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THEME-RHEME ANALYSIS OF THE JAKARTA POST
HEADLINES ON COVID-19 ISSUE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANGELIN TANDI KALOTONG
Student Number: 174214016
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2021
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THEME-RHEME ANALYSIS OF THE JAKARTA POST
HEADLINES ON COVID-19 ISSUE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANGELIN TANDI KALOTONG
Student Number: 174214016
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2021
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iv
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
January 17, 2021
Angelin Tandi Kalotong
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Angelin Tandi Kalotong
Nomor Mahasiswa : 174214016
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THEME-RHEME ANALYSIS OF THE JAKARTA POST
HEADLINES ON COVID-19 ISSUE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 17 Januari 2021
Yang menyatakan,
Angelin Tandi Kalotong
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DREAM, BELIEVE, AND MAKE IT HAPPEN
-Agnez Mo-
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I dedicated this to you for your endless supports
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to Jesus Christ. I believe that His
help makes me able to finish my undergraduate thesis at the right time. I thank
Him for blessing me and sending good people around me. My gratitude also goes
to my thesis advisor Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her endless guide and
support to do this research. I also thank my co-advisor Simon Arsa Manggala,
S.S., M.Hum., for her advice to make this thesis better.
This thesis would not be finished without the endless support of my
beloved parents, Papa Lukas and Mama Eli. I thank them for giving me spiritual,
physical, and mental supports. Huge gratitude goes to my lovely friends: Riris,
Dea, Selena, Reisya, Yael, Fifa, and Dyah. Thanks for being with me and coloring
my life since high school. Also, thanks to Mas Iki for being my support system
and always accompany me during my sadness and happiness.
Last but not least, I thank everyone, whose name cannot be mentioned one
by one, and for my college friends. Thank you for the never-ending supports in
finishing this undergraduate thesis. May luck always with us.
Angelin Tandi Kalotong
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE .................................................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH ........... vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ xii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xiii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xvii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xviii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 7
C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 7
D. Definition of Term ....................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 9
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................... 9
B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 13
1. Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................................... 13
2. Systemic Functional Linguistics ............................................................ 15
3. Theme and Rheme .................................................................................. 17
4. Headlines ................................................................................................ 21
C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 22
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 24
A. Object of the Study..................................................................................... 24
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 25
C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................... 30
A. Themes and Rheme Used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper ....................... 30
a. Actor as the Participant .......................................................................... 32
b. Verbiage as the Participant ..................................................................... 38
c. Sayer as the Participant of the Headlines ............................................... 41
d. Senser as the Participant ......................................................................... 44
e. Carrier as the Participant ........................................................................ 46
f. Goal as the Participant ............................................................................ 47
B. Representation Revealed of COVID-19 Issue ........................................... 50
1. The Number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia ...................................... 50
2. Government’s Responsibility/Action to Deal with this Pandemic ......... 56
3. The Victim of COVID-19 ...................................................................... 61
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4. The Decline in Economic, Educational, and Health Aspects ................. 65
5. The Impact and Views of the Society on COVID-19............................. 68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 72
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 75
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 78
Appendix 1: Actor as the participant of Theme ................................................ 78
Appendix 2: Verbiage as the participant of Theme ........................................... 84
Appendix 3: Sayer as the participant of Theme ................................................ 89
Appendix 4: Senser as the participant of Theme ............................................... 92
Appendix 5: Carrier as the participant of Theme .............................................. 64
Appendix 6: Goal as the participant of Theme .................................................. 95
Appendix 7: List of Headlines from The Jakarta Post ..................................... 96
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CDA : Critical Discourse Analysis
SFL : Systemic Functional Linguistic
TJP : The Jakarta Post
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LIST OF TABLE
No. Table Page
1. Table 1. Participant of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines 31
2. Table 2. Theme-Rheme analysis H.1. 32
3. Table 3. Theme-Rheme analysis H.2. 32
4. Table 4. Theme-Rheme analysis H.3. 33
5. Table 5. Theme-Rheme analysis H.12. 33
6. Table 6. Theme-Rheme analysis H.33. 33
7. Table 7. Theme-Rheme analysis H.6. 33
8. Table 8. Theme-Rheme analysis H.31. 34
9. Table 9. Theme-Rheme analysis H.10. 34
10. Table 10. Theme-Rheme analysis H.14. 34
11. Table 11. Theme-Rheme analysis H.15. 35
12. Table 12. Theme-Rheme analysis H.22. 35
13. Table 13. Theme-Rheme analysis H.26. 35
14. Table 14. Theme-Rheme analysis H.16. 36
15. Table 15. Theme-Rheme analysis H.18. 36
16. Table 16. Theme-Rheme analysis H.21. 36
17. Table 17. Theme-Rheme analysis H.28. 37
18. Table 18. Theme-Rheme analysis H.29. 37
19. Table 19. Theme-Rheme analysis H.32. 37
20. Table 20. Theme-Rheme analysis H.36. 38
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21. Table 21. Theme-Rheme analysis H.38. 38
22. Table 21. Theme-Rheme analysis H.46. 39
23. Table 23. Theme-Rheme analysis H.53. 39
24. Table 24. Theme-Rheme analysis H.59. 39
25. Table 25. Theme-Rheme analysis H.42. 40
26. Table 26. Theme-Rheme analysis H.68. 40
27. Table 27. Theme-Rheme analysis H.43. 40
28. Table 28. Theme-Rheme analysis H.57. 41
29. Table 29. Theme-Rheme analysis H.64. 41
30. Table 30. Theme-Rheme analysis H.73. 42
31. Table 31. Theme-Rheme analysis H.76. 42
32. Table 31. Theme-Rheme analysis H.77. 43
33. Table 33. Theme-Rheme analysis H.83. 43
34. Table 34. Theme-Rheme analysis H.78. 43
35. Table 35. Theme-Rheme analysis H.82. 44
36. Table 36. Theme-Rheme analysis H.92. 44
37. Table 37. Theme-Rheme analysis H.88. 45
38. Table 38. Theme-Rheme analysis H.89. 45
39. Table 39. Theme-Rheme analysis H.96. 45
40. Table 40. Theme-Rheme analysis H.97. 46
41. Table 41. Theme-Rheme analysis H.98. 47
42. Table 42. Theme-Rheme analysis H.99. 47
43. Table 43. Theme-Rheme analysis H.105. 48
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44. Table 44. Theme-Rheme analysis H.106. 48
45. Table 45. Theme-Rheme analysis H.107. 49
46. Table 46. Theme-Rheme analysis H.108. 49
47. Table 47. Representations of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines 50
48. Table 48. Theme-Rheme analysis H.25. 52
49. Table 49. Theme-Rheme analysis H.33. 52
50. Table 50. Theme-Rheme analysis H.45. 53
51. Table 51. Theme-Rheme analysis H.57. 53
52. Table 52. Theme-Rheme analysis H.75. 55
53. Table 53. Theme-Rheme analysis H.6. 56
54. Table 54. Theme-Rheme analysis H.14. 57
55. Table 55. Theme-Rheme analysis H.38. 58
56. Table 56. Theme-Rheme analysis H.67. 59
57. Table 57. Theme-Rheme analysis H.80. 59
58. Table 58. Theme-Rheme analysis H.103. 60
59. Table 59. Theme-Rheme analysis H.108. 61
60. Table 60. Theme-Rheme analysis H.1. 62
61. Table 61. Theme-Rheme analysis H.44. 62
62. Table 62. Theme-Rheme analysis H.79. 63
63. Table 63. Theme-Rheme analysis H.92. 64
64. Table 64. Theme-Rheme analysis H.98. 64
65. Table 65. Theme-Rheme analysis H.5. 65
66. Table 66. Theme-Rheme analysis H.42. 65
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67. Table 67. Theme-Rheme analysis H.55. 66
68. Table 68. Theme-Rheme analysis H.59. 67
69. Table 69. Theme-Rheme analysis H.78. 67
70. Table 70. Theme-Rheme analysis H.34. 68
71. Table 71. Theme-Rheme analysis H.40. 68
72. Table 72. Theme-Rheme analysis H.100. 69
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ABSTRACT
KALOTONG, ANGELIN TANDI. (2020). Theme-Rheme Analysis of The
Jakarta Post Headlines on Covid-19 Issue. Yogyakarta: Department of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
COVID-19 has impacted worldwide attention since it is a serious
disease. It has become a daily topic for Indonesia’s newspapers. Media has an
important role in giving information and awareness about this issue. The media
uses interesting headlines to attract readers’ interest. A headline can be an
indicator of whether a topic is important or not. The media has the power to raise
an issue and the media also has a policy in determining headlines. A headline
consists of a Theme and a Rheme. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing the
Theme which the starting point of the message and Rheme which consists of the
additional information of the message. The Theme and Rheme of the headlines
are used to reveal the representation of media in seeing the COVID-19 issue in
Indonesia.
There are two objectives to this study. The first objective is to identify
how the Theme and Rheme used in The Jakarta Post newspaper. The second
objective is to figure out how the use of Theme-Rheme reveals the representation
of COVID-19 issue in Indonesia.
Critical Discourse Analysis is the approach of this study. Media in
discourse contributes to how the structures of sentences as the critical study of
media and critical study of a text. Therefore, it is the applicable approach in this
study. In data collection, the researcher chose headlines from The Jakarta Post
newspaper published in September 2020. 108 headlines are collected and the
headlines suit the criteria about COVID-19 issue.
According to the analysis, there is only one type of Theme, which is a
Topical Theme. In the Theme, The Jakarta Post uses 6 types of participants which
are Actor, Verbiage, Sayer, Senser, Carrier, and Goal. The dominant participants
on the headline are Actor with total of 36 headlines. Following by participant
Verbiage with 33 headlines. There are 16 headlines use participant Sayer, 11
headlines use participant Senser, 8 headlines use participant Carrier, and 4
headline use Goal as the participant. In a conclusion, the Theme and Rheme of the
headline reveal that The Jakarta Post gives awareness to the public about
COVID-19. The Jakarta Post shows the number of COVID-19 cases to the public
also the government’s responsibility or action to deal with this pandemic. Then,
the media shows the victim of COVID-19 and the decline in economic,
educational, and health aspects due to COVID-19. Lastly, the media shows the
impact and views of society on COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19, headlines, representation
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ABSTRAK
KALOTONG, ANGELIN TANDI. (2020). Theme-Rheme Analysis of The
Jakarta Post Headlines on Covid-19 Issue. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra
Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
COVID-19 telah memengaruhi perhatian dunia karena merupakan
penyakit yang serius. Masalah ini telah menjadi topik harian di surat kabar
Indonesia. Media memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan informasi dan
kesadaran tentang masalah ini. Media menggunakan berita utama yang menarik
untuk menarik minat pembaca. Judul berita bisa menjadi indikator apakah suatu
topik penting atau tidak. Media memiliki kekuatan untuk mengangkat suatu isu
dan media juga memiliki kebijakan dalam menentukan berita utama. Berita utama
terdiri dari sebuah Tema dan Rema. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada
analisis tema yang merupakan awalan dari sebuah pesan dan rema yang berisi
informasi tambahan dari sebuah pesan. Tema dan rema dalam berita utama
digunakan untuk mengungkapkan representasi media dalam melihat isu COVID-
19 di Indonesia.
Ada dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama adalah
mengidentifikasi bagaimana tema dan rema digunakan dalam surat kabar The
Jakarta Post. Tujuan kedua untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan tema dan
rema mengungkapkan representasi isu COVID-19 di Indonesia.
Analisis wacana kritis adalah pendekatan dalam penelitian ini. Media
dalam wacana memberikan kontribusi bagaimana struktur kalimat sebagai kajian kritis
media dan kajian kritis suatu teks. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan ini merupakan
pendekatan yang dapat diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Dalam pengumpulan data,
peneliti memilih berita utama dari surat kabar The Jakarta Post yang diterbitkan
pada bulan September 2020. Terkumpul sebanyak 108 berita utama yang sesuai
dengan kriteria yaitu tentang isu COVID-19.
Berdasarkan hasil analisis, hanya ada satu jenis tema yaitu tema topikal.
Berdasarkan temanya, The Jakarta Post menggunakan 6 tipe partisipan yaitu
pelaku, perkataan, pembicara, pengindera, penyandang, dan tujuan. Partisipan
yang mendominasi pada judul adalah partisipan pelaku dengan total 36 berita
utama. Disusul oleh partisipan perkataan dengan 33 judul. Ada 16 judul
menggunakan partisipan pembicara, 11 judul menggunakan partisipan pengindera,
8 judul menggunakan partisipan penyandang, dan 4 judul menggunakan tujuan
sebagai partisipan. Sebagai kesimpulan, tema dan rema dari berita utama
mengungkapkan bahwa The Jakarta Post memberikan kesadaran kepada
masyarakat tentang COVID-19. The Jakarta Post menunjukkan jumlah kasus
COVID-19 ke masyarakat serta tanggung jawab atau tindakan pemerintah untuk
menangani pandemi ini. Kemudian, media menunjukkan korban COVID-19 dan
penurunan pada aspek ekonomi, pendidikan, dan kesehatan akibat COVID-19.
Terakhir, media menunjukkan dampak dan pandangan masyarakat terhadap
COVID-19.
Kata kunci: COVID-19, headlines, representation
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The world has been hit by a coronavirus. At the beginning of 2020, the
World Health Organization(WHO) respond to a cluster of atypical pneumonia in
China. After many people were infected, the WHO reported that Chinese
authorities have discovered that the pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus.
WHO announced that the disease caused by the novel coronavirus is named as
COVID-19. Globally, 27,236,916 people are infected and 891,031 people died
(WHO, 2020). This virus has become a global pandemic.
COVID-19 has also affected Indonesia. The case of COVID-19 in
Indonesia reaches to 200,035 cases (retrieved from covid19.go.id on November
2020). It was confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on 2 March 2020 (Susilo, C,
Ceva, & Widayat, 2020). Lately, COVID-19 has become a daily topic for
Indonesia’s citizens. Various media such as social, electronic, and print media are
seen using COVID-19 as their topic.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the public needed the role of the
media to provide information about the development of the COVID-19 virus.
Media has an important role in giving information and collecting awareness to the
society towards COVID-19 issues. It is stated that
Mass media has terribly important role in the socialization process of
public policy. Media has to competently set an agenda for a particular
issue so that it is considered important to public. Problems may emerge
when mass media think that not all policies are important and worth to
report (Permatasari, 2013).
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Mass media influences people about what is going on in society. The role of mass
media is to give ideas and information on certain issues in order to make people
know exactly about the events that happen in society.
In reading a newspaper, readers usually focus on the headline first
before they decided to read the newspaper. A news headline represents how a
topic is important. The headline in a newspaper is a representation of the media
itself in seeing the importance of an event or not. News headlines also greatly
influence readers' interest. According to (Wandik et al., 2017), the news headline
can be an important thing to attract the reader and an indicator of assessment on
the topics considered as important.
From the explanation above, mass media have the power to raise an
event and give emphasis on certain issues. The press company has a policy for
determining the headline (Wandik et al., 2017). Related to that, media represents
the society, especially The Jakarta Post(TJP) in reporting and informing COVID-
19 issues. TJP plays an important role that supports the government to give
transparency about the information and awareness toward COVID-19 issues. It is
stated that
As a media, The Jakarta Post has an ideology and authorization in
producing the news especially the news headline. The Jakarta Post has
its own authorization in reproduce the experiences and react fairly the
representation of world into a piece of newspaper text based on the
interpretation of existence, whether it is something or someone
(Adinihaqi, 2017, p. 5)
Mass media has the authorization in producing the news headline and even the
whole article about something that happened in society.
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From the paragraph above, it is concluded that TJP has its ideology in
producing the news headline. Ideology is “a set of beliefs that inform and guide
decisions” (Bolin, 2018, p. 62). It is also added that
Ideology is an elaborate story told about the ideal conduct of some
aspect of human affairs. As I see it, its power lies in its truth value,
wich is determinded by the number and natur of its subcription base as
much as by some notion of ‘explanatory force’. In short, the truh of an
ideology is determined by the number subscribing to it (Locke, 2004).
Ideology is interpreted as an idea that becomes a basis for the behavior of an
individual or a group. It is also added by Pawito (2014), ideology in mass media
examines the content or text of the media, observing how the tendency of the
mass media to publish things that have been, are, and will happen to individuals or
groups. The ideology of the newspaper is explained explicitly by the
representation of the newspaper in raising an issue. The newspapers’
representation can serve the ideology of the newspaper in determining the context
in which individuals or groups react to an issue.
According to the previous paragraph, this paragraph presents how the
press company determines the headline. There is something to tell to the readers
behind the headline. For most people, a full sentence of a headline is common.
However, a headline will look different when someone is familiar with the press
or in writing journalists. They will take a deep assessment of the news presented
through the theme of the headline. The Theme and Rheme on The Jakarta Post on
the COVID-19 issue are interpreted using CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used to analyze a text on different
topics (Mardhyarini & Ariyanti, 2016). It is also supported that
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is discourse analytical research that
primarily studies the way social-power abuse and inequality are
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enacted, reproduced, legitimated, and resisted by text and talk in the
social and political context (Van Dijk, 2015, p. 466).
With discourse analysis, the context of a text can be analyzed. The messages
behind a text can also be known for its purpose and objectives. According to
(Kharbach, n.d., p. 92), critical discourse analysis is “a theoretical and analytical
framework with huge analytical potential particularly in the real of the social
sciences”. With the existence of critical discourse analysis, a text or language that
is in the social environment can be interpreted through various perspectives.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is used to analyze the context in
a text or language (Halliday, 2004). SFL and CDA have a frequent interest in the
relation between language and society. SFL interprets language as the meaning of
the linguistic system that contributes to the making of meaning. Moreover, CDA
uses SFL as a media for analyzing text and discourse. While other linguistic
models are useful for CDA, Systemic Functional Linguistics is of particular
concern to CDA, mainly because of its focus on language use, its informative and
social functions (Almurashi, 2016).
Written language offers a wide variety of grammatical tools to mediate
an author’s intended message. In newspapers, events that happen outside are
expressed through the linguistic choices that reporters and editorialists make and
reconstructed as text through discourse. This reconstruction involves linguistic
choices at many turns and levels in the unfolding of the discourse (McCabe &
Heilman, 2007).
This study focuses on the textual function to figure out how the choice
of words in the newspaper headline expresses the messages. In Halliday (2004),
the textual function of the clause is that of constructing a message and the Theme-
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Rheme structure is the basic form of the organization of the clause as a message.
It also added that in the organization of discourse, then, an important concern is
which participant, process or circumstance will be chosen as the ideational point
of departure for the message (McCabe & Heilman, 2007). In order to reveal the
newspaper context, Theme-Rheme analysis is the linguistic tool in headline
analysis.
A Theme is “the element that serves as the point of departure of the
message which locates and orients the clause within its context” (Halliday, 2004,
p. 89). Theme guides the readers to understand the interpretation of a message.
Following Halliday’s definitions of Theme, some other distinctions are made,
which could be helpful for discourse analysis. A Theme can be distinguished as
marked or unmarked. In a declarative clause, a Theme would be a marked one if it
is anything besides the Subject. If a Theme is a subject, then it is unmarked
(Darani & Mansouri, 2015). The part in which Theme developed is called as
Rheme. A Rheme is a part of the clause following the Theme and the structure is
expressed by the order – the Theme is put in the first part of the clause (Halliday,
2004, p.89). Thus, Theme and Rheme are related because Theme serves as the
starting point of the clause, while Rheme provides the additional prominence
information.
According to Halliday (2004), Theme is classified into three types;
Textual Theme, Interpersonal Theme, and Topical Theme. It also stated that the
guiding principle of thematic structure is that the Theme contains one, and only
one, of these experiential elements. This means that the Theme of a clause ends
with the first constituent that is either participant, circumstance, or process.
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Studies about Theme and Rheme have been exercised by scholars. A
study by Darani & Mansouri (2015), finds that thematic structure plays a similar
role in English and Persia short story. From Isti’anah (2018), CDA is used in
analyzing the Theme to figure out media(Myanmar and Bangladesh newspaper)
ideological perspectives in presenting news, Rohingya. Another study from
Sinaga (2019), Theme and Rheme show the local context of it and its relation to
the broader context of The Jakarta Post newspaper. Tuan (2020) also uses
thematic analysis in revealing the message in Indonesian and Singaporean
newspaper headlines of forest fires in Indonesia. This study is similar to those four
studies. SFL and CDA help to figure out the message behind newspaper
headlines. The difference is that this study uses SFL and CDA in analyzing theme
and rheme in order to figure out the ideology of The Jakarta Post newspaper on
COVID-19 issues.
This study aims to analyze Theme and Rheme used in the headline as
well as how Theme and Rheme reveal the representation of COVID-19 issue
using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). In revealing the representation of the
headlines, the writer analyzes the type of theme as well as the participant of the
theme. The data is taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper at the National News
column on the September edition.
The Jakarta Post is only Indonesia’s daily newspaper written in
English. It has several news columns to facilitate the readers in reading the
newspaper easily. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 virus entering Indonesia,
TJP has always provided information and awareness about this virus. From early
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September 2020, the writer found 30 headlines. The headlines are about COVID-
19 Issue.
B. Problem Formulation
The research questions of this study are formulated as below:
1. How are Theme and Rheme used in The Jakarta Post headlines on COVID-
19 issue?
2. How does the use of Theme and Rheme reveal the representation of COVID-
19 issue?
C. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives to this study. The first objective is to identify
how are Theme and Rheme used on COVID-19 issue published in The Jakarta
Post. By identifying the Theme and Rheme on the headlines, it determines the
type of the Theme and the participant. The result is related to the second objective
of this study that is to figure out how the use of Theme-Rheme reveals the
representation of COVID-19 issue. The analysis of this study is to use Critical
Discourse Analysis(CDA).
D. Definition of Term
This part covers the definition of terms used in this study to avoid
misunderstanding on certain terms. There are three terms used, namely theme,
headlines, and ideology.
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Theme is located in the first clause and functions as a subject that has a
message. Theme is a starting point to express what is the context or message is
going to say. According to Halliday (2004, p. 86), Theme is “a textual system
operating within the clause, while the system of tense is a logical system operating
within the verbal group”. A clause is divided into two parts; Theme and Rheme.
Rheme is the part of the clause which adds more information. Theme
always puts on the first of the clause and accompanies by Rheme as the rest of the
clause. The use of Rheme in a clause is to add new ideas or information following
the Theme. In other words, Rheme provides additional prominence news
supporting the idea of Theme (Halliday, 2004).
Headlines is the heading of the article located at the top of the
newspaper or magazine as a title. Headlines are always written in short and serve
prominence topics that are going to discuss. According to Wandik et al (2017),
headlines are often an indicator of important topics. In short, headlines are where
the content of the news will be displayed. The use of the headlines is to make
people interested and curious about the content of the news article. Besides that,
interesting news which is used as the main topic will be posted on the front page
of the newspaper (Wandik et al., 2017)
Representation is the element that determines meaning in terms of the
relation to the social group in the process of expressing an idea or message.
Indeed, groups occupy different social positions and determine the perspective
from which individuals view and think about an object. In short, representation is
the selection results in a variety of possibilities. The one representing and the
representation are ideological (Corbetta, Cavazza, & Roccato, 2009).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter focuses on the review from the previous studies which is
beneficial to this study. There are three parts discussed in this chapter. The first
part is the review of related studies which review the previous studies related to
this study. Second, a review of related theories which review the theories or
definition related to this study. The last part is a theoretical framework that
explains how the theories are used and contribute to solving the problem in this
study.
A. Review of Related Studies
In order to support this study, the writer selected several studies related
to this study. The writer chooses three journal articles and one undergraduate
thesis. In this study, the writer reviewed four previous studies related to this study.
The first study is “Theme in English and Persian Short Stories: A
Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspective”, which was conducted by Darani &
Mansouri (2015). In their study, they analyze the thematic structures utilized in
English and Persian short stories. In both short stories, Darani and Mansouri
found three types of themes, which are Topical Theme, Interpersonal Theme, and
Textual Theme. In the English short story, Topical Theme was the highest
(58,4%) and the Interpersonal Theme was the lowest (5,6%). The same with the
English short story, the Persian short story the Topical Theme was also the highest
(55,4%) and Interpersonal Theme is the lowest (18,1%). In conclusion, the high
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frequency of Topical Theme in both short stories indicates that Topical Theme
plays an influential role in the thematic structure of English and Persian short
story.
Similar to Darani & Mansouri’s study, this study also analyzes the
thematic structure. Nevertheless, there are two differences between these studies.
The first difference is the object of the present study is The Jakarta Post news
headline on the COVID-19 issue, while the previous study is two short stories
from English and Persia. The second difference is that the present study analyzes
the Theme and Rheme as well as analyzes the representations of COVID-19 in
The Jakarta Post news headline. Whereas, the previous study focuses on the use
of Themes in both short stories.
The second study that the writer reviewed is “Rohingya in Media:
Critical Discourse Analysis of Myanmar and Bangladesh Newspaper Headlines”,
which was conducted by Isti’anah (2018). The approach of her study is using
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in revealing the meaning of the headlines. She
also compares how each newspaper presents the Rohingya issue from the starting
point presented in the headlines. The study aims to found out how Myanmar and
Bangladesh media choose the Theme in their headlines about the Rohingya case.
The study found that Myanmar’s headlines prove that the media’s ideological
perspective is to show the results of the Myanmar government’s deeds to
Rohingya. The headlines prove that the media is still under the government’s
control. On the other hand, Bangladesh media intentionally uses Theme in order
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to uncover that a lot of Rohingyans have to fight for their freedom (Isti’anah,
2018).
Similar to the previous study, this present study also applies Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA) as an approach. This study also identifies the meaning
of newspaper headlines and the representation of newspapers on certain issues.
However, the object of the previous study is two newspapers from two different
countries, which are Myanmar and Bangladesh on the Rohingya crisis. While the
object of this present study is The Jakarta Post headlines on COVID-19. The
other difference is that the present study examines the Theme and Rheme as well
as the meaning and the representation of the newspaper.
The third study is “Theme-Rheme Analysis on The Jakarta Post
Newspaper: Interpolations, Preposed Attributive, and Reported Clause”, which
was conducted by Sinaga (2019). This study aims to investigate the use of
Interpolations in Theme, Preposed Attributive, and Theme in Reported Clause.
This study is analyzing Theme and Rheme in a clause found in the newspaper.
This study found that the most appear Theme is the Topical Theme. Then the
other theme found in the clauses is Interpersonal Theme and Textual Theme.
Topical Theme can be seen in the use of “I”, “My two daughters”, “the process”,
and “the threads”. For Interpersonal Theme which is the interaction between
writer and readers. It can be seen from the seventh clause with “can”. This word is
the finite verbal operator which is part of the Interpersonal Theme. Then, Textual
Theme must be related to any kind of conjunction to combine two clauses into a
sentence. The Textual Theme found on the clause is “and”. Besides, the use of
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Interpolations in Theme, Preposed Attributive, and Theme in Reposted Clause
also was found.
Similar to the previous study, this present study also examines the use
of Theme and Rheme. Nonetheless, there are some differences between the
previous study and this present study. The object of the previous study was taken
from the editorial in The Jakarta Post newspaper May 12nd 2019 edition then
segmented into clauses. While the object of the present study is The Jakarta Post
headline on COVID-19 issue. The present study aimed to figure out the meaning
and the representation of the newspapers through the use of Theme and Rheme on
the headlines. Besides, the previous study only examines the type of Theme found
in the clauses.
The fourth study is “Theme Analysis to Reveal Messages in Indonesia
and Singaporean Newspaper Headline of Forest Fires in Indonesia”, which was
conducted by Tuan (2020). This study analyzes how themes are used in revealing
messages of forest fires in Indonesia through the newspaper headline of two
newspapers from different countries, which are Indonesian and Singaporean
newspapers. This study found that all of the 64 headlines are Topical Theme.
There are 7 types of participants of Theme use in both newspapers, which are
Actor, Verbiage, Senser, Sayer, Goal, and Carrier.
Similar to the previous study, this present study also analyzes how the
use of Themes reveals the message on newspaper headlines. Regardless, the
difference lies in the object of the study. The object of the previous study is the
headline of two newspapers from two different countries, which are Indonesian
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and Singaporean newspapers. Whereas, the object of the present study is a
newspaper which explains certain issues. The present study uses The Jakarta Post
news headline on COVID-19 issue.
According to those four studies which were exercised by scholars, this
present study has similarities with those study. This study identifies the Theme
and Rheme found in the object of the study in order to figure out the meaning of
the Theme. Similar to Isti’anah and Tuan’s studies, this present study also
analyzes the Theme and Rheme on the newspaper headlines. The approach of this
present study also uses CDA in revealing the meaning of the Theme. However,
this present study only analyzes one newspaper on certain issues. This present
study aims to discover the representation of newspapers on COVID-19 issues in
Indonesia by identifying the use of Theme and Rheme on the news headline of
The Jakarta Post.
B. Review of Related Theories
This part mentions and explains the relevant theories that are applied in
this study. The theories chosen are the theories that are close to the problem of
this study. The theories are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Systemic
Functional Linguistics (SFL), Theme and Rheme, headlines.
1. Critical Discourse Analysis
According to Van Dijk (2015), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is
discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social-power used in
the social context. This is also why CDA may be characterized as a social
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movement of discourse analysis. The social-power is called as the control of the
groups if the groups are able to control the acts or the minds of the member of
other groups. The media can be the example of the analysis of discourse and
power (Van Dijk, 2015).
CDA is not a specific research direction since it does not have a
theoretical analysis. This is very different from the analysis of the news in the
press media. The perspectives provided are common and general aims of the
CDA. Most types of CDA will ask questions about how certain discourse
structures are used in social domination. Critical analysis of media discourse has a
central place in CDA in the study of critical communication. The CDA's approach
to media studies does not just investigate the social and communicative context of
news and other press or broadcast genres. In critical media studies, CDA is linked
with a systematic analysis of the discourse structure of the media (Van Dijk,
2015).
This is also added by Kharbach, discourse is “a context-dependent
concept that is used in everyday communication yet is hard to define” (Kharbach,
n.d., p. 86). Critical discourse analysis approaches the analysis of social
phenomena from a critical perspective. It is concerned with analyzing the opaque
as well as the transparent structural relations of power manifested in the form of
language. CDA analyzes discourse to reveal the structure, strategy, or other
properties of the text. The writer, speaker, or even the reader have their
characteristics in using language. It is different from one and the other. They have
the option of choosing the language and how they interpret the language based on
their perspective.
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CDA practitioners analyze discourse in order to uncover the verbal
interaction or communicative events. Discourse analysis simply follows to
produce other interpretations of meaning in social life areas. There are multiple
constructs of meaning and interpretations of social phenomena. Therefore, CDA is
used in order to clear up the unequal power relations and expose ideologies. CDA
goes beyond the working of language, which is what discourse analysis does to a
critical engagement with social phenomena (Kharbach, n.d.).
According to Sajjad (2013), Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA) is a
concern not only with social practices but also social structures. The use of
discourse analysis is to reveal the power or ideology of social or political context
(Vandijk as cited in Sajjad, 2013). Discourse analysis is used to analyze text
which cannot stand alone as a text but has a link and the relation with the social
phenomenon. CDA has been applied for a comprehensive analysis of a written or
spoken text. CDA has provided good media for a detailed analysis (Sajjad, 2013).
2. Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics(SFL) is a theory that was developed by
Halliday. SFL interprets how language makes meaning in context. According to
Heine et al (2015), SFL defines language as potential meaning in which all strata
of the linguistic system contribute to the creation of meaning. The semantic
system provides the resources to enact and interpret it as a linguistic meaning and
the phonological system realizes meaning by sounding words that make that
meaning happen. So from the SFL perspective, the study of grammar cannot be
done independently of the study of meaning; and the interpretation of meaning as
interpreted by grammar in a particular text is itself informed by the cultural
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situation in which these meanings are produced between grammar and context.
The study of grammar in SFL is different from traditional grammar. Functional
grammar focuses on how a language is formed and has a meaning, while
traditional grammar concerns with the pattern of the word in creating a sentence.
According to Martin et al. (2010), SFL is a theory intended for
deployment. It is used for a huge variety of tasks and describing languages in
functional terms. Halliday’s purpose was not to orient the grammar to any single
defined area of application but to provide a general grammar for text analysis and
interpretation. The systematic analysis is important to text analysis in that “it
shows what a speaker chooses to mean in a given text against the background of
what speakers can mean” (Martin et al., 2010, p. 3).
SFL provides a social semiotic theory of meaning-making, learning,
and social change. SFL has expanded into a theory that informs many branches of
applied linguistics, including critical discourse analysis. as a functional meaning-
making SFL reflect and construct the situational and cultural contexts in which
semiotic systems are used and evolve. SFL maintains that language and other
meaning-making systems cannot be understood without an analysis of the
immediate context. According to Halliday, there are three SFL’s metafunctions
which are ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. It shows how these
metafunctions are realized through the use of field, tenor, and mode resources
with specific reference to the teaching and learning of disciplinary discourses in
multilingual contexts (Gebhard & Accurso, n.d.).
Halliday’s metafunction concept in SFL is that language has a function
in making sense of human experience and acting out the social relationship. The
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language provides a theory of human experience dedicated to the function.
Whenever language is used, there is always something else going on. Language is
always enacting personal and social relationships with other people (Halliday,
2004). To explain Halliday’s theory of metafunction, there is three SFL’s
metafunction which is, the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunction.
Halliday’s theory states that
The ideational metafunction constructs ideas and experiences; the
interpersonal metafunction enacts social roles and power dynamics; and
the textual metafunction manages the flow of information to make
extended discourse coherent and cohesive. Applied (Gebhard &
Accurso, n.d., p. 1029).
This study focuses on the use of textual metafunction. The textual metafunction
deals with the thematic in the clause (Martin et al., 2010). The textual
metafunction manages the flow of the extended text. In SFL terms, this referred to
constructing cohesive Themes or Rheme patterns (Gebhard & Accurso, n.d.).
3. Theme and Rheme
The textual metafunction of the language has a Theme as the system. It
is concerned with the organization of information within individual clauses and
the organization of the larger text. The system of Theme organizes the clause to
show its local context is in relation to the general context of the text it serves in.
Every clause is organized as a message. It is concerned with the current point of
departure in relation to what has come before so that it is clear where the clause is
located in the text (Martin et al., 2010).
Theme is the element that serves as the starting point of the message. It
is located and oriented the clause with its context. Theme as the starting point of
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the message guide the addressee in developing an interpretation of the message.
By making the interpretation, it enables the addressee to process the message
(Halliday, 2004). Theme as a starting point is also stated by Martin et al. (2010).
The remaining message of the clause is what is presented in the background of the
local context. It is where the clause moves after the starting point of the message.
The remaining message of the clause is called Rheme. Rheme adds more
information in the clause. Theme always puts on the first of the clause and
accompanies by Rheme as the rest of the clause. The use of Rheme in a clause is
to add new ideas or information following the Theme (Halliday, 2004).
Theme is realized by the initial position in the clause and Rheme is
realized by a non-initial position (Martin et al., 2010). According to Halliday
(2004), The part in which the Theme is developed is called as Rheme. A clause
consists of Theme companies by a Rheme but the Theme is put first. Rheme
typically contains another kind of prominence as news. Theme is divided by
unmarked and marked Theme. The unmarked Theme coincides with the first
constituent of each mood structure. While the marked Theme is when any other
element of structure is brought to the initial position (Downing, 1991).
From the previous paragraph, it is known that Theme is the starting
point of the message and provides the local context for the information in the
remaining clause. “The clause can be contextualized in terms of all three
metafunctional perspectives. The Theme of a clause can thus have textual,
interpersonal and ideational Theme” (Martin et al., 2010, p. 22). However, the
ideational Theme is known as a topical Theme.
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i. Textual Theme
Textual Theme constitutes the first stage of the Theme. It gives
thematic prominence to textual elements with a linking function (Martin et al.,
2010). Gebhard and Accurso also state that textual Theme is used to give specific
relationships between clauses and longer stretches of discourse. It typically
includes the conjunction such as and, so, but, like, and cuz (Gebhard & Accurso,
n.d.).
Conjunctive adjunct serves as the element of the textual theme. These
are adverbial groups or prepositional phrases that relate the clause to the
preceding text. Conjunctive adjuncts are often called ‘discourse Adjuncts’ but the
conjunctions set up a grammatical relationship with another clause, which may be
either preceding or following, the relationship established by conjunctive
Adjuncts, while semantically cohesive, is not a structural one (Halliday, 2004).
There is also a continuative adjunct which is one of a small set of words
that signal a move in the discourse: a response, in dialogue, or a new move to the
next point if the same speaker is continuing. For example, The other one is a
conjunction which is a word or group that either links or binds the clause in which
it occurs structurally to another clause. Semantically, it sets up a relationship of
expansion or projection (Halliday, 2004).
ii. Interpersonal Theme
According to Martin et al., Interpersonal Theme includes one or more
of the finite realized by an auxiliary verb, a WH-element, a vocative identifying
the addressee in the exchange, and an adjunct realized by an adverb (Martin et al.,
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2010). Gebhard & Accurso add that interpersonal Theme begins the sentences
with expressions that focus on the speaker or the writer’s feeling and judgment
(Gebhard & Accurso, n.d.).
The elements serve as the category of Interpersonal Theme are
vocative, modal/comment adjunct, and a finite verbal operator (Halliday, 2004, p.
108). Vocative typically a personal name which is used to address. Next, in the
modal or comment adjunct, the element is used to express the speaker or writer’s
judgment on or attitude to the content of the message. The example of modal
adjunct in the Theme is represented as the word ‘probably’, ‘sometimes’,
‘always’, and ‘never’. Then, the finite verbal operator is the small set of finite
auxiliary verbs construing primary tense or modality; they are the unmarked
Theme of yes/no interrogatives.
iii. Topical Theme
Topical Theme can be recognized as the first element in the clause that
expresses the representational meaning. It is also said that it might be a participant
taking the role of the process (Martin et al., 2010). In Halliday (2004), Topical
Theme is the theme that contains human experimental elements. The experimental
elements mean that the Theme of a clause ends with the first constituent that is
either participant, circumstance, or process (Halliday, 2004, p. 105). The
component of the elements is the process itself, the participant of the process, and
any circumstantial factors such as time, manner, or cause. The participant taking
the role in the process, as in:
Ah Q took off his tattered linen jacket.
George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin.
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The house was gloomy and uninviting.
For the circumstance, it is giving information about time, place, manner, and so
on. The example are listed below:
In the past, Ah Q had just cursed under his breath, inaudibly.
In 1876, Shaw joined his mother and sister in London.
On the upper floor of such premises, a tall person cannot stand erect.
Then, the process are for example:
‘Stand up to speak!’ shouted all the men in the long coats.
Says Mr Smith: ‘It’s too early to draw any conclusions yet.’
Above is the explanantion as well as the example of the Topical Theme which has
the components of the element such as participant, circumstance, and process
(Martin et al., 2010, p. 24).
4. Headlines
Headlines refer to the head or the title of text located in the top center of
the news article or magazine. Headlines are always written in short and serve
prominence topics that are going to discuss. According to Wandik et al (2017),
headlines are often an indicator of important topics. Thus, the content of the news
will be displayed in the headlines. The use of the headlines is to make people
interested and curious about the content of the news article. Besides that,
interesting news that is used as the main topic will be posted on the front page of
the newspaper (Wandik et al., 2017).
Sajjad (2013) states that news headlines are an important part of the
newspaper which provide a quick mode of information to someone who cannot read
the detail of the whole news. In addition, Metila (2013) adds that headlines could
be analyzed for the framing of involved subject groups. Headlines are important
tools as newspapers that produce knowledge and ideologies, creating public
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consensus, and sometimes challenging dominant discourses by maintaining their
independence and autonomous agency (Metila, 2013, p. 71).
Dor(2003) states that the criteria of a great headline should be as short
as possible, interesting, and concept with high value. The shorter headline is,
makes the headline easier to be read. The choice of names and concepts in the
headlines impacted the contextual effects to the readers. Sometimes, the media
choose the names for the headline which someone can directly notice. Choosing
the right name in the headline brings a positive impact on the media in order to get
the reader’s attention (Dor, 2003).
C. Theoretical Framework
In order to answer the research problems, such as how are Theme and
Rheme used on COVID-19 issue published in The Jakarta Post newspaper and
how Theme-Rheme used to reveal the representation of COVID-19, the researcher
applies two theories that help in analyzing The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines
about COVID-19 issue as well as the representation in this study. The first theory
is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and the second theory is Systemic
Functional Linguistics (SFL). These theories become the foundation in identifying
the Theme-Rheme of the headlines.
Further, the theory of Theme in Halliday (2004) is used to identify the
Theme in the headlines. The use of SFL as the theory focusing on the textual
function to analyze the Theme and the type of participants in the headlines. It
categorized the type of Theme used in The Jakarta Post news headlines as well as
identify the uses of participants. The textual function is used to categorize the type
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of Theme and the participants used in the headlines. By identifying the Theme of
the headlines, the participants of the headlines will also be known and easily
analyzed.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used to analyze discourse in order
to uncover the verbal interaction or communicative events of social phenomena
from a critical perspective and simply follows to produce other interpretations of
meaning in social life areas. CDA is used to analyze the representation of
COVID-19 by looking at the interaction or content in the headlines in the event of
social phenomena. After categorized the type of the Theme and the participants
are identified, then the representation can be taken from the use of Theme and
participant in The Jakarta Post newspaper headline related to COVID-19 issue in
Indonesia by looking at the content of each headline.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter focuses on the methodology to conduct this study. This
chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the object of the study that
examines the data of this study. The second part is the approach of the study
applied to analyze the data of this study. The last part is the method of the study.
The method of the study is divided into two parts which are data collection and
data analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study focused on the newspaper headlines on COVID-
19 issue. COVID-19 was a disease caused by the novel coronavirus. The impact of
this virus is not only in Indonesia but it spreads globally and has become a global
pandemic. Therefore, the newspaper consistently reported the COVID-19 issue. To
limit the analysis, this study aimed to figure out the representation of COVID-19
issue in Indonesia which occurs in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. The
Jakarta Post is one of Indonesia’s newspapers that use English contains national
and international news.
The researcher chose 108 headlines from The Jakarta Post newspaper
as the data taken from The Jakarta Post official website
(www.thejakartapost.com). The chosen headlines were published in September
2020. The headlines are in the form of clauses. The researcher selected the data
related to COVID-19 issue in Indonesia. Then, the researcher focused on the first
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part of the clause from each headline to identify the Theme of the headlines which
will then be known as the participant of the headlines.
B. Approach of the Study
This study focuses on identifying the Theme-Rheme and the
representation of COVID-19 on The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. Thus,
Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA) is important to this study. Critical Discourse
Analysis(CDA) performs as an approach to figure out the meaning in the
headlines. In Halliday’s term, to analyze the Theme is by organized the clauses as
a message by having a distinct status assigned to one part of the Theme. Then, it
combines with the Rheme so that the two parts together constitute a message. This
study focuses on the textual function to figure out how the choice of words in the
newspaper headline expresses the messages. In Halliday (2004), it is stated that
the textual function of the clause is constructing a message and the Theme-Rheme
structure is the basic form of the organization of the clause as a message. One of
the popular uses in Critical Discourse Analysis as research is media discourse
which investigates the use of contexts in social and communication aspects. Due
to that, this research is using this approach in order to reveal the contexts of the
newspaper’s headlines.
C. Method of the Study
In order to conduct this study, the researcher follows two procedures,
which are data collection and data analysis. This part explained how the data is
being collected and analyzed. The first procedure talked about how the researcher
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collected the data, which is The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. The second
procedure described how the researcher analyzed the data. The process of the
procedures are as follows:
1. Data Collection
The method applied in this study is qualitative since the research
questions involving textual data. In this study, the researcher used a sample study
as the data collection. The data was taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper on
COVID-19 issue in September 2020. This method aimed to examine the Theme
and Rheme as well as the representation of COVID-19 in The Jakarta Post
newspaper by identifying the Theme used in the headlines and the participant of
the headlines. The qualitative method is a procedure of research in which the
collected data is textual, not numerical. In his procedure, the data will not be
created by the statistic procedure (Sinaga, 2019). It usually uses the description
that is also not easy done by the statistical procedure. Due to that, this research is
not only limited to collecting and arranging the data but also analyzing the
meaning represented in the data (Sinaga, 2019, p. 33).
In conducting this study, purposive sampling was beneficial to collect
the data. The writer purposely determined the targeted population, which were the
newspaper headlines on The Jakarta Post on COVID-19 issue. Purposive
sampling is the deliberate choice of the participant due to the qualities of the
participant. It does not need a set number of participants. The researcher decides
what needs to be known to provide the information by knowledge or experience
(Etikan, 2016). The research was done by following several steps of purposive
sampling, which are provided below.
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In the first step, the researcher access the official website of The
Jakarta Post newspaper (www.thejakartapost.com), the researcher open the
national news column. After that, the researcher chose the headlines related to
COVID-19 issues published in September 2020. From the newspaper, the
researcher gets 108 headlines that qualified the criteria for this study. The way the
researcher uses to find out that the headline is related to COVID-19 is by looking
at the keywords in the headlines. Several keywords indicate that the headline is
related to COVID-19. These keywords are COVID-19, coronavirus, PSBB,
vaccine, and pandemic. Then, the researcher made a table list of the headlines
along with the title and the link of the news.
2. Data Analysis
There were six steps in order to analyze the Theme-Rheme data on The
Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. In the first step, the researcher identified all
headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper using the keywords related to COVID-
19 issue. In this step, the researcher will get the headlines related to COVID-19
issue in Indonesia that will be categorized its Theme on the next step. The second
step was categorizing the Theme of the headlines using the theory of SFL,
whether the headline is Textual, Interpersonal, or Topical Theme. After
categorized the Theme, in the third step, then the researcher was categorizing the
participants of each headline into six: Actor, Verbiage, Senser, Sayer, Goal, and
Carrier using the SFL theory as well. After categorizing the data, the researcher
provides the code for each headline. After that, the researcher analyzed the
representation of each headline using CDA theory. As the last step, the researcher
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concluded the representation of the COVID-19 issue in Indonesia through The
Jakarta Post newspaper.
In order to answer the first problem, the data were analyzed using the
SFL theory to determine the Theme of the headline as mentioned in the second
step. The theory was also applicable to divide the participants used in the
headlines: Actor, Verbiage, Senser, Sayer, Goal, and Carrier. Furthermore, to
identify the representation or the message in the headlines as stated in the second
problem formulation, the researcher attempted to analyze the content of the
message in the headlines by using CDA theory by looking at the content of each
headline. Before the researcher started to analyzing, the headlines have been
coded as “H” following by the number represented as the order in which the
researcher took the headlines from the newspaper. For example, H.1. meant The
Jakarta Post headlines data number one.
After the researcher codes all the headlines as it is mentioned in the
fourth step, the researcher started to analyzes the headlines. First of all, the
researcher identified the first part of the headline which is the starting point of the
headline to find out the Theme of each headline. Then, the Theme of the headlines
was analyzed and categorized into three types which are textual, interpersonal,
and topical Theme (Halliday, 2004). After the Theme of the headlines has been
analyzed and categorized, the researcher analyzed the participant that stands in
each of the headlines. Then, the Rheme of the headline is identified by analyzing
the remaining information of the headline located after the Theme of the headline.
The analysis was the order to answer the first problem formulation of this study.
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After answering the first problem, the researcher reveals the
representation of the headlines based on the Theme and Participant of the
headlines. For example, H.74. Indonesia reports a higher COVID-19 death rate
among children than United States. From this headline, the word “Indonesia”
stands as the Theme of the headline. The Theme is categorized as Topical Theme.
The function of the Theme on the headline is a participant that is categorized as an
Actor. From the headline, the news showing that a government represented by the
word “Indonesia”, gives information to the readers about the death rate among
children in the United State and Indonesia. The media focuses on revealing the
death rate due to COVID-19. The representation analysis of the headline above is
the order to answer the second problem of this study. In revealing the headline,
the researcher focus on the context of the headline. Then, the researcher relates it
to an event that occurred in society related to the context.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter provides a discussion and analysis of the findings. There
are two parts that will be discussed in this chapter by the researcher. The first part
identifies the Theme and the participant of The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines
on COVID-19 issue. After the discussion, the second part analyzes the
representation of COVID-19 in Indonesia through the headlines.
A. Theme and Rheme Used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper
In this part, the researcher analyzes the Themes used in The Jakarta
Post newspaper. The form of the headlines are clauses that have two parts; Theme
and Rheme. In this study, the researcher found that all of the headlines from The
Jakarta Post is categorized into Topical Theme. A Topical Theme is a Theme that
refers to a theme that contains human experimental elements. The experimental
elements mean that the Theme of a clause ends with the first constituent that is
either participant, circumstance, or process (Halliday, 2004). The Theme of the
headlines is also categorized based on the participants of the Theme. For the
participants, the researcher found six types which are Actor, Verbiage, Sayer,
Senser, Carrier, and Goal. Participant Actor concerns with the one who performs
the action. Verbiage shows the content of the speech. Participant Sayer deals with
verbal process and participant Senser deals with the mental process. Participant
Carrier marked with the omitted verb. The last is participant Goal that is a
participant impacted by a doing.
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In the table below, the researcher provides the information of the
participants found on The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines.
Table 1. Participant of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines
In table 1 above, the table shows that there are six types of participants
in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. The most dominant participant found in
the headlines is Actor. From the table, the other participant that has a large
number is Verbiage with thirty-three headlines in total. The table shows that
sixteen headlines used Sayer and eleven headlines used Senser as the participant.
Participant Carrier found eight in the headlines. Last, the researcher found four
headlines that used Goal as the participant. Those participants found in The
Jakarta Post newspaper headlines will be discussed according to the type of
participant. Then, the Rheme of the headline was also analyzed along with the
Theme analysis. As discussed previously, the Rheme of the headline carries
prominent information about the headline. Therefore, the analysis of the Rheme is
along with the analysis of the Theme.
Participants Occurrence
Actor 36
Verbiage 33
Sayer 16
Senser 11
Carrier 8
Goal 4
Total 108
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a. Actor as the Participant
There are 36 headlines found in The Jakarta Post that used Actor as the
participant of the Theme. The headlines employ the Actor and Verbiage as the
dominating participant. The Actor is the one doing the material deed or the
constituents who perform the action. According to Halliday, Actor is “construed
as bringing about the unfolding of the Process through time” (Halliday, 2004, p.
334). The Actor is the doer of the action of something that sometimes causes an
effect. The headlines below show that the Actor is the participant of the headlines.
H.1. Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers
Table 2. Theme-Rheme Analysis H.1.
Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers
Theme Rheme
In the headline, the Theme is represented by the word “Patients”. The
word has the function as a participant in the clause. The verb representing that the
Theme of the headline is Actor is represented in the word “crowd”. The Actor as a
participant means that the participant is doing something (Halliday, 2004). The
rest of the headline which “crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless'
medical workers” is called a Rheme.
H.2. Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial
Table 3. Theme-Rheme Analysis H.2.
Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial
Theme Rheme
The headline that is marked as a Theme is showed by the word
“Scientists”. The Theme stands as a participant as the Actor or the doer. The
action in this headline is represented by the verb “extend” in the clause “extend
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volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial” which is categorized as the
Rheme of the headline. The following headlines show that the government is the
Actor of the headline.
H.3. Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths
Table 4. Them-Rheme analysis H.3.
Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths
Theme Rheme
H.12. Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild
COVID-19 cases
Table 5. Theme-Rheme Analysis H.12.
Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild
COVID-19 cases
Theme Rheme
H.33. Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases
Table 6. Theme-Rheme analysis H.33.
Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases
Theme Rheme
The three headlines above are showed the similarity of the Theme that
is the word “Indonesia”. The word “Indonesia” is represented by the participant of
the Actor. “Indonesia” is representing the government as the doer of the action.
From the headlines, the participant Actor is acting as a doer for the verb doing
which are hits, to provide, and surpasses. The following clause after the Theme is
called the Rheme of the headlines.
H.6. Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development
Table 7. Theme-Rheme analysis H.6.
Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development
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Theme Rheme
H.31. Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan
Table 8. Theme-Rheme analysis H.31.
Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan
Theme Rheme
The headlines above have a similar Theme that is “Jokowi”. The Actor
is represented by the word “Jokowi”. “Jokowi” is representing the government as
the president of the Republic of Indonesia as the doer of the action. From the
headlines, the participant Actor is acting as a doer for the verb doing which are
forms and gives.
H.10. IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors die of
COVID-19
Table 9. Theme-Rheme analysis H.10.
IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors
die of COVID-19
Theme Rheme
The word “IDI” is represented by the Actor of the headline. The Actor
of the headline is considered as the Theme. However, the rest of the clause is
considered as the Rheme of the headline. The participant Actor is proved by the
verb doing “urges”.
H.14. North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-
19 cases
Table 10. Theme-Rheme analysis H.14.
North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-
19 cases
Theme Rheme
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The Theme of the headline is shown by the word “North Sumatra”
which is also represented as the Actor of the headline. The Actor of the headline is
doing the action of restricting access to Nias Island. The rest of the clause which
“to restrict access to Nias Island following the surge in COVID-19 cases” is the
Rheme of the headline.
H.15. Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot
provinces
Table 11. Theme-Rheme analysis H.15.
Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot
provinces
Theme Rheme
H.22. Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise
Table 12. Theme-Rheme analysis H.22.
Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise
Theme Rheme
H.26. Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19
Table 13. Theme-Rheme analysis H.26.
Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19
Theme Rheme
The headlines above have the same Theme which is represented by the
word “Govt”. The rest of the clause after the Theme is considered as the Rheme of
the headline. The word stands for the word “government” and it is shortened to
the “govt”. The government is the Actor of the headlines which takes the action of
doing something. The Action of doing is represented by the verb doing will not
provide, tightens, and periodically test.
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H.16. Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in
nationwide operation
Table 14. Theme-Rheme analysis H.16.
Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in nationwide
operation
Theme Rheme
The headline above shows that the Theme is represented by the word
“authorities”. The remaining clause of the headline is called the Rheme. The
participant of the Theme is Actor which is indicated by the verb doing “net”. The
Actor can be represented as the government, task force, or organization that has
the right to give order to people.
H.18. Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in
COVID-19 care
Table 15. Theme-Rheme analysis H.18.
Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in
COVID-19 care
Theme Rheme
H.21. Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine
Table 16. Theme-Rheme analysis H.21.
Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine
Theme Rheme
The headlines above show that the Ministry is the Theme of the
headlines. The Theme of the headline also stands as the Actor. The participant
Actor is showed by the verb “distributes” and “to provide” that the action is done
by the Ministry.
H.28. Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row
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Table 17. Theme-Rheme analysis H.28.
Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row
Theme Rheme
“Indonesia’s coronavirus cases” is the Theme of the headline. The
participant taken for the headline is Actor. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of
the headline which is “hit record high three days in a row”.
H.29. Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force
Table 18. Theme-Rheme analysis H.29.
Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is represented by the clause “The Indonesian
doctor”. The participant of the Theme is the Actor showed by the verb doing
“quits”. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the headline. The Actor doing the
action of leaving the COVID-19 task force.
H.32. West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27
Table 19. Theme-Rheme analysis H.32.
West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27
Theme Rheme
The headline above has “West Java” as the Theme of the headline. The
participant of the headline is Actor that is represented by the word “extends”. The
Rheme of the headline is “extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27”. West Java
represents the government is doing the action of extending the PSBB in
Bodetabek to October 27.
Below is the last headline that uses the Actor as the participant of the
headline.
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H.36. Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168
Table 20. Theme-Rheme analysis H.36.
Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168
Theme Rheme
The headline above shows that the Theme of the headline is
“Indonesia”. The participant used for the Theme is the Actor showed by the verb
“sees”. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the headline which is “sees record
single-day case spike of 4,168”.
b. Verbiage as the Participant
In this study, the researcher found 33 headlines that used Verbiage as
the participant. Besides Actor as the participant, Verbiage is one of the dominant
participants found in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. According to
Halliday (2004), Verbiage Verbiage shows the content of the speech. It may be
what is said or maybe the name of the saying. Verbiage provides the content of a
saying or the name of the saying may also be construed as a participant labeled.
He also added that Verbiage is “the function that corresponds to what is said,
representing it as a class of thing rather than as a report or quote” (Halliday, 2004,
p. 306). The headlines below show that Verbiage is the participant of the
headlines.
H.38. Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production
mid 2021: Jokowi
Table 21. Theme-Rheme analysis H.38.
Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for
production mid 2021
Jokowi
Theme Rheme
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H.46. Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation: Jokowi
Table 22. Theme-Rheme analysis H.46.
Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation Jokowi
Theme Rheme
The three headlines above-used participant Verbiage as the starting
point of the message. Verbiage is when the content of a message, in this case, is
written in the headline, is delivered or said by someone. In the three headlines
above, the content of the headlines is said by Jokowi who has represented the
government in saying something related to COVID-19. In H.38., Jokowi says that
the production of Indonesia’s ‘Merah Putih’ vaccine candidate to be ready in the
middle of 2021. Next, in H.46., Jokowi says that the plan of Jakarta’s partial
lockdown requires caution and calculation in all aspects of society.
H.53. Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths: Task force
Table 23. Theme-Rheme analysis H.53.
Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths Task force
Theme Rheme
H.59. Indonesian health system might collapse soon: COVID-19 task force
Table 24. Theme-Rheme analysis H.59.
Indonesian health system might collapse soon COVID-19 task force
Theme Rheme
The headlines above have the same participant of saying the content of
the headline which is the Task Force. The Theme of the headlines indicates the
content or the message of the headline. H.53. shows that the content is about the
Task Force said that the biggest factor of COVID-19 death is because of diabetes.
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The people who become the victim of COVID-19 mostly have diabetes on their
health records. In H.59. the Task Force states that due to the high case of COVID-
19, the Indonesian health system might collapse soon.
H.42. Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs: Experts
Table 25. Theme-Rheme analysis H.42.
Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs Experts
Theme Rheme
H.68. Use antigen tests for screening but with caution: Experts
Table 26. Theme-Rheme analysis H.68.
Use antigen tests for screening but with caution Experts
Theme Rheme
The headlines above show that Verbiage is the participant for both
headlines. The Theme which also stands as the content of the headlines is said by
the experts. For H.42., the experts urge the government to respond to matters
related to this pandemic. This is because this pandemic is slowing the progress of
the SDGs. This slow progress greatly affects the level of the Indonesian economy.
Then, in H.68. the experts appeal to agencies that will carry out antigen tests for
screening to be careful. This is because only people have a high risk of
contracting COVID-19 (Gugus Tugas, 2020).
H.43. COVID-19: Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout
Table 27. Theme-Rheme analysis H.43.
COVID-19 Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout
Theme Rheme
H.57. COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176
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Table 28. Theme-Rheme analysis H.57.
COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176
Theme Rheme
The headlines above show that the participant in the headlines is
Verbiage. Those headlines have the same Theme that is “COVID-19” which also
relates to the Rheme of each headline. The Theme of the headlines is representing
the case of COVID-19 in Indonesia. COVID-19 is the topic of the headlines
above. Each headline has different content or meaning even though the topic of
the headlines is the same.
H.64. Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times reported figure:
Epidemiologist
Table 29. Theme-Rheme analysis H.64.
Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times
reported figure
Epidemiologist
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline above is ‘Indonesia’s real virus death toll
maybe 3 times reported figure”. Then, the Rheme of the headline is
“Epidemiologist” which also stands as the sayer of the content of the headline.
c. Sayer as the Participant of the Headlines
Previously, the researcher found Actor and Verbiage as the participant
of the headlines. In this study, the researcher also found 16 headlines that used
Sayer as the participant. Sayer is verbal clauses represent the processes of
‘saying’. This category includes not only the different modes of saying but also
semiotic processes that are not necessarily verbal. It can be a human or human-
like speaker, of course; but it can also be any other symbol source (Martin et al.,
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2010). Halliday also added that Sayer might more appropriately be called
‘symbolic’ processes and more constrained than in English, essentially being
confined to speakers and writers (Halliday, 2004).
According to Martin et al. (2010), Sayer represents the process of
‘saying’ (asking, commanding, offering, stating, saying, telling, informing,
querying, demanding, threatening, suggesting, and so on). The process of saying
can be done by a human or human-like speaker, but it can also be another
symbolic source. The Theme in the first datum is used Sayer as a participant.
Sayer means that something is said by someone. The headlines below show that
the participant of the Theme is Sayer.
H.73. MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing
COVID-19 cases
Table 30. Theme-Rheme analysis H.73.
MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing
COVID-19 cases
Theme Rheme
The Actor of the headline is represented by the word “MUI”. The word
also stands as the Theme of the headline. The rest of the clause is called the
Theme of the headline. The Actor on the headline is doing an action which is
advising all Muslims to pray at home due to the increasing COVID-19 cases in
Indonesia.
H.76. Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’ nationwide
Table 31. Theme-Rheme analysis H.76.
Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’
nationwide
Theme Rheme
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H.77. Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19
Table 32. Theme-Rheme analysis H.77.
Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19
Theme Rheme
H.83. West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing
Table 33. Theme-Rheme analysis H.83.
West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing
Theme Rheme
The headline above shows that the Theme is represented by the
government by the Theme of the headlines. The Theme is represented by the word
Health Ministry, Jokowi, and West Java. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the
headlines. The process of saying is represented by the word “says”, “mourns”, and
“asks”. The verbs on the headlines indicate the process of saying.
H.78. ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related procurement
amid irregularities
Table 34. Theme-Rheme analysis H.78.
ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19 related
procurement amid irregularities
Theme Rheme
In the headline above, the Sayer is represented by the word “ICW”
which also stands as the Theme of the headline. The process of saying in the
headline is “calls” and the remaining clause “for increased transparency in
COVID-19-related procurement amid irregularities” is classified as a Rheme of
the headline.
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H.82. NU, Muhammadiyah call for postponement of regional elections over
COVID-19 concerns
Table 35. Theme-Rheme analysis H.82.
NU,
Muhammadiyah
call for postponement of regional elections over COVID-
19 concerns
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline above is “NU, Muhammadiyah”. The
Theme also stands as the sayer of the headline. The rest of the clause is the Rheme
of the headline which is “call for postponement of regional elections over
COVID-19 concerns”. The process of saying is said by NU and Muhammadiyah.
Moreover, the verbal process of the headline is represented by the verb “call”.
d. Senser as the Participant
In this study, the researcher found another participant of the Theme.
There are 11 headlines that used Senser as the participant. From the previous
participant, Sayer deals with the verbal process which is the process of saying.
However, Senser deals with the mental processes that use feelings in the process.
Senser is the conscious being that is feeling, thinking, or seeing. This participant
is endowed with consciousness. The nominal groups which denote non-conscious
entities have to be construed metaphorically as ‘personified’ (Martin et al., 2010).
The headline below shows that the participant in the headlines is Senser.
H.92. Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19
Table 36. Theme-Rheme analysis H.92.
Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19
Theme Rheme
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The headline above has the mental process on the participant of the
headline. The process is represented by the word “dies”. The Rheme is “dies after
testing positive for COVID-19”. The word “dies” is the effect due to COVID-19.
H. Muharram who is the Berau Regent is testing positive for COVID-19 and
shortly after the test, he dies.
H.88. Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti Djalal tests positive for
COVID-19
Table 37. Theme-Rheme analysis H.88.
Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti
Djalal
tests positive for COVID-19
Theme Rheme
H.89. KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19
Table 38. Theme-Rheme analysis H.89.
KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19
Theme Rheme
The headlines above have a similarity in the process with the mental
process. The process is represented by the clause “tests positive”. For H.88. and
H.89., the Rheme of the headline is the same that is “test positive for COVID-19”.
The starting point of the headlines is called the Theme.
The headline below is the last headline that used Senser as the
participant.
H.96. West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay
Table 39. Theme-Rheme analysis H.96.
West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay
Theme Rheme
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The headline shows that the Theme is “West Sulawesi COVID-19
nurses” and the Rheme is “reportedly dismissed without pay”. The mental process
of the participant is represented by the word “reportedly”.
e. Carrier as the Participant
The researcher found 8 headlines that use Carrier as the Participant.
Carrier deals with the relational clause. The participant Carrier is equivalent to
Senser. The participant Carrier commonly has the Attributive clauses (Halliday,
2004). The participant Carrier belongs to a circumstance of Means that construed
on the model. “The attributive clause is realized by a nominal group and the
circumstantial relation is expressed by the lexical verb in the verbal group serving
as Process” (Halliday, 2004, p. 291). The headlines below show that Carrier is the
participant of the headlines.
H.97. Factory workers in Bekasi required to report daily activities to stem
COVID-19 risk
Table 40. Theme-Rheme analysis H.40.
Factory workers in
Bekasi
required to report daily activities to stem COVID-
19 risk
Theme Rheme
The first part of the clause stands as the Theme of the headline. The
participant taken for the Theme is Carrier. The verb which indicates the relational
process is missing. The verb that qualified to the Theme is the verb “are”. The
remaining clause in the headline is called the Rheme.
H.98. 20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'Soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta
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Table 41. Theme-Rheme analysis H.98.
20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta
Theme Rheme
“20 COVID-19 patients” is the Theme of the headline. The remaining
clause after the Theme is called the Rheme. The participant Carrier is represented
by the verb which is missing in the headline. The verb that fits with the Theme is
the verb “are”.
H.99. Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight
Table 42. Theme-Rheme analysis H.99.
Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is “Indonesia Military” and the rest of the
clause is the Rheme of the headline. The participant of the headline is Carrier. The
verb that indicated the relational process in the headline is omitted. The verb “is”
fits with the headline.
f. Goal as the Participant
This is the last participant that will be analyzed in this research. The
participant Goal appears only in 4 headlines. According to Martin et al. (2010),
the Goal is either brought into existence by the doing or it exists before the doing
impacted in some way. The Goal can be probed with do to/with. Also, the
participant Goal can often be accompanied by a representation of the result of the
impact, such as a new location, a new possessor, or a new quality. It also added
that the Goal is “a participant impacted by a doing (the one done to/with)” (Martin
et al., 2010, p. 103). Goal is the participant which is impacted by the performance
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of the process by the Actor. The headlines below show that the participant of the
Theme is Goal.
H.105. COVID-19 protocol violators in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with
casket
Table 43. Theme-Rheme analysis H.105.
COVID-19 protocol violators in
Probolinggo
made to sit in hearse with
casket
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is “COVID-19 protocol violators” which
also stands as the Goal. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the headline. The
“made to sit in hearse with casket” is the impact of violating the COVID-19
protocol.
H.106. Zumba class organizer in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-19
protocol
Table 44. Theme-Rheme analysis H.106.
Zumba class organizer in
East Lombok
fined for neglecting COVID-19 protocol
Theme Rheme
The headline above shows that the Theme is “Zumba class organizer”.
Then, the Rheme of the headline is “in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-
19 protocol”. The headline is almost the same as the previous headline. The
Rheme of the headline shows that it is the impact of neglecting the COVID-19
protocol done by the Zumba class organizer in East Lombok.
H.107. Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols
causes concern
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Table 45. Theme-Rheme analysis H.107.
Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols causes
concern
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline above is “Police’s plan” and the Rheme is
“to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols causes concern”. The
headline is about public concerns because of the police plans that will involve
gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols.
H.108. Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says
Table 46. Theme-Rheme analysis H.108.
Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says
Theme Rheme
The headline above shows that the Theme of the headline is “Low-
income patients”. The Rheme of the headline is “will get COVID-19 vaccines for
free, govt says”. The Goal is for low-income patients that will get a free COVID-
19 vaccine.
From the headlines that have been analyzed above, the government
mostly form as the Theme of the headline. The word Indonesia, Jokowi, Govt,
Nadiem, Erick Tohir, etc represents the government. Due to that, the media makes
the government more dominant. In the Rheme of the headlines, matters regarding
COVID-19 dominate. Most of the issues regarding COVID-19 are in Rheme's
position. Issue related to the number of COVID-19 cases, the role of the
government, the impact of COVID-19 on society is also contained in the Rheme
of the headline. All issues regarding COVID-19 are in the social scope. According
to that, society dominates Rheme’s position.
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B. The Representation of CVOID-19 Issue Revealed by Theme and Rheme
Analysis
In revealing the representation of COVID-19 issue, the power, more
specifically the social power of institution is the most critical work in discourse
analysis. Van Dijk (2015, p. 469) defines social power in terms of control.
However, groups or institutions have power if they are able to control the acts and
minds of the member or the other groups. The media is one of the example of the
relation between discourse and power. Media discourse contributes to how the
structures of sentences as the critical study of media (Van Dijk, 2015). Thus, this
study shows how the power of The Jakarta Post newspaper contributes the society
in revealing the representation of COVID-19.
In this part, the researcher reveals the representation of COVID-19
issue from the use of Theme and Rheme on the headlines. Analyzing the Theme
help the researcher to find out the content or the message of the headlines. The
participant of the Theme also helps to figure out who is doing and talking about
certain topics. The choice of words in the headline describes what is being
conveyed.
In the table below, the researcher provides the representations of
COVID-19 along with the participants found in the headlines.
Table 47. Representations of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines
No. Representation of
COVID-19
Types of
Participants
Total
Headlines
1. The Number of COVID-19
cases in Indonesia
Actor 6
Verbiage 2
Sayer 2
2. Government’s
Responsibility/Action to Deal
with this Pandemic
Actor 22
Verbiage 9
Sayer 9
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1. The Number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia
From the analysis of the Theme and Rheme of the headlines, the
researcher found out that The Jakarta Post showing the increase in the number of
COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. In order to gain awareness to the readers, The
Jakarta Post has the power to show that the number of COVID-19 cases in
Indonesia is continuing. The Themes that show the increasing number of COVID-
19 cases is represented by the participant such as Actor, Verbiage, and Sayer. The
increasing number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia is dominant in the Rheme
position.
There are 10 headlines in total that focused on showing the increasing
number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. The example of Themes that indicates
the cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia is written below.
The participant Actor revealed the increasing number of COVID-19
cases in Indonesia.
Carrier 5
Goal 4
3.
The Victim of COVID-19
Actor 3
Verbiage 8
Sayer 1
Senser 11
Carrier 1
4. The Decline in Economic,
Educational, and Health
Aspects
Actor 2
Verbiage 12
Sayer 4
5.
The Impact and Views of the
Society on COVID-19
Actor 3
Verbiage 2
Carrier 2
TOTAL 108
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H. 25. Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases
Table 48. Theme-Rheme analysis H.25.
Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases
Theme Rheme
H. 33. Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases
Table 49. Theme-Rheme analysis H.33.
Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases
Theme Rheme
The Theme in the headlines above showed that the participant of the
headlines is Actor. From the headlines, the participants are represented by the
word “Indonesia”. The choice of using the word “Indonesia” shows that the media
wants to show the increasing number of COVID-19 cases overall in Indonesia.
The word is used by the media to represent the rate of increase in COVID-19 that
has occurred throughout Indonesia. The word related to the Rheme of the headline
is to show that COVID-19 cases in all regions in Indonesia have increased by the
number stated in the headline. The media also provides the exact number of
COVID-19 cases to give awareness to the public that COVID-19 in Indonesia
keeps increasing day by day. The researcher found out that The Jakarta Post
always uses the word “Indonesia” in all of the headlines when informing the
number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia.
In H.25., the media gives the information that Indonesia records
4,465 new daily cases. By showing the increase in the number of COVID-19
cases to the public, it is hoped that the public can always be aware of COVID-19.
This is because the number of cases of COVID-19 continues to increase every
day. Then, for H.33. it is the same with H.25. that the headline shows the
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increasing number of COVID-19 in Indonesia. From the example of the headlines
above, the media provides very clear information about the increased number of
COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. With this, the media also hopes for awareness from
the public that COVID-19 is very serious and dangerous, as evidenced by the
increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. H.25. was published on
September 23rd and H.33. was published on September 8th. From the two
headlines, it is clear that previously on H.33. COVID-19 cases in Indonesia have
reached 200,000 cases. However, on H.25. COVID-19 cases increased to 4,465
cases and is a new record for daily cases increase.
The headline with participant Verbiage is shown below.
H.45. Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count: 3,861 cases
Table 50. Theme-Rheme analysis H.45.
Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count 3,861 cases
Theme Rheme
The headline above shows that the participant of the Theme is
Verbiage. “Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count” is the Theme
and “3,861 cases” is the Rheme of the headline. The headline is about the record
of COVID-19 cases that hit another record-high daily virus with the total cases is
3,861 people tested positive for COVID-19. In relation with the previous
headlines, in H.45. that was published on September 10th, shows that COVID-19
continues to increase even though Indonesia already surpasses 200,000 cases of
COVID-19
H.57. COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176
Table 51. Theme-Rheme analysis H.57.
COVID-19 Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176
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Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is “COVID-19” which also relates to the
Rheme of each headline. The Theme of the headlines is representing the case of
COVID-19 in Indonesia the content is still about COVID-19 but this content is
said by the government that is represented by the word “Indonesia”. The
government reports that the rate of increase in COVID-19 infections jumped
drastically in one day as many as 4,176 new cases. This headline was published
on 21st September that the case of COVID-19 increase by 4,176 cases. This
headline relates to H.25. published on September 23rd that almost every day the
increase in COVID-19 cases is increasing, even exceeding the record increase in
COVID-19 cases on the previous day.
The headlines above show that the media uses COVID-19 as the topic
of the headline. The media also gives information about the number of increasing
COVID-19 cases in Indonesia through the context of the headline. The use of
participant Verbiage in the headline is to gain the readers’ attention to the
increasing number of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The choice of the word for the
headline also impacts the readers’ attention especially in H.48. with the choice
word “another”. The word shows that there is another increasing number of
COVID-19 cases and in the headline, the COVID-19 cases in Indonesia have
recorded a new record in the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases.
The last participant that shows the increasing number of COVID-29 in
Indonesia in the headlines is Sayer, displayed below.
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H.75. Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily
record
Table 52. Theme-Rheme analysis H.75.
Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases another daily record
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is shown by the word “Indonesia”. The
Theme is represented by the government as the sayer of the headline. The Rheme
of the headline is “confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily
record”. The process of saying the headline is represented by the verb “confirms”.
The headline is about the government, which is represented by the word
“Indonesia”, confirms another daily record of new COVID-19 cases that the
increasing number of the cases is nearly 4,000 cases. The same as the previous
headlines, this headline was published on September 16th show that the
increasing number of COVID-19 continues to increase in Indonesia.
The media uses the participant sayer to make readers believe that the
content in the headline is spoken by parties related to the topic. In this case, it is
the government that provides information about the increase in the number of
COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. In the headlines, the number of COVID-19 cases is
written in the Rheme of the headlines. The relationship between the Theme
"Indonesia" and the Rheme that shows the increase in the number of COVID-19
cases is that the government wants to show that the number of COVID-19 cases is
increasing throughout Indonesia. Therefore, the word "Indonesia" which stands as
the Theme of the headline acts as a "victim" of COVID-19 as indicated by the
increase in COVID-19 cases.
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2. Government’s Responsibility/Action to Deal with this Pandemic
The Jakarta Post shows the government’s responsibility or action to
deal with this pandemic by reported how the government gives their effort in
handling COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. From the analysis, the researcher found
that the headlines show the government’s responsibility or action to deal with this
pandemic. The responsibility or the action of the government is represented in the
Theme that uses Actor, Verbiage, Sayer, Carrier, and Goal as the participant.
The participant Actor shows the responsibility, displayed below.
H.6. Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development
Table 53. Theme-Rheme analysis H.6.
Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is “Jokowi”. The Theme is represented by
the participant of Actor. “Jokowi” is representing the government as the president
of the Republic of Indonesia as the doer of the action. The following clause after
the Theme is called the Rheme of the headlines. For H.8., the government which
is represented by Jokowi makes a national team to accelerate the production of
COVID-19 vaccine. This headline was published the same with H.33. which is on
September 8th. It relates to this headline because the number of COVID-19 at that
time is 200,000 cases. According to that, in this headline, Jokowi represents the
government to forms a national team to accelerate vaccine development as the
action because the number of COVID-19 in Indonesia continues to increase.
The media chose to use the word "Jokowi" as a form of representation
of the government as head of state. The policies of the government during this
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pandemic are in the public spotlight. Thus the media using "Jokowi" as the Actor
of the headline is to provide information that the government, represented by
Jokowi, is responsible and is trying to do everything to handle the COVID-19
case. One of the cases is by forming a team to accelerate the production of the
COVID-19 vaccine.
H.14. North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-
19 cases
Table 54. Theme-Rheme analysis H.14.
North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-
19 cases
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is shown by the word “North Sumatra”
which is also represented as the Actor of the headline. The Actor of the headline is
doing the action of restricting access to Nias Island. North Sumatra is represented
as the regional government. The government restricted access to Nias Island due
to the increase of COVID-19 cases. The rest of the clause which “to restrict access
to Nias Island following the surge in COVID-19 cases” is the Rheme of the
headline.
The policy of the North Sumatra regional government is the focus of
the media in delivering headlines. The responsibility and efforts made by the local
government are to limit visitor access to and from Nias Island due to the increase
in the number of COVID-19 cases. According to this, The Jakarta Post shows how
the government is taking action or effort to reduce the increase in COVID-19
cases. The headline was published on September 15th which is the number of
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COVID-19 cases in Indonesia is high. According to that, the North Sumatra
government restrict access to Nias Island.
The headline that uses Verbiage as the participant, is shown below.
H.38. Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production
mid 2021: Jokowi
Table 55. Theme-Rheme analysis H.38.
Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for
production mid 2021
Jokowi
Theme Rheme
The headline above-used participant Verbiage as the starting point of
the message. The content of the headline is said by Jokowi who has represented
the government in saying something related to COVID-19. Jokowi says that the
production of Indonesia’s ‘Merah Putih’ vaccine candidate to be ready in the
middle of 2021. The headline published on September 1st is the government's
plan to produce vaccines as a form of government responsibility during this
pandemic. This headline then relates to H.6. where Jokowi, who represents the
government, will accelerate the production of vaccines, responding to the high
number of increases in the COVID-19 virus.
The media focused on Jokowi's words, which represented the
government that a vaccine called "Merah-Putih" would be ready for production in
the middle of 2021. The media highlighted this headline to attract readers that the
government has and is doing things related to handling COVID-19. It can be said
that the government is responsible for society, one of the things is that the
government is targeting that by mid-2021 a COVID-19 vaccine will be ready to
be produced.
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The last headline that used Verbiage as the participant, displayed
below.
H.67. COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths
Table 56. Theme-Rheme analysis H.67.
COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is “COVID-19” which also relates to the
Rheme of each headline. The Theme of the headlines is representing the case of
COVID-19 in Indonesia. COVID-19 is the topic of the headlines above. The
headline is about the Health Ministry, representing the government, saying or
giving the information. The headline is about the government will form a team to
probe doctor deaths who have fallen due to COVID-19 during their duties. This
headline was published on September 29th as a response to the Task Force’s
statement in H.62, published on September 23rd, that there is no plan to redefine
COVID-19 death.
In this headline, the focus of the media is on the government's
responsibility to investigate and examine doctors' deaths. Moreover, the media is
showing the public that the death of doctors is not only a common thing but also
has to be examined especially in this pandemic. The media uses this to get readers'
attention to believe that the government is doing a lot about COVID-19.
The participant Sayer on the headline is shown below.
H.80. Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic
Table 57. Theme-Rheme analysis H.80.
Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic
Theme Rheme
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The Theme of the headline above is “Jokowi” and the remaining clause
is called the Rheme of the headline. The process of saying is represented by the
verb “asks” that is said by Jokowi. The content of the headline above is about
Jokowi who is representing the government asked all parties related to the
handling of COVID-19 to exercise 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with this
pandemic. The headline was published on September 8th as the response of H.78,
which was published on September 2nd, about the irregularities that occurred
during this pandemic.
The same as the previous headline, the media seems to highlight
“Jokowi” as the president of Indonesia. The media focuses on responsibility or
action done by the government. Moreover, the media wants to show the public
that the government, represented by Jokowi, is making efforts to deal with this
pandemic.
Down below is the participant Carrier found in the headline.
H.103. Stretched thin, Indonesia deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front
lines
Table 58. Theme-Rheme analysis H.103.
Stretched thin,
Indonesia
deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines
Theme Rheme
“Stretched thin, Indonesia” is the Theme that also stands as the Carrier
of the headline above. The Theme of the headlines is connected to the Rheme
“deploys medical interns to COVID-19”. In the headline, the media tries to focus
on decisions made by the government that will involve interns to take part in
dealing with COVID-19. This is related to several headlines that show that many
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doctors have fallen to handle this case. This headline was published on September
20th shows that government deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines. It
relates to H.1., H.10, H.43, etc that many medical suffer from COVID-19.
The last participant showed the government’s responsibility or action is
Goal, it displayed below.
H.108. Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says
Table 59. Theme-Rheme analysis H.108.
Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says
Theme Rheme
The headline above shows that the Theme of the headline is “Low-
income patients”. The Rheme of the headline is “will get COVID-19 vaccines for
free, govt says”. The Goal is for low-income patients that will get a free COVID-
19 vaccine. The headline was published on September 8th or a week after the
government’s plan to produce the vaccine displayed on H.38. The headline means
that patients with low incomes will get vaccines for free from the government.
The goal of the government's action to eliminate vaccines is for patients with low
incomes, they can get the vaccines provided by the government for free. In this
case, the media focus on the responsibility and concern of the government for the
patients. The focus of the media is to show the government's responsibility and
concern with the policies carried out by the government.
3. The Victim of COVID-19
Previously, it was explained how the media revealed the number of
COVID-19 cases and the responsibility or action of the government in dealing
with COVID-19. In this section, the media also displays about the victim of
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COVID-19. Media reveals the victim of COVID-19 by using participants such as
Actor, Verbiage, Sayer, Senser, and Carrier.
The participant of Actor is displayed below.
H.1. Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers
Table 60. Theme-Rheme analysis H.1.
Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical
workers
Theme Rheme
In the headline, the Theme is represented by the word “Patients”. The
content of the Theme means that the dangers of COVID-19 in Indonesia
represented how hospitals crowded by patients because 183 medical workers in
Indonesia are fallen due to COVID-19. In the headline, the media focus on
medical workers who died during the COVID-19 pandemic. The media wants to
show that victims of COVID-19 are not only ordinary people but also medical
workers who are at the forefront of handling COVID-19. The headline was
published on September 2nd when on the same day Jokowi mourns the medical
workers who are fallen to COVID-19 as it is stated in H.77.
Below is the participant Verbiage found in the headlines.
H.44. Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19: Lawmaker
Table 61. Theme-Rheme analysis H.44.
Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19 Lawmaker
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline is “Maritime affairs and fishery minister has
COVID-19”. The participant of the Theme is Verbiage showed by the Theme is
said by the government represented by the word “lawmaker” which also stands as
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the Rheme of the headline. The content of the headline is that the government
gives information that the maritime affairs and fishery minister have tested
positive for COVID-19. Media reveal the victim of COVID-19 by mentioning the
position of the person who is the maritime affairs and fishery ministry. By
mentioning the position, it helps the media to show to the public that everybody
might be tested positive for COVID-19. The headline was published on
September 8th which the number of COVID-19 in Indonesia surpasses 200,000
cases. It means that the maritime affairs and fishery minister is one of the victim
at that day.
The media also use participant Sayer to reveal the victim of COVID-19.
H.79. Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies
Table 62. Theme-Rheme analysis H.79.
Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies
Theme Rheme
The media reveal the victim of COVID-19 by mentioning the Medan
District Court who said that there is a new cluster and one judge dies due to
COVID-19. Same as the previous headline, the media mentions the position of the
person who is saying the news. It helps the media to show the reader that
everybody must be aware of this pandemic. The headline was published on
September 3rd when the number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia continues to
increase as shown in H.3. In this headline, the judge became a victim who died
from COVID-19.
The victim of COVID-19 also revealed using Senser as the participant.
It is displayed below.
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H.92. Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19
Table 63. Theme-Rheme analysis H.92.
Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19
Theme Rheme
The same as the previous headline, the media mentioning the position
of the person and even the name of the victim of COVID-19. By mentioning the
name and the position, the media shows who is the victim of COVID-19. The
headline was published on September 23rd. At that time, the number of COVID-
19 in Indonesia increases by 4,465 new cases. The researcher found that the media
often mentioned the titles or names of victims in government agencies. This is
evidenced by the headlines found on The Jakarta Post as in H.44., H.88., H.90.,
and so on.
The participant Carrier also found in the headlines to reveal the victim
of COVID-19.
H.98. 20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'Soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta
Table 64. Theme-Rheme analysis H.98.
20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta
Theme Rheme
In the headline, the media tries to inform the readers that there is a
cluster of viruses spread in the public space. The headline was published on
September 19th when the previous day, COVID-19 in Indonesia increases to
4,168 cases showed in H.36. According to this, the media wants to convey that
even being in a public space can be infected with the COVID-19 virus.
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4. The Decline in Economic, Educational, and Health Aspects
After the media revealing the victim of COVID-19, the media also
reveal the decline in the economic aspect due to this pandemic. The decline in the
economic aspect is revealed by The Jakarta Post using the participant Actor,
Verbiage, and Sayer.
The participant Actor reveals the economic aspect due to COVID-19.
H.5. COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia
Table 65. Theme-Rheme analysis H.5.
COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia
Theme Rheme
The media wants to show to the public that industrial zones in
Indonesia haunt by the COVID-19. The headline was published on September 6th,
when the previous day the factory workers are required to report their daily
activities as stated in H.97. According to that, the media seems to give
information that due to COVID-19 it can decline the economic aspect because it
haunts the industrial zones.
The participant Verbiage reveals the economic aspect as it is displayed
below.
H.42. Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs: Experts
Table 66. Theme-Rheme analysis H.42.
Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs Experts
Theme Rheme
The headline shows that the experts urge the government to respond to
matters related to this pandemic. This is because this pandemic is slowing the
progress of the SDGs. This slow progress greatly affects the level of the
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Indonesian economy. The headline was published on September 4th when
COVID-19 cases in Indonesia is continuing to increase. The media want to show
that COVID-19 has a huge impact on the state of the Indonesian economy. The
choice of words used also helps the media to let readers know that this is what is
happening in society.
Next is participant Verbiage reveals the educational aspect in
accordance with COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. The headline is displayed below.
H.55. COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology acceleration:
Nadiem
Table 67. Theme-Rheme analysis H.55.
COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology
acceleration
Nadiem
Theme Rheme
The Theme of the headline above is “COVID-19 opens the way for
educational reform, technology acceleration”. Then, the Rheme of the headline is
“Nadiem” which also stands as the sayer of the content of the headline. The
content of the headline is said by Nadiem as the minister of education which
represents the government. The headline was published on September 14th, it is
six months after the first COVID-19 in Indonesia. It is almost six months since all
of the schools in Indonesia were closed due to COVID-19. All of the students do
their school activities online at home using the online platform provided by the
school. The headline is about the presence of COVID-19 has an impact on the
educational aspect. One is that it can pave the way for educational reform. This is
the acceleration of technology used in the educational aspect during this
pandemic.
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The media headlines show the other side of the impact of COVID-19.
The media is focused on the positive impacts that occur when this pandemic
occurs. After various negative impacts, the media also wants to show the public
the positive impact of accelerating technology in education.
The participant Verbiage reveals the health aspect due to COVID-19.
H.59. Indonesian health system might collapse soon: COVID-19 task force
Table 68. Theme-Rheme analysis H.59.
Indonesian health system might collapse soon COVID-19 task force
Theme Rheme
The Task Force states that due to the high case of COVID-19, the
Indonesian health system might collapse soon. The headline was published on
September 22nd to respond to the 160 deaths in one day that sets a bleak virus
record stated in H.58. The focus of the media is to suggest that the existing health
system in Indonesia may soon collapse. The choice of words used helps the media
to show the public to be more aware of COVID-19.
The last participant is Sayer, it reveals the economic aspect due to
COVID-19
H.78. ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related procurement
amid irregularities
Table 69. Theme-Rheme analysis H.78.
ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related
procurement amid irregularities
Theme Rheme
The media wants to show that procurement related to COVID-19 has
been irregular. Therefore, the media mentions ICW as the authority regarding the
irregularities that have occurred. This headline was published on September 8th, it
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relates to H.80. that the government to exercise 'bureaucratic flexibility' in
dealing with this pandemic.
5. The Impact and Views of Society on COVID-19
In The Jakarta Post newspaper, the media also reveals the impact and
views of society on COVID-19. The media use participant Actor, Verbiage, and
Carrier to reveal the impact and views of the society on COIVD-19.
The participant Actor reveals the impact and views of the society on
COVID-19.
H.34. Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB
Table 70. Theme-Rheme analysis H.34.
Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB
Theme Rheme
The media want to show the effects of COVID-19 to civil servants. In
the headline, the media indicated that civil servants in Jakarta must return to work
at home because Jakarta has re-imposed the PSBB. The headline was published
on September 10th as the response to the number of COVID-19 cases in
Indonesia. The government reimposes PSBB to reduce the spread of COVID-19.
The media also uses participant Verbiage to reveal the impact and
views of society on COVID-19.
H.40. Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are immune to COVID-
19: Task force chief
Table 71. Theme-Rheme analysis H.40.
Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are
immune to COVID-19
Task force chief
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Theme Rheme
The participant of the Theme is Verbiage which the content is said by
the Task Force chief. The media shows that many resident assume that they are
immune to COVID-19. It is showed by the Task Force deplored that there are still
many people who underestimate COVID-19. The headline was published on
September 3rd and many people still deny COVID-19. It can be said that
Jakartans, East Java is not aware of the dangers and do not heed the rules
regarding COVID-19. It is related to H.84. which was published on September
22nd. In the headline is stated by the authority that COVID-19 is real.
The last is participant Carrier helps the media to reveal the impact and
views of the society on COVID-19.
H.100. In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't afford to self-quarantine at home
Table 72. Theme-Rheme analysis H.100.
In virus-stricken Indonesia,
many
can't afford to self-quarantine at home
Theme Rheme
From the headline, the media wants to show the impact of COVID-19
that there are still many residents who are unable to self-quarantine at home.
Indirectly, the media wants to show that there are still many residents who do not
carry out self-quarantine. The headline was published on September 15th that the
COVID-19 virus continues to increase. According to that, many people are
required to stay at home to self-quarantine in order to reduce the spread of this
virus.
From the analysis, the media has the power to reveal the representation
of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The power of the media is used to raise an event and
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give emphasis on certain issues. In this research, the issue that The Jakarta Post
wants to emphasize is about COVID-19 issue in Indonesia. In revealing the
representation of COVID-19, the media intends to make the people aware about
COVID-19 issue. The media reveals the number of COVID-19 cases, the power
of media seems to make the readers know that the number of COVID-19 in
Indonesia is still increasing. The media also reveal the victim of COVID-19 and
the decline of crucial aspects of society. The power of the media in this matter is
that the media wants to show that COVID-19 has a negative effect on society.
Besides COVID-19 causes many victims, it also weakens the economic,
educational, and health aspects. Moreover, the media also reveal the government’s
responsibility and action towards COVID-19 issue. The government seems trying
to be able to handle this pandemic. All efforts have been made by the government
to deal with COVID-19 cases. The power of the media has a big influence on
people's lives, especially during this pandemic. The media have the power to
reveal what is happening in society and how the media can play a role in dealing
with what is happening in society.
In terms of power inequality, there is more than one party. The first
party is the government, showed by the dominant of the Theme and the other
party is the public or the society which dominate in Rheme position. The relation
between government and society is that the government is more powerful than
society. Society is the party dominated by the government. In this case, it proves
that the government has the power to control society. The dominant Theme is
about the government and the dominant Rheme is about the society that
experiencing COVID-19. In the above analysis, the researcher found that the
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Themes used in the media were dominated by the words Indonesia, Jokowi, Govt,
COVID-19, Task Force, etc. which were chosen by the media to represent the
government. The choice of words proves that the media want to show to the
public the involvement or responsibility of the government to deal with this
pandemic. Moreover, the media also wants to show the dangers of COVID-19 by
showing the negative effects or the impacts that arise due to COVID-19.
In relation to some previous studies, in this study, the researcher also
uses SFL theory in order to analyze the Theme and Rheme in the headlines. In
Sinaga’s ( 2019) study, the writer investigates the use of Themes in Interpolations,
Preposed Attributive, and Reported Clause (Sinaga, 2019). Similar to the previous
study, this study analyzes how the Theme and Rheme reveal the representation of
COVID-19 in the newspaper headlines. This study also applies Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) to analyze the context in the headlines that help the researcher to
reveal the representation of COVID-19 in Indonesia.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In this part, the researcher provides a conclusion of the discussions in
order to answer the two problems. The first problem is to find out the use of
Theme and Rheme of The Jakarta Post newspaper on COVID-19 issue in
Indonesia. The second problem is to reveal the representation of COVID-19 from
the use of Theme and Rheme found in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines.
In the first answer, there is only one type of Theme which is the Topical
Theme. Although there is only one type, the participants found in the Theme are
different. From the analysis, the researcher finds six types of participants; Actor,
Verbiage, Sayer, Senser, Carrier, and Goal. There are 108 headlines for the
analysis. In the headlines, 36 headlines used participant Actor, 33 headlines used
Verbiage, 16 headlines used Sayer as the participant, 11 headlines used Senser, 8
headlines used participant Carrier, and 4 headlines used Goal as the participant.
The dominating participant found in the headlines is the participant
Actor. The Theme performs as the doer or the one who takes the action. The
Actor is shown differently in the headlines with the word Indonesia, Jokowi,
ministry, govt, task force, etc. Other Themes is shown with the word COVID-19,
West Java, scientist, patients, etc.
The Jakarta Post represents the Themes of the headlines in different
functions. In the second research problem, the researcher analyzes the use of
Theme to reveal the representation of COVID-19 issue in Indonesia. The
headlines show that the government is more powerful than society. Society is the
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party that is dominated by the government. In this case, it proves that the
government has the power to control society. Textually, the government becomes
more dominant over society in the headlines. The dominant position in the Theme
is about the government, while society is dominant in the Rheme position.
From the headlines, the media wants to show that COVID-19 is
dangerous. The media focuses on showing the dangers of COVID-19 by showing
the increasing number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. The media shows that
Indonesia is experiencing an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. The
media uses clauses such as new records, high-daily records, new cases, etc. Also,
The Jakarta Post reveals the government’s responsibility or action to deal with
this pandemic. The media presents the government’s responsibility by focusing on
the action taken by the government in handling COVID-19 cases. The media also
reveals the victim of COVID-19. In revealing the victim, the media mentions the
position and even the name of the victim, especially in government agencies. By
mentioning the position or the name of the victim, it helps the media to show to
the public that everybody could be the victim of COVID-19. The media also
reveals the decline in economic, educational, and health aspects. The media shows
the decline from those aspects by showing to the public that the declines are
delivered by the experts or the ministry who is related to the issue. Lastly, the
media reveals the impact and views of society on COVID-19. The media reveal
the impact and views by showing the facts that exist in society.
In the conclusion, the researcher uses SFL theory in order to determine
the Theme and the Rheme along with the participant of the Themes. The
researcher also analyzes the representation of the COVID-19 issue in Indonesia
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
74
from the Theme in the headlines using CDA. The Themes of the headline are used
to make the readers easier to know what the headline news is. This research also
provides evidence that Critical Discourse Analysis can be used to analyze the
headline.
Also, the researcher suggests to other researchers who are interested in
doing CDA, especially in media discourse analysis to establish a different
analysis. The researcher encourages the other researchers to analyze with the same
object to enhance the analysis using the CDA approach. The analysis can be a
transitivity, mood and modality analysis, etc. It is very interesting to see other
researchers taking this approach in their research.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Actor as the participant of Theme
Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers
Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical
workers
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Manner
Theme Rheme
Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial
Scientists extend volunteer
registration
for COVID-19 vaccine trial
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths
Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Doctors association pleads for accessible health care for frontline medical
workers
Doctors
association
pleads for accessible health
care
for frontline medical
workers
Participants Process Circumstance Circumstance
Actor Material Circum. of Cause Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia
COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development
Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine
development
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
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Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Ministers against Jakarta's decision to reimpose PSBB
Ministers against Jakarta's
decision
to reimpose PSBB
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Them Rheme
Gresik residents made to dig graves as punishment for not wearing face masks
Gresik residents made to dig
graves
as punishment for not wearing face
masks
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
S. Sumatra MUI urges state to exhume COVID-19 victims not facing qibla
S. Sumatra MUI urges state to exhume COVID-19 victims
not facing qibla
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors die of
COVID-19
IDI urges better
protection
for medical
workers
as five more doctors
die of COVID-19
Participants Process Participants Circumstance Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of
Cause
Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
West Java offers hospitals for COVID-19 patients if Jakarta overwhelmed
West Java offers hospitals for COVID-19 patients if Jakarta
overwhelmed
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild COVID-
19 cases
Indonesia to
provide
more self-isolation
centers
for asymptomatic, mild
COVID-19 cases
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
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Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Jokowi instructs Cabinet members to lower transmission in COVID-19 hot spots
within 2 weeks
Jokowi instructs Cabinet
members
to lower
transmission
in COVID-19
hot spots
within 2
weeks
Participa
nts
Process Participants Process Circumstance Circumst
ance
Actor Material Goal Material Circum. of
Cause
Circum.
of TIme
Theme Rheme
North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-19
cases
North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias
Island
following surge in COVID-19
cases
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot provinces
Govt will not
provide
additional social
aid
for COVID-19 hot spot
provinces
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in nationwide
operation
Authorities net thousands of
people
violating health protocols in
nationwide operation
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Coronavirus stigma runs deep and dangerous in Indonesia
Coronavirus
stigma
runs deep and dangerous in Indonesia
Participants Process Circumstance Circumstance
Actor Material Circum. of Manner Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
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Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in COVID-19
care
Health
Ministry
distributes incentives to resident
doctors
involved in
COVID-19 care
Participants Process Participants Circumstance Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of
Manner
Circum of. Cause
Theme Rheme
North Sumatra to keep Nias Island open to visitors with negative COVID-19 test
certificate
North Sumatra to keep Nias Island open to visitors with negative
COVID-19 test certificate
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Minister Luhut stricter health protocols in place during ‘critical time’
Minister Luhut stricters health protocols in place during ‘critical
time’
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine
Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient
quarantine
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise
Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Kimia Farma to take legal action against COVID-19 rapid test officer accused of
extortion, sexual harassment
Kimia
Farma
to take legal action against
COVID-19
rapid test
officer
accused of extortion,
sexual harassment
Participants Process Participants Circumstance Circumstance
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Actor Material Goal Circum. of
Manner
Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Two COVID-19-positive women in Central Java stopped from shopping trip
Two COVID-19-
positive women
in Central Java stopped from shopping trip
Participants Circumstance Process Participants
Actor Circum. of
Place
Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases
Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19
Govt to periodically test medical
workers
fighting COVID-19
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Indonesia hits consecutive record highs in coronavirus cases
Indonesia hits consecutive record
highs
in coronavirus cases
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row
Indonesia's coronavirus
cases
hit record high three days in a row
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Time
Theme Rheme
Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force
Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force
Participants Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
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Govt bolsters hospital capacity, treatment standards to tackle COVID-19 crisis
Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan
Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19
vaccination plan
Participants Process Participants Circumstance Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of
Time
Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27
West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27
Participants Process Participants Circumstance Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of
Place
Circum. of Time
Theme Rheme
Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases
Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases
Participants Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB
Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
COVID-19 deaths 'redefinition' prompts pushback
COVID-19 deaths 'redefinition' prompts pushback
Participants Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168
Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
Govt bolsters hospital
capacity
treatment standards to tackle
COVID-19 crisis
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
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Appendix 2: Verbiage as the participant of Theme
In Indonesia, coronavirus floods Cisadane River with extra hazard: Medical
waste
In Indonesia, coronavirus floods
Cisadane River with extra hazard
(cause) Medical waste
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Goal
Theme Rheme
Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production mid
2021: Jokowi
Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine
candidate to be ready for production mid
2021
(said by) Jokowi
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Efficacy and safety first: Experts urge government not to put vaccines on
pedestal
Efficacy and
safety first
Experts urge government not to put vaccines on
pedestal
Participants Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are immune to COVID-19:
Task force chief
Many Jakarta, East Java residents
assume they are immune to COVID-
19
(said by) Task force chief
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
We have worked as hard as we can: Erick apologizes for govt's COVID-19
handling
We have worked as
hard as we can
Erick apologizes for govt's COVID-19
handling
Participants Participants Process Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs: Experts
Urgent response needed as pandemic (said by) Experts
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slows progress on SDGs
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
COVID-19: Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout
COVID-19 Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic
burnout
Participants Participants Process Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19: Lawmaker
Maritime affairs and fishery minister
has COVID-19
(said by) Lawmaker
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count: 3,861 cases
Indonesia records another record-high
daily virus count
(cause) 3,861 cases
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Goal
Theme Rheme
Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation: Jokowi
Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan
requires caution, calculation
(said by) Jokowi
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Doctors still at high risk of contracting COVID-19 with 109 deaths so far: IDI
Doctors still at high risk of contracting
COVID-19 with 109 deaths so far
(said by) IDI
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
COVID-19: Public urged to stop accusing medical workers of profiting from
outbreak
COVID-19 Public urged to stop accusing medical workers of
profiting from outbreak
Participants Participants Process Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Circum. of Cause
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Theme Rheme
'Don't rush in shutting down a city': Jokowi wants local-scale COVID-19
restrictions
'Don't rush in shutting down
a city'
Jokowi wants local-scale COVID-19
restrictions
Participants Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Sayer Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Smokers skeptical about higher risks from COVID-19: Survey
Smokers skeptical about higher risks from
COVID-19
(cause) survey
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Goal
Theme Rheme
COVID-19: Govt advises against wearing ‘scuba’ masks, scarves over
effectiveness concerns
COVID-19 Govt advises against wearing ‘scuba’ masks, scarves
over effectiveness concerns
Participants Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
COVID-19: Indonesian nurses, ministers pay a tribute to fallen healthcare
workers
COVID-19 Indonesian
nurses
ministers
pay
a tribute to fallen healthcare
workers
Participants Participants Process Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths: Task force
Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in
COVID-19 deaths
(said by) Task force
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
92% of COVID-19 patients in some regions have comorbidities: National Task
Force
92% of COVID-19 patients in some
regions have comorbidities
(said by) National Task Force
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Paricipants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology acceleration:
Nadiem
COVID-19 opens way for educational
reform, technology acceleration
(said by) Nadiem
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Several patients contracted COVID-19 despite 'never leaving home': Task
force
Several patients contracted COVID-19
despite 'never leaving home'
(said by) Task force
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176
COVID-19 Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of
4,176
Participants Participants Process Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
160 deaths in one day: Indonesia sets bleak virus record
160 deaths in one
day
Indonesia sets bleak virus record
Participants Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Indonesian health system might collapse soon: COVID-19 task force
Indonesian health system might collapse
soon
(said by) COVID-19 task force
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Changed lives: Symptoms persist in COVID-19 long-haulers
Changed lives Symptoms persist in COVID-19 long-haulers
Participants Participants Process Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Circum. of Cause
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
88
Theme Rheme
Not all face masks equally effective in curbing COVID-19 transmission:
Health Ministry
Not all face masks equally effective in
curbing COVID-19 transmission
(said by) Health Ministry
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projceting Sayer
Theme Rheme
No plans to redefine COVID-19 death: Task force
No plans to redefine COVID-19 death (said by) Task Force
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
COVID-19 must serve as turning point for village economy: Jokowi
COVID-19 must serve as turning point
for village economy
(said by) Jokowi
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times reported figure:
Epidemiologist
Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be
3 times reported figure
(said by) Epidemiologist
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
COVID-19: Aceh, Bali added to list of prioritized provinces
COVID-19 Aceh, Bali added to list of prioritized provinces
Participants Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Asymptomatic transmission poses ever-present threat: COVID-19 task force
Asymptomatic transmission poses ever-
present threat
(said by) COVID-19 task force
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
89
COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths
COVID-19 Health
Ministry
forms team to probe doctor deaths
Participants Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Verbiage Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Use antigen tests for screening but with caution: Experts
Use antigen tests for screening but with
caution
(said by) Experts
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Public resistance hinders COVID-19 tracing efforts: Task force
Public resistance hinders COVID-19
tracing efforts
(said by) Task Force
Participants Process Participants
Verbiage Projecting Sayer
Theme Rheme
Appendix 3: Sayer as the participant of Theme
Task force warns of potential COVID-19 clusters at flood shelters
Jokowi demands standardized COVID-19 treatment as cases surge
Jokowi demands standardized COVID-19
treatment
as cases surge
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Critics lambast govt over bullish tone in COVID-19 messages
Critics lambast govt over bullish
tone
in COVID-19 messages
Partcipants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Task force warns of potential COVID-19
clusters
at flood shelters
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of
Place
Theme Rheme
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
90
Theme Rheme
MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing COVID-19
cases
MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia
sees
increasing
COVID-19
cases
Participants Process Participants Process Circumstance Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Material Circum. of
Place
Circum. of
Cause
Theme Rheme
Indonesia reports higher COVID-19 death rate among children than United States
Indonesia reports higher COVID-19 death rate among children than
United States
Participants Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily record
Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-
19 cases
another daily record
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Time
Theme Rheme
Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’ nationwide
Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’
nationwide
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19
Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related procurement amid
irregularities
ICW calls calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
91
related procurement amid irregularities
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies
Medan District
Court
declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic
Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with
pandemic
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
IDI calls for creation of protection committee as more doctors die of COVID-19
IDI calls for creation of protection committee as more doctors
die of COVID-19
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
NU, Muhammadiyah call for postponement of regional elections over COVID-
19 concerns
NU,
Muhammadiyah
call for postponement of regional elections over
COVID-19 concerns
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing
West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
'COVID-19 is real', govt says as public denial persists
'COVID-19 is real',
govt
says as public denial persists
Participants Process Circumstance
Sayer Projecting Circum. of Cause
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
92
Theme Rheme
COVID-19 doctor tells Jokowi about shortage of healthcare workers in video call
COVID-19 doctor tells about shortage of healthcare workers in
video call
Participants Process Participants
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
Appendix 4: Senser as the participant of Theme
Volunteer in vaccine trial tests COVID-19 positive but may have received a
placebo
Volunteer in vaccine trial tests COVID-
19 positive
but may have received a
placebo
Participants Circumstance Participants Circumstance
Actor Circum. of
Time
Goal Circum. of Manner
Theme Rheme
Karo regent candidate dies from COVID-19, daughter steps in
Karo regent candidate dies from COVID-19, daughter steps in
Participants Process Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti Djalal tests positive for COVID-19
Former deputy foreign minister Dino
Patti Djalal
tests positive for COVID-19
Participants Process Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19
KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19
Participants Process Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Pramono Ubaid becomes third KPU commissioner to test positive for COVID-
19
Pramono Ubaid becomes third KPU
commissioner
to test positive for COVID-19
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
93
Participants Process Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Religious affairs minister tests positive for COVID-19
Religious affairs minister tests positive for COVID-19
Participants Process Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19
Berau Regent H.
Muharram
dies after testing positive for COVID-19
Participants Process Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Over 100 of students test positive for COVID-19 in C. Java boarding school
Over 100 of
students
test
positive
for COVID-19 in C. Java boarding school
Participants Process Circumstance Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of
Cause
Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
Over 20 people test positive for COVID-19 at Bali governor's residence
Over 20 people test
positive
for COVID-19 at Bali governor's residence
Participants Process Circumstance Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
Maritime spatial planning director general dies of COVID-19
Maritime spatial planning director
general
dies of COVID-19
Participants Process Circumstance
Senser Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay
West Sulawesi COVID-19
nurses
reportedly dismissed without pay
Participants Circumstance Process Participant
Senser Circum. of
Manner
Material Goal
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
94
Theme Rheme
Appendix 5: Carrier as the participant of Theme
Factory workers in Bekasi required to report daily activities to stem COVID-19
risk
Factory
workers
in Bekasi Required to
report
daily
activities
to stem COVID-19
risk
Participants Circumstance Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Circum. of
Place
Material Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta
20 COVID-19
patients
linked to 'soto Lamongan'
cluster
in Yogyakarta
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Actor Material Goal Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight
Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight
Participants Process Circumstance
Actor Material Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't afford to self-quarantine at home
In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't
afford
to self-quarantine at home
Participants Process Circumstance
Carrier Relational Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
Public confused about policy on wearing face masks in private vehicles
Public confused about policy on wearing face
masks
in private vehicles
Participants Process Circumstance
Carrier Relational Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
Follow health protocols, IDI urges the public as more Indonesian doctors die
from COVID-19
Follow health urges the public as more Indonesian doctors
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
95
protocols, IDI die from COVID-19
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Carrier Relational Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Stretched thin, Indonesia deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines
Stretched thin,
Indonesia
deploys medical
interns
to COVID-19 front lines
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Carrier Relational Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
From sweeping to digging, Indonesia gets creative in handling violators of
COVID-19 protocols
From sweeping to
digging, Indonesia
gets creative in handling violators of
COVID-19 protocols
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Carrier Relational Goal Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
Appendix 6: Goal as the participant of Theme
COVID-19 protocol violators in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with casket
COVID-19
protocol violators
in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with casket
Participants Circumstance Process Circumstance
Goal Circum. of Place Material Circum. of Place
Theme Rheme
Zumba class organizer in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-19 protocol
Zumba class
organizer
in East
Lombok
fined for neglecting COVID-19
protocol
Participants Circumstance Process Circumstance
Goal Circum. of
Place
Material Circum of. Cause
Theme Rheme
Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols causes
concern
Police's plan to
involve
gangs gangs to uphold COVID-19 health
protocols causes concern
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Goal Material Actor Circum. of Cause
Theme Rheme
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
96
Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says
Low-income patients will get COVID-19
vaccines
for free, govt says
Participants Process Participants Circumstance
Goal Material Actor Circum. of Manner
Theme Rheme
Appendix 7: List of Headlines from The Jakarta Post
H.1. Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/patients-crowd-hospitals-as-
indonesia-loses-183-priceless-medical-workers.html
H.2. Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/scientists-extend-volunteer-
registration-for-covid-19-vaccine-trial.html
H.3. Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-hits-highest-daily-
increase-in-covid-19-cases-deaths.html
H.4. Doctors association pleads for accessible health care for frontline medical
workers
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/doctors-association-pleads-for-
accessible-health-care-for-frontline-medical-workers.html
H.5. COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/covid-19-haunts-industrial-
zones-in-indonesia.html
H.6. Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-forms-national-team-to-
accelerate-vaccine-development.html
H.7. Ministers against Jakarta's decision to reimpose PSBB
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/ministers-against-jakartas-
decision-to-reimpose-psbb.html
H.8. Gresik residents made to dig graves as punishment for not wearing face
masks
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/gresik-residents-made-to-dig-
graves-as-punishment-for-not-wearing-face-masks.html
H.9. S. Sumatra MUI urges state to exhume COVID-19 victims not facing qibla
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
97
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/s-sumatra-mui-urges-state-to-
exhume-covid-19-victims-not-facing-qibla.html
H.10. IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors die of
COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/idi-urges-better-protection-for-
medical-workers-as-five-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html
H.11. West Java offers hospitals for COVID-19 patients if Jakarta overwhelmed
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/west-java-offers-hospitals-for-
covid-19-patients-if-jakarta-overwhelmed.html
H.12. Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild
COVID-19 cases
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/indonesia-to-provide-more-self-
isolation-centers-for-asymptomatic-mild-covid-19-cases.html
H.13. Jokowi instructs Cabinet members to lower transmission in COVID-19 hot
spots within 2 weeks
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/jokowi-instructs-cabinet-
members-to-lower-transmission-in-covid-19-hot-spots-within-2-weeks.html
H.14. North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-
19 cases
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/north-sumatra-to-restrict-
access-to-nias-island-following-surge-in-covid-19-cases.html
H.15. Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot
provinces
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/govt-will-not-provide-
additional-social-aid-for-covid-19-hot-spot-provinces.html
H.16. Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in nationwide
operation
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/authorities-net-thousands-of-
people-violating-health-protocols-in-nationwide-operation.html
H.17. Coronavirus stigma runs deep and dangerous in Indonesia
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/coronavirus-stigma-runs-deep-
and-dangerous-in-indonesia.html
H.18. Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in
COVID-19 care
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/health-ministry-distributes-
incentives-to-resident-doctors-involved-in-covid-19-care.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
98
H.19. North Sumatra to keep Nias Island open to visitors with negative COVID-
19 test certificate
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/north-sumatra-to-keep-nias-
island-open-to-visitors-with-negative-covid-19-test-certificate.html
H.20. Minister Luhut stricters health protocols in place during ‘critical time’
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/minister-luhut-stricters-health-
protocols-in-place-during-critical-time.html
H.21. Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/ministry-to-provide-three-star-
hotels-for-covid-19-patient-quarantine.html
H.22. Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/govt-tightens-rules-on-bali-
visitors-as-covid-19-cases-rise.html
H.23. Kimia Farma to take legal action against COVID-19 rapid test officer
accused of extortion, sexual harassment
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/kimia-farma-to-take-legal-
action-against-covid-19-rapid-test-officer-accused-of-extortion-sexual-
harassment.html
H.24. Two COVID-19-positive women in Central Java stopped from shopping
trip
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/two-covid-19-positive-women-
in-central-java-stopped-from-shopping-trip.html
H.25. Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/indonesia-records-daily-high-
of-4465-new-cases.html
H.26. Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/govt-to-periodically-test-
medical-workers-fighting-covid-19.html
H.27. Indonesia hits consecutive record highs in coronavirus cases
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/indonesia-hits-consecutive-
record-highs-in-coronavirus-cases.html
H.28. Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-coronavirus-cases-
hit-record-high-three-days-in-a-row.html
H.29. Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
99
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/top-indonesian-doctor-quits-
covid-19-task-force.html
H.30. Govt bolsters hospital capacity, treatment standards to tackle COVID-19
crisis
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/govt-bolsters-hospital-capacity-
treatment-standards-to-tackle-covid-19-crisis.html
H.31. Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-gives-committee-two-
weeks-to-draft-covid-19-vaccination-plan.html
H.32. West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/west-java-extends-psbb-in-
bodebek-to-october-27.html
H.33. Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/indonesia-surpasses-200000-
covid-19-cases.html
H.34. Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/civil-servants-to-work-from-
home-as-jakarta-reimposes-psbb.html
H.35. COVID-19 deaths 'redefinition' prompts pushback
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/covid-19-deaths-redefinition-
prompts-pushback.html
H.36. Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/indonesia-sees-record-single-
day-case-spike-of-4168.html
H.37. In Indonesia, coronavirus floods Cisadane River with extra hazard: Medical
waste
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/in-indonesia-coronavirus-
floods-cisadane-river-with-extra-hazard-medical-waste.html
H.38. Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production mid
2021: Jokowi
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/indonesias-merah-putih-
vaccine-candidate-to-be-ready-for-production-mid-2021-jokowi.html
H.39. Efficacy and safety first: Experts urge government not to put vaccines on
pedestal
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/efficacy-and-safety-first-
experts-urge-government-not-to-put-vaccines-on-pedestal.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
100
H.40. Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are immune to COVID-19:
Task force chief
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/many-jakarta-east-java-
residents-assume-they-are-immune-to-covid-19-task-force-chief.html
H.41. We have worked as hard as we can: Erick apologizes for govt's COVID-19
handling
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/we-have-worked-as-hard-as-
we-can-erick-apologizes-for-govts-covid-19-handling.html
H.42. Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs: Experts
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/04/urgent-response-needed-as-
pandemic-slows-progress-on-sdgs-experts.html
H.43. COVID-19: Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/covid-19-concerns-mount-as-
medical-workers-suffer-pandemic-burnout-.html
H.44. Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19: Lawmaker
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/maritime-affairs-and-fishery-
minister-has-covid-19-lawmaker.html
H.45. Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count: 3,861 cases
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/indonesia-records-another-
record-high-daily-virus-count-3861-cases.html
H.46. Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation: Jokowi
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/jakartas-partial-lockdown-plan-
requires-caution-calculation-jokowi.html
H.47. Doctors still at high risk of contracting COVID-19 with 109 deaths so far:
IDI
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/doctors-still-at-high-risk-of-
contracting-covid-19-with-109-deaths-so-far-idi.html
H.48. COVID-19: Public urged to stop accusing medical workers of profiting
from outbreak
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/covid-19-public-urged-to-stop-
accusing-medical-workers-of-profiting-from-outbreak.html
H.49. 'Don't rush in shutting down a city': Jokowi wants local-scale COVID-19
restrictions
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/dont-rush-in-shutting-down-a-
city-jokowi-wants-local-scale-covid-19-restrictions.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
101
H.50. Smokers skeptical about higher risks from COVID-19: Survey
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/smokers-skeptical-about-
higher-risks-from-covid-19-survey.html
H.51. COVID-19: Govt advises against wearing ‘scuba’ masks, scarves over
effectiveness concerns
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-govt-advises-against-
wearing-scuba-masks-scarves-over-effectiveness-concerns.html
H.52. COVID-19: Indonesian nurses, ministers pay a tribute to fallen healthcare
workers
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-indonesian-nurses-
ministers-pay-a-tribute-to-fallen-healthcare-workers.html
H.53. Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths: Task force
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/diabetes-biggest-comorbid-
factor-in-covid-19-deaths-task-force.html
H.54. 92% of COVID-19 patients in some regions have comorbidities: National
Task Force
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/92-of-covid-19-patients-in-
some-regions-have-comorbidities-national-task-force.html
H.55. COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology acceleration:
Nadiem
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/covid-19-opens-way-for-
educational-reform-technology-acceleration-nadiem.html
H.56. Several patients contracted COVID-19 despite 'never leaving home': Task
force
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/several-patients-contracted-
covid-19-despite-never-leaving-home-task-force.html
H.57. COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/covid-19-indonesia-logs-
record-single-day-infection-spike-of-4176.html
H.58. 160 deaths in one day: Indonesia sets bleak virus record
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/160-deaths-in-one-day-
indonesia-sets-bleak-virus-record.html
H.59. Indonesian health system might collapse soon: COVID-19 task force
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/indonesian-health-system-
might-collapse-soon-covid-19-task-force.html
H.60. Changed lives: Symptoms persist in COVID-19 long-haulers
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102
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/changed-lives-symptoms-
persist-in-covid-19-long-haulers.html
H.61. Not all face masks equally effective in curbing COVID-19 transmission:
Health Ministry
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/not-all-face-masks-equally-
effective-in-curbing-covid-19-transmission-health-ministry.html
H.62. No plans to redefine COVID-19 death: Task force
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/no-plans-to-redefine-covid-19-
death-task-force.html
H.63. COVID-19 must serve as turning point for village economy: Jokowi
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/covid-19-must-serve-as-
turning-point-for-village-economy-jokowi.html
H.64. Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times reported figure:
Epidemiologist
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-real-virus-death-
toll-may-be-3-times-reported-figure-epidemiologist.html
H.65. COVID-19: Aceh, Bali added to list of prioritized provinces
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/covid-19-aceh-bali-added-to-
list-of-prioritized-provinces.html
H.66. Asymptomatic transmission poses ever-present threat: COVID-19 task force
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/asymptomatic-transmission-
poses-ever-present-threat-covid-19-task-force.html
H.67. COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/covid-19-health-ministry-
forms-team-to-probe-doctor-deaths.html
H.68. Use antigen tests for screening but with caution: Experts
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/use-antigen-tests-for-screening-
but-with-caution-experts.html
H.69. Public resistance hinders COVID-19 tracing efforts: Task force
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/public-resistance-hinders-
covid-19-tracing-efforts-task-force.html
H.70. Task force warns of potential COVID-19 clusters at flood shelters
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/task-force-warns-of-potential-
covid-19-clusters-at-flood-shelters.html
H.71. Jokowi demands standardized COVID-19 treatment as cases surge
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
103
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-demands-standardized-
covid-19-treatment-as-cases-surge.html
H.72. Critics lambast govt over bullish tone in COVID-19 messages
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/critics-lambast-govt-over-
bullish-tone-in-covid-19-messages.html
H.73. MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing
COVID-19 cases
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/mui-advises-muslims-to-pray-
at-home-as-indonesia-sees-increasing-covid-19-cases.html
H.74. Indonesia reports higher COVID-19 death rate among children than United
States
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-reports-higher-covid-
19-death-rate-among-children-than-united-states.html
H.75. Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily record
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/indonesia-confirms-nearly-
4000-new-covid-19-cases-another-daily-record.html
H.76. Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’ nationwide
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/health-ministry-says-covid-19-
bed-capacity-still-sufficient-nationwide.html
H.77. Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/jokowi-mourns-medical-
workers-who-have-fallen-to-covid-19.html
H.78. ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related procurement
amid irregularities
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/icw-calls-for-increased-
transparency-in-covid-19-related-procurement-amid-irregularities.html
H.79. Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/medan-district-court-declared-
covid-19-cluster-one-judge-dies.html
H.80. Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-asks-for-bureaucratic-
flexibility-in-dealing-with-pandemic.html
H.81. IDI calls for creation of protection committee as more doctors die of
COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/idi-calls-for-creation-of-
protection-committee-as-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
104
H.82. NU, Muhammadiyah call for postponement of regional elections over
COVID-19 concerns
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/nu-muhammadiyah-call-for-
postponement-of-regional-elections-over-covid-19-concerns.html
H.83. West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/west-java-asks-central-govt-
for-pcr-kits-to-boost-testing.html
H.84. 'COVID-19 is real', govt says as public denial persists
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/covid-19-is-real-govt-says-as-
public-denial-persists.html
H.85. COVID-19 doctor tells Jokowi about shortage of healthcare workers in
video call
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/27/covid-19-doctor-tells-jokowi-
about-shortage-of-healthcare-workers-in-video-call.html
H.86. Volunteer in vaccine trial tests COVID-19 positive but may have received a
placebo
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/volunteer-in-vaccine-trial-tests-
covid-19-positive-but-may-have-received-a-placebo.html
H.87. Karo regent candidate dies from COVID-19, daughter steps in
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/karo-regent-candidate-dies-
from-covid-19-daughter-steps-in.html
H.88. Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti Djalal tests positive for COVID-
19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/former-deputy-foreign-
minister-dino-patti-djalal-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html
H.89. KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/kpu-chairman-arief-budiman-
tests-positive-for-covid-19.html
H.90. Pramono Ubaid becomes third KPU commissioner to test positive for
COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/pramono-ubaid-becomes-third-
kpu-commissioner-to-test-positive-for-covid-19.html
H.91. Religious affairs minister tests positive for COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/religious-affairs-minister-tests-
positive-for-covid-19.html
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105
H.92. Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/berau-regent-h-muharram-dies-
after-testing-positive-for-covid-19.html
H.93. Over 100 of students test positive for COVID-19 in C. Java boarding school
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/over-100-of-students-test-
positive-for-covid-19-in-c-java-boarding-school.html
H.94. Over 20 people test positive for COVID-19 at Bali governor's residence
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/over-20-people-test-positive-
for-covid-19-at-bali-governors-residence.html
H.95. Maritime spatial planning director general dies of COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/maritime-spatial-planning-
director-general-dies-of-covid-19.html
H.96. West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/west-sulawesi-covid-19-nurses-
reportedly--without-pay.html
H.97. Factory workers in Bekasi required to report daily activities to stem
COVID-19 risk
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/factory-workers-in-bekasi-
required-to-report-daily-activities-to-stem-covid-19-risk.html
H.98. 20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'Soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/09/20-covid-19-patients-linked-to-
soto-lamongan-cluster-in-yogyakarta.html
H.99. Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/indonesian-military-deployed-
for-coronavirus-fight.html
H.100. In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't afford to self-quarantine at home
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/in-virus-stricken-indonesia-
many-cant-afford-to-self-quarantine-at-home.html
H.101. Public confused about policy on wearing face masks in private vehicles
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/public-confused-about-policy-
on-wearing-face-masks-in-private-vehicles.html
H.102. Follow health protocols, IDI urges the public as more Indonesian doctors
die from COVID-19
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/follow-health-protocols-idi-
urges-the-public-as-more-indonesian-doctors-die-from-covid-19.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
106
H.103. Stretched thin, Indonesia deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/stretched-thin-ri-deploys-
medical-interns-to-covid-19-front-lines.html
H.104. From sweeping to digging, Indonesia gets creative in handling violators of
COVID-19 protocols
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/from-sweeping-to-digging-
indonesia-gets-creative-in-handling-violators-of-covid-19-protocols.html
H.105. COVID-19 protocol violators in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with
casket
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/covid-19-protocol-violators-in-
probolinggo-made-to-sit-in-hearse-with-casket.html
H.106. Zumba class organizer in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-19
protocol
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/zumba-class-organizer-in-east-
lombok-fined-for-neglecting-covid-19-protocol.html
H.107. Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols
causes concern
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/polices-plan-to-involve-gangs-
to-uphold-covid-19-health-protocols-causes-concern.html
H.108. Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/low-income-patients-will-get-
covid-19-vaccines-for-free-govt-says.html
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