REGENTS REVIEWThematic Review

GEOGRAPHIC FEATURESGEOGRAPHIC FEATURES

EXAMPLE HINDER OR PROMOTE CULTURAL DIFFUSION

HOW?

RIVERSTigris, Euphrates, Nile

Promote Transportation, travel, trade, communication, fertile soil, farming

MOUNTAINSHimalayas (India), Andes (S. America)

Hinder Isolation, Hard to travel over, Difficult to farm

DESERTSGobi Desert (China), Sahara Desert (Africa)

Hinder Isolation, Hard to travel across, uninhabitable, no farming

ISLANDJapan Hinder Isolation and protection

RUGGED COASTLINE

Great Britain Promotes Natural harbors for trade

How did these geographic features hinder or promote cultural diffusion?

ECONOMIC SYSTEMSECONOMIC

SYSTEMMAJOR FEATURES EXAMPLES

TRADITIONAL-Agricultural (farming)-Same job as parents-Bartering system (trading goods for goods)

-Early civilizations-Developing nations

FEUDAL/ MANORIALISM

-Based on a self-sufficient manor (everything is done right there)-Like a village

-Medieval Europe-Feudal Japan

MERCANTILISM-Colonies are used to create a favorable balance of trade (export more than import)

-Europe during 1700s and 1800s

MARKET-Private ownership of business-Based on supply and demand

-United States-Western Europe

COMMAND-Government owns and operates business-Government determines what to produce

-Soviet Union-Cuba-China-Vietnam

How people deal with the scarcity of resources (money and business)

REVOLUTIONSREVOLUTI

ONWHER

EWHE

NCAUSES EFFECTS

NEOLITHIC(non)

World-wide

10,000 + years ago

-Change from hunting and gathering to farming and domesticating animals

-Permanent settlements-First civilizations-Steady food source

COMMERCIAL(non)

Europe 1400s-Increased trade after the Crusades between the Middle East and Europe

-Rise of businesses-Creation of capitalism, banking, insurance, and guilds

SCIENTIFIC(non)

Europe 1400s and 1500s

-People started questioning tradition and the Church

-Heliocentric theory (Sun-centered)-Scientific method

INDUSTRIAL(non)

Great Britain

1700s-Availability of capital ($)-Land-Labor-Natural resources

-Factories-Urbanization-Child Labor-Pollution

FRENCH(political)

France 1700s-Weak ruler (Louis XVI)-Old Regime: the 3rd estate had no money and had to pay the most in taxes

-Robespierre’s Reign of Terror-Napoleon-Congress of Vienna

Non-political revolutions: Cause a change in society

REVOLUTIONSREVOLUTI

ONWHER

EWHE

NCAUSES EFFECTS

BOLSHEVIK(political)

Russia/ Soviet Union

1917-Corrupt czar (Nicholas)-Bolsheviks promise “Peace, Land, and Bread” to gain peasant support

-Russia becomes the 1st communist nation-United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)

CHINESE(political)

China 1949-Mao Zedong leads the Long March into mainland China to fight the Nationalists

-China becomes communist under Mao Zedong

CULTURAL(political)

China 1960s-After the Great Leap Forward fails, Mao wanted to increase communist loyalties

-Little Red Book-Shut down schools-Red guards kill opponents (chaos)

IRANIAN(political)

Iran 1979-Led by Ayatollah Khomeni-Wanted Iran to be an Islamic Republic, not westernized

-Islamic fundamentalism-Iran becomes anti- U.S.-Strictly follow the Quran

GREEN(non)

World-wide

1960s and 1970s

-Goal was to increase agricultural output in developing nations

-New pesticides, fertilizers, and machinery-Too costly

TECHNOLOGY(non)

World-wide

1980s and 1990s

-New computers and the internet are created

-Information is spread quicker than ever

Political revolutions: Cause a change in government

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

VIOLATION WHO WAS

VIOLATED

HOW WERE THEY VIOLATED

ATTEMPTS TO FIX VIOLATION

TIANANMEN SQUARE (1989)

Chinese student protestors

-Deng Xiaoping sent troops and tanks in to break up protest for democracy (killed/injured)

-Xiaoping started to allowed elements of capitalism into China

ARMENIAN MASSACRE (1900S)

Armenians (group in Ottoman Empire)

-Armenians wanted independence but were forced to leave by the Turks-Many were killed or starved

-Nothing. . .

HOLOCAUST (1939-1945)

Over 6 million Jews

-Adolf Hitler’s Final Solution-Concentration/death camps-Murdered

-Nuremburg Trials “crimes against humanity”-Creation of Israel

APARTHEID (1940-1990)

Black majority in South Africa

-Segregation-Pass laws-Homelands policy

-Nelson Mandela released from jail and elected President

KHMER ROUGE (1950S)

Cambodians -Communist group murdered millions of Cambodians under Pol Pot (Killing Fields)

-Nothing . . .

TERRORISM (CURRENT)

Israeli JewsAmericansIndia/Pakistan

-Deliberate use of violence for revenge or politics-Bombings, torture, hijackings

-Currently a major world problem

Going against people’s rights of life, liberty, and happiness

PEOPLE TO KNOWPERSON NATIO

NNEED TO KNOW SIMILAR

TO?

YASIR ARAFAT

Palestine -Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)-Known for terrorist attacks against Israeli Jews

-Osama bin Laden-Saddam Hussein

KEMAL ATATURK

Turkey -Modernized and westernized Turkey-Gave women rights

-Peter the Great-Catherine the Great

OTTO VON BISMARCK

Germany

-Unified Germany through “Blood and Iron” (military and diplomacy)-Nationalist leader

-Simon Bolivar-Nelson Mandela

SIMON BOLIVAR

Latin America

-Independence nationalist leader-Liberated many countries in Latin America

-Jose de san Martin

FIDEL CASTRO

Cuba -Cuban Missile Crisis-Bay of Pigs-Communist dictator (Marxist)

-Joseph Stalin-Mao Zedong

CATHERINE THE GREAT

Russia -Modernized and westernized Russia-Enlightened despot

-Peter the Great

PEOPLE TO KNOWPERSON NATIO

NNEED TO KNOW SIMILAR

TO?

CONFUCIOUS

China -Founder of Confucianism-Wanted social order in China

HERNANDO CORTEZ

Mexico -Spanish conquistador-Took over the Aztecs

-Francisco Pizarro

DENG XIAOPING

China -Four Modernizations-Tiananmen Square Massacre-Allowed elements of capitalism into communist China

-Mikhail Gorbachev

GALILEO GALILEI

Europe -Developed the telescope-Further developed Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

-Copernicus

MOHANDAS GANDHI

India -Independence nationalist leader-Passive resistance -Civil disobedience-Salt March and Homespun Movement

-Nelson Mandela

MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

Soviet Union/ Russia

-Glasnost “openness” no censorship-Perestroika -Allowed elements of capitalism in communism

-Deng Xiaoping

ADOLF HITLER

Germany

-Nazi fascist dictator-Responsible for the Holocaust & start of WWII

-Benito Mussolini-Pol Pot

PEOPLE TO KNOWPERSON NATIO

NNEED TO KNOW SIMILAR

TO?

HO CHI MINH

Vietnam -Communist dictator of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War

-Mao Zedong-Pol Pot

SADDAM HUSSEIN

Iraq -Dictator of Iraq-Known for terrorist activities-Hanged for crimes against humanity

-Osama bin Laden-Yasir Arafat

JOMO KENYATTA

Kenya, Africa

-Independence nationalist leader-Liberated Kenya from colonial rule-Associated with the Mau Mau (terrorists)

-Simon Bolivar

AYATOLLAH KOHMENI

Iran -Overthrew the shah in 1979 and made Iran an Islamic Republic-Iran became anti-U.S.-Strict interpretation of the Quran

-the Taliban (Afghanistan)

VLADIMIR LENIN

Russia/ Soviet Union

-Leader of the Bolsheviks-Marxist-Peace Land and Bread: peasant support-Made Russia communist

-Mao Zedong-Fidel Castro

JOHN LOCKE

Europe -Enlightenment thinker-Believed in natural rights life, liberty, property-Consent of the governed

-Jean Jacques Rousseau

MARTIN LUTHER

Germany

-95 Theses against the selling of indulgences-Started the Protestant Reformation

-John Calvin

PEOPLE TO KNOWPERSON NATIO

NNEED TO KNOW SIMILAR

TO?

NELSON MANDELA

South Africa

-Independence nationalist leader-Against apartheid (separation of races)-1st black President of South Africa

-Mohandas Gandhi-Simon Bolivar

MAO ZEDONG

China -Made China communist (Long March)-Great Leap Forward (failure- famine)-Cultural Revolution (communist loyalties)

-Deng Xiaoping-Fidel Castro

KARL MARX Europe -History is a struggle between classes (proletariat and bourgeoisie)-Wrote The Communist Manifesto-Developed Marxism Socialism & Communism

NAPOLEON France -Little Man Big Plan (expanded empire)-Dictator after the French Revolution

PETER THE GREAT

Russia -Modernized and westernized Russia-Found a warm water port St. Petersburg

-Kemal Ataturk

POL POT Cambodia

-Communist leader of the Khmer Rouge-Killing Fields (murder of Cambodians)

-Adolf Hitler (genocide)

ADAM SMITH

Europe -Laissez-faire economics (little to no government involvement)

-Opposite of Karl Marx

JOSEPH STALIN

Soviet Union

-Communist dictator during WWII-Great Purge-Five Year Plans

-Vladimir Lenin

POLITICAL SYSTEMSPOLITICAL SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

MONARCHY King or queen has centralized power Queen Elizabeth IKing John

FEUDALISM Land is exchanged for military service or loyalty

Medieval EuropeFeudal Japan

DEMOCRACY People govern themselves either directly or through representatives

United StatesAncient Athens

TOTALITARIAN Dictator who takes away people’s basic rights

Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin

ABSOLUTISM King or queen has total power over citizens (autocratic) “divine right”

Louis XIVPeter the Great

THEOCRACY Government based on religion Ancient EgyptIran under Khomeni

COMMUNISM Government controls all aspects of government and society

Soviet UnionChina

FASCISM Totalitarian dictator who is nationalistic and militaristic

Adolf HitlerBenito Mussolini

How people are governed

CULTURAL & INTELLECTUAL LIFEGOLDEN AGE TIME

PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS

ANCIENT ROME

500 BC- AD 500

-Left legacy to western culture (Republics, art)-Law & justice (Twelve Tables)-Latin language and literature

GUPTA EMPIRE (INDIA)

300-500 -Math and medicine-Arts (Buddhist cave paintings)-Stability

ISLAMIC (MUSLIM)

750-1350 -Roots of modern math (algebra)-Science (physics)

RENAISSANCE Mid 1300s

-Humanism: emphasis on individual less on the Church -Questioning spirit-Artists Michelangelo and da Vinci

MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS

500 BC- 1400s

-Incas: terrace farming and roads-Maya: calendar* Complex before the arrival of Europeans

ENLIGHTENMENT

1400s-1700s

-Against the absolutism-John Locke: natural rights, consent of the governed-Change the views on government

Golden Ages

BELIEF SYSTEMSRELIGION FOUNDE

RREGIO

NMAJOR BELIEFS

HINDUISMUnknown India and

Southeast Asia

-Caste System -Polytheistic-Karma-Dharma-Reincarnation

BUDDHISMSiddhartha Guatama “Buddha”

Starts in India and spreads to Asia

-Rejects caste system-Eightfold Path-Four Noble Truths-Karma/Dharma/Reincarnation

CONFUCIANISM

Confucious China -Social and political order-Civil service exams (government jobs)-Filial piety-Five Relationships

TAOISM/ DAOISM

Unknown China -Spirits in nature-Harmony

BELIEF SYSTEMSRELIGION FOUNDE

RREGIO

NMAJOR BELIEFS

SHINTOUnknown Japan -Worship nature

-Shrines for nature

ANIMISMUnknown Africa -Worship nature

-Everything has a spirit

CHRISTIANITY

Jesus Christ Worldwide -Ten Commandments-The Bible: moral guidelines

JUDAISMAbraham Worldwide

Israel-Ten Commandments-The Torah

ISLAMMuhammad Middle

EastArab States

-Five Pillar of Faith (Faith, Fasting, Alms, Prayer, Pilgrimage)-The Quran-Same god as Christians and Jews (Allah)

CHANGE AND TURNING POINTS

TURNING POINT

MAJOR EVENTS OUTCOME

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

-Change from hunting and gathering to farming and domesticating animals

-Permanent settlements-First civilizations-Steady food source

COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

-Rise of businesses due to increased trade from the Crusades

-Rich coastal towns-Insurance, banking, and capitalism rise

REFORMATION -Martin Luther’s posting of the Ninety-five Theses (vs. Catholic)-Protestant Reformation-Counter Reformation

-Ends religious unity in Europe-New branches of Christianity emerge

EXPLORATION -Astrolabe: determines latitude-Enter the Western Hemisphere new lands and new foods

-New settlers-Conquistadors -”The New World”

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

-Going against traditions and the Church-Geocentric heliocentric-Scientific method

-New ideas about how the world works

CHANGE AND TURNING POINTS

TURNING POINT

MAJOR EVENTS OUTCOME

POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS

-French Revolution and Latin American revolutions-People gain independence

-Increased nationalism-New governments

NATIONALISM -Excessive pride in one’s country-Can unite, divide, or liberate

-Conflicts (WWI, WWII)-New countries

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

-Change from making things by hand to making them in factories with machines

-Urbanization-Child Labor-Pollution-Reform movements

WORLD WAR II -Holocaust-Allies vs. Axis-Yalta Conference

-European nationalism-Nuremburg Trials-Fear of nuclear war-United Nations

COLD WAR -Capitalism (US) vs. Communism (USSR)-Surrogate wars (Vietnam, Korea, Middle East, Cuba)

-Threats of nuclear war-Worldwide conflict-Fall of the Berlin Wall

CONFLICTSTYPE OF

CONFLICTEXAMPLES MAJOR EVENTS

DEMOCRACY-L.A. independence movement

-Wanted freedom from colonial rulers

REVOLUTIONS-French Revolution-Bolshevik Revolution

-Overthrow the government-Civil Wars

WORLD WARS-World War I-World War II

-MAIN causes -Appeasement-Treaty of Versailles -Atomic bombings-Failure of League

COLD WAR-US vs. USSR-Vietnam War-Korea War

-Containment -Surrogate wars-Iron Curtain -Berlin Wall-Arms/Space Race -Cuba

RELIGIOUS-Arab-Israeli-India vs. Pakistan-Northern Ireland

-Muslim/Jew-Hindu/Muslim-Catholics/Protestants*All continue today with nuclear threats

ETHNIC-South Africa-Rwanda, Africa-Eastern Europe

-Apartheid-Hutus vs. Tutsis-Ethnic cleansing

IMPERIALISMCOLONIAL REGION

IMPERIALIZED POWER

MAIN IDEAS

INDIA

-British -Jewel in the Crown: main colony-Few positives: railroads and education-Sepoy Mutiny: remove foreign influence-Amritsar Massacre: sparked independence movement (Gandhi)-1700s-1947

MIDDLE EAST

-French-British

-Suez Canal: main waterway -OIL-Location

SOUTHEAST ASIA

-French-Dutch-British-Japanese

-Location: naval bases and travel-Different crops/resources

When a strong country takes over a weaker country and makes them a colony for raw materials and markets.

IMPERIALISMCOLONIAL REGION

IMPERIALIZED POWER

MAIN IDEAS

CHINA

-French -Dutch-British

-Spheres of Influence-Opium Wars with the British: lost and had to give up Hong Kong (until 1997)

JAPAN-No One ! -Meiji Restoration: Japan

industrializes to avoid take over-Russo-Japanese War: Japan is seen as a major world power

SOUTH AMERICA

-Spain-Portugal

-Controlled much of South America until the 1800s

AFRICA

-All of Europe -Scramble for Africa: everyone wanted a piece of Africa (gold and salt)-Berlin Conference: divides Africa without caring about the Africans