The/KeipCratory Sy^em/Chapter 23

Objectives• Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system. ^• Explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from pathogens,

debris, and other hazards.

• Identify the organs of the upper respiratory system, and describe their functions.• Describe the structure of the larynx, and discuss its role in normal breathing and in the

production of sound.• Discuss the structure of the extrapulmonary airways.• Describe the superficial anatomy of the lungs, the structure of a pulmonary lobule, and

the functional anatomy of the alveoli.• Define and compare the processes of external respiration and intemal respiration.• Describe the major steps involved in external respiration.• Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs.• Describe the origins and actions of the respiratory muscles responsible for respiratory

movements.

• Summarize the physical principles governing the diffusion of gases into and out of theblood.

• Explain the important structural features of the respiratory membrane.• Describe the partial pressures ofoxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolar air, blood, and

systemic circuit.• Describe how oxygen is picked up, transported, and released in the blood.• Discuss the structure and function ofhemoglobin.• Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.• Describe the factors that influence the respiration rate.• Identify and discuss reflex respiratory activity and the brain centers involved in the

control of respiration

Sequence:This unit will be divided into the following areas:

Part A: The Upper Respiratory System1. Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx structure and function2. Sound production

Part B: The Lower Respiratory System1. The trachea structure and function

2. The primary bronchiPart C: The Lungs

1. Gross lung anatomy2. Blood supply3. Movement of air

4. Measuring lung volumes and capacitiesPart D: Gas Exchange

1. Gas laws

2. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport

Nasal cavity -

Sphenoidal sinus -

Internal nares

UPPER

RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM

LOWER

RESPIRATORYSYSTEM

Pharyr

Esophagus

RIGHTLUNG

1%

LEFT

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Anatomy and PhysiologyChapter 23: Respiratory System Name: SmA

1. List and describe the five basic functions ofthe respiratory system:

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2. Describe in detail the relationship between the cardiovascular system and the respiratorysystem

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3. List the function of the upper respiratorysystem and, using the diagram on page 828, listall of the structures of the upper respiratory system

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4. List the function of the lower respiratory system and, using the diagram on page 828, listall of the structures of the lower respiratory systemi,ory% Cucjto, bcn"^ , bTe^od^i, b<"o«o<^V'oVs , <^xi\/eGV\OP

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nose:

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8. Why should you breathe through your nose?

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,>^^Jse your textbook and the power point found in Home Access Center to answer the following questions

1. What provides the force needed behind a sneeze (particles can travel up to 15 feet)?

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2. Whatisapnea?

3. Describe what happens during hyperventilation. How is Carbon Dioxide involved?

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4. Describe the effects of breathing into a bag for hyperventilation.

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oP5. What is bronchitis and what triggers it? .

6. What is emphysema and what causes it? ^

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7. What is cystic fibrosis? What are the chances of getting it?aP ^ia^us nesp

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9. List a smoking statistic that most surprises you.

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10. List 4 things that are found in cigarettes that are toxic.

M: C0^\hc11.Whatdoes smoking do to your respiratory passages?

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12. How does lung cancer compare to the numbers ofdeaths from other cancers?

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13. Distinguish between the 3 main types of lung cancer and listany treatments avai lable

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Definethefollowingpulmonaryvolumes:

1.RestingTidalVolume(TV):

2.ExpiratoryReserveVolume(ERV):

3.ResidualVolume(RV):

4.InspiratoryReserveVolume(IRV):

5.InspiratoryCapacity(IC):

6.FunctionalResidualCapacity(PRC):

7.VitalCapacity(VC):

8.TotalLungCapacity(TLC):

Respiratory Anatomy QuizChapter 23

Jse the following list to label the picture below:

a. External Nares

d. Nasal Concha

ac. Nasopharynxbe. Glottis

02012 Peancn EcJucalicn. Inc.

b. Internal Nares

e. Laryngopharynxad. Oropharynxbd. Trachea

ill'

IT

c.Esophagusab. Larynxae. Epiglottisbe. Nasal Vestibule

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Follow the flow of air into the lungs. Match the labels to the appropriate location:

a. Secondary Bronchi b. Oropharynx c. Trachea d. Terminal Bronchioles

e. Nasal Concha ab. Nasopharynx ac. Alveoli ad. Tertiary Bronchi

ae. Alveolar Duct

Nasal Vestibule^ 9 Internal Nares-^ 10 11 laryngopharynx

Larynx-> 12 -^Primary Bronchi-> 13 -> 14 ->Bronchioles-> 15 ->

Respiratory Bronchioles-^ 16 17

Label the following on the lungs below:18. Which lung is the right lung?19. Which lung would contain 3 lobar bronchi?20. Which lung contains a cardiac notch?

21. Boyle's Law states that gas volume isa. Directly proportional to pressureb. Directly proportional to temperaturec. Inversely proportional to pressured. Inversely proportional to temperature

22. In quiet breathing...a. Inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractionsb. Inspiration is passive and expiration involves ab muscle contractionsc. Inspiration involves muscularcontractionsand expiration is passived. None of the above

23. Each of the following muscles elevates the ribs except...a. Stemocleidomastoid

b. External obliquesc. Scalenes

d. External intercostals

24. When the diaphragm and external intercostals contract (choose 2)a. The ribcage expandsb. The ribcage contractsc. Inhalation occurs

d. Exhalation occurs

25. Whichof the following muscles contract in deep inhalation (choose all that apply)?a. Stemocleidomastoid

b. Internal Intercostals

c. Scalenes

d. External Intercostals

26. Which of the following muscles contract in quiet exhalation?a. Internal intercostals

b. External intercostals

c. Diaphragmd. None of the above

Match the following terms to the descriptions below:a. external respiration b. pulmonary ventilation c. internal respiration

27. the movement of oxygen from the capillaries into muscle tissue28. inhalation

29. exhalation

30. the movement ofcarbon dioxide from the capillary to alveoli

Exercise 2S Respiratory System SUucture and Fuflctlon 547

If you are dissecting a cat or fetal pig to observe respiratory system structures, refer to the appropriate accompanying dissection manual.

The respiratory system organs of a cat or fetal pig aresimilar to those of the human. This dissection will illus

trate the structure of the larynx and trachea, the relationship of respiratory organs to other organs in the mediastinum, and the connective tissues surrounding these organs.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THESYSTEM

The respiratory system supplies oxygen needed by bodycells to produce ATP for metabolism and removes the carbon dioxide produced by metabolic reactions. Respirationinvolves three steps and requires the cardiovascular systemto transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout thebody.

1. Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing, is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungsthat occurs when we inhale (inspiration) and exhale(expiration).

2. External respiration is the movement of oxygenfrom the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries andcarbon dioxide from the pulmonary capillaries to thealveoli.

3. Internal respiration is the movement of oxygen fromthe capillaries into body cells and carbon dioxidefrom body cells into capillaries.

In this exercise we examine pulmonary ventilationand the role of carbon dioxide in controlling pulmonaryventilation.

A. Pulmonary Ventilation

During pulmonary ventilation, air moves from an area ofhigher pressure to an area of lower air pressure. Changesin air pressure in the lung (alveolar or intrapulmonic pressure) occur when lung volume changes. The relationshipbetween pressure and volume is described by Boyle's Law,which states that the pressure of a gas in a closed container

is inversely proportional to the volume of the container.Therefore, when lung volume increases, the pressure of theair inside decreases and air flows into the lungs. When lungvolume decreases, the pressure of the air inside increasesand air flows out of the lungs.

1. Changing Thoracic and Lung Voiumes

When the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles contract or relax, they change the size of the thorax which inturn changes lung volume. Normal inhalation is causedmainly by contraction of the diaphragm. The diaphragmis dome-shaped when relaxed and flattens when contracted.When the diaphragm flattens, the length of the thoraciccavity and its volume increase. During forced inhalation,contraction of the external intercostals further increases

the width of the thoracic cage by raising the ribs. Contraction of the stemocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pec-toralis minor muscles cause a greater increase in thoracicvolume by elevating the rib cage and sternum, resulting ina greater volume of air inhaled.

Normal exhalation is a passive process involving relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of the chest walland lungs. The diaphragm becomes dome-shaped and decreases the length of the thoracic cavity and thoracic volume. In forced exhalation, contraction of the internal intercostals depresses the rib cage. Contraction <f theabdominal muscles (external oblique, internal oblique,transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis) pushes thediaphragm superiorly, further decreasing thoracic volumeand resulting in a greater volume of exhaled air.

[] Respiratory Musclesand Volume Changes

1 Label the respiratory muscles in Figure 26.10. Refer toExercise 12: Muscles, your textbook, or an atlas.

2 Identify the respiratory muscles on a model or anatomical chart.

3 Pronounce the muscle names as you point to them.

4 Complete Table26.2 and circle thecorrectchoice in thecolumn "Effect on Thoracic Dimensions."

5 Examine the radiographs in Figure 26.11. Decidewhether a radiograph was taken after inhalation or exhalation, and put your answer in the appropriate blank.

548 Exercise 26 Respiratory System Structure and Function

Linea alba

(a) Anterior superficial view

external intercostal

iniemai-obliqiig,. 0.peotoraiic minor (pek-tor-A-lis) ^

-<e£iLis-«bduiii!iiis -— 3rCef{:fg.4kscalenes (SKAY-leens) _ k , .,atornodoidomaotQid- 4

(ster-no-kli-doh-MAS-toid) , \ , , ^ •itransverse abdominis 5 i .'A k' 'Ct

FIGURE 26.10 Respiratory muscles.

''A

(b) Anterior deep view

Exercise 26 Respiratorv Svstem Structure and Function

TABLE 26.2 Respiratory Muscle Functions

MUSCLE

External intercostals

Internal intercostals

Sternocleidomastoids

Scalenes

Pectoralis minors

Diaphragm

Abdominal muscles

FUNCTION

Elevate nbs

Depress ribsElevate the sternum

Elevate first and second ribs

Elevate third, fourth, and fifth ribs

Flattens when contracted

Compress abdominal contents, increase abdominalpressure, and force diaphragm superiorly

EFFECT ON THORACIC DIMENSIONS

{circle correct choice)

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

increase

Increase

Increase

or decrease

or decrease

or decrease

or decrease

or decrease

or decrease

or decrease

diameter

diameter

diameter

diameter

diameter

length

length

FIGURE 26.11 Radiographs of thorax taken either after inhalation or exhalation.

552 Exercise 2B Respiratery System Streetore aad Funclien 14 y/

B. Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung volumes and capacities are defined in Table 26.4.These values vary according to gender, age, height, andphysical condition.

1, Measuring TV, ERV, and VC

A spiroineter is an instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacities. Thei^ are different types of spirom-eters depending on how they measure air volumes andcapacities. Somespirometers measure onlyexpiratory volumes and capacities while others measure both inspiratoryand expiratoryvolumes and capacities.In this activity, youwill be usinga dry,handheldspirometer. Exhale only intothis type of spirometer. It does not measure inspiratoryvolumes.Spirometers that measureinspiratory air volumesmust be cleanedor supplied with newfilters when used bya different person to prevent spread of infection.

Your instructor will supply you with instructions if youare using a different type of spirometer than thedry, handheld spirometer.

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Preparatioiis for Activity 10

Preparing dry, handheld spirometer:• Wipe the nozzle of the spirometer with 70%

alcohol.

• Place a clean, disposable mouthpiece on the nozzle.• a noseclip or your fingers to close your nos

trils to prevent air leaking out of your nose.• When blowing into the spirometer, hold it in a hor

izontal position with the face of the dial superior.• With use, water will condense inside the dial. Fol

low instructioDS included with your spirometer forremoving the condensation.

ACTIVITY 10 Measuring Lung Volumesand Capacities

Measure tidal volume (TV)• Reset the dial on the spirometer to 0. If the dial is

not calibrated between 0 to lOCK), then set the dialto 1000 (do this for TV measurement only). Makesure you subtract 1000 from your measurement before recording the value.

• Take two or three normal breaths then inhale nor

mally, place the spirometer to your lips and exhalenormally into the spirometer. Record value inTable 26.5. Repeat this process two more limes, resetting the dial before each measurement. Calculateand record Uie average TV.

VOLUME OR

CAPACITY

Tidal volume

inspiratory reservevolume

Expiratory reservevolume

Residual volume

InspiratorycapacHyFunctional residual

capacityVital capacityTotallung capacity

ABBREVIATION

TV

IRV

ERV

RV

IC

PRC

VC

TLC

DEFINITION

Amount of air moved into lungs duringinhalation or out of lungs during exhalation

Maximum anounl of air that can beinhaled after a normal inhalation

Maximum amount of air that can be

exhaled after a normal exhalation

Amount of air that remains in thelungs after a maximal exhalation

IC = TV + IRV

FRO = RV + ERV

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

UC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

AVERAGE VALUES

FOR HEALTHY ADULT

500 ml

3100 ml

1200 ml

1200 ml

3600 ml

2400 ml

4800 ml

6000 mi

'V

00

c

Exercise 26 Respiratory System Stractare and Function 553

Measured Lung Volumes and CapacitiesiyiEASUREMENT

TV

VALUE 1

5oAVALUE 2 VALUE 3 AVERAGE VALUE

^0o

ERV 14o<3 1^ 15^

VC 37(53 ^\oc>

Measure expiratory reserve volume (ERV)• Reset the dial to 0.

• Take two or three normal breaths, then inhalenormally and forcefiilly exhale. Place the spirome-ter to your lips and exhale as much air as you can.Record value in Table 26.5. Repeat this process twomore times, resetting the dial to 0 before each measurement Calculate and record the average ERV.

Measure vital capacity (VC)• Reset the dial to 0.

• Take two or three normal breaths, then inhale as

much air as possible. Then put the spirometer toyour lips and forcefully exhale as much air as youcan as fast as you can. Record the value for VC inTable 26.5. Repeat this process two more times, resetting the dial to 0 before each measurement. Calculate and record the average VC.

Compare your VC with the predicted VC value.• Use the appropriate equation in Table 26.6 to calcu

late your predicted VC, based on your gender andage.

height in cm = height in inches X 2.5

YourVC

Predicted VC

Your VC as percentage of predicted VC(your VC/predicted VC X 100)

'^7

2. Calculating IRV, 10, RV, FRO, and TLC

Dry hand-held spirometers cannot be used to measure in-spiratory volumes and capacities. However, IRV and ICcan be calculated using values for TV, ERV, and VC.

Clinically PRC is measured indirectly with specialequipment and RV is calculated using values for PRC andERV. In this activity, RV will be calculated with equationsthat were developed using measured RV values from manyindividuals.

ACTIVITY 11 Calculating Lung Volumesand Capacities

Calculate IRV and IC.

• Use the equations for VC and IC in Table 26.4 tocalculate IRV and IC. Rearrange the VC equation toformulate an equation to calculate IRV.

• Calculate the values and record them in Table 26.7.

Calculate RV, PRC, and TLC.

• Use the appropriate equation in Table 26.8 to calculate your RV based on gender and age, and recordRV in Table 26.7.

• Calculate your PRC and TLC using the equations inTable 26.4 and record the value in Table 26.7.

Equations for Predicting Vital Capacity*EOUATION TO PREDICT VC (LITERS)

VC = (0.0416 X height in cm) —4.4470 + (0.0699 X age in years)VC = (0.0444 X height in cm) —3.1947 - (0.0169 X age in years)VC = (0.0313 X height incm) —0.1889 —(0.0296 X age inyears)VC = (0.0590 X height in cm) —6.8865 + (0.0739 X age in years)VC = (0.0844 X height in cm) —8.7818 —(0.0298 X age in years)

^ii^ER ;• ~fI

AGE

Female'^v 11-19

Female 20-69

Fiemale >69

Male 12-24

Male >24

'Knudson RJ, Ixbowitz MD. Holbog CI, Burrows B:and Aging.Am Rev Rc^r Dis 127:723-734,1983.

Changes in the Normal Maximal Expiratory Flow-volume Curve with Growth

1

{•

.

554 Exercise 26 Respiratory Systea Strectare aad FoactiBB

TABLE 28.7 Calculated Lung Volumes and CapacitiesEQUATION

Ur4r\l-F.k\J

-TC

yOLU»E R; capacity

IRV

RV

FRC

TLC

TABLE 26.8 Equations for Calculating Residual VolumeAGE EQUATtOM'TQ PRi^OICT RV (LlflBR^)

" '

RV = (0.029 X height in inches) - 0.919219_99 RV = (0.0813 X height ininches) + (0.009 X age in years) - 3.919_99 RV = (0.0686 X height in inches) + (0.017 X age inyears) - 3.45

Male or Female' <19

Female®

Male®

\. Polgar G, Promadhat V: Puimonaiy Funciton Tesitng in Children. Techniques and Standaids. Philadelphia.WB. Saunders Co., 1971. p. 000

2. Goldman HI, Bfrhlake MR: Respiraioiy Function Tests—Normal ^Atlues atMedian Altitudes and the Pmtiction ofNormal Results.Am Rev Tuberc 79:457-467. 1959.

3. Timed Forced Expiratory Volumes

A timed forced expiratory volume is used to indicatewhether someone has a condition in which air flow is obstructed or restricted. The subject is asked to inhale asmuch airaspossible, then forcibly blow asmuch airasfastaspossible into the spirometer. The volume ofairforciblyexpelled in the first second (forced expiratory volume in1 second or FEVi) and the total volume of forcibly expelled air [forced vital capacity (FVC)] are used todetermine if a person has an obstructed air flow. TheFEVi/FVC ratio is used to indicate if a person hasan obstructive disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD). In COPD the airway is obstructed andittakes longer to move air out of the lungs, therefore theFEV| is reduced. During pregnancy, the thoracic volumeis restricted so that FVC is reduced, but the ratio ofFEVi/FVC is normal (assumes no obstructive disease).

• Use the values on the y-axis to determine the maximum volume iodicatedby the curved line. This isthe FVC.

• Rnd 1 second on the x-axis. Using a ruler, draw avertical line that intersects the curve. Using theruler, find the corresponding volume on they-axis.This is the FEV|.

Calculate the FEV|/ FVC ratio and record the value onFigure 26.13.

ACTIVITY 12 Measuring FEVy and FVC

Measure FVC andFEVi in Figure 26.13 andrecord thevalue on the figure.• The graph illustrates thechange in volume over

time. The jc-axis indicates time and the y-axis indicates volume.

8

7

=r6

|5

>32

1

FVC

3 4

Time (sec)

= 3 L FEV. ="Z. L FEV,/FVCaFIGURE 26.13 Timed forced expiratory volume.

\

f^^-^natomy & PhysiologyZh. 23: Respiration Plysiologji Name fl^Jj

Using your textbook, beginning onpage 829, answer the following questions related to respiratory physiology.

1. Respiration includes which two process? €>tV6rv\Al and

2. What is internal respiration?

rv+4-bc.-K55(A^3/ (tcWiJr

3. What is external respiration? , ^ i \ /, , i

^PtA5l'''Of\9Ai^ rfSplMha/l]4. Whatare the 3 main stepsto external respiration?

a.P,.^woffAM^ air Mv hcV^gS.

b.G(!>' - ftpross fre rGiffd\{-6N W^mhfon AWfolor^ O/fel a\v/eo\or

^ ^4wffiVl (\lv)C0)®r fCipi^Wl^?, <?!-£>( fOip[l\gi/^tVij* 04bc/" H55cA«-<i.

5. What is pulmonary ventilation? j. ,

pK,j3.'ol r-\o^v^^•,^h r,U^r r,.pl oTV rr?p/' tep^^ "766 1 1+^rr (re'jpi'"Ab«fj (i crApiVH) ;• (633.^ CH \tY>ihZ ^

6. Describe howcarbon dioxide is related to pulmonary ventilation?

7. Describe Boyle's Law

How does Boyle's Law relate to breathing?

9. What is atmospheric pressure?

10. How does pressure affect airflow into the lungs? r A i

i\irfb(>j fcavA

11. What role does the diaphragm play in this process?

\)Oi\^j''f^c of h-d IKof/o^iC Tc.A[/ciY^

12. What happens to cause us to exhale? .

-rib ra<^e rE-f,.r^5 h W. tApfi5H w

Rite and

sternum

, elevate

I. Diaphragmcontracts

W>Iume increases

^outside^ ^insidePressure inside falls, so air flows In

Cardiac

cnotch

^ Diaphragm j^oulside" ^insido

Pressure outside and inside are

equal, so no air movement occurs

Volume decreases

f^ouiside^ ^insidePressure inside rises, so air flows cut

Ceprngm 6 ieOi Paancn Educston. Inc..piMcTwiou Bw^rran Cinvnri}*

Mechanics of Breathing (Pages 834+)

List the muscles that are responsible for.,a. Normal Inhalation-^ (75 %) and

b. DeepInhalation^ (sternum), m l/'«^llV/r (ribs 3,4, 5),

\ 0>AC.e' , (ribs 1 &2) and the Serratus Anterior

c. Normal Exhalation-^

d. Forced Exhalation^ LA'frr''Cv

Sternomastoids

Scalenes __

InspiratoryIntercostals_

ExpiratoryIntercostals

Diaphragm

3^-' ij /&«

-iT-ii

Muscles of

Respiration

ExpiratoryIntercostals

•#

EKerclse 2B Respiratory System Stractare and Function

Physiology Review of the Respiratory System

A. Function of Respiratory Muscles

Match the respiraibiy~muscles to the appropriate muscle function.

V - 1. elevates third, fourth, and fifth ribs

0 2. elevates the sternum^ 3. depresses ribs^ 4. compresses abdominal contents and increases abdominal pressuref

' 5. elevates first and second ribs

^ 6. elevates ribs

^ 7. main inspiratory muscle

a. abdominal muscles

b. diaphragmc. external intercostals

d. internal intercostals

e. pectoralis minorf. scalenes

g. stemocleidomastoids

C'fxlA- 8. two muscles used in forced expiration

B. Volume and PressureXhanges During Pulmonary Ventilation

Indlc^ whether the ^^olumeW pressure increas 'oiN^creases during^nspiraubn and expirati^lypLUME OR PRESSURE-^ \ , INSPI RATION ^^-tXPIRATI 1Thoracic volume \ 1 \ 2 ^ \

•Intrapieural cavity volume I ^ /

1 ' c /intrapieural pressure f 5 '6

Liing volume •i

Alveolar {inl^apulmonic) pressure

C. Lung Volumes and Capacities

Match lung volumes and capacities with the appropriate definition or equation.

tl. equal to TV +IRV +ERV +RV2. equal to IC —TV

3. equal to PRC - ERV

r^ 4. equal to TV + IRV

5. volume of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration

. maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration

it 7. maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after amaximal inspiration8, equal to IC - IRV

a. expiratory reserve volumeb. functional residual capacityc. inspiratory capacityd. inspiratory reserve volumee. residua! volume

f. tidal volume

g. total lung volumeh. vital capacity

562 Exercise 26 Respiratory System Stroctore and FonclioQ

D. Control of Pulmonary Ventilation: The Role of Carbon Dioxide

True or False. If false circle the word(s) that are incorrect and correct them.

•E—1- If

/\c n

blood carbon dioxide levels increase, then blood hydrogen ion levels will decrease.

T 2. If blood carbon dioxide levels increase, then blood pH will decrease.

—3. Increasing blood carbon dioxide levels decreases breathing rate.

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Exercise 26 Respiratory System Structure and Function

(a) Anterior view

FIGURE 26.8 Pleura.

Transverse plane

Posterior

(b) Cross-section through thorax(inferior view)

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apex

base

inferior lobe

middle lobe

superior lobe

hiius

inferior lobe

middle lobe

superior lobe

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(a) Antenor nght lung

1

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4 iiA*-•'? \ljV

(c) Medial view of right lung

11, I

12

13

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FIGURE 26.7 Lung structures.

Exercise 26 Respiratory System Structure and Function 543

(b) Anterior left lung

apex

base

cardiac notch

inferior lobe

superior lobe

9

(d) Medial view of left lung

cardiac notch

hilus

inferior lobe

superior lobe

•—•—

18 CO^rdlCyi

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FIGURE 28.8 Pleura

Name Section

Anatomy Review of the Respiratory System

A. Air Fiow

Trace the air fiow through the respiratory system starting with the external nares. Number the structures 1 through 17.

alveolar duct M nasopharynxfCalvpjilar sac oropharynx

/< ^f o alveolus primary bronchus

h IMI / bronchiole _ ' respiratory bronchiole

primary bronchus

IM' ' respiratory bronchiole

JlL secondary bronchus

\^ terminal bronchiole

I tertiary bronchus

trachea

external nares

internal nares

-nL larynx

^ laryngopharynx7 nasal cavity

B. Structural Changes in the Respiratory IVee

Name three structural changes that occur in the bronchi as they branch intobronchioles.

2. gCiA

3. ^''r 7c>

C. Explain why food orliquid in the moiui can be expelled from the nostrils if the moulaughs.

3. ^

expelled from the nostrils if the mouth is closed when the person

560 Exercise 26 Respiratory System Struclure and Function

D. Structure and Function

Match the structure with the correct function.

1. tubular airways that begin the respiratory zone

A 2. connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea^ 3. tubelike structure that conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi

^ 4. closes over the glottis during swallowing

(f 5. keep the trachea from collapsing

^ 6. division of the bronchi that enter bronchopulmonary segments7. last division of the conducting zone

£» 8. conducts air from the nasopharynx to the laryngopharynx

(L 9. small, round sacs where gas exchange occurs

10. small conduction airway that serves a lobule

a. alveolus

b. bronchiole

c. epiglottisd. larynxe. tracheal cartilagesf. oropharynxg. tertiary bronchush. respiratory bronchiolei. terminal bronchiole

j. trachea

E. Match the type of epithelium with its location in the respiratory system and its function.

Location:

Ai. nasal cavity through nasopharynx

^ 2. oropharynx through larynx above vocal cords

^ 3, larynx below vocal cords through primary bronchi4. secondary bronchi through tertiary bronchi

r5. bronchioles through beginning of respiratory bronchiole

6. end of respiratory bronchiole through alveoli

Function:

7. secretes Tnucus to trap and remove dust and debris1

^ 8. diffusion of respiratory gases

protects underlying tissues

Epithelial Tissue:a. pseudostratified ciliated columnarb. simple columnarc. simple cuboidald. simple squamouse. stratified squamous

Anatomy &Physiology \n\ I aChapter 20: BloodPressure Lab \ \V

Background:

Blood pressure, the pressure exerted by blood against blood vessel walls, is highest in the aorta^d the larger elastic arteries and decreases as the arteries branch further away from the heart. Bythe time blood gets back to the right atrium, blood pressure has dropped to zero. Venous bloodpressure therefore is low, and blood flow back to the heart (against gravity) is difficult. Thedifference in blood pressure between the aorta and right atrium causes blood to flow through thesystemic circulation. The pressure difference between the pulmonary trunk and the left atriumcauses the blood toflow through the pulmonary circuit.

With each contraction ofthe ventricles, blood pressure fluctuates in the large arteries. Bloodpressure during contraction (systole) is higher that blood pressure during ventricular relaxation(diastole).

Ai^nal blood pressure is measured in mmHg and can be determined by using ablood pressurecuffor sphygmomanometer in any large artery. Clinically, the brachial artery is most often used.Apump is used to inflate the rubber cuff to apressure greater than the systolic pressure Thisputs pressure on the artery, flattens it and stops the blood flow. Pressure is slowly released byopening a valve.

When blood pressure is greater than the pressure in the cuff, the artery opens and blood flowresumes. Asound caused by the turbulent flow ofblood can be heard until blood flow returns tonormal. The first sound heard is the systolic pressure (average 120mmHg) and the last faintsound heard is the diastolic pressure (average 80mmHg). Blood pressure is written as systolicpressure/diastolic pressure (average 120/80mmHg).

Venous blood pressure can also be determined by inserting apressure transducer directly into avein or indirectly as described in this activity. Average venous pressure is 16mmHg.

Procedure: Working in teams oftwoPart I: Resting Blood Pressure

The subject should sit and rest for 5minutes before measuring blood pressureObtain astethoscope and sphygmomanometer. Wipe the earpieces of the stethoscopeclean with alcohol and completely deflate the blood pressure cuff.Place the sphygmomanometer cuffaround the arm so that the inflatable portion is overthe anterior surface ofthe arm. The bottom ofthe cuff should be approximately I inchabove the elbow.Close the valve on the rubber bulb.Place the large bell of the stethoscope over the brachial artery, insert the earpieces andlisten for the pulse.Inflate ^e cuffby squeezing the bulb until the pressure gauge reaches 160-180mmHg.Immediately use the valve on the hand pump to slowly release air to deflate the cuffandlisten for the first sound (systolic pressure).Watch the pressme gauge and continue to listen. The sound will increase, then muffle andstop. Thediastolic pressure is the last, famt sound.. _.Record your measurements in Table 1.

1

10. Deflate the cuffand have the subject rest for 2minutes before repeating themeasurement. Record the second measurement in Table 1.

Part II: Pulse Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure

Calculateeach of the following and record in Table1I. Pulse Pressure- the larger the pulse pressure, the greater the volume ofblood will be from

the ventricle

Pulse Pressure=systolic - diastolic pressure

11. Mean Arterial Pressure is the average blood pressure over the coarse ofthe cardiac cycleMAP = diastolic bp+ (pulse piressure/3)

Part HI: Venous Pressure1. Stand against the chalk board or white wall with arms hanging by the side and observe

the bloodpoolingin the veinson the dorsalhandsurface2. Locate the approximate location ofthe right atrium (at the same level as the nipples). Use

tape or chalk to indicate the location.3. Abduct one arm and observe the veins become smaller and flatten as the arm israised

•above the level of theright atrium.4. Mark the location ofthe hand with tape orchalk5. Measure the vertical distance between the right atrium mark and the point at which the

veins flattened in millimeters.6. Repeatthis procedure and recordresults in Table 17. Each 12.88 mm elevation ofthe hand above the right atrium represents approximatelv _r-i

1mm rise in Hg.

Venous Pressure (mmHg)= mm measured12.88 nun elevation/mmHg

Part IV: Regulation ofBlood Pressure

Background:The body maintains blood pressure to ensure adequate blood flow to the body tissues. Ifbloodpressure is too low, tissues may not be provided with enough oxygen or nutrients, and, iftheblood pressure is too high, it may cause damage to capillaries and the lining ofblood vessels.Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length and blood vessel diameter all influence the meanarteriole pressure. Only blood vessel diameter can be changed to make immediate changes inblood pressure. Increasing blood vessel diameter (vasodilation) decreases resistance and lowersblood pressure, while decreasing blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction) increases resistanceand blood pressure rises

1. Observe the effect ofbody position on blood pressure and heart rate by measuring both inthe supine position. Record in Table 2.

2. Take both measurements again immediately after standing and also after standing for 2minutes. Record in Table 2.

3. Observe the effect ofexercise on blood pressure by measuring the systolic and diastolicblood pressure and heart rate while standing atrest.

4: ^-measure bollrWood~pressure and heart rate after exercising for3^iinutes (running inplace, climbing stairs, etc.). Record all values in Table3.

Data:Name;

\Table 1: Resting Blood Pressure

Subject SystolicPressure

Venous

Pressure

2.

Diastolic

Pressure

1. 1642.

Pulse

Pressure

\.60

Avg.

1. 1. 512. ]]t 2.

Av

Table 2: Effect of Body Position on Blood PressureSubject Supine BP and HR BP and HR after

Standin

Systolic BP:Diastolic BP:

Systolic BP:Diastolic BP: 1S

Systolic BP:

HR:

HR:

Table 3: Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure

Subject

Subject 1

Subject 2

Analysis Questions:

Resting Blood Pressure

Systolic BP: (6^Diastolic BP: "1

Systoli^P^iT^^^^^Diastolic BP:

HR: 11

MAP

1. m 1.

2. 2.

Avg.

ULUhMmiSH2.

Av

BP and HR after

Standing 2 minutes

Diastolic BP: 4

HR: 7^U\

Systolic BP:Diastolic BP: 1 h

HR

Post Exercise Blood

PressureSystolic BP: (10Diastolic BP: 1

Systolic BP:Diastolic BP:

HR: I oCy

1. Describe the changes in blood pressure from supine to standing and also after exercise.Be specific.

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2. Whathappens fo the bloodvessel diameter at the surface of the skin during exercise?Why does this occur?

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208 Chapter 13. RespiratorySystem

Respiratory Physiology

10. Using the key choices, select the terms identified in thefollowing descriptionsby insertingthe appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks.

/

KEY CHOICES:

A. Atmosphericp^ssure

n

B. In^a^lmonary pressure C. Intrapleural pressure1. In healthy lungs, it is always lower than^tmospheric pressure (that\ is, it is n^ative pressure)

2. \pressure of air outsidethe body

\ . 1 . \3. As it decreases, air flows into the pa ssagewa^s of the lungs4. As It increases over atmospheric pressure, air flows out of^e lungs5. Ifthis, pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, the

lungs collajjse / /I I /

. '\ ' ! '6. Rises well overatmospheric pressure during a for^eful.cough

11. Many changesoccur within the lungsas the diaphragm (and external intercostalmuscles) contractand then relax. Thesechanges lead to the flowof air into andout of the lungs. The activity of the diaphragm isgivenin the left columnof thefollowing table. Severalchanges in condition are listed in the column heads tothe right. Complete the table bychecking (/) theappropriate column tocorrectly identify the change that would be occurring relative to thediaphragm's activity in each case.

Activity ofdiaphragm

Changes in

Internal

volume

of thorax

Internal

pressure

in thorax

Size of

lungsDirection of

air flow

(T = increased)(>L = decreased)

T >1 T i t i Into

lungOut of

lung

Contracted,moves downward X X XRelaxed, movessuperiorly t X X

Respiratory Physiology 209

12. Use the key choices to respond to the following descriptions. Insert the correctterm or letter in the answer blanks.

(J KEY CHOICES:

A. External respiration C. Inspiration E. Ventilation (breathing)

B. Expiration D. Internal respiration

1. Period of breathing when air enters the lungs

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0

£

2. Exchange of gases between the systemic capillary blood and bodycells

3. Alternate flushing of air into and out of the lungs

0\ , 4. Exchange ofgases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillaryblood

13. Although normal quiet expiration is largelypassive due to lung recoil, whenexpiration must be more forceful (or the lungsare diseased), muscles thatincrease the abdominal pressure or depress the rib cage are enlisted.

1. Provide two examples of muscles that cause abdominal pressure to rise.

2. Provide two examples of muscles that depress the rib cage. i'AViwi .f'

14. Four nonrespiratory movements are described here. Identify each by insertingyour answers inthe spaces provided. Si' ^ C6tcp ^ fjjiT)

1. Sudden inspiration, resulting from spasms of the diaphragm.

2. Adeep breath is taken, the glottis is closed,and air is forced out of the lungs againstthe glottis;

clears the lower respiratory passageways. f

3. As just described, but clears the upper respiratory passageways.

4. Increasesventilation of the lungs; may be initiated by a need to increase oxygen levels in the

blood. f £la1

V

Anatomy &Physiology: Chapter 23Gas Exchange Review Wksht Name

1. Describe the movement ofoxygen from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries (Be sureto provide partial pressures ofoxygen in both locations).

of-[\\v)eo\or loS

2. Describe the movement ofcarbon dioxide from capillaries to surrotmding tissues (Be sureto provide partial pressures ofcarbon dioxide in both locations)

, . p, - - 1)0

3. Describe the proportion ofoxygen in the plasma to oxygen in red blood cells

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4. What is oxyhemoglobin? Howis it formed?

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5. What is the relationship between the partial pressure ofoxygen and the percent oxygensaturation (see Figure 23-21)?

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6. What happens to the percent oxygen saturation ifthe amount ofoxygen in the plasmadecreases?

7. Describe the effect of...

a. pH changeson oxygen-hemoglobin saturation

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b. temperature on oxygen-hemoglobin saturation

j^^ow do carbon dioxide levels effect oxygen saturation?

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9. What are the three fates ofcarbon dioxide after it has been produced by the tissues andenters the bloodstream ^

[2^%)

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10. Describe Carbonic Acid Formation. List the equation

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11. What isCarbaminohemoglobin? List the equation

ItlTO

nBBBBHIEUEI

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Exercise 28 Respiratory System Structure and Function

Visceral

pleura

Terminal

bronchiole

* alvoolar- duct • alvevhje

• alveolar sac • rgspif-ato^-bronehtoie

3

4

FIGURE 26.6 Diagram of portion of lung lobule.

5. Lungs

The twolungs are divided intothreelobeson the right sideand twolobes on the left. The three right lobes are the superior, middle, and inferior lobes, and the left lobes arecalled the superior and inferior lobes. The rounded superior part of the lung is the apex and the broader inferiorpart is the base that rests on the diaphragm. The left lobehas a concave surface called the cardiac notch that has

the apex of the heart projecting into it. Each lung has ahilus, an area surrounded with pleura, where the bronchi,blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter or exit themedial side of the lung. The lungs are in the thoracic cavity and are separated from each other by the heart and themediastinum. Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavitywall, and visceral pleura covers the surface of each lung.The pieural cavity is the space between the two pleura!layers that contains pleura! fluid.

1 Label the parts of the lung in Figure 26.7(a), (b), (c),and (d).

2 Identify thesestructures on a lung model or anatomicalchart.

3 Pronounce the terms as you point to them.

4 Label the parts of the pleura in Figure 26.8(a) and (b).