levels of genetic variation within human populations as opposed to between. In recent decades genetics has taken a central place in understanding modern human origins, and the study of ancient

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DNA may give us a complete Neanderthal genome within a matter of years. This session combines the history of understanding with current major topics in human evolutionary genetics. Cavalli-Sforza L., Menozzi P. & Piazza A. 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes.

Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. (Arch: BB 1 CAV) Green R.E. 2010 A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328 (5979): 710-722. (Online) Jobling M.A., Hurles M.E. & Tyler-Smith C. 2004. Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins, Peoples and

Disease. London, Garland Science Publishing. (Arch: BB 1 JOB; Medical Science: BK 10 JOB) Krings M. et al. 1997. Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origins of modern humans. Cell 90: 19-

30. (Online) Mendez, F. L. et al. 2013. An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the

human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. American Journal of Human Genetics 92: 454-9.

(Online) Sankararaman S, Patterson N, Li H, Pääbo S, Reich D 2012. The date of Interbreeding between

Neandertals and Modern Humans. PLoS Genet 8(10): e1002947. (Online) Fu, Q et al. 2014. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia.

Nature 514: 445-449. (Online) Meyer, M. et al. 2014. A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos

Nature 505: 403-406. (Online) Prufer, K. et al.2014. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains

Nature 505: 43-49. (Online) Prugnolle, F., Manica, A. & Balloux, F. 2005. Geography predicts neutral genetic diversity of human

populations Current biology 15 (5): R159-R160. (Online) 10. Evolution of Human Life History (11 Dec) – Christopher Dean Humans are long-lived primates who give birth to highly dependent infants and have an extended period of childhood. Determining when the modern human life history pattern emerged sheds light on the evolution of human behaviour and social organisation. In this session we review current evidence for these changes and the methods by which they are studied in the fossil record. * Dean M.C. 2006. Tooth microstructure tracks the pace of human life-history evolution. Proceedings

of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 273: 2799-2808. (Online) Dean M.C. & Smith B.H. 2009. Growth and development in the Nariokotome Youth, KNM-WT 15000.

In: F.E. Grine, J.G. Fleagle & R.E. Leakey (eds) The First Humans: Origin of the Genus Homo. New York, Springer: 101-120. (Arch: BB 1 GRI)

Dean M.C. 2016. Measures of maturation in early fossil humans: events at the first transition from australopiths to early Homo. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 371: 20150234. (Online)

* Kaplan H., Hill K., Lancaster J. & Hurtado A.M. 2000. A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 156-185. (Online)

Kelley J. 2004. Life history and cognitive evolution in the apes. In A.E. Russon & D.R. Begun (eds.) The Evolution of Thought: Evolutionary Origins of Great Ape Intelligence. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. (Anthrop: B 34 RUS; Online see library catalogue)

Smith B.H. 1989. Dental development as a measure of life history in primates. Evolution 43: 683-688. (Online)

* Smith B.H. & Tompkins R.L. 1995. Toward a life history of the Hominidae. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 257-279. (Online)

Stearns S. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford, Oxford University Press. (Biology: J 5 STE)

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TERM 2 PROGRAMME STILL BEING FINALISED. FOLLOWING MAY BE MODIFIED 11. Stone Tool Technology and Analysis I (08 Jan) – Norah Moloney The next two sessions explore the development of lithic technology through the Palaeolithic and the analytical techniques and the methodological and interpretative issues involved in the study of stone tool assemblages.The classes will be accompanied by practical handling sessions with archaeological material from the Institute of Archaeology’s collections. Andrefsky W. 2005. Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press. (Arch: KA AND; Issue Desk AND 2) Andrefsky W. 2009. The analysis of stone tool procurement, production and maintenance. Journal of

Archaeological Research 17: 65-103. (Online) Debenath A. & Dibble H. L. 1993. Handbook of Palaeolithic Typology. Vol 1: Lower & Middle

Palaeolithic of Europe. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. (Arch: BC 120 HAN; Issue Desk HAN 1)

* Inizan M. L., Roche, H. & Tixier, J. 1992. Technology of knapped stone. Meudon, CREP. (Arch: KA INI; Issue Desk INI)

Odell G.H. 2000. Stone tool research at the end of the millennium: procurement and technology. Journal of Archaeological Research 8/4: 229-331. (Online)

Odell G.H. 2001. Stone tool research at the end of the millennium: classification, function and behavior. Journal of Archaeological Research 9/1: 45-100. (Online)

Shea J.J. 2013. Stone tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic of the Near East. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DBA 100 SHE; Issue Desk SHE 4)

Whittaker J.C. 1994. Flintknapping: making and understanding stone tools. Austin, University of Texas Press. (Arch: KA WHI; Issue Desk WHI 8)

12. Stone Tool Technology and Analysis II (15 Feb) – Norah Moloney Continuation of above. 13. Application of Ethnoarchaeology to the Palaeolithic (22 Jan) – Todd Whitelaw Archaeological interpretations are inevitably based on some form of analogy with the present. Such analogies may simply reflect the researcher’s implicit and intuitive understandings of human nature and the natural world or may derive from focused empirical studies and formalized behavioural models. In this session there will be a consideration of the role of ethnoarchaeological (and experimental) approaches for inspiring, making explicit, and testing fruitful analogies, and moving beyond this to constructing models for interpreting past behaviour. The promise, pitfalls and special challenges of applying analogies and models to the deep past will be considered. General: Binford, L. 2001. Constructing Frames of Reference. An analytical method for archaeological theory

building using hunter-gatherer and environmental data sets. Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Arch: AH Qto BIN; Issue Desk BIN 9).

* Bird, D. and J. O’Connell. 2006. Behavioral ecology and archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 14:143-88. (Online).

* Kelly, R.F. 1995. Hunter-gatherers and anthropology; Hunter-gatherers and prehistory. In, The Foraging Spectrum. Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press:1-37, 333-34. (Arch: BB 6 KEL; Issue Desk KEL 2).

* O’Connell, J. 1995. Ethnoarchaeology needs a general theory of behaviour. Journal of Archaeological Research 3:205-55. (Online).

Toth N. 1991. The importance of experimental replicative and functional studies in Palaeolithic archaeology. In J.D.Clark (ed.) Cultural beginnings: Approaches to understanding early hominid life-ways in the African savanna. Bonn, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GMBH:109-124. (Arch: DC 100 Qto CLA; Issue Desk CLA 30; TC 3266).

Examples of application: Binford, L. 1978. Dimensional analysis of behaviour and site structure: learning from an Eskimo

hunting stand. American Antiquity 43:330-61. (Online).

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Binford, L. 1979. Organization and formation processes: looking at curated technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35:255-73. (Online).

* Binford L. 1980. Willow smoke and dogs’ tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45:4-20. (Online).

* Binford, L. 1987. Researching ambiguity: frames of reference and site structure. In S. Kent (ed.) Method and Theory for Activity Area Research: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach. New York: Colombia UP: 449-512. (Reprinted in L. Binford (1989) Debating Archaeology. New York: Academic Press: 223-63). (Arch: HC KEN; AH BIN).

* Whitelaw, T. 1991. Some dimensions of variability in the social organization of community space among foragers. In C.S. Gamble & W.A. Boismier (eds.) Ethnoarchaeological aproaches to mobile campsites: hunter-gatherer and pastoralist case studies. Ann Arbor, Mich, International Monographs in Prehistory: 139-188. (Arch: BD Qto GAM; PDF on Academia.edu).

Whitelaw, T. 1994. Order without architecture: functional, social and symbolic factors in hunter-gatherer settlement organisation. In M. Parker-Pearson and C. Richards (eds) Architecture and Order. London: Routledge: 217-43. (Arch: AH PAR; Anth: E 15 PEA; PDF on Academia.edu).

14. Reconstructing Palaeolithic Demography (29 Jan) – Jennifer French How many people lived during the Palaeolithic? Palaeolithic demography is a growing research area which draws upon both archaeological and biological data. This lecture will introduce you to the key practices and controversies involved in the study of Pleistocene population histories. These include: the theoretical models which link demographic and cultural change in the Palaeolithic, how demographic patterns can be reconstructed from the archaeological record, and the usefulness of data from recent hunter-gatherers in these reconstructions. Key readings: French, J.C. 2016. Demography and the Palaeolithic Archaeological Record. Journal of

Archaeological Method and Theory 23 (1): 150-199. (Online) Kelly, R.L. 2013. The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

(Chapter 7: Group Size and Demography) (available online as PDF via UCL Library Services) Additional readings: Collard, M., Vaesen, K., Cosgrove, R., and Roebroeks, W. 2016. The Empirical Case Against the

‘Demographic Turn’ in Palaeolithic Archaeology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 371: 20150242. (Online)

Mellars, P., and French, J.C. 2011. Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the Neanderthal-to-Modern Human Transition. Science 333: 623-627. (Online)

See also: Dogandzic, T., & McPherron, S. P. 2013. Demography and the demise of Neandertals: A comment on

‘Tenfold population increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-modern human transition’. Journal of Human Evolution, 64 (31), 1-3. (Online)

Mellars, P., and French, J.C. 2013. Population Changes across the Neanderthal-to-Modern-Human Transition in Western France: A Reply to Dogandžić and McPherron (2013). Journal of Human Evolution 65 (3): 330-330. (Online)

Powell, A., Shennan, S., and Thomas, M.G. 2009. Late Pleistocene Demography and the Appearance of Modern Human Behaviour. Science 324 (5932): 1298-1301. (Online)

Shennan, S. 2001. Demography and Cultural Innovation: a Model and its Implications for the Emergence of Modern Human Culture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11 (1): 5-16. (Online)

Stiner, M.C., Munro, N.D., and Surovell, T.A. 2000. The Tortoise and the Hare. Small Game Use, the Broad Spectrum Revolution, and Palaeolithic Demography. Current Anthropology 41 (1): 39-79. (Online)

Tryon, C. A., and Faith, J.T. 2016. A Demographic Perspective on the Middle to Later Stone Age Transition from Nasera Rockshelter, Tanzania. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 371: 20150238. (Online)

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15. Application of Isotope Studies to the Palaeolithic (05 Feb) – Rhiannon Stevens

This lecture will introduce the application of isotopic analysis to Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeological studies. Isotope of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium will be introduced, along

with the mechanisms by which they vary in the biosphere. We will look at how stable isotopes ratios are measured and the types of materials that can be sampled. A range of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic

archaeological case studies will show how isotope analyses can aid the reconstruction of past diets, environments and mobility patterns.

Principles of stable isotopes in archaeology: Ben-David, M., & Flaherty, E.A. 2012. Stable isotopes in mammalian research: a beginner's guide.

Journal of Mammalogy 93 (2), 312–328. (Online) Bentley A. 2006. Strontium isotopes from the earth to the archaeological skeleton: a review. Journal

of Archaeological Method and Theory 13 (3):135-187 (Online) Lee-Thorp J. 2008. On isotopes and old bones. Archaeometry 50: 925-950. (Online) Montgomery, J. 2010. Passports from the past: Investigating human dispersals using strontium

isotope analysis of tooth enamel. Annals of Human Biology 37 (3): 325-346. (Online) Pollard A.M. & Wilson L. 2001. Global biogeochemical cycles and isotope systematics - how the world

works. In D.R. Brothwell & A.M. Pollard (eds.) Handbook of Archaeological Sciences. Chichester: John Wiley. (Arch: AJ BRO)

Case Studies: Britton, K.H., Grimes, V., Niven, L., Steele, T. E., McPherron, S., Soressi, M., et al. 2011. Strontium

isotope evidence for migration in late Pleistocene Rangifer: Implications for Neanderthal hunting strategies at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Jonzac, France. Journal of Human Evolution, 61 (2), 176–185.(Online)

Copeland, S R., Sponheimer, M., de Ruiter, D.J., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Codron, D., le Roux, P.J., et al. 2011. Strontium isotope evidence for landscape use by early hominins. Nature, 474 (7349), 76–78. (Online)

Milner, N., Craig, O.E., Bailey, G.N. & Andersen, S.H. 2006. Touch not the fish: the Mesolithic-Neolithic change of diet and its significance - A response to Richards and Schulting. Antiquity 80: 456-458. (Online)

Richards, M.P. & Schulting, R, 2006. Touch not the fish: the Mesolithic-Neolithic change of diet and its significance. Antiquity 80: 444-456. (Online)

Richards, M.P., & Trinkaus, E. 2009. Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (38), 16034–16039. (Online)

Schoeninger, M.J. 2014. Stable Isotope Analyses and the Evolution of Human Diets. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43 (1), 413–430. (Online)

Stevens, R.E., Jacobi, R., & Higham, T. 2010. Reassessing the diet of Upper Palaeolithic humans from Gough's Cave and Sun Hole, Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, UK. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 52–61. (Online)

Stevens, R.E., Hermoso-Buxán, X.L., Marín-Arroyo, A.B., González Morales, M.R., & Straus, L.G. 2014. Investigation of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental change at El Mirón cave (Cantabria, Spain): Insights from carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of red deer. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 414, 46–60. (Online)

16. Evolution of Cognition (19 Feb) – James Steele Cognition encompasses knowledge of the physical and of the social worlds. We will review some of the main fields of study in primate cognition, and consider what methods might be used in reconstructing evolutionary pathways towards human cognitive capacities. Recent work on cultural intelligence and on embodied cognition and will also be briefly reviewed. Bril B., Smaers J., Steele J. et al. 2012. Functional mastery of percussive technology in nut-cracking

and stone-flaking actions: experimental comparison and implications for the evolution of the human brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences, 367: 59-74. (Online)

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Byrne R. W. 2007. Culture in great apes: using intricate complexity in feeding skills to trace the evolutionary origin of human technical prowess. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences, 362 (1480): 577-585. (Online)

Haidle M.N. et.al. 2015.The nature of culture: an eight-grade model for the evolution and expansion of cultural capacities in hominins and other animals. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 93:43-70. (Online)

Herrmann E., Call J., Hernandez-Lloreda M., Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. 2007. Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: the cultural intelligence hypothesis. Science 317: 1360-1366. (Online)

Langbroe, M. 2012. Trees and ladders: a critique of the theory of human cognitive and behavioural evolution in Palaeolithic archaeology. Quaternary International, 270, 4-14. (Online)

Mahaney R. A. 2014. Lithic analysis as a cognitive science: a framework. Lithic Technology, 39(3), 173-189. (Online)

Malafouris L. 2013. How things shape the mind. Cambridge, MIT Press. (Anthrop: C 9 MAL) Parrish A.E. and Brosnan S.F. (2012) Primate cognition. In: V.S. Ramachandran (ed.) The

Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, vol. 3, pp. 174-180. San Diego, Academic Press. (Psychology A 2 RAM)

Stout D., Toth N., Schick K. & Chaminade T. 2008. Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: technology, language and cognition in human evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 363: 1939–1949. (Online)

van Schaik C. & Burkart J. 2011 Social learning and evolution: the cultural intelligence hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 366: 1008-1016. (Online)

17. Reconstructing Subsistence Strategies (26 Feb) – Simon Parfitt (at Natural History Museum 2-4 pm) The reconstruction of subsistence strategies is central to understanding many aspects of early human behaviour and has been the focus of some of the most-highly charged debates in contemporary palaeoanthropology and Palaeolithic archaeology. In this session we will discuss the archaeological and paleontological evidence used to reconstruct subsistence strategies, by examining faunal remains from the Natural History Museum collections. * Bello S.M., Parfitt S.A. & Stringer C.B. 2011. Earliest directly-dated human skull-cups. PloS One

6(2): e17026. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017026 (Online) Carmody R.N. & Wrangham R.W. 2009. The energetic significance of cooking. Journal of Human

Evolution 57: 379-391. (Online) * Dominguez-Rodrigo M. 2002. Hunting and scavenging by early humans: the state of the debate.

Journal World Prehistory 16 (1): 1-54. (Online) Dominguez-Rodrigo M., Pickering T.R. & Bunn H.T. 2011. Experimental study of cut marks made

with rocks unmodified by human flaking and its bearing on claims of similar to 3.4-million-year-old butchery evidence from Dikika, Ethiopia. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 205–214. (Online)

Marean C. & Assefa Z. 1999. Zooarchaeological evidence for the faunal exploitation behaviour of neanderthals and early modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 8: 22-37. (Online)

McPherron S.P. et al. 2010. Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 466, 857–860. (Online)

Pobiner B.L. 2013. Meat-eating among the earliest humans. American Scientist 104: 110-117. (Online)

Richards M.P. 2002. A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 1270-78. (Online)

Stiner M. et al. 2000. The tortoise and the hare. Small game use, the Broad Spectrum Revolution and Paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 41: 39-73. (Online)

* Ungar P. (ed.) 2006. Evolution of the Human Diet. Oxford, Oxford University Press: (particularly chapters by Bunn, Blumenschine) (Arch: Issue Desk UNG; BB 1 UNG)

Wrangham R.W. et al. 1999. The raw and the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current Anthropology 40: 567-94. (Online)

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18. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in UK (05 Mar) – Nick Ashton (at British Museum Franks House 2-4 pm) Nick Ashton has been a curator at the British Museum for over 25 years, specializing in Lower and Middle Palaeolithic archaeology and helps curate the extensive stone tool collections from these periods. He has directed and published major excavation projects at the Lower Palaeolithic sites of High Lodge, Barnham, Elveden and Hoxne (all Suffolk). He is currently Deputy Director of the Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Project (AHOB) funded by the Leverhulme Trust. This is examining the presence and habitat preferences of early humans in north-west Europe over the last 800,000 years. His particular interests in the project are: the earliest occupation of northern Europe, currently being investigated through fieldwork at Happisburgh (Norfolk); the early human adaptation to northern environments and the investigation of when Britain first became an island. Ashton N.M. & Lewis S.G. 2002. Deserted Britain: declining populations in the British late Middle

Pleistocene. Antiquity 76: 388-96 (Online) Ashton N.M., Lewis S.G., Parfitt S.A. & White M. 2006. Riparian landscapes and human habitat

preferences during the Hoxnian (MIS 11) Interglacial. Journal of Quaternary Science, 21: 497-505 (Online)

Ashton N.M. & Lewis S.G. 2012. The environmental context of early human occupation of northwest Europe: The British Lower Palaeolithic Record. Quaternary International 271: 50-64. (Online)

McNabb J. 2007. The British Lower Palaeolithic: Stones in contention. London: Routledge. (Arch: DAA 120 MCN)

Parfitt S.A., Ashton N.M., et al. 2010. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature 466: 229–233. (Online)

Parfitt S.A., Ashton N.M. & Lewis S.G. 2010. Happisburgh. British Archaeology 114, 12–21. (Online) Parfitt S.A. et al. 2005. The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe. Nature 438: 1008-12.

(Online) White M. 2000. The Clactonian question: on the interpretation of core and flake assemblages in the

British Isles. Journal of World Prehistory 14: 1-63. (Online) 19. Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic Landscape Projects in the Near East (12 March) - Andrew Garrard The Near East is regarded as the earliest centre of village-based farming in the world and considerable research has been undertaken on the background: in particular hunter-gatherer adaptations through the late Pleistocene (the Epipalaeolithic) as well as the economic and social transformations of the Neolithic. This has focused on the populations of the former moist steppe / park woodland habitats where the progenitors of the domesticates were found, and particularly the ‘Levantine Corridor’ between Israel and south-east Turkey. Historically, the more arid and forested areas to either side of this corridor have received less attention, and the two large-scale survey and excavation projects discussed in this seminar have focused on the dry steppe and oasis environments of the Azraq Basin in eastern Jordan and more recently the forested mountain habitats of the Qadisha Valley in northern Lebanon. In both areas these projects have led to new understandings of the complex mosaic of hunter-gatherer adaptations, the nature of interactions across the Levant and the involvement of these regions in the transformations of the Neolithic. Bar-Yosef O. 1998. The Natufian Culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture.

Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159-77. (Online) Byrd B.F., Garrard, A. and Brandy P. 2015. Modeling foraging ranges and spatial organization of late

Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in the southern Levant – a least-cost GIS approach. Quaternary International.(Online)

Garrard A., Colledge S. & Martin L. 1996. The emergence of crop cultivation and caprine herding in the "marginal zone" of the southern Levant. In D. Harris (ed.) The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. London, University College: 204-226. (Arch: HA HAR)

Garrard A. & Byrd B. 2013. Beyond the Fertile Crescent. Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic Communities of the Jordanian Steppe. The Azraq Basin Project Volume 1. Oxford, Oxbow. (Arch: DBE 100 Qto GAR)

Kuijt I. & Goring-Morris N. 2002. Foraging, farming and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Southern Levant: a review and synthesis. Journal World Prehistory 16: 361-440. (Online)

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Maher, L.A. et al. 2012. Twenty thousand-year-old huts at a hunter-gatherer settlement in eastern Jordan. PLoS ONE 7 (2) e31447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031447. (Online)

Maher L.A., Richter T. & Stock J.T. 2012. The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-term behavioural trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology 21: 69-81. (Online)

Martin L., Edwards Y. & Garrard A. 2013. Broad spectrum or specialized activity? Birds and tortoises at the Epipalaeolithic site of Wadi Jilat 22 in the eastern Jordanian steppe. Antiquity 87: 649-665. (Online)

Richter T., Garrard A., Allcock S. & Maher L. 2011. Interaction before agriculture: exchanging material and sharing knowledge in the Final Pleistocene Levant. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21 (1): 95-114. (Online)

20. Field Trip to Middle and Upper Pleistocene localities in Sussex (XX May) – Matt Pope &

Andrew Garrard One day field trip to examine geological exposures and archaeological sites associated with Middle and Upper Pleistocene coastline of Sussex between Brighton and Chichester. Will also examine exposures in valleys cutting through South Downs and localities in the southern Weald. * Pope M. 2003. Placing Boxgrove in its prehistoric landscape. Archaeology International 7: 13-16

(Online). * Pope M. 2008. Early Upper Palaeolithic archaeology at Beedings, West Sussex: new contexts for

Pleistocene archaeology. Archaeology International 11: 33-36. (Online) Pope M. et al. 2013. A Middle Palaeolithic to Early Upper Palaeolithic succession from an open air

site at Beedings, West Sussex. Quaternary International 316: 14-26. (Online) * Roberts M. B. 1997. Boxgrove: Palaeolithic hunters by the seashore. Archaeology International 1: 8-

13 (Online) Roberts M. B. & Parfitt S. A. (eds.) 1999. Boxgrove: a Middle Pleistocene hominid site at Eartham

Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex. London: English Heritage. (Arch: DAA 410 Qto ROB) Roberts M. B. & Pope M. 2009. The archaeological and sedimentary records from Boxgrove and

Slindon. In Briant R. M. et al. The Quaternary of the Solent Basin and West Sussex Raised Beaches. London: Quaternary Research Association Field Guide. (Online)

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ASSESSMENTS The course will be assessed by two essays of between 3,800 – 4,200 words each (see Word-length section below), one of which should be on a ‘Palaeoanthropological’ topic (see Group A essays below) and one on a ‘Palaeolithic Archaeological’ topic (see Group B essays below). They can be written in any order. It is very important to select essay topics which do not overlap closely with those being written for other courses being undertaken as part of the degree. If you are uncertain, please check with the Course Co-ordinator. The deadlines for the essays will be:

- Essay 1: Wednesday January 17 - Essay 2: Wednesday May 02

WORD-LENGTH UCL has very strict regulations relating to word-length. For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by up to 10%, the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks. For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more, the mark will be reduced by ten percentage points. In both cases, the penalized mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a pass. The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, captions and contents of tables and figures, and appendices. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range. CITING OF SOURCES Coursework should be expressed in a student’s own words giving the exact source of any ideas, information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between inverted commas (with the author, date and page number in brackets and the source in the bibliography). Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity which can carry very heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by the requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the IoA ‘Coursework Guidelines’ on the IoA website http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin PRESENTATION Essays and other assessed work must be word-processed (unless otherwise specified) and should be printed on one or both sides of the paper, using 1.5-line spacing. Bibliographies may be in single line spacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner. Students are encouraged to use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be clearly referred to at the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this must be clearly acknowledged. SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-ordinators pigeon hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the stated deadline. The coursework must be stapled to a completed blue coversheet (available from the web, from outside Room 411A or from the library). Please note that students should put their Candidate Number, not their name, on all coursework. They should also put the Candidate Number and course code on each page of their work. (Your candidiate number is a 5 digit alphanumeric code which will be found on portico). Date-stamping will be via ‘Turnitin’ (see below), so in addition to submitting hard copy, students must also submit their work to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. TURNITIN It is essential that students upload all parts of their coursework to Turnitin (ie including the bibliography and images). This ensures that a complete electronic copy of all work is available in case an essay goes astray. Please be assured that markers will not include these additional elements when checking wordcounts. Please put your Candidate number at the start of the title line on Turnitin, followed by a short title of the coursework.

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Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should email the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the midnight deadline in order that the Turnitin Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may be appropriate to waive the late submission penalty. If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or (preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator and Judy Medrington’s Office. For this course, the Turnitin ‘Class ID’ is: 3543789 and the ‘Class Enrolment Password’ is: IoA1718 Further information concerning Turnitin is given on the IoA website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin Turnitin advisors will be available to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if needed. LATE SUBMISSION Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations, unless permission for late submission has been granted. The penalties are as follows: i) the marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10 percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark); ii) the marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass mark (50%); iii) work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete. GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that Course Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/ TIMESCALE FOR RETURN OF MARKED COURSEWORK TO STUDENTS You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoA’s Academic Administrator, Judy Medrington. KEEPING COPIES AND RETURN OF COURSEWORK TO COURSE COORDINATOR Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should return it to the course co-ordinator within two weeks, so that it can be second-marked and is available to the Board of Examiners. You may like to keep a copy of the comments if you are likely to wish to refer to these later. COMMUNICATION If any changes need to be made to the course arrangements, these will normally be communicated by email. It is therefore essential that you consult your UCL e-mail account regularly. ATTENDANCE A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each student’s attendance to UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term. A 70% minimum attendance at all scheduled sessions is required (excluding absences due to illness or other adverse circumstances, provided that these are supported by medical certificates or other documentation, as appropriate). DYSLEXIA AND OTHER DISABILITIES

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If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.

FEEDBACK

In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the course. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee. If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Bill Sillar).

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ESSAYS – GROUP A: PALAEOANTHROPOLOGY A1. History of palaeoanthropology. Write a synthesis of the history of interpretation of human evolution, focusing on a specific time period of your choice (e.g. late C19 / early C20). (N.B. If you choose this essay topic, you should not select essay B1 for your second assessment). Useful reference (see also references for Essay B1) Bowler P.J. 1986. Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844-1944. Baltimore, Johns

Hopkins University Press. (Anthrop: B 30 BOW; History of Science: RG 5 BOW) Cartmill M. 1990. Human uniqueness and theoretical content in paleoanthropology. International

Journal of Primatology. 11: 173-192. (Online) Darwin C.R. 1885. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd edn. London, Murray.

(For reprints see: History of Science: RG 4 DAR) De Groote I. et al. 2016. New genetic and morphological evidence suggests a single hoaxer created

Piltdown Man. Royal Society Open Science 3: 160328. (Online) Delisle R. 2006. Debating Humankind's Place in Nature: The Nature of Paleoanthropology: 1860-

2000. New York, Prentice Hall. (Arch: BB 1 DEL) Keith A. 1916. The Antiquity of Man. London, Williams and Norgate. (Order from Library Stores) Lewin R. 1987. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the search for human origins. London,

Penguin. (Arch: BB 1 LEW) Reader J. 1981. Missing Links: The hunt for the earliest Man. London, Penguin. (Arch: BB 1 REA) Tattersall I. 2000. Paleoanthropology: the last half century. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 2-36.

(Online) A2. Adaptation and primate evolution. Review and evaluate the methods for studying adaptation in the primate fossil record, focusing your discussion on one of the major primate radiations. Useful references: Cartmill M. 1990. Human uniqueness and theoretical content in paleoanthropology. International

Journal of Primatology 11:173-192. (Online) Fleagle J.G. 2013. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. (Anthrop: B

34 FLE) Hartwig C. (ed.) 2002. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (Anthrop:

B 40 HAR) Martin R.D. 1990. Primate Origins and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton. (Anthrop: B

34 MAR) Plavcan J.M., Kay R.F., Jungers W.L., & Van Schaik C.P. (eds). 2002. Reconstructing Behavior in the

Primate Fossil Record. New York, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. (Arch: BB 3 PLA; Anthrop: B 44 PLA)

Ravosa, M.J. & Dagosto, M. (eds). 2007. Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution. New York, Springer. (Anthrop: B 34 RAV)

Ross C.F. & Kay R.F. 2004. Anthropoid Origins: New Visions. New York, Springer. (Anthrop: B 34 FLO)

Soligo C & Smaers JB. 2016. Contextualising primate origins – an ecomorphological framework. Journal of Anatomy 228: 608–629. (Online)

A3. Hominin dispersals. Discuss the biogeographic history of the hominin clade, focusing on possible reasons behind the major dispersal events. Useful references: Agusti J. & Lordkipanidze D. 2011. How “African” was the early human dispersal out of Africa?

Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 1338-42. (Online) Antón S.C. & Swisher III C.C. 2004. Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa. Annual Review of

Anthropology 33: 271-296. (Online)

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Arribas A. & Palmqvist P. 1999. On the Ecological Connection between Sabre-tooths and Hominids: Faunal Dispersal Events in the Lower Pleistocene and a Review of the Evidence for the First Human Arrival in Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26: 571-585. (Online)

Bar-Yosef O, & Belfer-Cohen A. 2001. From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals. Quaternary International 75: 19-28. (Online)

Carbonell, E., Mosquera, M., Rodríguez, X. P., Sala, R. & Van der Made, J. 1999. Out of Africa: The Dispersal of the Earliest Technical Systems reconsidered. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 18: 119-136. (Online)

Dennell R.W. 2003. Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: how continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa? Journal of Human Evolution 45: 421-440. (Online)

Dennell R. W. & Roebroeks W. 2005. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438, 1099-1104. (Online)

Langbroek M. 2004. Out of Africa. An investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World. Oxford, BAR 1244. (Arch: Issue Desk LAN; BB 1 LAN Qto)

Reyes-Centeno J. et al. 2014. Genomic and cranial phenotype data support multiple modern human dispersals from Africa and a southern route into Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: 7248-53. (Online)

Stewart J. R. & Stringer C. B. 2012. Human evolution out of Africa. the role of refugia and climate change. Science 335: 1317-21. (Online)

Stringer C. 2000. Palaeoanthropology: coasting out of Africa. Nature 405: 24-27. (Online) Turner A. 1999. Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: Late Pliocene dispersions from

Africa. Antiquity, 73: 563-570. (Online) Wood B. 2011. Did early Homo migrate “out of Africa” or “in to” Africa? Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences 108: 10375-376. (Online) A4. Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Synthesise what we know of the evolution and biology of Neanderthals and Modern Humans, focusing on the possible causes for the apparent demise of Neanderthals and the success of modern humans. (N.B. If you choose this essay topic, you should not select essay B4 for your second assessment). Useful references (see also references for Essay B4): Banks W. E. et al. 2008 Neanderthal extinction by competitive exclusion. PLoS One 3, e3972.

(Online). Bermudez de Castro J. M. & Martinon-Torres M. 2012. A new model for the evolution of the human

Pleistocene populations of Europe. Quaternary International 295: 102-112. (Online) Bocquet-Appel J. & Demars P.Y. 2000. Neanderthal contraction and modern human colonization of

Europe. Antiquity 74: 544-552. (Online) Higham T. et al. 2014. The timing and spatial-temporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance.

Nature 512: 306-9. (Online) Hortola P. & Martinez-Navarro B 2013. The Quaternary megafaunal extinction and the fate of

Neanderthals: an integrative working hypothesis. Quaternary International 295: 69-72. (Online) Mellars P. 2005. The Impossible Coincidence. A Single-Species Model for the Origins of Modern

Human Behavior in Europe. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 12-27. (Online) Nowell A. 2010. Defining behavioral modernity in the context of Neandertal and anatomically modern

human populations. Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 437-452. (Online) Pettit P.B. 1999. Disappearing from the World: an archaeological perspective on neanderthal

extinction. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18 (3): 217-240. (Online) Roebroeks W. & Soressi M. 2016 Neanderthals revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences 113: 6372-79. (Online) Smith F.H., Jankovic, I. & Karavanic, I. 2005. The assimilation model, modern human origins in

Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals. Quaternary International 137: 7-19. (Online) Stringer C. 2006. The Neanderthal-H. sapiens interface in Eurasia. In Harvati K. & Harrison T. (eds)

Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives. New York, Springer. (Arch: BB 1 HAR)

Zilhao J. 2006. Neandertals and Moderns Mixed, and It Matters. Evolutionary Anthropology, 15: 183-195. (Online)

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A5. Hominin adaptations. Discuss the development and significance of the bipedal locomotor adaptation in human evolution. Useful references: Bramble D.M. & Lieberman D.E. 2004. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 432:

345-352. (Online). Cerling T. E. et al. 2011. Woody cover and hominin environments in the past 6 million years. Nature

476: 51-56. (Online) Crompton R.H., Vereecke E.E. & Thorpe S.K.S. 2008. Locomotion and posture from the common

hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin/hominin ancestor. Journal of Anatomy 212 (4): 501-543. (Online)

DeSilva et al. (2013) The lower limb and mechanics of walking in Australopithecus sediba. Science 340: 1232999. (Online)

Lovejoy C. O. & McCollum M. A. 2010. Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality: why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip-bent-knee gait. Philosophical Transactions for the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 365: 3289-3299. (Online)

Niemitz C. 2010. The evolution of the upright posture and gait – a review and a new synthesis. Naturwissenschaften 97: 214-263 (Online)

Spoor F., Garland T., Krovitz G., Ryan T.M., Silcox M.T. & Walker A. 2007. The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (26): 10808-812. (Online)

Venkataraman N. V., Kraft, T. S. & Dominy, N. J. 2013. Tree climbing and human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 1237-42. (Online)

Wheeler P. E. 1994. The thermoregulatory advantages of heat-storage and shade-seeking behavior to hominids foraging in equatorial savanna environments. Journal of Human Evolution 26: 339-350. (Online)

Winder I. C., King, G. C. P., Devès M. & Bailey G. N, 2013, Complex topography and human evolution: the missing link. Antiquity 87: 333-349. (Online)

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ESSAYS – GROUP B: PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY B1. Changing paradigms in the history of Palaeolithic archaeology. Review the history of research and theoretical agendas relating to the study of the earliest paleoanthropological and archaeological sites from Africa OR Asia. (N.B. If you choose this essay topic, you should not select essay A1 for your second assessment). Useful references: Berger L.R. & Hilton-Barber B. 2000. In the footsteps of Eve: Exploring the Mystery of Human Origins.

Washington, National Geographic Society. (Arch: BB 1 BER; Anthrop: B 34 BER) Blumenschine R.J. 1991. Breakfast at Olorgesailie: the natural history approach to Early Stone Age

archaeology. Journal of Human Evolution, 21: 307-327. (Online) Boaz, N.T., Ciochon, R.L., 2004. Dragon Bone Hill. An Ice-Age Saga of Homo erectus. Oxford, Oxford

University Press. (Arch: BB 1 BOA) Clark J.D. 1990. A Personal Memoir. In P. Robertshaw (ed.) A History of African Archaeology.

London, James Currey: 189-204. (Arch: DC 100 ROB; Issue Desk ROB 4) Dennell R.W. 2001. From Sangiran to Olduvai, 1937-1960: The quest for 'centres' of hominid origins

in Asia and Africa. In R. Corbey & W. Roebroeks (eds.) Studying human origins: Disciplinary history and epistemology. Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press: 45-66. (Arch: BB1 Qto COR)

Dennell, R.W., 2010. "Out of Africa I": current problems and future prospects. In J.G. Fleagle et al. (eds.) Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series: 247-273. (Arch: BB1 Qto FLE)

Gabel C. 1985. Archaeology in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1800-1960. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 18 (2): 241-264. (Online)

Howell F.C. 1954. Hominids, pebble tools and the African Villafranchian. American Anthropologist 56: 378-386. (Online)

Leakey L.S.B. & Goodall V.M. 1969. Unveiling Man's Origins. Ten Decades of Thought about Human Evolution. London, Methuen. (Arch: BB 1 LEA)

Lewin R. 1987. Bones of Contention. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (Arch: BB 1 LEW) Nilsson E. 1949. The pluvials of East Africa. An attempt to correlate Pleistocene changes of climate.

Geografiska Annaler 31: 204-211. (Online) Price, D.H., 2011. How the CIA and Pentagon harnessed anthropological research during the Second

World War and Cold War with little critical notice. Journal of Anthropological Research 67: 333-356. (Online)

Torre, I.de la, 2011. The origins of stone tool technology in Africa: a historical perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 366: 1028-1037. (Online)

Torre, I.de la, 2016. The origins of the Acheulean: past and present perspectives on a major transition in human evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 371: 20150245. (Online)

Walker A. & Shipman P. 1996. The Wisdom of Bones. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. (Arch: BB 1 WAL)

B2. Evolution of diet. Review and critique the various lines of evidence for the evolution of hominin diet EITHER prior to the emergence of Neanderthals OR in Neanderthals and early Modern Humans (prior to agriculture). Discuss the potential importance of plant versus animal foods and the impact of the development of cooking.

Useful references: Aiello L. & Wheeler P. 1995. The expensive tissue hypothesis. Current Anthropology 34: 199-221.

(Online) Carmody R.N. & Wrangham R.W., 2009. The energetic significance of cooking. Journal of Human

Evolution 57: 379-391. (Online) Copeland S.R. 2007. Vegetation and plant food reconstruction of lowermost Bed II, Olduvai Gorge,

using modern analogs. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 146-175. (Online) Cortés-Sánchez, M., et al, 2011. Earliest known use of marine resources by Neanderthals. PLoS ONE

6, e24026. (Online)

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Ferraro, J.V. et al. 2013. Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PLoS One 8, e62174. (Online)

Finlayson, C. et al., 2012. Birds of a feather: Neanderthal exploitation of raptors and corvids. PLoS One 7, e45927. (Online)

Hardy K. et al. 2012. Neanderthal medics? Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus. Naturwissenschaften 99: 617-626. (Online)

Lemorini, C. et al. 2014. Old stones' song: Use-wear experiments and analysis of the Oldowan quartz and quartzite assemblage from Kanjera South (Kenya). Journal of Human Evolution 72: 10-25. (Online).

Marean C. & Assefa Z. 1999. Zooarchaeological evidence for the faunal exploitation behaviour of neanderthals and early modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 8: 22-37. (Online)

Melamed Y., Kislev M.E., Geffen E., Lev-Yadun S., Goren-Inbar N., 2016. The plant component of an Acheulian diet at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 113 (51): 14674-679. (Online)

Pobiner B.L. 2013. Meat-eating among the earliest humans. American Scientist 104: 110-117. (Online)

Smith, G.M. 2015. Neanderthal megafaunal exploitation in Western Europe and its dietary implications: A contextual reassessment of La Cotte de St Brelade (Jersey). Journal of Human Evolution 78: 181-201. (Online)

Stiner M. et al. 2000. The tortoise and the hare. Small game use, the Broad Spectrum Revolution and Paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 41: 39-73. (Online)

Stringer C.B., et al. 2008. Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 14319-14324. (Online)

Ungar P. (ed.) 2006. Evolution of the Human Diet. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 167-190. (particularly chapters by Bunn, Blumenschine) (Arch: Issue Desk UNG; BB 1 UNG)

Wrangham R.W. et al. 1999. The raw and the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current Anthropology 40: 567-94. (Online)

Wrangham R. & Carmody R.N., 2010. Human Adaptation to the Control of Fire. Evolutionary Anthropology 19: 187-199. (Online)

B3. Earliest technology. Using all evidence you find relevant (fossil, lithic, environmental, etc.) assess the nature of variation in the Oldowan Industry (2.6-1.5 Ma). Is it essentially uniform across time and space, or is there meaningful evidence of chronological and/or regional variation? Does the record imply the presence of more than one tool-making species or “culture” in the Oldowan, and how valid are named variants like the “pre-Oldowan”, “Developed Oldowan” and “Karari Industry”? Useful references: Blumenschine R.J., Masao F.T., Tactikos J.C. & Ebert J.I., 2008. Effects of distance from stone

source on landscape-scale variation in Oldowan artifact assemblages in the Paleo-Olduvai Basin, Tanzania. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(1): 76-86. (Online)

Braun D.R., Plummer T., Ditchfield P., Bishop L.C., Ferrar J.V., 2009. Oldowan Technology and Raw Material Variability at Kanjera South. In: E. Hovers & D.R. Braun (eds.) Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan. Dordrecht, Springer: 99-110. (Arch: DCD HOV)

Harmand S. et al. 2015. 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 521: 310-315. (Online)

Hovers E. 2012. Invention, Reinvention and Innovation: The Makings of Oldowan Lithic Technology. In S. Elias (ed.) Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity. London, Elsever: 51-68. (Arch: BB1 Qto ELI)

Ludwig B.V. & Harris J.W.K. 1998. Towards a technological reassessment of East African plio-pleistocene lithic assemblages. In M. Petraglia & R. Korisetter (eds.) Early Human Behavior in the Global Context: The Rise and Diversity of the Lower Paleolithic Period. New York, Routledge: 84-107. (Arch: BC 120 PET)

Plummer T. 2004. Flaked stones and old bones: biological and cultural evolution at the dawn of technology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 47: 118-164. (Online)

Schick K.D. & Toth N. 2006. An overview of the Oldowan Industrial Complex: The sites and the nature of the evidence. In N. Toth & K.D. Schick (eds.) The Oldowan: Case studies into the earliest Stone Age. Gosport, IN, Stone Age Institute Press: 3-42. (Arch: TC 3531; DCD Qto TOT)

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Semaw S. 2000. The world’s oldest stone artifacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their implications for understanding stone technology and patterns of human evolution between 2.6-1.5 million years ago. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 1197-1214. (Online)

Stout D., Quade J., Semaw S., Rogers M. & Levin, N. 2005. Raw material selectivity of the earliest stone toolmakers at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 48 (4): 365-380. (Online)

Torre, I. de la 2004. Omo Revisited. Evaluating the Technological Skills of Pliocene Hominids. Current Anthropology 45 (4): 439-465 (Online)

Torre, I.de la, 2011. The origins of stone tool technology in Africa: a historical perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 366: 1028-1037. (Online)

Toth N. 1985. The Oldowan reassessed: a close look at early stone artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science 12: 101-120. (Online)

B4. Neanderthals and Modern Humans There has been a long-term debate about the nature of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition in Europe and the replacement of Neanderthals by early Modern humans. Contrast the spatial-temporal distribution and behavioural record of the two populations through the transitional period and evaluate the models for possible interactions and final replacement of Neanderthals. (N.B. If you choose this essay topic, you should not select essay A4 for your second assessment). Useful references: Bar-Yosef O. 1998. On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic

Revolutions. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8 (2): 141-63. (Online) Benazzi S. et al. 2015. The makers of the Protoaurignacian and implications for Neandertal extinction.

Science, 348 (6236):793-796. (Online) d'Errico F. et al. 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical review of the

evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39 Supplement: S1-S44. (Online) d’Errico F. et al. 2003. The search for the origins of symbolism, music and language: a

multidisciplinary endeavour. Journal World Prehistory 17: 1-70. (Online) Green R.E. et al. 2010. A draft sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328: 710-722. (see also

comment by Gibbons: Science 328: 680-684) (Online) Higham T. et al. 2010. Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of

ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (47): 20234-39. (Online)

Higham T. et al. 2014. The timing and spatial-temporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512: 306-9. (Online)

Joris O. & Street M. 2008. At the end of the 14C time scale – the Middle to Upper Paleolithic record of western Eurasia. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 782-802. (Online)

Mellars P. 2006. Archaeology and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe: deconstructing the “Aurignacian”. Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 167-182. (Online)

Mellars P., and French J.C. 2011. Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the Neanderthal-to-Modern Human Transition. Science 333: 623-627. (Online)

Nigst P. R. et al. 2014. Early modern human settlement of Europe north of the Alps occurred 43,500 years ago in a cold steppe-type environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (40): 14394-14399. (Online)

Pettitt P. 1999. Disappearing from the world: an archaeological perspective on neanderthal extinction. Oxford Journal Archaeology 18 (3): 217-40. (Online)

Roussel M., Soressi M., & Hublin J.-J. (2016). The Châtelperronian conundrum: Blade and bladelet lithic technologies from Quinçay, France. Journal of Human Evolution 95: 13-32. (Online)

Ruebens K., McPherron S. P., & Hublin J.-J. (2015). On the local Mousterian origin of the Châtelperronian: Integrating typo-technological, chronostratigraphic and contextual data. Journal of Human Evolution 86: 55-91. (Online)

Sankararaman S. et al. 2012. The date of interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans. PloS Genetics, e1002947. (Online)

Shennan S. 2001. Demography and cultural innovation: a model and its implications for the emergence of modern human culture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11: 5-16. (Online)

Zilhao J. 2006. Neandertals and Moderns mixed, and it matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 183-195. (Online)

Zilhao J. 2010. Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 1023-1028 (Online)

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B5. Taphonomy and site formation processes. Interpreting the hominin activity areas uncovered in Palaeolithic excavations requires a detailed understanding of the taphonomic and diagenetic processes which may have occurred since site abandonment. With reference to specific sites from the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic, evaluate the methods used in unravelling site formation processes and reconstructing activity areas. Useful references: Alperson-Afil N.et al. 2009. Spatial Organization of Hominin Activities at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov,

Israel. Science 326: 1677-1680. (Online) Andrews P. 1990. Owls, Caves and Fossils. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. (Arch: DAA 410

S.4. AND) Blumenschine R.J. et al. 2003. Late Pliocene Homo and hominid land use from western Olduvai

Gorge, Tanzania. Science 299: 1217-1221. (Online) Binford L. 1980 Willow smoke and dogs' tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological

site formation. American Antiquity 45: 4-20. (Online) Denys C. 2002. Taphonomy and experimentation. Archaeometry 44 (3): 469–484. (Online) Goldberg P. & Bar-Yosef O. 1998. Site formation processes in Kebara and Hayonim Caves and their

significance in Levantine prehistoric caves. In T. Akazawa et al. (eds) Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York, Plenum. (Arch: BC 120 AKA; Issue Desk AKA)

Henry D.O. 2003. Neanderthals in the Levant. Behavioural organization and the beginnings of human modernity. London, Continuum. (chapters 8-9) (Arch: DBA 100 HEN)

Hovers E. et al. 2014. Islands in a stream? Reconstructing site formation processes in the late Middle Paleolithic site of ‘Ein Qashish, northern Israel. Quaternary International 331: 216-233. (Online)

Malinsky-Buller A., Hovers E., Marder O., 2011. Making time: ‘Living floors’, ‘palimpsests’ and site formation processes – A perspective from the open-air Lower Paleolithic site of Revadim Quarry, Israel. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30: 89-101. (Online)

Pettitt P.B. 1997. High resolution neanderthals? Interpreting Middle Palaeolithic intrasite spatial data. World Archaeology 29: 208-224. (Online)

Pickering T., Schick K., and Toth N. (eds.) 2007. Breathing Life into Fossils: Taphonomic Studies in Honor of C.K. (Bob) Brain. Gosport, IN, Stone Age Institute Press. (Arch: Issue Desk PIC; BB 3 PIC).

Schick K.D. 1987. Modeling the Formation of Early Stone Age Artifact Concentrations. Journal of Human Evolution 16: 789-807. (Online)

Soligo C. & Andrews P.J. 2005. Taphonomic bias, taxonomic bias and historical non-equivalence of faunal structure in early hominin localities. Journal of Human Evolution 49: 206-229. (Online)

Torre de la I. & Wehr K., 2017. Site formation processes of the early Acheulean assemblage at EF-HR (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Journal of Human Evolution. (Online)