TheJāNā-passive in the NIA. languages

7/28/2019 TheJN-passive in the NIA. languages

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T H E J A N A - P A S S I V E I N T H E N I A . L A N G U A G E S

byG . H . S C H O K K E RUniversity of Leiden

I n h i s s t im u l a t in g s t u d y o f t h e H i n d i p a s s i v e ( U n t e rs u c h u n g en z u r S y n t a xd e s H i n d i ) 1 P . G a e f f k e st a te s : " N e b e n d e n b i s h e r b e h a n d e l t e n P a s s i v a[ i. e. t h e o l d H i n d i t y p e s i n - iyai , - iyata] ~ b e g e g n e n i n a l l e n H i n d i d i a l e k t e nm i t d e m V e r b u m j d n d z u s a m m e n g e s e t z t e F o r m e n . S ie s i nd i n d e n P r a k r i t sn o c h n i c h t v o r h a n d e n , e b e n s o f e h le n si e i m A l t m a r a t h i . V i d y f tp a t i( P a d f tv a l i) d a g e g e n b e s i t z t e in s o l c h e s P a s s i v . D a s h e i ss t , e s w i r d n i c h t v o rd e r ~ b e r g a n g s p e r i o d e e n t s t a n d e n s ei n, i n d e r s ic h d i e ( g e s p r o c h e n e n )s p / i t e n P r a k r i t d i a l e k t e z u d e n n e u i n d o a r i s c h e n S p r a c h e n e n t w i c k e l t e n . "

A s G a e f f k e e x p r e s sl y l ea v e s o p e n t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e o r i g i n o f t h e N I A .j d n d - p a s s i v e , ~ t m a y b e w o r t h w h i l e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h i s p o i n t a l i tt le f u r t h e r .I t w il l t h e n a p p e a r t h a t p e r i p h r a s t i c c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h t h e v e r b y d - ( P k t .j d - , c f. H i n d i j d n d ) t o e x p r e s s th e p a s s iv e d o o c c u r i n S a n s k r i t, B u d d h i s tH y b r i d S a n s k r i t ( w i t h g a m y a t e ) , P r a k r i t a n d A p a b h r a r h ~ a . H e n c e , t h eN I A . j d n d - p a s s i v e m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t o d e r iv e f r o m t h i s t y p e o f c o n -s t ru c t io n s , e s p e c ia l ly f r o m t h o s e f o u n d i n A p a b h r a r h ~ a .

T h e i n s t a n c e s o f t h e s e p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i ll b e d i s -c u s se d , a n d i t w i ll b e p o i n t e d o u t w h i c h c o n c l u s io n s m a y b e d r a w n f r o mt h e m f o r th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e j d n d - p a s s i v e a n d c o n n e c t e d v e r b a lc o m p o u n d s i n th e N I A . l an g u a g es . 4

I n S a n s k r i t p e r i p h r a s t ic c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f v e r b s m e a n i n g " t o g o " ( yd- ,e t c .) w i t h a b s t r a c t n o u n s , e s p e c i a l ly t h o s e e n d i n g i n - td , - tva a n d -ana , t o1 P. Gae ffke, Untersuehungen zur Sy ntax des Hindi (The Hague, 1967), pp 51-52.2 P. Gaeffke, op. cit., pp. 40-51.3 P. Gaeffke , op. cit., p. 53, n. 1.* Fo r those scholars who hav e ak ea dy drawn attention to some of these constructionssee the following discussion. Recently K. d e Vreese, without g oing into detail, re-marked: "The Hindi passive, however, which Jules Bloch tentatively explained ashaving originated under the influence of MI ida (Skt. jdta) and which Chatterji isinclined to derive from M I -ij]ai,can now better be explained from the Apabhraria~apotential p assive (type kara.naumjdi), from which the ordinary passive developped lateron" , Lingua, X HI (1965), p. 213.


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2 G . H . S C H OK K E Rd e n o t e th e p a ss i n g f r o m o n e st a te i n t o a n o t h e r a r e w e ll k n o w n : T h ec o n s t r u c ti o n o f y d - w i t h a n a c t i o n - n o u n i n - a n a m a y e x p r e s s t h e p a s s i v e ,cf . , e .g . , d a r g a n a ~ h y d - " T o c o m e i n t o v i s i o n , t o b e s e e n " , Va r d h . B . r h . S .1 1, 4 2 ; 5 8 , 1 . s T h i s t y p e o f p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s a l s o f o u n dw i t h i n f i n it e v e r b a l f o r m s l ik e t h e S a n s k r i t i n fi n i ti v e in - t u r n , t h e g e r u n d sa n d t h e n e u t e r o f t h e p a s t p a r t ic i p l e in - t a .

A s i s w e l l k n o w n , t h e S a n s k r i t i n f i n i t i v e i n - t u r n ( a s w e l l a s o t h e ra c t i o n - n o u n s ) b y i t se l f b e l o n g s n e i t h e r t o t h e a c t iv e n o r t o t h e p a s s i v ev o i c e . W h e n t h e i n fi n i ti v e i s c o n s t r u e d w i t h a n a c t i v e v e r b , i t h a s a na c t iv e m e a n i n g , b u t , w h e n c o n s t r u e d w i t h a p a s s i v e v e r b , i t h a s a p a s s i v em e a n i n g 3 I n t h e c a s e o f t h e i n t ra n s i t iv e v e r b y d - t h e i n f i n i t i v e , w h e nc o n s t r u e d w i t h i t, m a y h a v e e i th e r (1 ) a n a c t iv e m e a n i n g o r ( 2) a p a s s iv em e a n i n g . ( 1) T h e t y p e q u o t e d b y t h e f i rs t e d it i o n o f t h e P W . , 8 e .g .,t a t h d e d r e a y i t u r h j d t u y d t o b h ~ t e ~ v a r a r h n .r pa t: " A n d t h u s , o n c e u p o n at i m e , t h e k i n g w e n t t o w o r s h i p B h f i t e ~ v a r a " , R d j a t a r . V, 48 . o (2 ) T het y p e q u o t e d b y t h e s e c o n d e d i t io n o f th e P W . , 1~ s u b y d - i n t h e s e n s e o f" g e h e n , s o v . a . y o n S t a t t e n g e h e n , g e l i n g e n , z u S t a n d e k o m m e n " : y ey o g i n d m a p i n a y d n t i gu n. d s t a v e ~ a, v a k t u d ~ k a t h a r h b h a v a t i t e.s u m a m d v a -k d ga .h , K a l y d . n a m a n d i r a s t o t r a , v s. 6 , t r a n s l a t e d b y H . J a c o b i w i t h : " W e n nd e i n e T u g e n d e n , o F i ir s t , v o n H e i l ig e n s e l b s t s ic h n i c h t b e s p r e c h e n l a s s e n ,w i e s o l l t e e s d a n n m i r g l i J c k e n ? '1 1

S i m i l a r l y t h e g e r u n d s , o r i g i n a l ly a c t i o n - n o u n s , a2 a n d t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l ein - t a , i n i ts n e u t e r f o r m a b l e t o s e rv e a s a n a c t i o n - n o u n , ~8 m a y b e c o n -s t r u e d w i t h y d - t o e x p r e s s t h e p a s s i v e .

I . W i t h a n i n f i n i t iv eA . S a n s k r i tT h i s t y p e o f p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e , i .e . n d y d t i w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , i s f o u n df o r t h e f i rs t t i m e i n M h b h . i n t e r p o l a t i o n 2 2 1 a f t e r I I , 1 9 , 3 0: v a k t u ~ h n d y d t i5 C f . L . R e n o u , Grammaire Sanscrite (Par is , 1961) , p . 495; JAs, 1959, pp. 36, 94.6 Var~hamihira, B.rhatsarhhita, ed. H. Kern (Calcutta, 1865).Cf. J. S. Speyer, S a n s k r # S y n t a x (Leiden, 1886), par . 387, 391.a O. BShtlingk und R. Roth, Sanskri t W6rterbuch (St. Petersbu rg, 1855-75), sub yti-,6e.' Kalha .na ,Rajatarat~ gin. , ed. M . A. Stein (Bom bay, 1892).10 O. BSh tlingk, Sanskrit-WOrterbueh in kiirzerer Fassung bearbeitet (St. Petersburg,1879-89), sub yti-, 4.11 Siddhasenadivfikara, Kalyd.namandirastotra, ed. and trsl. by H. Jacobi, in Ind.S tud . , XIV, p. 3 79. Cf. Renou, Grammaire Sanscri te , par. 219e.12 Cf. Sp eye r, op. eit., par. 3 79 ; J . W ackernagel und A . Debrunner, AltindischeG r a m m a t i k (GSttingen, 1954), II, 2, par. 484, 641.13 CT. Sp ey er, op. eit . , p. 281, n. 1 Wack ernagel un d Debrunner, op. cir., par. 436c( p . 5 8 5 ) .


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T H E jl ff r/ d- P A S S1 V E I N T H E N I A . L A N G U A G E S 3rdjend ra e tay or niyamasthayot.1 " O s u p r e m e s o v e r e i g n , it is i m p o s s i b l e f o rb o t h o f t h e m t o s p e a k b e c a u s e t h e y o b s e r v e a v o w " . x4I t s e e m s t h a t F . K i e l h o r n ~ h a s b e e n t h e f i rs t t o p o i n t t o t h e p e r i p h r a s t i cp a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f y d - w i t h t h e in f in i ti v e. B e s id e s t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e di n s t a n c e o f t h e Kaly6 .namandiras to t ra , h e q u o t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g c a s e s :

Har.sac. I I , 1 3 svecchopajdtavi .sayo 'p i na yd t i vaktud~ de h~ti . . , igvara-durvidagdhat3 " A l t h o u g h h i s p o ss e s si o n s c o m e t o h i m a t h is o w n p l e as u r e ,a w r o n g - h e a d e d k i n g c a n n o t b e t o ld t o g iv e '~6. T h e S a n s k r i t c o m m e n t a r ye x p l a i n s n a y d t i v a k t u m w i t h vaktut i~ n a pd rya te , na ~ ak yata i t i v irodhat.1 .

La l i tav igrahard jan6t .aka , p . 9 , l i n e 4 : virahah, so.dhuth kathaff7 ydsyati" H o w w i ll th e s e p a r a t i o n b e b o r n e ? 'a7

H . O s t h o f f ( I F , V I I , p p . 1 7 9 -1 8 2 ) q u o t e s vind rdjgd s thdtut i~ na ydt i " I ti s i m p o s s i b l e t o s t a y w i t h o u t a k i n g " , H i t . , p . 4 1 , l i n e 3 ( e d . P . P e t e r s o n[ B o m b a y , 1 8 8 7] ; t h u s a l so t h e 1 4 t h e d . b y K . P . P a r a b [ B o m b a y , 1 94 7] ,p . 4 0 , l i n e 1 ; b u t O . B i S h t l i n g k , i n h i s S a n s k r i t - C h r e s t o m a t h i e [ L e i p z i g ,1 9 0 9 , 3 r d e d . ] , p . 1 7 5 , l i n e 7 , r e a d s y u k t a m f o r yd t i ) .

I n h i s t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e S a u n d a r a n a n d a ( n o t e o n V I I , 1 5) TM E . H . J o h n -s t o n r e f e r s t o t w o i n s t a n c e s i n G a u . d a p f t d a ' s Bhd.sya o n S d r h k h y a k d r i k dX I : na v ivekari l kar tuth ydt i " I t c a n n o t b e d e c i d e d " ( p . 9), a n d vivektud7 na) ,dt i (p . 1 0 ) 3 9

I n h i s Hi s t o i r e d e la L a n g u e S a n s k r i t e , p . 7 0 , n . 1 , 2~ L . R e n o u q u o t e s n ay d t i p r a t i b h e t t u m " I t c a n n o t b e p i e r c e d " f r o m J a y a n t a b h a . t t . a ' s N y d y a -ma g j a r i , p . 385 , l i ne 18 . e~

B . B u d d h i s t H y b r i d S a n s k r i tF . E d g e r t o n 22 q u o t e s g a m y a t e i n th e m e a n i n g " I t i s p o s s ib l e , t h e r e i s14 Mah6bhfirata,cr i t . ed . by V. S. Sukthankar (Poona, 1943) .1~ F. Kie lhorn , "A peculiar use of the verb ya in a verse of the Har.sacarita", AlbumKern (Leiden, 1893), pp. 119-120. C f. Re no u, Gramrnaire Sanscrite, par . 107; YAs,1959, p. 78.in B~n.a,Hars.acarita,ed. K. P. Par ab (Bo mb ay, 1897), p . 54. E. B. Cowell and F . W.Thom as , in the i r t rans la t ion o f the Hars.acarita (Lo ndo n, 1897), p . 42, render na ydt ivaktum with: "He cannot speak out his request" , but , when taking the verse as refer-r ing to K~ ma, they t r ans la te : "K~ ma c anno t be ca l led".17 Ed . F. Kielh orn, in Bruchstiicke Indischer Schauspiele in Inschriften zu Ajmere(Berlin, 1901).is A~vagho.sa, Saundarananda, trsl . by E. H. Joh ns ton (Calcutta, 1932).19 i~varak.r.s.na, S~thkhyakdrikd, with Gau~laphda's Bhg.sya, ed. Bechanar~ma Tri-pa.thi (Benares, 1883).20 L. Re no u, Histoire de la Lan gue Sanskrite (Paris, 1956).21 Ed. Pa nd it ~ri Nhrayan.a ~uk la ( = Kashi Sanskrit Series, no . 106) (Benares, 1936).Cf . the t ransla t ion by L. R enou , in Anthologie San skrite (Paris, 1947), p. 251.~ F . Edger ton , Buddh ist Hybrid Sanskrit D ictionary (New Haven, 1953) .


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4 G.H. $CHOKKERo p p o r t u n i t y " , c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e i nf in i ti v e , f r o m M ahdv as tu I I , 2 4 8 , 1 8 :ya di tava abhipt~yo, 6gaccha, nanaprakdrdn, i pha ldni paribho ktuth tahithg a m y a t e " I f y o u a r e w i l l i n g , c o m e , v a r i o u s f r u i t s c a n b e e n j o y e d t h e r e " . 2~

T h i s im p e r s o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i t h t h e a c c u s a t iv e c a s e ndndprakdrd.nipha ldn i a s a n o b j e c t d e p e n d i n g o n t h e i n fi n it iv e par ibhok tum, i s a n i n -t e r es t i n g p a r a l l e l t o t h e i m p e r s o n a l p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f j d n ~ w i t h t h eo b l i q u e c a s e o f t h e l o g i c a l o b j e c t i n th e N I A . l a n g u a g e s , c f . , e .g . , d m 6 k ede k hana jdy a " I a m s e e n " i n B e n g a l i ( cf . G a e f f k e , p . 5 2 ). 24C . Prak r i tK i e l h o r n (op. cit., p . 1 1 9) a l s o q u o t e s t w o i n s t a n c e s f r o m P r a k r i t :

1) Karp~tram. I , 3 0 b . n o bahfthith rama.naphalaalh ve.dhiuth jd i dohith" T h e e x p a n s e o f h e r h ip s c a n n o t b e e n c o m p a s s e d [ e ve n ] w i t h t h e t w oa r m s " . 2 5

2 ) Karpf tram. I , 3 0 d ta pac cakk hath m aha v il ihiuth jd i esa n.a c i t te" T h e r e f o r e , i t i s i m p o s s i b l e f o r m e t o p o r t r a y h e r i n a p i c t u r e a s s h e re a l lyi s " . K i e l h o r n p o i n t s t o t h e p a r a l l e l citren,api na gakyate 'bh i l ikh i tum,Vasav., p . 104 . 26

I n h i s P r a k r i t d i c t i o n a r y , s u b j d - ( S k t . y a - ) i n th e m e a n i n g sakan~,sama r tha hond, S h e t h 27 q u o t e s t w o i n s ta n c e s f r o m D e v e n d r a ' s Suk habo-dh~ ( in m a n u s c r i p t f o r m ) o n Uttarddhyayanasatra I I , 13 :~ s

3 ) k i th tu mama e t tha na ja ipav v ah t th , l i t. " B u t b y m e it c a n n o t b e g o n et h e r e " .

4 ) bahit.t.hiya.narh kith jdyai ajjh~iuth " W h a t c a n b e s tu d i e d b y o u t -s i d e r s ? "

I I . With an action-nounT h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f j d - w i t h a n a c t i o n - n o u n t o e x p r e s s t h e p a s s i v e (c f .2 s Ed . E . Sena r t ( Pads , 1890). J . J . Jones , in h i s t r ans l a t i on o f t he Mahdvastu L o n d o n ,1952), I I , p . 235 ; t r ans l a t e s : " I f yo u a r e w i ll ing , com e , we wi ll go t he r e t o en joy thoseva r i ega t ed f r u i ts " .24 CT. S . K . Ch at ter j i , The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language Calcu t t a ,1926) , pp . 921f f ., 5 R~ ja~ekhar a , Karprtrama~jarf,2 n d e d . a n d t r sl . b y S . K o n o w a n d C . R . L a n m a n( B e n a r e s , 1 9 6 3 ) . C f . L a n m a n ' s n o t e , ibidem, p . 238 , n . 2 : "The ph r ase . no jai (yati)s e e m s t o b e u s e d l i k e es geht nicht, that won't go ". Cf . a l so B . Saksena , Evolution o fAwadhi (Al lah aba d, 1937) , p . 296.*~ Subandhu , Vasavadatta, ed. F . Ha l l ( Ca lcu t t a , 1859) .,7 H a r g o v i n d D a s T . S h eth , Pgda-Sadda-Maha.n.nava,2nd ed . (Benares , 1963) .~s Acc or d ing to J . Ch ar pen t i e r , Uttar~dhyayanas~tra Up psa l a , 1922), p . 56 , De ven dr ac o m p l e t e d t h e Sukhabodha n sathvat 1129 ( 1072 A .D. ) .


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TH E jtln~t-PASSIVE IN THE NIA. LANGUAG ES 5S k t . d a r g a n a t h y d - ) i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f A p a b h r a r h ~ a . I n t h e i r e d i t i o n o fA b d u l R a h m a n ' s S a l h d e ~ a R d s a k a , J i n a V i ja y a M u n i a n d H . V . B h a y a n is t a t e : " T h e u s e o f t h e i n f i n i ti v e [ i. e. t h e a c t i o n - n o u n ] w i t h . ha ( o r a ni n t e r r o g a t i v e p a r t i c l e ) a n d j d i t o d e n o t e i m p o s s i b i l i ty o f p e r f o r m i n g a na c t i o n b e c a u s e o f i t s e x t r e m e n a t u r e i s p e c u l i a r l y A p a b h r a l i a g a " . 2~

A s s t a t e d b y L . R e n o u , 3~ i n S a n s k r i t t h e a c t i o n - n o u n , e s p e c i a l l y t h a t i n- a n d y a , - a n e , c o m p e t e s w i t h t h e i n f i n i ti v e . C f . , e . g ., S a k . I , 1 1 d r t a t r d n d y av a.h g a s t ra f i l n a p r a h a r t u m a n d g a s i ; 81 a n d t h e a c t i o n - n o u n i n - a n e w i t ha d a k t a : P a g c a t . I , p . 7 2 , l i n e 3 a~ ak td vayati~ samudra~o.san, e . 32 I n P r a k r i t ,w h e r e g e n e r a l l y t h e S a n s k r i t i n f i n i t iv e su ff ix - turn s u r v i v e s i n t h e f o r m s- iu th , -urh , t h e te n d e n c y t o w a r d s s u b s t i t u t i n g a n a c t i o n - n o u n i n -a.ne f o rt h e i n f i n i t i v e i s w e l l k n o w n , c f ., e . g ., e s o a y a l o m a m a g h a r d g a m a . n en i v ~ r e y a v v o , H . J a c o b i , A u s g e w . E r z . , p . 6 3 , l i n e 1 6 ( c f . i b i d e m , p a r . 1 1 6 ) . 33

A c c o r d i n g t o G . V . T a g a r e ( H G A , p . 3 2 2 ) , 34 t h e S a n s k r i t i n f i n i t i v es u f f i x - turn s u r v i v e s i n t h e s o u t h e r n A p a b h r a l h ~ a i n f i n i t iv e s u f f i x - h u d r ,o n w h i c h t h e M a r a t h i i n f i n i t i ve i n - ~ h , - o i l 7 i s b a s e d ( se e b e l o w ) . B u tg e n e r a l l y A p a b h r a r h ~ a 35 u s e s a c t i o n - n o u n s l i k e t h o s e e n d i n g i n - e v a t h ,-an.a, -a.nahad~ 36 a n d -an . hi~iT, o r g e r u n d s l i k e t h o s e e n d i n g i n - e p p i ,-eppi.nu, -evi a n d -evin. u, ~7 f o r t h e in f i n i t i v e . S e e H e m a c . I V , 4 4 1 t u m aev ad 7 at.~dn, aha ti7 a.na hifi~.3s2~ J ina Vi jaya M uni and H. V. Bhay an i , Abdul Ra hm an's Sarhdega Rasaka ( B o m b a y ,1945) , p . 44 . Fo r the same func t ion o f the j 't in~-pass ive in the ea r ly s tage o f the N IA .languages see Ga ef fke , p . 55 . Indeed , the m ajo r i ty o f the ins tances we have co l lec tedconf i rm th is impress ion . I t s exp lan a t ion , however , fa l l s ou ts ide the scope o f th i s s tudyw h ic h i s o n ly c o n c e rn e d w i th t h e f o r m a l a s p e c t .3o JAs, 1959, p. 14.3~ KAlid~sa, ,~akuntal~, 3rd ed . M onie r W i l l iams (Benares, 1961) .~ Pagcatantra, 6 th ed . F . Kie lhorn (Bombay , 1896) .33 H . Jac obi , Ausgewtihlte Erziihhmgen in M~harashtd (Leipzig , 1886).3, G . V . T a g a re , Historical Grammar of.4pabhrathda (Poona, 1948).35 In A rdham agad h i the fo rms de r iv ing f rom the San skr i t in f in i tive in -rum ra re lyse rve as in f in i t ives bu t a re m ore o f ten used as ge runds . Cf . R. P ische l , Gram mat ik derPrakrit-Sprachen (S t rassburg , 1900) , pa r . 576 ; A. M. Gha tage , Introduction to Ardha-Mffgadlff (K olha pur , 1951) , pa r . 462 .~e A cco rdin g to Pischel , Grammat ik , p a r . 5 7 9 , -a.naharh i s gen . p lu r . o f -a.na . L .H .G r a y ( B S O S , VI II , p . 573), cons ide r ing th i s p lu ra l fo rm u nusu a l in an ac t ion-no unserv ing as an in f in i t ive , sugges ts i t s o r ig in f r om O IA . *-anatham, b u t h e c o n c ed e s t h a t-tha i s n o t u s e d e i th e r i n S a n s k r i t o r i n A v e s ta t o f o r m s e c o n d a r y n o u n - d e riv a t iv e s .Unless -a.nahath is gen. p lur . (cf . cintantffham, the gen . p lu r . o f the p resen t pa r t ic ip leused in an abso lu te sense , H e m a c . I V , 362) , i t may be the loc . s ing . o f the femin inesuffix -a.na (Skt. -ana), el. -a.nahidt, which is a lso loc . s ing. (Pischel) . See vikkha-.nahaK~ ( fo r vikhyatum) in Sanatkumdracaritam ~131," 8 (ed. H . Jac ob i, A B A W , 31[Mfinchen , 1922 l) , wh ich may b e pa ra l le l to a fo rm l ike kannahath (kanyffy~m),ibidem, par . 16 .a7 For -epp i, -evi d e r iv in g f r o m V e d ic -tv[ a n d -eppi.nu, -evi.nu d e r iv in g f r o m V e d ic-tv[nam see Pischel , Grammatik, par . 588 .


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6 G . H . S C H O K K E R

S o i n A p a b h r a r h g a t h e p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e i s e x p r e s s e d b y t h e c o n -s t r u c t io n o f j a - w i t h a n a c t i o n - n o u n o r a g e r u n d ( o r a p a s t p a r ti c ip l e , cf .s u b I V ) . A s w il l b e p o i n t e d o u t , th e A p a b h r a fi a g a c o n s t r u c t i o n o f j a - w i t ha n a c t i o n - n o u n t o e x p r e s s th e p a s s iv e s u r v iv e s i n th e N I A . l a n g u a g e s, c f.t h e t y p e pit .a dharan,a n a j a i " T h e p o t c a n n o t b e h e l d " i n O l d B e n g a l i ( cf .G a e f f k e , p. 5 2). T h e i n s t a n c e s n o t e d i n A p a b h r a r h g a a r e :

1) H e m a c . I V , 3 5 0 , 3~ w h e n p r e s c r i b i n g t h e e n d i n g -h e f o r t h e g e n . s i n g .f e m . in A p a b h r a r h ~ a , q u o t e s : annu ju tucchai~ti~ tahe dha.nahe ta th ak kh a-n. aibi~ na ja i, c f . T r i v i k r a m a : a n y a d y a t t uc c h al h t a s y a d h a n y d y d s t a dd k h y ~ t u r h n a y a t i ; P i s e h e l t r a n s l a t e s : " A l l e s a n d e r e w a s a n d e r g l i i c k -l i c h e n z a r t ( k l e i n , e t c .) is t , d a s g e h t n i c h t z u z ~ ih l en " . V a i d y a r e n d e r sa k k h a ea i ~ th n a j d i w i t h : " I t is i m p o s s i b l e t o m e n t i o n " .

2 ) H e m a c . I V , 4 41 ( s e e a b o v e ) q u o t e s : emval" suh u bhmiljan, ahad~ man. upa ra bhulh jan , ah i lh h a j j i , 4~c f . T r i v i k r a m a : e v a m e v a su kh ay i7 b h o k t u m a n d . hp a r ay h b h o k t u t h n a y a t i ; P i s c h e l t r a n s l a t e s : " S o g e r a d e d e n k t m a n G l f i c kz u g e n i e s se n , j e d o c h ( s o ) g e h t (G l i i c k ) n i c h t z u g e n i e s s e n " . V a i d y a r e n d e r sbhuti~jan,a hiF n n a j a i w i t h : " I s u n a b l e t o d o s o [ i.e . to e n j o y h a p p i n e s s ] " .

3) S a th d e ga R d s a k a 7 l a lajja vi p ar hth iya ja~" rahai~rh, hiyai~ na dharan, ai~j 6 i " O t ra v e l le r , i f I s t a y , I c a n n o t k e e p f i rm m y h e a r t o u t o f s h a m e " .

4) i b i d e m 8 1 a sadTdesa.dai~ sav it thar aft , pa ra ma~" kahan, u na j ~ i " T h em e s s a g e is lo n g , b u t I c a n n o t t e l l i t " .

5) i b i d e m 2 1 8 b kima kof la kalarai~ sahan,a j 8 i " H o w c a n t he s o u n d o ft h e k o k i l a b e b o r n e ? "

6 ) A c c o r d i n g t o J i n a V i j a y a M u n i a n d H . V . B h a y a n i ( S a t h d eg a R ~ s a k a ,p . 4 4 ), t h is t y p e o f p e r i p h r a s t ic p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n a l so o c c u r s i n J o i n d u ' sP a r a m a p p a p a y a s u ? ~ B u t t o m y r e g r e t t h i s t e x t i s n o t a v a i l a b l e t o m e .

3~ SiddhahemaeandraAdhyaya VIII, ed. an d trsl. by R. Pischel (Halle, 187 7-80), cf"also the edition by P. L. Va idya (Poona, 1958). Thu s also Skrhhafftja,Prak.rtarCtp~va-t~ra, ed. E. Hultzsch (London, 1909); Lak.smidhara, $ad.bhas.acandrik~,ed. Trivedi(Benares, 1916). Cf. Puru.sottama, Prdk.rtanugasana,eel. L. N itti-Doici (Paris, 1938),XV II, 36. See Tagare, HGA (p. 321), who also gives a survey o f the regional divisionof th e infinitives used in Apab hrath~a.~9 For Hemac. IV, 350 and IV, 441 see Kramadf~vara IV, 36 an d V, 55. Cf. R. Pischel,M aterialien zur Ken ntnis des Apabhrarhga, in A K G W (G6tt.), Phil.-Hist. Kl., NF., Bd.V, n. 4, pp. 10, 42; L. Alsdo rf, in Festschrift Winternitz (Leipzig, 1933).40 In his Apabhrathga-Studien (AK M , XX II, 2 [1937]), pp. 69ff. , L. Alsdorf considersHemac. IV, 441 one of his "Ad h oc gedichtete Beispielstrophen". Fo r H em acan dra'ssources see Pischel, Grammatik, par. 29; L. P. Tessitori, Ind. Ant., XL III , p . 22; L .Nitti-Dolci, Les Grarnmairiens Prakrits (Paris, 19 38), p. 176.~1 Th e text has been edited by A. N. U pad hye (Kolhapur, 1937). Cf. also the editionin the Rayacandra-Jaina-,qKstra-Mala,12 (Bom bay, 1915), and the translation by R. D .Jaini (Library o f Jain Literature) (Arrah, 1915).


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THE jdnd-PASSIVE IN THE NIA. LANGUAGESI I I . W i t h a g e r u n d

A . S a n s k r i tL . R e n o u , i n h i s G r a m m a i r e S a n s c r i t e ( p a r . 1 0 3d ), h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a tt h e g e r u n d s i n - t vd a n d - y a f z e s p e c ia l ly i n p a s s iv e o r n o m i n a l s e n te n c e s,m a y e x p r e s s t h e a c t io n e x p e r ie n c e d b y t h e su b je c t. T h i s u se o f t h e g e r u n d si n a p as s iv e m e a n i n g i s a l s o f o u n d i n th e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h y d - t o e x p r e s st h e p a s s i v e .

I n A ~ v a g h o . s a ' s S a u n d a r a n a n d a a n d B u d d h a c a r i t a t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o fy d - w i th a g e r u n d , b e s i de s d e n o t i n g c o n t i n u o u s o r h a b i t u a l a c t i o n ( S . V ,4 3 ; B . I X , 5 4 ; X I I I , 5 ) , m a y a l s o e x p r e s s t h e p a s s i v e :~31) S a u n d a r a n a n d a V I I , 1 5 : 4 4

ch i t tvd ca bh i t tvd ca hi yd nt i tdni svapauru.sdc caiva sah.rdbaldc caj ~ d n d c c a r a u k. sy d c c a v in d v i m o k t u r h n a d a k y a t e s n e h a m a y a s t u p dg a.h

" F o r t h e fo r m e r [ b o n d s ] c a n b e c u t o r b r o k e n b y o n e ' s o w n m i g h t o r t h es t r e n g t h o f f r ie n d s, b u t t h e s n a r e o f l o v e c a n n o t b e l o o s e n e d e x c e p t b yt r u e k n o w l e d g e o r h a r d h e a r t e d n e s s " ( J o h n s t o n ) .N o t e : c h i t t v d c a b h i t t v d c a h i y d n t i : v i m o k t u r h n a g a k y a t e .2 ) B u d d h a c a r i t a V I , 4 8 : 4 5

y a s m a d y d t i c a lo k o ' y a t h v i p r a la b h y a p a r a ti ~ pa r a mm a m a t v a r h n a k . s a m a t h t a s m d t s v a p n a b h f t t e s a m d g a m e

" A n d s i n ce t h is w o r l d is i n a s t a te o f c o n t i n u o u s s e p a r a t i o n , t h e r e f o r e t h ef e e li n g 't h i s is m i n e ' i s i m p r o p e r w i t h r e g a r d t o a c o m i n g t o g e t h e r t h a t i st r a n s i t o r y a s a d r e a m " ( J o h n s t o n ) . 46~ See note 12.46 Cf. Joh nsto n, Buddhac., t rs l . , In trod. , p . LXXV; L. Renou, JAs, 1959, p. 78. Th eperiphrastic con stru ctio n o f verbs like ds-, v.rt-, sthd - with a present participle or agerund to s ignify a co nt inuo us act ion is wel l know n, cf . Speyer , Sanskrit Syntax, par .381. Fo r the gerund "in the man ner o f a par tic iple fo rmin g a cont inu ous tense with i -"see W. D . W hi tney , Sanskrit Grammar, 6th ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), par. 994e. - -Fo r the cons t ruc t ion of gain- with a gerun d in Pali see Rhys Da vids and W . Stede, ThePali T ex t Society's Pall-English Dictiona ry (Chipstead, Surrey, 1925), s.v.; R. N. Vale ,Verbal Compo sition in Indo-Aryan (Po on a, 19 48), pp. 263-264; H. H endriksen, Syntaxo f the Infinite Verb-forms o f Pali (Copen hagen, 1944), par . 46.44 Ed. E. H. John ston (Lon don , 1928).4s Ed. and trsl . by E. H . Jo hn sto n (Calcutta, 1936).46 Cf . Joh nsto n 's note: "Y~ti with the gerund implies cont inu ous or habitual act ion,possibly here in a passive sense ' is being continually separated' , as is apparently thecontruct ion a t S . VII , 15."


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8B. Apabhrarhga

G. H. SCHOKKER

I n A p a b h r a r h ~ a , w h e r e t h e g e r u n d m a y s e rv e as a n i n f in i ti v e ( H e m a c . I V ,4 4 1 , c f . s u b I I ) , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n s t a n c e h a s b e e n n o t e d :

P u . s p a d a n t a , N dy ak um dr ac ar iu I , 15,1347 tuhurh jd h i laeppin, u k i th paren, a" H o w c a n y o u b e t a k e n b y a n o th e r ? '4 s T h i s ty p e o f c o n s t r u c t io n s u rv i ve si n t h e e a r l y s t a g e o f t h e N I A . l a n g u a g e s , c f. e a r l y A v a d h i m a n d i r a . ., k a h ijdta so ndh~ti~ " T h a t t e m p l e c a n n o t b e d e s c r i b e d " , T u l s i d ~ s a , R d m a -c a r i t a md n a s a V, 5 ,349 ( c f . Ga ef fk e , p . 52).

IV . W i t h a p a s t p a r ti c i p l eT h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f y d - w i t h t h e n e u t e r o f a p a s t p a r t ic i p l e in - ta , w h i c hm a y s e r v e a s a n a c t i o n - n o u n a~ ( e. g. , y a t a m , n . " m o t i o n " , ~1 Vardh . B!47. S .6 8 , 11 5 ; 8 6 , 6 ), h a s n o t b e e n n o t e d i n S a n s k r i t . I n P r a k r i t a n d A p a -b h r a a ~ a , h o w e v e r , s o m e i n s ta n c e s h a v e b e e n n o t e d . I n a P r a k r i t p a s s a g el i ke dit.t.hHli a bdn. eh i a tuli ath j~ i lahuarh pavatizgamasen, n. arh, t r a n s l a t e d b yG o l d s c h m i d t w i t h " J e t z t w a r d d a s A f f e n h e e r m i t B l ic k e n u n d P f e i le n y o ni h m a u f g e w o g e n ( = i ib e r w a lt ig t ), le ic h t ( = b e s i e g t) " (Rdvan. ava ha X V ,44) , ~ tulia~i7 j d i lahuarh m a y b e c o n s i d er e d o n e e x p r e s si o n " b e c o m e se a s i ly m a t c h e d ( i.e . d e f e a t e d ) " , u n l e s s tuliarh i s a n a d j e c t i v e b e l o n g i n g t opava vhga ma sen, n. arh.

A s r e g a r d s A p a b h r a r h g a , H . J a c o b i , i n h is e d i t io n o f t h e S a n a t k u -m 6 r a c a r i t a m ( p . 1 9) , 53 s t a t e s : " V i e l l e i c h t l ie g t e i n e U m s c h r e i b u n g d e sP a ss iv s m i t d e m V e r b u m " g e h e n " w i e i m H i n d i v o r in d e r V e r b i n d u n gp a n a l l h a u j d i ( 34 2 , 9 ) ' . S i nc e J a c o b i h e r e re f e rs t o t h e u n e d i t e d p a r t o ft he m a n u s c r ip t o f H a r i b h a d r a ' s N e m i n a t h a c a r i t a m , t h e c o n t e x t i n w h i c hpanat . t .hau jd i o c c u r s i s u n k n o w n . B u t , a s t h e d is t i n c t io n b e t w e e n t h e -a ua n d -aurh e n d i n g s f o r r e s p e c ti v e l y t h e m a s c u l i n e a n d n e u t e r f o r m s o f th e- a s t e m s is m a i n t a i n e d i n th e S a n a t k u m d r a c a r i t a m ( Ja co b i , pp . I 1 ; 17), i ts e e m s l i k e l y t h a t p a n a t t h a u i s n o t t h e n e u t e r b u t t h e m a s c u l i n e f o r m a n dc o r r e s p o n d s w i t h a n u n k n o w n m a s c u l in e n o u n . I f s o , t h is c o n s t r u c t i o n o4~ Ed. H. Jain (Bena res, 1933).48 Cf. also the construction o f j a i with the loc. sing. of a noun, ibidem tH, 11,9: jasuatthu so j~i viy6rahith "H e who has proper ty can be changed".4~ Ed. ~y~m asund arad~sa (Pray~g , 1922).6o See no te 13.s~ See below the Kh a.ri Boli constructionjayaj~na "to be possible to go", which isbased on Pkt. jaya (Skt. yatam).5~ Rava.navaha der Setubandha ,ed. an d trsl. by S. Go ldschm idt (Strassburg, 1 880-84).58 Sanatkunuiracaritam,ed. H . Jacobi, in A B A W , 31 (Mfinchen , 1922).


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T H E j a n a - P A S S I V E I N T H E N I A . L A N G U A G E Sj d i w i t h t h e a d j e c t i v e m a s c u l i n e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e panat.t.hau i s a n i n t e r e s t i n gf o r e r u n n e r o f t h e w e l l -k n o w n N I A . p a s si v e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h j d n d a n dt h e d e c l i n e d p a s t p a r t i c i p l e .

N I A . L A N G U A G E SA s s t a te d b y G a e f f k e ( p. 5 2 ) , i n t h e e a r l y st a g e o f t h e N I A . l a n g u a g e s t h e

j d n d - p a s s i v e s a r e c o n s t r u e d e i t h e r w i t h i n f i n i t e v e r b a l f o r m s o r w i t h t h ed e c l in a b l e p a s t p a r ti c ip l e . T h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d c o n s t r u c t i o n s a c c o u n tf o r th e N I A . p a s si v e c o n s t r u c t io n s w i t h j d n d a n d i n f i n i t e v e r b a l f o r m s .

T h e i n fi n it e v e rb a l f o r m s f o u n d i n t h e e a r ly N I A . j d n d - c o n s t r u c t i o n sa r e : t h e O l d M a r a t h i i n f in i t iv e e n d i n g i n - tirh , -o~h d e r i v i n g f r o m t h e S a n s -k r i t i n f i n i t i v e i n - turn ( I ) ; t h e a c t i o n - n o u n ( I I ) ; t h e g e r u n d ( I I I ) ; t h ed i r e c t f o r m ( I V , 1) a n d t h e o b l i q u e f o r m ( I V , 2) o f t h e m a s c u l i n e p a s tp a r t ic i p l e s e rv i n g a s a v e r b a l n o u n ; t h e o b l i q u e f o r m o f th e p r e s e n tp a r t i c i p l e u s e d a s a n o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n ( V ) .

I t h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e S a n s k r i t i n f i n it i v e i n - turn s u r v iv e s o n l yi n s o u t h e r n A p a b h r a r h g a ( e n d i n g i n -huffO a n d i n M a r a t h i w h e r e i n f i n i -t ives in -lin '~ o r -o rb a re fo u nd (c f . B lo ch , F L M , p a r . 2 6 5 ; L ' I n d o - A r y e n ,p . 2 8 3 ) . 54 H e n c e , i n O l d M a r a t h i p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t ht h e i n f i n i ti v e s i n - lir h, -o n'~ m a y b e fo u n d ( s u b I ) . B u t , a s p o i n t e d o u t , i nA p a b h r a m g a g e n e r a ll y o t h e r f o r m s o f t h e v e r b li k e th e a c t i o n - n o u n s ( cf .Sk t . -ana) , t h e g e r u n d s a n d t h e n e u t e r o f t h e p a s t p a r t ic i p le , w h i c h t a k et h e p l a c e o f t h e S a n s k r i t i n f i n it i v e i n - turn, a r e c o n s t r u e d w i t h j d - t oe x p r e s s t h e p a ss iv e . T h e N I A . j d n d - c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h t h e a c t i o n - n o u n( s u b II ) a n d w i t h t h e g e r u n d ( s u b [ I I ) c o n t i n u e th e A p a b h r a r h g a ty p e s .

S i n ce , e x c e p t f o r G u j r a t i , M a r a t h i a n d S i n h a le s e , t h e n e u t e r d o e s n ol o n g e r e x i s t i n t h e N I A . l a n g u a g e s , t h e N I A . j d n d - p a s s i v e , w h e n f o r m e dw i t h t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , i s c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e m a s c u l i n e p a s t p a r t i c i p l eu s e d a s a v e r b a l n o u n , w h i c h s t a n d s f o r t h e o l d e r n e u t e r f o r m o f th e p a s tp a r t i c i p l e i n t h i s f u n c t i o n . T h i s m a s c u l i n e p a s t p a r t i ci p l e , t h e n , o c c u r se i t h e r in it s d i r e c t f o r m ( s u b I V , 1 ) o r i n it s o b l i q u e f o r m ( s u b I V , 2 ). O nt h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e a d j e c t iv e f o r m o f t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , d e c l i n e d in"~ J . B l o c h , La Jbrmat ion de la langue M ara the ( P a r i s , 1 9 1 9 ) ; L' lndo-Aryen du V~daaux temps m odernes (Paris, 1934). R. Turner (BSOS, VIII, p. 211) considers Bloch'sstatement, th at th e Sanskrit infinitive has disappeared except perhaps in M arathi, to osweeping. But his reference o Hindi maifa kar saktd hath, Gujrati hurh k a d ~akurh chuthonly concerns the infinitive function of kar, karl M orphologically they do no t derivefrom Skt . kartum. As will be pointed out, kar may be considered the verbal root fo rmsubstituting the Apabhrarh~a gerund in -i, serving as a n action-noun, w hile Gujratikari m ay be explained as the locative absolute past participle. - - Fo r Pkt. -urh seeJacobi, Ausgew. Erz., par. 60 ; Tessitori, 1rid. An t., XL IV, p. 121.


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l 0 G .H . SCHOKKERc o n c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e lo g i c a l o b j e c t, a p p e a r s in t h e N I A . j d n d - p a s s i v e , e l .t h e A p a b h r a r h ~ a t y p e p a n a t . t h a u j d i . T h i s c o n s t ru c t i o n h a s b e c o m e th en o r m a l o n e (s u b IV , 3). A n a l o g o u s to th e j d n d - c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h t h eo b l i q u e p a s t p a r t i c ip l e is t h a t w i t h t h e o b l i q u e f o r m o f t h e p r e s e n t p a r t i -c i p l e w h i c h , t h e n , s e r v e s a s a n o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n ( s u b V ) .

T h e p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h th e - r u t h i n f in i t iv e i n m o d e r nG u j r a t i ( s u b V I ) c a n b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h e i n fi n it iv e f u n c t i o n o f t h e S a n s k r i tg e r u n d i v e i n - t a v y a , f r o m w h i c h t y p e i t d e r i v e s ( c f . K e l l o g g , G H L , p a r .5 96 ). 55 B e c a u s e a p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h t h e g e r u n d i v eh a s n o t b e e n n o t e d i n th e o l d e r s ta g e o f th e l a n g u a g e , i t h a s n o t b e e nm e n t i o n e d b e f o r e . B u t it m a y b e n o t e d t h a t th e g e r u n d i v e ' s f u n c t i o n a sa n i n f in i t iv e i s k n o w n f r o m S a n s k r i t ( r a re l y ) , 5~ P r a k r i t ( m o r e o f t e n ) 57 a n dA p a b h r a r h ~ a w h e r e -evva i i lh i s m e n t i o n e d a s o n e o f t h e s u b s t i t u te s f o rt h e i n f i n i t i v e b y K r a m a d f ~ v a r a V , 55. 58

I . W i t h t h e O l d M a r a t h i i n f in i ti v e i n -firia, -oreA s s t a te d , i n O l d M a r a t h i p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s iv e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h th ei n f in i t iv e e n d i n g i n - ~n ~, - o rb o c c u r . 59 T h o u g h n o t p o i n t i n g t o t h e m i n h i ss e c t i o n o n t h e p a s s i v e ( p a r . 2 3 6 f f . ) , A . M a s t e r , n~ i n h i s s e c t i o n o n t h ei n f i n i t i v e ( p a r . 2 4 9 ) , q u o t e s c o n s t r u c t i o n s l i k e taro~h ye yoger i l " I t i sp o s s i b l e t o c r o s s ( t o b e s a v e d ) b y y o g a " , V I I 2 93 , 6~ an d , i n h i s Se l ec t In de x( i b i d e m , p . 170), he qu o t e s viedr~ti~ e " I t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d " , R 5 , l d . 6~

I I . W i t h a n a c t i o n - n o u nT y p e p i t. d d h a r a . n a n a j d i " T h e p o t c a n n o t b e h e ld " q u o t e d b y G a e f f k e( p . 5 2 ) f r o m t h e C a r y d s i n o l d B e n g a l i , o f . C h a t t e r j i , O D B L , p. 924 . 6355 S .H . Kellogg, .4 Gramm ar of the Hind i Language, 3rd ed. (London, 1938).~n Cf. Spe yer, Sanskrit Syntax, par. 3 86 ; 389, Rein. 2; Wackernagel und Debrunner,Altindische Grammatik, II, 2, par. 460r57 Cf. Spe yer, op. eit., p. 303, n. 1.~8 Cf. Piseh el, Grammat ik , par. 570; Tagare, H G A , pp. 321ff.69 It seems that such periphrastic passive constructions fo und in Old Marathi h ave notyet been noted. According to Bloeh ( F L M , par. 258) the Marathi j~nd-passive is ofrecent date. Th e Old Marathi eontruetion is no t mentioned by : S. G . Tulpule, A n O l dMarathi Reader (Poona, 1960), par. 59; M. G . Panse, Linguistic Peculiarities of.I~dnegvari (Poon a, 1953 ), pa r. 3. 61 (pp. 99ff.); Joshi, A Comprehensive MarathiGrammar, 3rd ed. (Poona, 1900); W . Doderet, B S O S , IV, pp. 59; 543ff.,o A. Ma ster, .4 G rammar o f Old Mara th i (Oxford, 1964).~1 Vaehdharal.laofDdmodara Pa.n~lita, ed. V. B. K olte (Malk~pur, 1953).e2 J~dnegvari, ed. V. K. R~jv~te (Dhulia, 1908).6~ S .K . Chatterji , The Origin and Development of the Bengali Langaage (Calcutta,1926).


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THE j tT // tT -PAS S IVE IN THE NIA. LAN GUA GES 1 lS u b h a d r a J h ~ ( F M L , pa r . 748 ) 6~ ha s a l r e a dy r e c ogn i z e d f o r m s l ike dharan, aa s v e r b a l n o u n s , d e r i v in g f r o m t h e S a n s k r i t a c t i o n - n o u n i n -ana.C h a t t e r j i , w r o n g l y d e r i v i n g s u c h f o r m s f r o m t h e g e r u n d i v e ( t y p ekara.nfyaka) , p o i n t s t o c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a s s i v e s l i k e k a h a n i j d y a , 65 w h i c ha r e no t p r e s e rve d i n B e nga l i bu t w h i c h oc c u r i n T u l si d f is a . W hi l e r e fe r -r i n g t o a c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n l i k e n d j d y a k a h a n e i n M i d d l eB e n g a l i , C h a t t e r j i s t a t e s t h a t t h e l o c a t i v e - i n s t r u m e n t a l e n d i n g - e i nk a h a n e m i g h t b e a r e m i n i s c e n c e o f th e o l d e r f o r m i n - i, w h i c h c o u l d b er e c ogn i z e d a s a l oc a t ive . I n v i e w o f a n A pa bh r a l ia ga pa s s i ve li ke bhuth-ja .nahi rh na jd i (H em ac . IV , 441) , where bhumjanahirh is loc. s ing. (seea bove , no t e 36 ) , f o r m s l i ke k a h a n i (Tul s id~t sa ) may be cons ide red loca -t i ve s o f t he a c t i on - no un ( c f . S k t . -ane). ~ S i n ce in A p a b h r a t h ~ a t h e l o c a-t i ve s i ngu l a r i s a l s o u s e d f o r o t he r c a s e s a nd ha s , t he r e f o r e , t he f unc t i ono f a n ob l i qu e c a s e, 67 f o r m s l ike k a h a n i m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d o b l i q u e c a s ef o r m s o f th e a c t i o n - n o u n . F i n a l - i b e i n g li a b le t o b e o m i t te d , f o r m s l ik edharan, a ( C ary ds) a rose .

T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t i n O l d B r a j, t o o , f o r m s l ik edharan, a s e rve a s ob l i que i n f i n i ti ve s , c f . D h i r e nd r a V a r m a , L L B , p. 110.6sK e l l o g g ( G H L , par . 596c) quo tes in f l ec ted in f in i t ives in - i ( type k ar an i )f r o m B r a j. I f i n t h e e a r l y st a g e o f t h e N I A . l a n g u a g e s f o r m s l ik e dharan.a,k a h a n i se rve as ob l iqu e in f in i t ives , t he in f in i t ives in -n l ike B ra j -nau th ,H i n d i -nd s e em t o d e r iv e n o t f r o m t h e S a n s k r i t g e r u n d i v e i n - aM y a m - - a ss upp os e d by K e l l ogg ( pa r . 596 ) 6a - - bu t f r o m t he A pa bh r a r hg a i n f i n i ti vein -an.aud~ ( for Skt . - anak am ) . T h us K ha . r i Bo l i pa ss i ve c on s t r uc t i on s l i kedekhne me t i l dnd " t o be s e e n '7~ r u n pa r a l l e l t o t he e a r l y j ~nd - pas s i v e6 ' S u b h a d r a J h fi , The Formation of the Maithili Language ( L o n d o n , 1 9 5 8 ) .85 C h a t t e r j i d o e s n o t g i v e a p l a c e o f r e f e r e n c e f o r kahani. Saryak~nta's Index Ver-borum to Tulasi D~sa's R~m~ya.na ( L a h o r e , 1 9 37 ) q u o t e s o n l y t h e f o r m kahana.66 S e e a l s o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f dv~ba w i t h t h e o b l i q u e c a s e o f a v e r b a l n o u n ( f o l lo w e db y a l o c a t iv e p o s t p o s i t i o n ) i n A v a d h i , c f . S a k s e n a , Evolution ofAwadhi, p . 294 .67 C f . L . Al sd o r f , Der Kum~rap~lapratibodha ( H a m b u r g , 1 9 2 8 ) , p . 6 4 ; H . J a c o b i ,Ausgew. Erz., pa r . 116 .as D h i r e n d r a V a r m a , La Langue Braj (Par i s , 1935) .~a K e l l o g g b a s e s h i m s e l f o n t h e th e o r y p r o p o s e d b y A . F . R . H o e r n l e , i n JASB, X L I I( 1 8 7 3 ), p p . 6 6 f f. S . K o n o w (JRAS, 1 9 0 2 , p . 4 1 9 , n . 1 ) , h o w e v e r , h a s a l r e a d y d o u b t e dt h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e B r a j i n f in i t iv e i n -nauru f r o m S k t . -anfyam ( P k t . -a.nijjatho r -a.nfath)a n d h a s s u g g e s t e d i t s d e r i v a t i o n f r o m t h e A p a b h r a ri a g a i n f in i t iv e i n -an.auth ( f o r S k t .-anakam), o r i g in a l l y a n a c t i o n - n o u n . S e e a l so T a g a r e , HGA, p . 32 1 . I t m a y b e n o t e dt h a t , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e g e r u n d i v e i n -tavya, t h e g e r u n d i v e i n -aMya d o e s n o t s e r v e a s a ni n f i n i ti v e i n A p a b h r a r h g a .70 S e e R . N . Va l e , Verbal Composition in Indo-Aryan ( P o o n a , 1 9 4 8 ) , p . 7 3 . S e e a l s op e r i p h r a s t i c p a s si v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h t h e v e r b a l n o u n dikh~i l i ke dikh~f den~, dikh~ipa.rn~ ( V a l e , p . 9 3 ). T h e u s e f u l n e s s o f V a l e ' s s t u d y , h o w e v e r , i s i m p a i r e d b y i ts la c k o fe x a m p l e s .


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12 G . H . S C H O K KE Rconstructions with the loc. sing. of the action-noun, type k a h a n i j d y a(Tulsidftsa), n d j @ a k a h a n e (middle Bengali).Similar passive constructions are found in Old Gujrati, viz. in T heVasan ta Vihisa: 71 Long Recension 19 dip ati sahan, a na jd i "His splendorcannot be borne"; Long Rec. 52 k d m i n i n d h u l d f ir h s u k h a f fr h m u k h akahan, a na jdi th "The pleasures which the loving woman has with herhusband are not to be described" (cf. Short Recension 41 kamin , i p dm aij e s uk ha t e m uk ha k aha tl a na j dhh ) ; Short Rec. 29 ni.sidhipan, ai vid hd tdgha.df jdgha.d[ kaha.nu na j~ i "Her thighs shaped to pure perfection bythe Creator cannot be described"; in the corresponding passage of LongRec. 68 ( : Reconstruction 41) n a j d i is construed with the noun u p a m a ,acc. of up am d: nirupamapan, aiti7 vidhi tdrit gha.di jgtrhghad. ~ up am a na jd i .

G. A. Grierson 72 has noted the modern passive construction in Kash-miri with the oblique infinitive in -aria, type gupana y i m a "I will be hid-den,,.Tz

III. W i t h a ge r undType ma nd ira . . , kah i ja ta so ndhiv iT ,Tulsidftsa, R d m a c a r i t a m d n a s a V, 5,3,the instance quoted by Gaeffke (p. 52). For early Avadhi see also Jayasi'sPa dum dva t f : 7a 5, 7 saud~ha nira khi n a ja i nihdrd "Being viewed from thefront he cannot be gazed upon"; 15, 8 l i k h i na j d i i ta d i nha "For so muchhas been given that it cannot be written"; 17, 7 bhasama g t i dho? (m.c.long) "His ashes have been washed away"; 49, 7 t i laka gd met .?(m.c. long)"The mark on her forehead was effaced"; 96, 3 bhar i ga gagana "The skywas filled". For Old Braj see Sf~ra X, 3019 h.rdai dna~iTda m uk ha ka hi naj 6 i "The happiness of heart cannot be described with the mouth" ;7~R P .VIII, 5 ka hi kyorhhf~rh na j~i "It cannot be said in any way",76 and twoambiguous instances (with a feminine logical object): V, 35 dehi r f kd lh iga~ kahi da ina "O woman, give the gift that was promised [by you],1 E d . W . N o r m a n B r o w n ( N e w H a v e n , 1 96 2) . T h i s t y p e o f p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e i no l d G u j r a t i is n o t m e n t i o n e d b y T . N . D a v e , A Study of the Gujarffti Language in the16th Century (V.S.) (London , 1935) , pp . 46 -47 .~2 G . A . G r i e r s o n , A Manual of the K~shmirfLanguage (O xfo rd , 1911) , I , p . 61 ; I I ,pp . 194f f . ; see J . B loch , L'Indo-Aryen, p. 294.~z S e e a l s o t h e p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f labanu " t o r e c e i v e " w i t h t h e i n f i n i-t ive in -anu, -inu in S inha les e , c f . W. G e iger , Sinhalese Grammar ( C o l o m b o , 1 9 3 8 ) ,p. 157.~4 Ed. LakshmiDhar (London, 1949).*~ Ed. NathdadulfireVfijapeyi Benares,1958-61).~ Ke~avadhsa,Rasikapriy~, ed. Vi~van~thapras~da MiCra, in KedavagraK~th~vali, I(Allahabad, 1954).


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THE j t#/ tl -PASSIVE IN THE NIA . LANGUAGES 13y e s t e r d a y " ; V I I I , 6 j i h O h d t i s u p r f t i h i ye r h k a h i j d i n a t a is 7 " S u c h a w a y inw h i c h t h e r e w a s a g r e a t lo v e i n t h e h e a r t c a n n o t b e d e s c r i b e d " .T h e p a s t p a r t ic i p l e s g a , g d ( P a d u m d v a t i 1 7 , 7 ; 4 9 , 7 ; 9 6 , 3 ) a n d g a i ( R P .V , 3 5 ) s h o w t h a t p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s o f j d n d a l s o o c c u r i n t h e j d n d - p a s s i v e( c o n t r a r y t o G a e f f k e , p . 56 ). C f . a l s o e a r l y M a i t h i l i r a bh a sa s a m a y a j a t ak a h i g e l d " I n t h e d a y s o f l o v e 's c ar es se s , h e p r o m i s e d m e m a n y t h i n g s " ,V i d y d p a t i L X X I I I , 4 . 77 S e e s u b I V , 3 .

G e n e r a l l y a f o r m l ik e k a h i is c o n s i d e r e d t o d e r iv e f r o m t h e A p a b h r a r h g ag e r u n d i n - i , H e m a c . I V , 4 3 9 ( c f . P i s c h e l , G r a m m a t i k , p a r . 5 9 4 ; K e l l o g g ,G H L , p a r . 5 9 9 ), cf . t h e P r a k r i t g e r u n d i n - ia ( P i s c h e l , p a r . 5 9 0 ) . I f s o , ac o n s t r u c t i o n l i k e k a h i j d t a m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e c o n -s t r u c t i o n o f j d - w i t h a g e r u n d i n A p a b h r a ri a ~ a (c f. y d - w i t h a g e r u n d i nA ~ v a g ho .s a ), e x p l i ca b l e b y t h e g e r u n d ' s f u n c t i o n a s a n a c t i o n - n o u n . TM

I n K h a r i B o l i t h e v e r b a l r o o t f o r m s u b s t i tu t e s t h e o l d g e r u n d i n i tsf u n c t i o n a s a v e r b a l n o u n . 79 T h i s e x p l a in s t h e K h a r i B o l l c o n s t r u c t i o n o ft h e r o o t f o r m o f i n tr a n s it iv e v e r b s w i t h j d n d t h a t d e n o t e s t h e t r a n s i t i o ni n t o a s t a t e , e . g . , h o j d n d , l it . " t o p a s s i n t o t h e s t a t e o f b e i n g " , " t o b e -c o m e " , s~ I n K h a .r i B o l i t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f j ~ n d w i t h t h e r o o t f o r m o ft r a n s i ti v e v e r b s , h o w e v e r , e x p r e s s e s n o m o r e t h e p a s s i v e b u t i t is u s e d i n a na c t i v e s e n se . S e e s u b I V , 3 .

I n m o d e r n M a r a t h i t h e j d n d - p a s si v e is c o n s t r u e d n o t o n l y w i t h o t h e rv e r b a l f o r m s b u t a l s o w i t h t h e g e r u n d i n - tT n, e .g . , t e r h j a l f m j d ~ l " T h a t w i l lb e b u r n t " , c f . B l o c h , F L M , p . 259 . s~v7 Cf. G . A. Grie rson , J A S B , LI (1882) , p . 174.7s This funct ion o f the gerun d also explains an old Braj construct ion l ike suni kai(RP. I , 23; I I I , 71) , cf . Dhirendra Varma, LLB, p. 112. That gerunds, doing duty asact ion-noun s, are co nstrued so in Apabhrar ia~a is a t tes ted by a c onstru ct ion l ike dahevikari, l it . "pe r fo rming the ac t o f burn ing" , "bu rn ing" , Sarhdega Rasa ka 108b (cf. ibidem,p. 37).~9 Cf. Ol d Braj sun i kai: Kh ar i Bo li sunkar, sunke . See Kellogg, GHL, par . 426. Theuse of the verbal r oo t form in com pou nd verbs is a lready fou nd in Apabhrafia~a, see theApabhrarh~a intensive formations d~-d~hi, ajjdh i ( for ]d-jdhi), interesting precursors ofthe K har i Bo l i type de do, cf. L. Alsdorf, HarivarMapurd.na (Ha mb urg, 1936), p . 169.For the a l ternat ion between the verbal root form and the gerund in the ear ly s tage ofthe N IA . languages see Old Rajasth ani : itarai ek dlf le dvi ~n ana ~gali adarasa : abald leigha.Mbhurhidyau, l/eli Krisana Ruka ma .nfri83, 130 (ed. L. P. Tessitori [Calcutta, 1919];ed. an d trsl. in to H ind i by R~masiriaha an d S firyakaran.a Pfi r~a [Allahabad, 1931]), cf.ibidem 104 turi ldga le t~ki.so See P. Ha cke r, Zu r Funktion einiger Hilfsverben im modernen Hindi (Wiesbaden,1958), pp . 203ff.81 Cf. G . R. Na valk ar, The Student's Afardt.M Gram mar (Bombay, 1880) , p . 148.Bloch (FLM, p. 261) explains the M arathi gerund e nding in - t in as an ablat ive form in-a with a -n i postposi t ion, type meghau ni, divtini. Fo r - t in as resul ting f r om a contam ina-t i o n o f o l d -tvana an d -tvfna see Tagare , H G A , p. 326.


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14 G. H. SCHOKKERIV . W ith the pa s t par t i c ip le

I t is a w e l l - k n o w n f a c t t h a t i n t h e A p a b h r a r h ~ a s ta g e o f t h e l a n g u a g e t h en e u t e r i s li a b l e t o d i s a p p e a r . 8z S o , e x c e p t f o r G u j r a t i , M a r a t h i a n d S i n-h a l e s e , i t d o e s n o t e x i s t i n t h e N I A . l a n g u a g e s , as I n O l d G u j r a t i , w h e r e t h en e u t e r i s p r e s e r v e d , in a p e r i p h r a s t i c p a s s iv e c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e n e u t e r o fa p a s t p a r t ic i p l e s e r v e s a s a n a c t i o n - n o u n , e .g ., The Vasanta V i ldsa , L o n gR e c . 4 1 ( = R e c o n s t r u c t i o n 2 2 ) m di mzTlil d~.sa anit.hauth dit.h a w h g a m a i n ac~ra " O m o t h e r , m y p a i n is u n e n d i n g , I a m u n a b l e t o s e e c l o t h e s " , c f. S h o r tRec . 33 hala s ak hi df tkhu dm.f ft .hau di t.hau ga m ai na ch'u. A c c o r d i n g t oN o r m a n B r o w n , b o th f o rm s dit.hauti~ a n d dit.hau a r e a c c u s a t i v e n e u t e r .

I n t h o s e l a n g u a g e s , h o w e v e r , w h i c h h a v e n o n e u t e r th e m a s c u l i n e p a s tp a r t i c i p l e i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e o l d n e u t e r i n i ts f u n c t i o n a s a n a c t i o n -n o u n . J u s t a s i n o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s w h e r e th e m a s c u l i n e p a s t p a r t ic i p l es e r v e s a s a v e r b a l n o u n , i t i s i n t h e j d n d - p a s s i v e u s e d e i t h e r i n it s d i r e c tf o r m ( I V , 1 ) o r i n it s o b l i q u e f o r m ( I V , 2 ). A l t e r n a t i v e l y , i t i s t r e a t e d i nt h e j t in d - p a s s i v e ( a s e l s e w h e r e ) a s a n a d j e c t i v e ( I V , 3 ).

F o r O l d W e s t e r n R a j a s th a n i T e s s i to r i h a s p o i n t e d t o t h e c o m m o n u s a g eo f th e l o c. s in g . f o r m s o f t h e p a s t p a r t ic i p l e s a s o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n s .T h u s t h e y m a y a l so s er v e a s g e r u n d s . I n t h e Vel i Kr isana Ruka ma n. i r i,b e s i d e s t h e g e r u n d i n - i ( se e s u b I I I ) , f o r m s i n - i, -e , -a i s e r v e a s g e r u n d s ,cf . , e .g . , 104 s i laha md~iThi gara kdb a sa~i tpekh?jodha m uku ra prat ib im baj i m a ; 108 de v d la i pa i s i a m b i k d dar as e ; 123 v~t.hai v~haviyai d veld hala.T h e f o r m i n - i, f o u n d i n O l d W e s t e rn R a j a s th a n i a n d i n o l d a n d m o d e r nG u j r a t i , 84 d o e s n o t d e r i v e f r o m t h e A p a b h r a r h g a g e r u n d i n - i s'5 b u t , l i k et h e f o r m s in - e , -a i w h i c h a r e l o c a t i v e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s s e r v i n g a s o b l i q u ev e r b a l n o u n s , t h e f o r m i n - i m a y b e e x p l a i n e d a s th e l o c a t i v e a b s o l u te p a s tp a r t i c i p l e , e . g . , kar iu , kar i - i , kar i . s6 I n t h e s a m e w a y J . B e a m e s s7 h a se x p l a i n e d t h e f o r m i n - iyai , w h i c h ( a l o n g w i t h t h a t i n - i) s e r v e s a s a g e r u n di n C h a n d B a rd f ii . A s im i l a r e x p l a n a t i o n m a y p e r h a p s b e p r o p o s e d f o r t h e82 Cf. Tagare, H G A , p. 105. According to Jacobi (Bhavisatta Kaha [in A B A W , 29,Mtinchen, 1918], p. 32), this text does not ob serve Hem aca nd ra's distinction betweenthe masculine and neuter form s (Hemac. IV, 331 IT.; 354; see N am isadh u [Nitti-Dolci,Les Gramm airiens Pra krits, p. 169]). But the Harivarh~apurK.na(cf . Alsdorf, ibidem,p. 178), like the Sanatkumaracaritam (see abov e), observe s this distinction. Cf. Pischel,Grammatik, par. 3 57; 359.~3 Cf. Blo ch, L'lndo-Aryen, p. 151; F L M , p. 178. For the modern Gujrat i neuterending -urh (from Ap abhrariaga -auth) see Tessitori, Ind. Ant., XL III , pp. 182ff.~* Cf. Grierson , JRA S, 19 02, p. 552.,5 Cf. Bloch , L'lndo-Ar),en, p. 285.s6 Fo r the form s in -e, -a i see Tessitori, lnd. Ant., XLIV, p. 103. Fo r the form in - i seeibidem, pp. 105, 119.~7 J. Be am es, JASB, X L II (1873), p. 182; of. Kellogg, G H L , par. 754, 2t".


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THE jdt/d-PASSIVE IN THE N IA. LANGUAGES 15o b l i q u e - d p a r t i c i p l e s ( o l d g e n . s i n g . f o r m s ) i n t h e l/eli, e.g. 60 sydmddradTbhiyd si.nagdra " S y a m ~ [ w a s e ng a g e d ] in t h e a c t o f m a k i n g h e rt o i l e t " o r 6 2 tumhdrh kil.Tai s~khavyd tai"" W h o [ w a s e n g a g e d ] i n t h e a c t o ft e ac h i n g y o u a t t h a t m o m e n t ? " , a b s o l u te f o r m s c o m p a r a b l e t o s t a ti c c o m -p o u n d s l i k e maiffl samjhe hue thd i n K h a r i B o l P s o r dye chai i n G u j r a t i .H e r e t h e s u p p o s i t i o n w o u l d b e th a t t h e a u x i l ia r y v e r b s a r e o m i t te d , a s iso f t e n t h e c a s e , 89 t h e r e s u l t b e i n g a p u r e l y n o m i n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n .( 1 ) T h e jdnd-passive is c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e d i r e c t f o r m o f t h e p a s t p a r t i-c i p l e s e r v i n g a s a v e r b a l n o u n .

I t is a w e l l - k n o w n f a c t th a t i n t h e N I A . l a n g u a g e s w h i c h h a v e n o n e u t e rt h e m a s c u l i n e o f t h e p a s t p a r t i c ip l e , s t a n d i n g f o r th e n e u t e r, m a y s e rv ea s a v e r b a l n o u n . C f . e a r l y B r a j kahyo lcari mero " d o i n g m y s a y i n g " (RP.I , 2 7 ) a n d K h a . r i B o l i merd kahd mdniye " M y w o r d s h o ul d b e o b e y e d "( K e l l o g g , GHL, pa r . 754, 4) . 9o

T h i s t y p e o f v e r b a l n o u n is k n o w n f r o m t h e K h a r i B o li t y p e s pa!'hdkarand " t o r e a d o f t e n " a n d bold cdhand " t o b e a b o u t t o s p e a k " ( K e ll o gg ,GHL, p a r . 3 8 6 b ; 43 5). K e l l o g g h a s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t f o r m s l ik e pa.rhd,bold h e r e f u n c t i o n a s v e r b a l n o u n s . B u t , t h o u g h t h e y a g r e e i n f o r m w i t ht h e p a s t p a r t i c ip l e s , K e l l o g g m a k e s a d i s t in c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o , p r e -s u m a b l y i n v i ew o f t h e e a s t e r n H i n d i t y p e sunai caha ( K h a . r i B o l i sundcdhd), w i t h t h e s o - c a l l e d i n f l e c t e d i n f i n i t i v e sunai. H o w e v e r , b o t h f o r m ssund ( K h a . r i B o l i ) a n d sunai ( e a s t e r n H i n d i ) a r e t o b e c o n s i d e r e d p a s tp a r t ic i p le s u s e d a s v e r b a l n o u n s , sund b e i n g i ts d i r e c t f o r m a n d sunai i tso b l i q u e ( o l d l o c . s i n g . ) f o r m ( s e e s u b I V , 2 ) .

T h a t a f o r m l i k e sund is a c t u a l ly a p a s t p a r t ic i p l e a p p e a r s f r o m a n O l dB r a j c o n s t r u c t i o n l i k e su cdhati hal aba pdi lagdyo " N o w s h e w i s h e s h e rf e e t a s b e i n g e m b r a c e d ( t o b e e m b r a c e d ) [ b y K r i s h n a ] " (RP. I I I , 5 6 ) , w h e r et h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e i s u s e d a s a n a d j e c t i v e . 9~ C f . a l s o G u j r a t i bolydkarwulh :K h a . r i B o l i bold karand ( B l o c h , L'Indo-Aryen, p . 2 7 7 ) ) 2

F o r m s l i k e jdyd, mard in jdyd edhand, mard cdhand 93 a r e a l s o p a s tss Cf. Bloch , L'lndo-Aryen, p. 277; Kellogg, GHL, par. 754, 3.89 Cf. Ke llogg , GHL, par. 506b.9o Cf. also V ale , Verb. Comp., p. 97.~ Cf. Dhirendra Varm a, LLB, p. 121.g" See also Bh ojpuri 6ila kar ~ Magadhi dvala kar ~and Maithili dela kar ~ (Kellogg,GItL, par. 591).9z Cf. G. A. Grierson, JASB, LII (1883 , p. 156. See also ~yd-jdyd karand, jdyd karand(Vale, Verb. Comp.,p. 74). According to V ale (10.78), constructions likejdy d cdhiearenow obsolete, substituted by the type jdnfi cahie. Referring to a form like mdrd inmfira mdri "a m utua l beating", w here according to him rndrd (deriving from Pkt. gen.sing. mdria) is the obl ique form o f the verbal nou n mari, Grierson considers the form s


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16 G.H . SCHOKKERpa r t i c ip l e s s e rv i ng a s ve r ba l nou ns . I n P r a k r i t t he pa s t pa r t i c ip l e jdya( S k t . ydta), o n w h i c h H i n d i f i y a i s b a s e d , is le ss c o m m o n than 'gaya (Skt .gata), o n w h i c h H i n d i gayd i s ba s e d . S he t h q u o t e s j ~ v a ( S k t . ydta) o n l yf r o m Sf~agad.dhgasutta I , 3 ,1; I , 10,94 a n d a s a n e u t e r a c t i o n - n o u n f r o m~cardrhgasatra, p. 13 , l i ne 27 . 95 T he ra re occu r rence of P kt . jdya (Skt .ydta) o v e r a g a i n st th e v e r y c o m m o n u s ag e o f P k t . gaya, p o s s i b ly d u e t ot h e f o r m a l i d e n t i t y o f t h e f i rs t f o r m w i t h P k t . j d y a ( S k t . ja ta " b o r n " ) , m a ya c c o u n t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t i n H i n d i g e n e r a l l y gaya s e r ve s a s t he pa s t pa r -t i c ip le of jdnd. A l t h o u g h j d y d i s k n o w n a s a n a d j e c t i v e p a s t p a r t i c i p l ef r o m P a n j a b i , 9e i t e s pe c i a l ly oc c u r s i n K ha . r i Bo l l i n t h e types jdyd karand,jdy d cdhand w h e r e i t s e rve s a s a ve r ba l no un . P e r h a ps t h i s is due t o t hef a c t t h a t j d y d , u n l i k e gayd, i s de r i ve d f r o m j d n d . F o r K h a . ri B o l l mara, o l dB r a j marau (cf. R P . I I I , 10 ) , s e e P k t . maria, b a s e d o n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s emarar,a7 w he r e a s K ha . r i Bo l i m ud (c f . O ld Bra j mue ) 9s i s f r o m P k t . m ua(Skt . mrta).

I n t h e p a s si v e c o n s t r u c t i o n j d y d j d n d " t o be p os s i b l e t o go '99 a n d t het y p e j d y d cdhand " t o b e a b o u t t o g o " t h e e l e m e n t j d y d s e e m s t o be i de n t i -c a l. I n O l d B r a j t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n g a y a u j d i i s f ou nd , c f. Sfira X , 1022 hama

pa l ghau.sa gayau nahim jd f , l i t . " B y u s i t c a n n o t b e g o n e t o t h e s h o r e "( cf . G a e f f ke , p . 56) . F o r e a r l y M a i t h i l i G r i e r s on a~176a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a tin Vidydpati t h e o l d f o r m o f t h e p a s t p a r t ic i p le kahia i n t he pa s s i ve c on -s t r u c t i o n kahia jd- f u n c t i o n s a s a v e r b a l n o u n , c f . Vidydpati X X X I , 2r kahini kahia na jdy a " T h e s t o ry o f t h a t m o m e n t i s u n re l ia b l e" ,a n d , w i t h pdria, ibidem X X X I I I , 5 kahia na pdria pahu mukha bhasd " Ic a n n o t te l l t h e w o r d s t h a t is s u e d f r o m m y h u s b a n d ' s l ip s " . S i m i l a rl y t h ei nde c l i na b l e pa s t p a r t i c i p l e in -ala i s he r e u s e d , e l . t he i n s t a nc e s qu o t e d byG a e f f k e ( p . 5 2 ): bolala bola na jdy a (Vid ydpa ti V, 12) and kahin~ kahala na

jdya ( ib idem IX , 9). ~~T h i s u s e o f th e p a s t p a r t i ci p l e a s a v e r b a l n o u n m a y a l s o e x p l a i n aKha . r i Bol i pas s ive l ike i s rupae ko bairhk merh rakh d iyd jde " D a s G e l djayd and marl in jaya c~hana, mara c~hard s i m i l a r o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n s. H i s d e r i v a -t i o n , h o w e v e r , i s i m p o s s i b l e . C f . G u j r a t i gaya (orjayd) karvuth (Vale , p . 49) .a4 E d . ( B o m b a y , sarhvat 1917).95 Ed . W . S ch ubr in g (Le ipz ig , 1910).96 Cf . J . Be am es , A Comparative Grammar, I I I (Lo ndo n , 1879), p . 140 .97 Cf . P isc hel , Grammatik, par . 565.98 Cf. Brajabh~.sd Sgtra-koga, ed. P . N. T.an .~tana (L uc kn ow , 1962).~9 Cf . Va le , Verb. Comp., p . 83 .x 0 0 G . A . G r i e r s o n , JASB, LI , pp . 146 ; 174.101 G a e f f k e q u o t e s t h e e d i t i o n Vidyapati-Padfivali, b y K u m u d V i d y a l a f i a k ~ r a n dJ a y v a f i ~ j i J h fi , 2 n d e d . ( D e l h i , R e g a l B o o k D e p o t , 1 96 1) . S e e a ls o S u b h a d r a J h~ t, FML,.par . 748.


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THE tT//t~-PASSIVEIN THE NIA . LANGUAGES 17s o l l t e i n e i n e r B a n k h i n t e r l e g t w e r d e n " , q u o t e d f r o m P r e m c a n d ' s Gaban( p . 2 0 8 ) t~ b y G a e f f k e ( p . 52 ). H e r e t h e i m p e r s o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o fj d e w i t h t h e v e r b a l n o u n ( rakh) d iyd a c c o u n t s f o r t h e o b l i q u e f o r m isrupae ko . I t s e e m s c l e a r t h a t a p u r e l y n o m i n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n i s o l a t e s t h el o g i c a l o b j e c t , w h i c h , t h e n , i s p u t i n t h e o b l i q u e c as e . F o r i n s t a n c e w ef i n d i n O l d B r a j a l r e a d y , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e p a s s i v e p r e s e n t p a r t ic i p l e ,c o n s t r u c t i o n s l i k e nahirh sobhd ko sdj iyatu " D e r G l a n z w i r d n i c h t v e r -sch/Snt" ( S a t s a i 2 7 2 , l~ q u o t e d b y G a e f f k e , p . 5 1 ) , w i t h t h e o b l i q u e c a s ef o r t h e l o g i c a l o b j e c t , o r l ik e c aM i y a t u . . , bd t a ( Sa t s aO , w h e r e t h e o b l i q u ef o r m , a s is o f t e n t h e c a s e i n t h e e a r l i e r l a n g u a g e , i s n o t e x p r e s s e d . A l t e r -n a t i v e l y , t h e p a s s i v e p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e m a y b e d e c l i n e d h e r e a s w e l l a si n t h e j d n # p a s s i v e w i t h t h e d e c l i n a b l e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , a s a n a d j e c t i v e , c f .c aM i y a l i . . , c d la ( S a t s a O . S e e a ls o t h e e r g a t i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n K h a .r i B o li ,e i t h e r w i t h t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s e r v i n g a s a v e r b a l n o u n a n d t h e o b l i q u ef o r m o f th e l o g i c a l o b j e c t , as i n rnailh ne larM k o dekh d (ha l ) , o r w i t h t h ea d j e c t i v e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e a n d t h e d i r e c t f o r m o f t h e l o g i c a l o b j e c t , a s i ntna#i7 ne la! 'k f de kM (hal) , c f . G a e f fk e , p . 8 3 .

B l o c h t~ h a s p o i n t e d t o t h e u s e o f a n i n d e c l i n a b l e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e i n aB e n g a l i p a s s i v e l i k e m a r d j d y a " h e i s k i l l e d " . A c c o r d i n g t o B l o c h , th e f a c tt h a t t h i s p a s t p a r t i c i p l e is h e r e i n d e c l i n a b l e s u g g e st s t h a t i t is u s e d a s av e r b a l n o u n . B u t , s i n c e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s a r e n e v e r d e c l i n e d i n B e n g a li ,t h is a r g u m e n t s e e m s t o b e a m b i g u o u s . N e v e r t h e le s s , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o ft h i s t y p e o f B e n g a l i p a s s iv e s w i t h t h e l o g i c a l o b j e c t in t h e d a t i v e - o b j e c t i v ec a se f o r m i n -ke , e.g. ~ m d k e d e k h d j d y a ( i d i o m a t i c i n c o n t r a s t w i t h d m ide k hd j dy a ) , d r ndk e de k hd ha i ( n e v e r d m i d e k h d h a l ) a n d dmdke dekht~calla , ~~ s u g g e st s t h a t , j u s t a s i n t h e B e n g a l i p a s s iv e d m d k e d e k h a n a j d y at h e f o r m de k hana i s a v e rb a l n o u n ( i n i t s o b l i q u e c a s e , c f . s u b I I ) , h e r ed e k h d m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s e r v in g a s a v e r b a l n o u n .(2 ) T h e j d n d - p a s s i v e is c o n s t r u e d w i t h th e o b l i q u e f o r m o f th e p a s t p a r -t i c i p l e s e r v i n g a s a n o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n .10z 26th Ed. (A llahabad , Harhs Prakfi~an, n.d.).lo8 Ed. Devendra Sarm fi "In dra ", 2nd ed. (Agra, Vinod Pustak M andir, 1962).104 J. B loc h, L'Indo-Aryen, p.278.10~ Cf. Cha tter ji, ODBL, pp. 92 1ff. Fo r the origin of the verbal nou n in -t~ in Bengali,e.g., mara from Skt. maritam, see Chatterji, pp. 660, 1016. Although C hatterji recog-nizes the substantive value of the past participle in th e constructions amake dekhd haiand ~m~ ke dekh~ calla, he considers dekh~ an adjective past p articiple in the construc-tions dma ke dekhdjdya and ami dekhdjaya (uncomm on). As will be clear, his referenceto the O ld B engali passive construction with the adjective past participle in -il, e.g.,bdndhilajai (S ri Kr~.naKirttana, ed. Basanta-Rafijana, VSPd, B engali yea r 1323), is no trelevant.


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18 G .H. SCHOKKERL i k e t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d o b f i q u e v e r b a l n o u n s in - i, - e, -a i i n O l d

W e s t e r n R a j a s t h a n i , t h e s o - c a l l e d o b l i q u e i n f i n i t i v e s i n -a i f o u n d i n O l dB r a j ( S O r a a n d K e ~ a v a d ~ s a ) a n d A v a d h i , 1~ o r t h o s e i n - e , -ah i f o u n d i ne a r l y M a i t h i li , 1~ m a y b e e x p l a i n e d a s o b l i q u e ( o l d l o c . s in g .) f o r m s o f t h ep a s t p a r t ic i p l e s. T h e e a r l y M a i t h i li f o r m i n -ah i h a s p r e s e r v e d th e A p a -b h ra rh ~ a s u f f ix -h i a n d is b a s e d o n t h e s h o r t p a s t p a r t i c i p l e ( t y p e bait.ha, cf .P a d u m a v a t f , p . 25) . Cf . th e Apabhrathda f o r m s i n -a i ( A l s d o r f , K u m d r a -palaprat ibodha, p . 6 3 ). l~ T h e i n f i n i t i v e fo rm s i n - a~ ' f o u n d i n e a s t e rnA p a b h r a fi a ~a a n d e x p l a i n e d b y T a g a r e 1 ~ p o s s i b l y d u e t o a n e x t e n s i o no f th e a b s o l u t iv e m a y p e r h a p s a l so b e c o n s i d e r e d lo c . s in g . f o r m s o f th ep a s t p a r t i c i p l e s s e r v i n g a s o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n s .

T o t h i s t y p e a l s o b e l o n g t h e o b l i q u e f o r m s o f t h e i n f i n i ti v e i n - en'~( R as i k pr i y 6 ) o r i n -airh (S~ra) f o u n d i n O l d B r a j ? ~~ B u t t h e y s e em i n s t ru -m e n t a l f o r m s o f th e p a s t p a r t i c i p le s , c f. t h e A p a b h r a r h ~ a i n s t r u m e n t a l i n- e r h ? a~ T h e i r s u b s t a n t i v e v a l u e c l e a r l y a p p e a r s f r o m a c o n s t r u c t i o n l i k edut i deha k~ dekherh terh " B y s e e in g t h e b e a u t y o f h e r b o d y " ( w i t h dut i :dekherh), RP . I I I , 3 8. B l o c h ~z q u o t e s K h a . r i B o l i k ahe s e , c f . a K h a r i B o l ie x p r e s s i o n l i k e k a h d n f k a h e s e k y a h o t~ h a i ( w i t h kah~n~ : kah e se) .

I n O l d W e s t e r n R a j a s t h a n i t h e j and - pas s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h t h e o b l i -q u e p a s t p a r t i ci p le s is n o t f o u n d . B u t i n e a rl y A v a d h i th e o b l i q u e p a s tp a r t i c i p l e s i n -a i a r e u s e d i n t h e j dnd - pas s i v e , e .g . , k aha i na j d i b i rahaduk ha bht~kha " T h e s o r r o w o f s ep a r a ti o n c a n n o t b e d e s cr ib e d in w o r d s " ,P a d u m d v a f f 9 8 , 3 . C f . t h e e a s t e r n H i n d i t y p e sunai caha ( K e l l o g g , G H L ,p a r . 4 3 5 ; 5 6 9 ) , e .g . , cahai u.ddvai jh6 la " W i s h e s t o b l o w a w a y h e r a s h e s " ,P adum dv a t ? 83, 8 .

F r o m e a r ly M a i t h i li S u b h a d r a J h fi ~ 3 q u o t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g p e r i p h r a s t i cp a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h t h e s o - c a l l e d o b l i q u e i n f i n i t i v e s i n - e , -ahi:par adae s am andae na j de " A m e s s a g e c a n n o t b e s e n t t h r o u g h a n o t h e rp e r s o n " ( V . S . 23), T M bo l ae na i da k i c c hu dhde " N o t h i n g c a n b e s a i d a to n c e " ( K . H . 9) , at5 k ahah i na j t i e " C a n ' t b e s a i d " ( V . S . 23) , c f . a l so , wi thxo6 Cf. La ksh m i D har, Padum~vatf, p. 26; Vale, Verb. Comp., p. 112.~07 Cf. Su bh adra Jhfi, F M L , par. 710, 748.lo8 Acc ording to Jacob i (Bhavisatta K aha, p. 41) Apabhrarhga forms in -iyai occur bu tthey are rare. See , howev er, the absolute past participle in -iyai, serving as a gerund, inChand Bardfii (above).xo~ Tagare, H G A , p. 322.x~o Cf. Dh irendra V arm a, LLB, p. 110.*x~ Cf . Ta ga re, HGA, p. 118.xx~ J. B loc h, L'Indo-Aryen, p. 278.~ Subh adra Jh,~, FML, par. 748.t~4 VMy6patipad~val~, he Bafigiya S~thitya Parisad ed ition of the photographic cop yof the N epal m anuscript.


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TH E 8nd-PASSIVE IN THE NIA . LANGUAGES 19pdr - : herahi na pdra l i " C o u l d n o t b e s e e n " ( V . N . 5 2 b ) , ~ " u p a m d k a r a e n ap a r a e j d k a " W h o s e c o m p a r i s o n c a n n o t b e g i v e n " ( V . S . 69) , ganae napdr ia " C o u l d n o t b e c o u n t e d " ( K . H . 18) , and , wi th ho-: kuca s ir iphalanah i hoe nawde " T h e ~ ri f r u it s o f h e r b r e a st s c o u l d n o t b e b e n t d o w n "(R. 43 )? 17

T h e s u b s t a n t i v e v a l u e o f K h a .r i B o l l p a st p a r t i ci p l e s i n t h e i r o b l i q u ef o r m is w e ll k n o w n ? *s T h e y o c c u r i n t h e s t a t ic c o m p o u n d s , e .g ., maiti7s am j he hue t hd " I w a s [ e n g a g e d ] i n t h e a c t o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g " ( se e a b o v e ) ,i n t h e t y p e k i y e r ak hand " t o k e e p o n d o i n g " ( V a l e , Verb. Comp. , p . 98) ,i n c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h dend, e.g. , [gardffTva] khole deft hfoh " I o p e n [ t h er o p e a r o u n d t h e b u l l s ' n e c k ] " , P r e m c a n d , Mdnas ar ov ar , II , p . 154, las tl ine (c f . th e v .1 . kh ol d e f t hOlh i n t h e U r d u v e r s i o n ) , ~t9 a n d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n sw i t h j d n d i n a n a c t i v e m e a n i n g , e . g . , i s la td k i kyo ff7 chore jd t i ha i " W h ya r e y o u l e a v i n g t h i s v i n e ? " ( Sak un t a l d , c f . K e l l o g g , G H L , par . 754 , 3 ) .H o w e v e r , t h e j O n d - p a s s i v e in K h a . ri B o l~ i s n o t c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e o b l i q u ep a s t p a r t i c i p l e ( s e r v i n g a s a n o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n ) b u t e i t h e r w i t h t h ed i r e c t f o r m o f t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e ( s er v i n g a s a v e r b a l n o u n ) o r w i t h t h ed e c l i n e d p a s t p a r t i c i p l e ? 2~

T h u s i t a p p e a r s t h a t , w h e n t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s e r v e s a s a v e r b a l n o u n ,t h e l a n g u a g e c a n u s e e i t h e r i ts d i r e c t o r i ts o b l i q u e f o r m . F o r G u j r a t i a n dM a r w a r i B l o c h ~ h a s p o i n t e d t o t h e s a m e p h e n o m e n o n , c f. G u j r a t i bo l y dkarwwi7 (K h a . r i B o l i bold karand) : G u j r a t i a n d M a r w a r i bolydd7 karwuti~,w i t h t h e o b ! i q u e p l u r a l ( !) f o r m bolydrh. S e e t h e M a r a t h i p e r i p h r a s t icp a s s i v e w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e i n -tdrh ( a n o b l i q u e p l u r a l f o r m ) , c f .s u b V .(3) T h e j d n d - p a s s i v e is c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e a d j e ct iv e f o r m o f th e p a s t p a r -t ic i p le , w h i c h , i n c o n c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e l o g i c a l o b j e c t, is d e c li n e d a c c o r d -i n g t o t h e -d , - e , - i r u l e . S e e t h e O l d B ra j t y p e gahanaurh ga!'hycturh n a jd i" T h e j e w e l c a n n o t b e m a d e " : g a t i k a h i n a j d t i " T h e w a y c a n n o t b e d e-s c r i b e d " , B i h a r i d f i s a , Satsa f , 1 05 a n d 1 69 , q u o t e d b y G a e f f k e , p. 52 .

A s p o i n t e d o u t , t h e t y p e c a n b e f o u n d a l r e a d y i n A p a b h r a r i a g a , e l .xl~ Kirtilata,ed. M. M. Haraprasad S~stri.11~ Vidyapatipadavali, he photographic cop y of the N epal manu script of Vidy~ipati.117 Rdgataratigi.ni f Locana.118 Cf. J. B loc h, L'Indo-Aryen, p. 278.11a Premcand, M~nasarovar, 9th ed. (A llahabad , 1962 ); M. A. and D. Ansari,Chrestomathie der Urdu-Prosa (Leipzig, 1965), p. 25. Fo r the type khole dend seeHacker, Zur Fun ktion einiger Hilfsverben im rnodernen Hind f, pp. 241 ft.120 Fo r a p ossible explanation o f this fact see below (sub IV, 3).121 J. B loc h, L'lndo-Aryen, p. 277.


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2 0 G . H . S C HO K K ER

pana t . t hau j a i ( Sana t k um dr ac ar i t am 342, 9 ). As s t a t e d abov e ( sub IV , 1 ) ,t h e a l t e r n a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e i n d e c l i n a b l e a n d t h e d e c l in a b l e p a s t p a r t i c i p lei s a ls o f o un d i n o t he r c o ns t r uc t i ons , v i z . 1 ) t he t yp e bold cdhand, c f . O ldBr a j su cah at i ha l aba pd i lagdyo " N o w s h e w i sh e s h e r f e e t a s b e i n g e m -b r a c e d ( t o b e e m b r a c e d ) [ b y K r i s h n a ] " ( R P . I I I , 56) , a nd 2 ) t he e r ga t i vec ons t r uc t i on i n K ha . r i Bo l l , c f . mairh ne la .rk~ ko dek hd (hal) : mairh nela.rk i de kh f (hal) .

I t w o u l d s e em t h a t i n t h e j d n ~ - p a ss i v e t h e d i f f e r e n ti a t io n b e t w e e n t h ec o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h th e i n d e c l in a b l e p a s t p a r t ic i p le a n d t h a t w i t h th e d e c li n -a b l e p a s t p a r t ic i p le i s d u e t o t h e n e e d o f d i s ti n g u i s h i n g b e tw e e n t h e a c ti v ea n d t he pa s s i ve vo i c e , e s pe c ia l l y i n t h e c a s e o f t r a ns i t i ve ve r bs . C f . O l dBr a j k a h i j a t a " i s s a i d " , K ha . r i Bo l i kah j a ta ( -~ , -e ) " s a y s " , O l d A v a d h ik a h a i j a i " i s s a i d " , K ha . r i Bo l l k ahe j a t a ( 4 , - e ) " s a y s ' , kah a (-~, -e) ja ta( 4 , - e ) " i s s a i d " . T h us t he j a na - pa s s i ve w i t h t he de c l i ne d pa s t pa r t i c ip l eh a s b e c o m e t h e s t a n d a r d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n K h a .r i B o l i.

I t m a y b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h is c o n s t r u c ti o n , li ke t h a t o f th e j dn t i -p a s si v e w i t h t h e g e r u n d ( s u b I I I ) , is a ls o f o r m e d w i t h t h e p a s t p a r t ic i p le o fj d n a i n O l d Br a j ( c on t r a r y t o G a e f f ke , p . 56) , lz~ c f . nd bakhang kdh f tpa i ga i" T h i s c o u l d n o t b e d e s c ri b ed b y a n y b o d y " , Rd m aca nd rik t i I , 2 . ~2~

V. W i th the abso lu te presen t par t i c ip leT h e p e r i p h r a s ti c p a s s iv e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h t h e a b s o l u t e p r e s e n t p a r ti c ip l e( s e rv i n g a s a n o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n ) r u n s p a r a ll e l to t h a t w i t h t h e o b l iq u epa s t pa r t i c ip l e .

T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s f o u n d i n O l d B r a j w h e r e a f o r m l ik e k aha t a ( w i t ho r w i t h o u t M r h) m a y h a v e a n a b s o l u te f u n c t i o n . A l t h o u g h i n O l d B r a j th ee n d i n g s - u a n d - i f o r t h e m a s c u l i n e a n d f e m i n i n e p r e s e n t p a rt ic i p le s a r eo p t i o n a l , 1 ~ t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f a p a s s a g e l i k e Sf tra I , 2 abigata-gat i kacchuk aha t a na dv a i " T h e w a y o f th e U n k n o w n O n e c a n n o t b e d e sc ri be d in a n yw a y " t o S~r a I , 12 ab i ga t a k i ga t i k ah i na par a t i ha l s h o w s t h a t k aha t a ,h e r e e x p l a i n e d w i t h k ahane m e t h b y t h e Sf lrakoga, i s he r e u s e d a s a no b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n . P a s s iv e c o n s t r u c t i o n s l ik e k ar a t a av a t a , k aha t a6v a t a , pahana t a av a t a o r sunata avata a r e c u r r e n t i n M o d e r n B r a j .m Fo r Gaeffke's quotation of S~ra X, 1022 see above (sub IV, 1). Fo r his quotationo f S~ra IX, 3 taharh gaya u najdi the edition b y N arhdadul~re V~japeyireads tfi dsramasraja ta n.rpagaya u, tahfith a i ka i d.era dayo, wheregayau an d j'tiikai are separate.m Ke~avad~sa,R~rnacandrikd,ed. Viw MiCra, in Kegavagra~hthdvali,H (AU ahabad, 1955).xz4 Cf. Dh irendra Va rma , LLB, p. 108.


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THE j tln t~-PASSIVE IN THE NIA. LANGUAGES 21T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n is w el l k n o w n f r o m m o d e r n M a r a t h i w h e r e th e i nd e -

c l i n a b l e p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e i n -tdrh ~25 i s c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e v e r b y e - " t oc o m e " t o e x p r e s s t h e p a s s i v e , c f . m a l d j d t d r h y e t o " I c a n g o " ( w i t h t h el o g i c a l s u b j e c t i n t h e d a t i v e c a s e ) , ~26 ma i d n a k k f s dd ~g td th y e t n a i " [ c a n ' ts a y d e f i n i t e l y " , d u s r y d b as he d7 j d t d d , y e l l k d " C a n o n e g o b y a n o t h e rbus?".~27

I n K h a . r i B o l i t h e o b l i q u e p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e , 12s l i k e t h e o b l i q u e p a s tp a r t ic i p l e , i s u s e d a s a n o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n i n t h e s t a ti c c o m p o u n d s , c f.e k s t r i g d t e d f f t M , l i t . " A w o m a n [ e n g a g e d ] i n t h e a c t o f s in g i n g w a s c o m -i n g " ( K e l lo g g , G H L , p a r . 4 4 5 ) : ma i r h s a mj h e h u e t h d ( s u b I V , 2 ) . V a l ea l s o q u o t e s i t f r o m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h d e k h n d ( p . 9 0 ) . T h i s o b l i q u ep r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e is al s o f o u n d i n a K h a r i B o l i p a s s i v e li k e yah rot .f kh d tenaMrh banat~ " T h i s b r e a d c a n n o t b e e a t en " , w h i c h m i g h t b e ex p l a in e d a s" T h i s b r e a d is n o t s u i t a b le f o r t h e e a te r " , b u t , s i nc e t h e f e m i n i n e f o r m o ft h e p r e s e n t p a r t i c ip l e n e v e r o c c u r s i n th i s ty p e , t h e f o r m k h d t e h e r e a l s os e e m s t o f u n c t i o n a s a n o b l i q u e v e r b a l n o u n . C f . t h e O l d B r a j t y p e k h e l a t abah ai gho. sa n ik dsa " I t c a n b e p l a y e d i n t h e o p e n f ie ld o f th e c o w - p e n ' ,Sflra X , 2 4 4 . A c o n s t r u c t i o n li k e y a h r o t . r k h d t e n a M r h j d t i t M " T h i s b r e a dc o u l d n o t b e e a t e n " ( cf . t h e O l d B r a j t y p e k a h a t a n a d v a i ) , h o w e v e r , d o e sn o t o c c u r i n K h a .r i B o l i.

V I . W i t h t h e - v u r h in f in i t i ve in modern Gujra t iI n m o d e r n G u j r a ti , w h e r e j a v u ~ " t o g o " i s c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e d e c l i n e dp a s t p a r t i c ip l e t o e x p r e s s th e p a s s iv e , t h e p a s s i v e is al s o m a d e b y m e a n s o fdvavurh " t o c o m e " a n d t h e -vuff7 i n f i n i t i v e i n i t s o b l i q u e f o r m i n -md~i~,1~9e . g . , v a s tu j o v d m d t i l d v i " T h a t t h i n g w a s s e en " . T h e l a tt e r c o n s t r u c t i o ns e e m s t o b e f r e q u e n t l y m e t w i t h i n P a r s i G u j r a t i 3 3 ~126 J. B lo ch (FLM, par . 2 62) considers the fo rm in -tdth either an old gen. plur. (cf.Skt. -andre)or be ing based on the ge rund in -tvdnath (Pali) or -ttd.ndth (Ardhamagadhi).Acc ording to Tessi tor i (Ind. Ant., XLIV, p . 97) , - tdrh is a gen. p lur . form contractedfrom Apabhrarhga -antdham o r -antaham, cf . cintantdhad: (Hem ac. IV, 362) , which isused in an absolute sense.12n C f. J. Be am es, .4 Com parative Gram mar, I I l , p . 222; Vale , Verb. Comp., p. 36.127 Na resh B. Ka vadi and Frank l in C. Sou thwo rth , Spoken Marathi (Philadelphia,1965), p. 204 (par. 3. 316).1~8 Cf. the Bengali indeclinable present participle in -ire, a locative absolute, which,accord ing to Chat ter ji (ODBL, pp. 999; 1014), is distinct fro m the Bengali infinitive in-ite, which he der ives f rom the o ld verbal n ou n in - i p lus the locative suffix -te.1~9 Acco rding to G eo. P . Taylor , The Student's Gujardt[ Grammar (Bombay, 1908) ,p . 73, -mdrh i s the locat ive fo rm of the -ruth infinitive.1~0 See W . St. Clair Tisd all, A Simplified Gram mar o f the G ujrati Language ( N e w Y o r k ,


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22 G.H. SCHOKKERCONCLUSION

In Khari Boli and other central NIA. languages thejdnd-passive construedwith the declined past participle has become the standard construction.Its alternative, however, is the construction with the indeclinable pastparticiple (either the direct or the oblique form). It has been pointed outthat the latter construction belongs to the general type ofjant~-passivesconstrued with infinite forms of the verb, which are especially known fromthe early stage of the NIA. languages. These forms occurring in the earlyjdnd-passives are: the old Marathi infinitive in -tirh, -oth, the action-noun(also in modern j~nd-passives like in Kashmiri), the gerund (that in -6nalso in the modern Marathijdm~-passive), the above mentioned indeclina-ble past participle and the oblique present participle, cf. the modernGujrat i periphrastic passive with the -v~r/z infinitive in its oblique form in-rntirh.

From the periphrastic passive constructions noted in Sanskrit, BuddhistHybrid Sanskrit, Prakri t and Apabhrai~a~a it appears that this type ofjtimi-passives construed with infinite forms of the verb is explicable froma historical point of view, the underlying construction being that with anaction-noun or infinite verbal forms like the Sanskrit infinitive in - turn,the gerunds and the neuter of the past participle in - ta . The type is foundin other Indo-European languages. H. Osthoffxzl has pointed to theperiphrastic passive construction with q u - i t "it is possible" or nequ- i t"it is impossible" and the infinitive in Latin. In this connection it wouldbe interesting to investigate whether the type also occurs in the Non-Aryanlanguages in India.

The passive construction with the indeclinable past participle is note-worthy. The past participle in - ta was originally a verbal adjective. Butin its neuter form it could serve as an action-noun. Thus this past parti-ciple, like the action-noun, could be construed with ya- (Pkt. jt~-) toexpress the passive. This type has survived in the NIA. j d n d - c o n s t r u c t i o nwith

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TheJāNā-passive in the NIA. languages