TheimportanceofVuQuangNature Reserve,Vietnam ......Vietnam(Stattersfieldet al. 1998).Ninerestricted-rangespeciesoccurwithinthe EBA,ofwhichfiveareconfinedtoit(Stattersfieldet al

Bird Conservation International (2001) 11:247–285. BirdLife International 2001

The importance of Vu Quang NatureReserve, Vietnam, for bird conservation, inthe context of the Annamese LowlandsEndemic Bird AreaJ.C. EAMES, R . EVE and A.W. TORDOFF

Summary

Vu Quang Nature Reserve, Vietnam, was brought to the attention of the world scientificcommunity following the discovery of two previously undescribed large mammal speciesin the early 1990s. In light of the identification of other sites of high biodiversity value inthe Annamite mountains of Vietnam and Laos, the relative importance for biodiversityconservation of Vu Quang needs to be reassessed. In this paper we evaluate theimportance of the site for bird conservation, in relation to 13 other protected areas in theAnnamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and present species lists for all 14 sites.Whilst Vu Quang supports one of the highest numbers of recorded bird species of all 14protected areas, a complementarity analysis revealed that Vu Quang does not fall withinthe critical subset of sites necessary to conserve 95% of the avifaunal diversity of theEBA. The site should not, therefore, be considered a regional bird conservation priority.Furthermore, of the nine restricted-range species known from the Annamese LowlandsEBA, only three are known from Vu Quang, which is not, therefore, a priority site for theconservation of endemic bird species. We also evaluate the conservation status of theavifauna of Vu Quang, and propose potential conservation measures to enhance itsimportance for bird conservation.

Introduction

In 1992, the attention of the world scientific community was focused on VuQuang Nature Reserve, Ha Tinh province, Vietnam following the discovery of apreviously undescribed large mammal species, Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis (VuVan Dung et al. 1993). This discovery, together with that of Giant Muntjac Mega-muntiacus vuquangensis in 1994 (Do Tuoc et al. 1994), led to the creation of VuQuang Nature Reserve, and a global publicity campaign that succeeded in mysti-fying the site (Eve et al. 1998). The idea of Vu Quang as a ‘‘lost world’’ and ahigh conservation priority was seared in the consciousness of the conservationcommunity.Since the discoveries at Vu Quang, biodiversity surveys have been conducted

at a number of other sites in the Annamite mountains of Vietnam and Laos,many of which have also proven to be rich in biodiversity (Eve et al. 1998). Inthe light of these recent survey results, there is a need to re-evaluate the relativeimportance of Vu Quang for the conservation of biodiversity. The purpose of

J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 248

this paper is to evaluate the importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation, inthe context of the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA).

Study area

Biogeographical setting

Vu Quang Nature Reserve lies in North Annam, subunit 05c of the Indo-Malayanbiogeographical realm, comprising the northern Annamite mountains of Vietnamand Laos and the coastal plain of Vietnam between the Hai Van pass and theRed River (MacKinnon 1997). The classification developed by MacKinnon (1997)was based on that of Udvardy (1975), who subdivided the Indo-Malayan Realminto 27 units and included Vu Quang in unit 4.5.1 (Indochinese Rainforest).Vu Quang is situated in the Annamese Lowlands EBA, one of three EBAs in

Vietnam (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Nine restricted-range species occur within theEBA, of which five are confined to it (Stattersfield et al. 1998) (Table 1).

Geographical setting

Vu Quang Nature Reserve (18°09′–18°27′N, 105°16′–105°35′E) covers 54,000 ha,including a strict protection area of 39,000 ha, and a forest rehabilitation area of15,000 ha. The eastern boundary lies on the coastal plain, some 50 km from theSouth China Sea, while the northern, western and southern boundaries are loc-

Table 1. Status and habitat of restricted-range bird species in the Annamese Lowlands Endemic BirdArea (EBA)

Global status(BirdLife Occurrence Altitude

International in other rangeSpecies 2001) EBAs (m asl) Habitat

Annam Partridge Arborophila merlini Not evaluated 0 0–600 Lowlandevergreen forest

Imperial Pheasant Lophura imperialis Data deficient 0 0–200 Lowlandevergreen forest

Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi Endangered 0 0–600 Lowlandevergreen forest

Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura Endangered 0 0–200 Lowlandhatinhensis evergreen forestCrested Argus Rheinardia Vulnerable 2 0–1,500 Lowland andocellata montane evergreen

forestWhite-cheeked Laughingthrush Least concern 1 600–900 Evergreen forestGarrulax vassali edge and secondary

habitatsShort-tailed Scimitar Babbler Near 1 50–900 Evergreen forestJabouilleia danjoui threatenedSooty Babbler Stachyris Near 0 c.200 Lowland evergreenherberti threatened forest on limestone

karstGrey-faced Tit Babbler Macronous Least concern 1 50–700 Lowlandkelleyi evergreen forest

Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 249

ated in the Annamite mountains, the latter following the international borderwith Laos. The nature reserve is located in Huong Son and Huong Khe districtsof Ha Tinh province, and covers 9% of the land area of the province (Eve 2000).Vu Quang incorporates lowlands and mountains and is ecologically diverse.

The landscape can be broadly divided into three sections: river valleys, hills andmountains. The main river valleys are those of the Nam Truoi, Rao No and KheTre rivers, whose headwaters rise in the nature reserve. The topography of thenorth-east is characterized by plains and hills, from 30 to 600 m, while the southand west of the nature reserve is mountainous. The highest point is Mount RaoCo at 2,286 m (Eve 2000).At low altitudes, the landscape is largely anthropogenic, including human hab-

itation, irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural land (including tree cropplantations), bare land, grassland and scrub. Patches of natural forest remain onsteep and inaccessible slopes, and isolated stands of trees and bamboo alongrivers and streams. At medium altitudes, deeper within the nature reserve, thelandscape consists of open secondary forest, and other seral forest formations.Between 100 and 500 m, much of the forest has been selectively logged. Above500 m, the slopes are covered by primary forest (Eve 2000).

Vegetation

There are five major forest types at Vu Quang (Eve 2000). Lowland evergreenforest (100–300 m), which formerly covered much of the nature reserve, is foundin the north and north-east. Lower montane evergreen forest (300–1,000 m)covers the centre of the nature reserve, with small patches in the north and north-east. Medium montane evergreen forest (1,000–1,400 m) occupies a narrow strip,stretching from the west to the south-east. Upper montane evergreen forest(1,400–1,900 m) is found on steep slopes and ridges, in the south-west and south.In the southernmost part of the nature reserve, between 1,900 and 2,200 m, thereare patches of elfin forest. The remainder is covered by a range of secondaryvegetation types.

Rainfall

Average annual rainfall is 2,418 mm in Huong Khe district and 2,390 mm inHuong Son district. The highest rainfall occurs in September and October, butthe number of rainy days per month is remarkably regular over the year, rangingfrom 11 to 18 days in Huong Son, and from 10 to 18 days in Huong Khe (Eve2000).

Methods

Field surveys

A bird species list for Vu Quang Nature Reserve was compiled from the resultsof several field surveys. The first multidisciplinary biodiversity survey was inMay 1992 (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). Although no specific localitiesare mentioned, the montane species included on the bird list suggest the survey


team traversed a wide altitudinal gradient. MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung (1992)used direct observation and identification of calls to record most species, andused 20-species lists in order to generate curves showing the cumulative numberof bird species recorded against the number of lists made (MacKinnon and Phil-lips 1993). They also interviewed hunters and examined trophies in their posses-sion.The first specific ornithological survey was undertaken in June 1994 by staff

from BirdLife International, in collaboration with the Species Survival Commis-sion of IUCN (Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Since the aim of this surveywas to identify areas supporting populations of endemic Lophura pheasants, onlylowland forest south of Kim Quang village was surveyed. Pre-existing trails werewalked, particularly from dawn until late morning (c. 11h00) and from c. 14h00until dusk, and birds were identified using direct observation assisted by play-back of species’ calls. In addition, local hunters were interviewed by showingthem illustrations of species, and they were encouraged to present feathers andskins of birds they had trapped or shot. Local hunters were also employed to setnon-lethal trap lines, composed of up to 50 snares across the forest floor, andblood samples were collected from trapped galliformes (Lambert et al. 1994).From July to September 1997, a joint expedition by staff from the Vietnam–

Russia Tropical Centre (VRTC) and the Institute of Ecology and BiologicalResources (IEBR) collected bird specimens using mist-nets and identified speciesby direct observation while slowly walking trails or from fixed points. Thesurvey team visited four sites: primary and secondary montane forest between1,200 and 1,400 m; primary lower montane forest between 600 and 800 m; seralforest formations along the Con River between 200 and 300 m; and anthropogenichabitats around Huong Dai village between 100 and 150 m (Kalyakin and Korzun1997).As part of the WWF Indochina Programme-Vu Quang Conservation Project, a

joint BirdLife/WWF mission surveyed montane forest between 1,000 and 2,200m on the border with Laos, between 2 and 15 July 1999, using direct observations,assisted by playback of species’ calls (Eames and Eve 1999). Observations weremade while walking pre-existing trails and while surveying the canopy from anexposed hill-top. Observer effort was concentrated at higher elevations in theupper montane and elfin forest zones.During 1998 and 1999, additional species were added to the list of the nature

reserve opportunistically in the anthropogenic habitats around the nature reserveheadquarters (Eve unpubl. data).

Comparison with other protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA

The bird species list for Vu Quang was compared with species lists from 13 otherprotected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA. These comprise Bach Ma,Ben En and Cuc Phuong National Parks; Dakrong, Ke Go, Phong Dien, PhongNha, Pu Huong, Pu Hoat, Pu Mat and Xuan Lien Nature Reserves in Vietnam;and Him Namno and Nakai Nam Theun National Biodiversity ConservationAreas (NBCAs) in Laos (Figure 1). It should be noted, however, that observereffort was not constant across these sites; Nakai Nam Theun NBCA, and Vu


Figure 1. Location of protected areas mentioned in the text.


Quang, Ke Go and Pu Mat Nature Reserves in particular have received a dispro-portionately high amount of survey effort compared with other sites.

Complementarity

To evaluate the importance of Vu Quang Nature Reserve for bird conservationat regional and national levels, complementarity analyses were undertaken for allprotected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA, all protected areas withinbiogeographical subunit 05c, all Vietnamese protected areas within the Anna-mese Lowlands EBA, and all Vietnamese protected areas within biogeographicalsubunit 05c. In complimentarity analysis, the site with the largest number ofspecies is first selected from any given set of sites. Sites which add the greatestnumber of further species are then included in a stepwise fashion, until 95% of allspecies known from the set are incorporated. This exercise enables conservationplanners to select an optimum subset of critical sites.

Similarity

The degree of similarity between the bird species composition of Vu QuangNature Reserve and those of the 13 other protected areas was measured usingSorenson’s Similarity Index (Magurran 1988). This index is given by the formula:

2jCs = (a+b)

Where: j is the number of shared species between two areas; a is the number ofspecies in area A; and b is the number of species in area B.

Results

Avifauna

The 1992 survey recorded a total of 211 bird species, including 13 that were notobserved or heard but only reported by villagers (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung1992). The 1994 BirdLife/IUCN survey generated a list of 125 taxa (123 species)seen or heard (Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). The VRTC/IEBR expeditioncollected 138 specimens and, in total, recorded 170 taxa, of which 169 were identi-fied to species level (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997). Finally, the 1999 BirdLife/WWFsurvey identified 110 taxa (107 species; Eames and Eve 1999). Taking all previousresearch into account, 274 bird species are currently known from Vu QuangNature Reserve, including 13 known only from anecdotal reports. Of these, 214(78%) are forest dependent. The remaining 60 are species of open country andwetlands, although some species within this category are tree nesting. Of the 214forest-dependent species, 196 are residents and 18 are migrants, whereas of the60 open country/wetland species, only 24 are residents, and 36 are Palearcticmigrants.

Notes on selected species

This section includes all known records of the 12 species confirmed to occurat Vu Quang Nature Reserve that are considered to be restricted-range species


(Stattersfield et al. 1998) and/or globally threatened or near threatened (BirdLifeInternational 2001). Additionally, an account is included for Green Peafowl Pavomuticus, the occurrence of which at Vu Quang has yet to be confirmed.

Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltonii Near ThreatenedDuring 1994, this species was observed and heard on several occasions in low-land forest south of Kim Quang village: a pair were heard on 3 June; a singlebird was trapped and prepared as a cabinet skin on 5 June; three or four pairswere also heard on 5 June; a single bird was heard on 6 June; and one bird wastrapped on 14 June (Eames unpubl. data, Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994).

Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi Near ThreatenedThis species was reported by hunters in 1992 (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung1992) and reported with uncertainty by hunters at Kim Quang village on 2 June1994 (Eames unpubl. data). A male was seen in secondary scrub along the roadnorth of Sao La camp on 21 August 1997 (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).

Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata Vulnerable; Restricted RangeDuring the 1992 survey, this species was heard calling regularly and a malewas observed on a display ground from which leaves had been cleared from anestimated 25%. The authors also reported that this species was subject to huntingand was shy and difficult to observe (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992).Feathers were observed in hunters’ houses during June 1994 (Eames et al. 1994),and calls heard on 3 and 5 June 1994 (Eames unpubl. data). The species washeard calling from slopes and ridges in valley systems south of Kim Quangvillage but the incidence of calling was low, involving only a few individuals;all calling appeared to be at altitudes above 300 m (Lambert et al. 1994). Kalyakinand Korzun (1997) reported it to be relatively common at all altitudes wheresecondary or primary forest remained, and heard 10–14 males between July andSeptember 1997 in four forest plots with a total area of 15 km2. The species wasalso heard on 4 July 1999 (Eames and Eve 1999).

[Green Peafowl Pavo muticus VulnerableDuring the 1994 survey, this species was recognized by hunters, with a vaguereport that one had been shot in the district in 1972 (Eames unpubl. data, Eameset al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). There is, therefore, no confirmed record from VuQuang Nature Reserve.]

Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri Near ThreatenedDuring the 1994 survey, two males were recorded on 5 June, a single male on 8June and a pair on 13 June (Eames unpubl. data, Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al.1994). A male was mist-netted at c. 700 m on 28 August, and single birds wereseen on 30 August and 2 September 1997 (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).

Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis Near ThreatenedDuring the 1992 survey, this species was reported to be rare, seemingly as aresult of high hunting pressure (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). The specieswas also recorded on the 1994 survey (Eames et al. 1994).

Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli Near ThreatenedIn 1992 this species was included on the bird list on the basis of anecdotal


information (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). One or two birds were heardon 3 June 1994 (Eames unpubl., Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Four flocksof between 5 and 30 birds and two additional flocks were heard at elevationsbetween 450 and 800 m between 28 August and 5 September 1997 (Kalyakin andKorzun 1997). The species was heard on 3 July and 25 birds were seen on 14 July1999, south of Kim Quang village (Eames and Eve 1999).

Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules Near ThreatenedThis species was recorded twice by MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung (1992), in bothprimary and secondary habitats. During the 1994 survey, up to two birds wererecorded on 3 June and single birds on 4 and 5 June (Eames unpubl. data, Eameset al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Two specimens were mist-netted above the ConRiver, 2.5 km east of Sao La camp, on 30 July and 1 August, and a single birdwas observed on rocks in this river, 5.5 km from Sao La camp on 31 July 1997(Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).

Lesser Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis Near ThreatenedOne was observed near Kim Quang village on 9 June 1994 (Eames unpubl. data,Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994), and two birds seen on 14 July 1999 (Eamesand Eve 1999).

Grey-headed Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Near ThreatenedThis species was included on the bird list on the basis of anecdotal information(MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). There are no other records of this speciesfrom Vu Quang Nature Reserve.

Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis VulnerableAn upper mandible from this species was examined in a hunter’s house in KimQuang village in 1992 (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992), and the same speci-men was examined again two years later (Lambert et al. 1994). This bird wasreportedly shot from a flock of six seen perched in a tree around 1988 (Eamesunpubl. data).

Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia danjoui Near Threatened; Restricted RangeThis species was recorded with uncertainty during 1994 (Eames et al. 1994, Lam-bert et al. 1994), but between July and September 1997, it was commonly recordedbetween 600 and 1,200 m (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997). It was also recorded on 3July and, at 1,900 m, on 8 July 1999 (Eames unpubl. data).

Grey-faced Tit Babbler Macronous kelleyi Restricted RangeHeard on 3 June 1994 (Eames unpublished data), and recorded during 1994(Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Fledged young were seen with a flock ofMountain Fulvettas Alcippe peracensis near Sao La camp at 300 m on 30 July 1997(Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).

Species number

In terms of overall bird species number, Nakai Nam Theun NBCA is ranked firstamong the 14 protected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA, with 439species. It is followed by Pu Mat Nature Reserve (283 species), Vu Quang NatureReserve (274 species), Ke Go Nature Reserve (270 species) and Bach Ma National


Park (249 species). Ten of the sites (Bach Ma and Cuc Phuong National Parks,Dakrong, Ke Go, Phong Dien, Pu Mat, Phong Nha and Vu Quang NatureReserves, and Nakai Nam Theun and Hin Namno NBCAs) lie within biogeo-graphical subunit 05c, North Annam, of the Indo-Malayan Realm (MacKinnon1997). Among these sites, Vu Quang Nature Reserve is also ranked third but,when the two protected areas in Laos are excluded, Vu Quang occupies secondposition behind Pu Mat Nature Reserve.

Complementarity

Complementarity analyses revealed that Vu Quang fell within the critical subsetof sites only when the analysis excluded non-Vietnamese sites. For the 14 siteswithin the Annamese Lowlands EBA (supporting 534 species), Nakai NamTheun (439 species) NBCA incorporates 82.2% of these species, Bach Ma NationalPark adds 37 species (89.1%), Ke Go Nature Reserve a further 19 species (92.7%),Ben En National Park a further eight species (94.2%) and Hin Namno NCBA afurther seven species, thereby reaching the 95% threshold. Vu Quang NatureReserve is placed in ninth position, adding only four species to include 98.7% ofall species.For the 10 sites within biogeographical subunit 05c (supporting 522 species),

the 95% threshold is reached with the inclusion (in descending order of addi-tional species contributed) of Nakai Nam Theun NCBA (439 species, 84.1%), BachMa National Park (37 species, 91.2%), Ke Go Nature Reserve (19 species, 94.8%)and Hin Namno NCBA (seven species, 96.2%). Vu Quang Nature Reserve isplaced in eighth position, adding only four species to include 99.4% of all species.For the eight Vietnamese protected areas within biogeographical subunit 05c

(Bach Ma and Cuc Phuong National Parks, and Dakrong, Ke Go, Phong Dien,Phong Nha, Pu Mat and Vu Quang Nature Reserves), supporting 452 species,the 95% threshold is reached with the inclusion of Pu Mat Nature Reserve (283species, 62.6%), Ke Go Nature Reserve (87 species, 81.9%), Bach Ma NationalPark (38 species, 90.3%), Vu Quang Nature Reserve (21 species, 94.9%) and CucPhuong National Park (11 species, 97.3%).Finally, for the 12 Vietnamese protected areas within the Annamese Lowlands

EBA, (supporting 471 species), the first four sites in the previous analysis retaintheir ranking but the 95% threshold is reached with the addition of Ben EnNational Park (15 species, 94.3%) and Phong Nha Nature Reserve (10 species,96.4%). Cuc Phuong National Park is relegated to seventh position (seven species,97.9%).In all four complementarity analyses, at least seven of the nine restricted-range

species were always included within the critical subset of sites. Eight out of ninewere included in the analysis on all 14 protected areas in the Annamese Low-lands EBA, on the 10 sites within biogeographical subunit 05c, and the set ofVietnamese protected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA. Seven of thenine restricted-range species were included within the critical subset of sites inthe analysis of all Vietnamese protected areas within biogeographical subunit05c. Note that Ben En National Park is not known to support any restricted-rangespecies. The species that consistently falls outside the critical subset of sites isWhite-cheeked Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali, which occurs at Phong Dien


Nature Reserve. This species also occurs in the Da Lat Plateau EBA and hasonly marginal occurrence within the Annamese Lowlands EBA (Stattersfield etal. 1998).

Similarity

High Sorenson’s Similarity Index values indicate a high degree of similaritybetween the species assemblages at a pair of sites. The comparison revealed thatthe bird species composition of VuQuang ismost similar to those of PuMatNatureReserve (0.758), Nakai Nam Theun NCBA (0.701) and Ke Go Nature Reserve(0.699), and least similar to those of Dakrong Nature Reserve (0.452), Pu HoatNature Reserve (0.537) and PuHuongNature Reserve (0.557) (Figure 2). This indic-ates that the avifauna of Vu Quang is most similar to those of protected areas withthe closest geographical proximity and least similar to those furthest away.

Discussion

Avifauna

The avifauna of Vu Quang is typically Indo-Malayan. Genera typical of, but notconfined to, this faunal region that occur here include Polyplectron, Pavo, Mega-laima, Treron, Pitta, Pericrocotus, Dicrurus, Cochoa and Dicaeum. MacKinnon (1997)subdivided the region and, in common with other authors, defined the Indo-Chinese peninsula as a distinct subunit. Typical Indo-Chinese species occurringat Vu Quang include Siamese Fireback, Red-collared Woodpecker, Red-ventedBarbet Megalaima lagrandieri, Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Carpococcyx renauldi,Indo-Chinese Green Magpie Cissa hypoleuca and Ratchet-tailed Treepie Temnurustemnurus. Indo-Chinese faunal elements predominate in the lowlands, whereasSino-Himalayan faunal elements predominate in the highlands. Notably, there isa high diversity of babblers (Timaliini) in the montane avifauna, including threeMinla species, Heterophasia, Paradoxornis and Yuhina. Vu Quang Nature Reservealso supports a very few typically Sundaic species, such as Scaly-crowned Bab-bler Malacopteron cinereum.There are few species typically associated with lowland evergreen forest (100–

300 m) at the nature reserve, and fewer still that are confined to it. One of the fewextreme lowland forest specialists found here is Siamese Fireback. The ranges ofseveral other lowland species, including Chestnut-necklaced Partridge, Bar-bellied Pitta Pitta elliotii and Racket-tailed Treepie Crypsirina temia, extend tohigher altitudes, until they are either replaced by a congener or are restricted bysome environmental parameter. For example, Chestnut-necklaced Partridge isreplaced at higher elevations by Bar-backed Partridge Arborophila brunneopectus.The altitude ranges of most bird species occurring at Vu Quang include the

zone between 300 and 1,400 m, which supports lower montane and mediummontane evergreen forest. Examples of species with wide altitudinal ranges thatinclude this zone are Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis (up to 2,745 m), Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus (between 305 and 2,590 m), and ScarletMinivet Pericrocotus flammeus (up to 1,700 m; Robson 2000). This zone encom-passes the transition from the lowland to montane avifauna. In the Indo-Chinese


Figure

2.Sorenson’sSimilarity

Index

comparing

bird

speciescomposition

atVuQuang

NatureReserve,Vietnam

withthoseat

13other

protectedareasintheAnnam

eseLow

landsEBA.


subregion, this transition occurs at around 500 m, but is further dependent onlatitude and aspect. Typical of the lower montane avifauna are Long-tailedBroadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae and Green Cochoa Cochoa viridis. Both these spe-cies are known, however, to have broad altitudinal ranges, from 500 to 2,000 mand from 700 to 2,565 m respectively (Robson 2000), but are probably moreabundant between 500 and 1,000 m.The two higher-altitude forest types at Vu Quang are distributed from 1,400

to 2,200 m. Within this zone, bird diversity decreases with increasing altitude.Typical of the montane avifauna are Golden-throated Barbet Megalaima franklinii,Orange-bellied Leafbird Chloropsis hardwickii, Lesser Shortwing Brachypteryxleucophrys, White-tailed Robin Myiomela leucura and Red-tailed LaughingthrushGarrulax milnei. Characteristic species of the depauperate elfin forest avifaunainclude Spectacled Fulvetta Alcippe ruficapilla, Chestnut-tailed Minla Minlastrigula and Green-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga nipalensis.

Species number

Vu Quang Nature Reserve supports one of the highest recorded numbers ofspecies of any protected area within the Annamese Lowlands EBA and biogeo-graphical subunit 05c. However, as observer effort varied among sites, this maynot accurately reflect the true species number, although the high number atNakai Nam Theun NBCA is likely to be due to its significantly larger area andwider range of habitat types than any of the other protected areas in the EBA(Thewlis et al. 1998). It is not therefore possible to draw any firm conclusionsabout overall number of species at Vu Quang relative to other sites.

Complementarity

When considering priority clusters of protected areas at the regional level, VuQuang Nature Reserve does not fall within the critical sub-set of sites requiredto support 95% of the species of either the Annamese Lowlands EBA or biogeo-graphical subunit 05c. Vu Quang should not, therefore, be considered a regionalconservation priority. However, at the national level, Vu Quang Nature Reserveis included within the critical subset of sites for both the Annamese LowlandsEBA and biogeographical subunit 05c. It should, therefore, be considered a prior-ity site for conserving bird species diversity at the national level.

Similarity

Vu Quang Nature Reserve performs relatively poorly in the complementarityanalyses because of the high degree of similarity it shares with other sites, par-ticularly Nakai Nam Theun NBCA. This explains why the importance of VuQuang for the conservation of bird diversity is greater at the national level thanat the regional level.

Endemism

Of the nine restricted-range species known from the Annamese Lowlands EBA,only three are known from Vu Quang: Crested Argus, Short-tailed Scimitar Bab-


bler and Grey-faced Tit Babbler. All three occur in at least one other EBA. Amongthe 14 protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA, Crested Argus and Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler are each known from nine, while Grey-faced Tit Babbleris known from four. Vu Quang Nature Reserve is not known to support any ofthe five restricted-range species that are believed to be confined to the AnnameseLowlands EBA: Annam Partridge Arborophila merlini, Edwards’s PheasantLophura edwardsi, Vietnamese Pheasant L. hatinhensis, Imperial Pheasant L. imper-ialis and Sooty Babbler Stachyris herberti. We can, therefore, conclude that VuQuang Nature Reserve is not a priority site for the conservation of endemic birdspecies.

Changes to avifaunal composition among species of conservation concern

Globally threatened species that may have been extirpated from Vu Quang asbreeding species in recent times include Green Peafowl, Vietnamese Pheasant,White-winged Duck Cairina scutulata, Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensisand Masked Finfoot Heliopais personata. All six are resident species, and, withthe exception of Rufous-necked Hornbill, all are associated with lowland forestformations.Globally threatened and near-threatened resident forest species that may

become extinct here during the next 50 years include Siamese Fireback, GreatHornbill, Lesser Fish Eagle and Grey-headed Fish Eagle. To this list may beadded a keystone species (i.e. a species that is believed to play a major role inmaintaining ecosystem function and stability): Wreathed Hornbill Aceros undul-atus. The pheasant and the two raptors are lowland forest specialists, while thetwo hornbills depend on lowland forests but may forage or disperse throughmontane forests. They are vulnerable to extirpation for a number of reasons.They all occur at low densities and have small population sizes. The two fisheagles occur at Vu Quang in riverine habitats and are, therefore, dependent onnarrow ecotones, which are of limited extent within the nature reserve. The largehornbills are particularly vulnerable to hunting pressure because they congregateat fruiting trees, where they may easily be shot. Siamese Fireback, like all galli-formes, is highly vulnerable to hunting pressure because it may be easily snared.It should also be noted that, irrespective of anthropogenic pressures such ashunting and habitat loss, it is not known whether Vu Quang Nature Reserve islarge enough to support viable populations of these species. The continued exist-ence of large hornbill and raptor populations is likely to be dependent on in-migration of birds dispersing from adjacent forest areas.Globally threatened and near-threatened species that may yet be added to the

avifauna during the next 50 years because their global ranges encompass VuQuang and suitable habitats are present include Vietnamese Pheasant, White-winged Duck, Pale-capped Pigeon Columba punicea, Greater Spotted Eagle, Aquilaclanga, Imperial Eagle A. heliaca, Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha and Japanese ParadiseFlycatcher Terpsiphone atrocaudata. This group comprises three resident speciesand four migrants, all of which are forest-dependent. With the possible exceptionof Vietnamese Pheasant, all are likely to be added to the list as a result ofincreased levels of observer coverage rather than as a result of colonization fol-lowing changes in habitat structure.


Lack of evidence from Vu Quang suggests that Vietnamese Pheasant mayeither have never occurred or, if it once did, be now very rare or, as noted earlier,extirpated due to loss of lowland forest. If the species occurred previously, itcould only recolonize Vu Quang if the lowland forest area was rehabilitated, ifhunting pressure was reduced, and if contiguous lowland forest areas supportpopulations of the species. It is unlikely that sufficient undisturbed tracts of low-land riverine habitat remain to support a population of White-winged Duck butthe species could occur as a straggler.

Avifaunal composition and climate change

The avifaunal composition of Vu Quang is likely to alter as a result of globalclimatic change and local climatic events. The latter have probably alreadyoccurred as a result of the reduction in forest cover documented in the region(Wege et al. 1999). As Vu Quang experiences year-round high levels of precipita-tion and a lack of any pronounced seasonal fluctuations in precipitation andtemperature, its avifauna lacks some faunal elements found on the drier, westernflanks of the Annamite mountains in Laos, and to the north and south withinVietnam. Here, the climate is more seasonal, reflected by the presence of semi-deciduous or more open forests. Examples of species inhabiting such forestsinclude Common Flameback Dinopium javanense, Great Slaty WoodpeckerMulleripicus pulverulentus, Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata, Blue Pitta Pittacyanea, Banded Broadbill Eurylaimus javanicus, Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius,Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda and Common Woodshrike Terphrodornispondicerianus. However, the failure to detect these species in Vu Quang maysimply reflect observer effort. If, as a result of climate change, there was a shifttowards a more seasonal climate, one could reasonably expect some of thesespecies to colonize Vu Quang. One could also reasonably expect to observechanges in population size and altitude range of some resident species, althoughit is difficult to speculate as to which species might be affected.

Can the importance of Vu Quang Nature Reserve for bird conservation be enhanced?

Detailed spatial planning for conservation at Vu Quang Nature Reserve at thecommune, nature reserve and regional levels is provided in Eve (2000). Of theforest types that occur at Vu Quang, lowland forest has suffered the greatest lossin overall extent and quality. This is because the direction of human immigrationto the Vu Quang area has been from east to west. Humans have shown, andcontinue to show, a preference for clearing forests of the level lowlands alongmajor permanent water courses for agriculture. In addition, they continue todegrade adjacent lowland forest to meet their demands for timber (for commer-cial and local use) and other forest products. It is predominantly lowland speciesthat have become extinct to date and, if current trends continue, are prone tofuture extinction. As species become extinct, the conservation importance of thenature reserve will decrease.The lowland forest avifauna is the most threatened, but its conservation would

be enhanced by a programme that prevents further forest clearance and rehabilit-ates degraded lowland forest. The success of any such programme would depend


on the capacity of the nature reserve authority, the level of resources availableto them, the political will to implement nature reserve regulations, and thecooperation of local communities. Conservation actions to maintain bird divers-ity must be realistic, which, under the prevailing socioeconomic conditions,means highly targeted.Given the importance of lowland riverine habitats for globally threatened and

near-threatened bird species, conservation effort should focus on preventingtheir further disturbance, degradation and clearance. Any programme to pro-mote the rehabilitation of lowland forest should, as part of its strategy, focus onmajor permanent water courses. The programme should promote regrowth alongthe cline of degradation from the strict protection area outwards, first along thewater course and then outwards from it. Rivers should be selected on the basisof their importance for bird species of conservation concern, and the current leveland trend of degradation. The distance between rivers and the opportunities forconnecting any intervening forest patches should also be taken into account, andfull use should be made of the processes of natural regeneration and recoloniza-tion. The nature reserve management authority should take full advantage ofany opportunities presented under government directive 661, the Five MillionHectares Reforestation Programme, implementation of which has recently begun.The conservation status of species of conservation concern and keystone spe-

cies would be enhanced by stricter enforcement of nature reserve regulations onhunting, amnesties for illegally held firearms, and awareness-raising activities.The five species identified earlier as being in particular danger of going extinct

at Vu Quang within the next 50 years are all good indicators of lowland forestquality. Since all are large, conspicuous species that can easily be surveyed for,they should be the focus of monitoring programmes.At the Annamite mountains level, the suggestion has been made of placing

the forest between Pu Mat and Vu Quang Nature Reserves under some form ofprotection. While we support this idea in principle it should be noted that, withinVietnam, the North-East Indo-China Montane Forests Ecoregion, as defined byWikramanayake et al. (1997), currently enjoys 24% coverage in the protectedareas network, compared with 4% coverage for Vietnam as a whole. This ecore-gion should, therefore, be considered a low priority for further protection (Wegeet al. 1999). The conservation of a forest corridor could also be assured withoutexpanding the Vietnamese protected areas system, if, for instance, the interven-ing forest was designated as watershed protection forest (which confers a similarlevel of protection) or if intervening forest on the Laotian side of the Annamitemountains was protected. Indeed, a proposal exists to establish Nam TheunExtension NBCA in Laos, which would provide such a link (Duckworth et al.1999).To the west, Nakai Nam Theun NBCA is contiguous with Vu Quang Nature

Reserve (Duckworth et al. 1999), and its presence significantly enhances the con-servation importance of Vu Quang, particularly if the potential for trans-boundary cooperation in protected area management is fully realized.According to Wikramanayake et al. (1997), Vu Quang is situated in both the

North-East Indo-China Montane Forest Ecoregion and the Annamite RangeMoist Forests Ecoregion. The latter ecoregion, although enjoying 52% forest cov-erage, has a conservation coverage of only 17% (Wege et al. 1999). Any regional


approach should, therefore, explore ways in which Vu Quang could be linked toremaining areas of lowland forest within this ecoregion. This is particularly relev-ant when one considers that it is this ecoregion that supports Vietnamese Pheas-ant, a species that may recolonize Vu Quang if lowland forest rehabilitation issuccessful. Linking Vu Quang in this way would, thereby, increase its conserva-tion importance. It is very unfortunate, therefore, that almost all of the interven-ing lowland forest between Vu Quang and Ke Go Nature Reserve (the nearestprotected area in this ecoregion and one which is known to support this globallyendangered species) has been cleared and settled by humans.

Acknowledgments

This paper was commissioned by the WWF Indo-China Programme and com-prises an output of the WWF Indo-China-Vu Quang Conservation Project fundedby the Royal Netherlands Government. The authors would like to thank DrNguyen Cu and Nguyen Duc Tu at the BirdLife International Vietnam Pro-gramme for their contributions to this paper.

Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 263A

pp

end

ix:B

ird

spec

ies

reco

rded

at14

site

sin

the

An

nam

ese

Low

lan

ds

EB

A.

Taxonom

yandspeciesorderintheappendixfollowInskipp

etal

.(19

96),exceptinthecaseof

Arb

orop

hilapartridges,wheretheyfollowSibleyandMonroe(1

990)

Nakai

Total

Nam

Hin

Phong

Ke

Xuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

no.of

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

Sites

ChineseFrancolin

Fran

colin

uspi

ntad

eanu

s1

11

11

11

18

JapaneseQuail

Cot

urni

xja

poni

ca1

1Rufous-throated

Partridge

Arb

orop

hila

rufo

gula

ris

11

11

4Bar-backedPartridge

A.b

runn

eope

ctus

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Scaly-breasted

Partridge

A.c

hlor

opus

11

2Annam

Partridge

A.m

erlin

i1

11

3Chestnut-necklaced

A.c

harl

toni

i1

11

11

5Partridge

Red

Junglefowl

Gal

lus

gallu

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

SilverPheasant

Loph

ura

nyct

hem

era

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14ImperialPheasant

L.im

peri

alis

11

Edwards’sPheasant

L.ed

war

dsi

11

13

Vietnam

esePheasant

L.ha

tinh

ensi

s1

1Siam

eseFireback

L.di

ardi

11

11

11

11

8GreyPeacockPheasant

Pol

yple

ctro

n1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13bi

calc

arat

umCrested

Argus

Rhe

inar

dia

ocel

lata

11

11

11

11

19

Green

Peafowl

Pav

om

utic

us1

12

LesserWhistling-duck

Den

droc

ygna

java

nica

11

Greylag

Goose

Ans

eran

ser

11

White-wingedDuck

Cai

rina

scut

ulat

a1

12

NorthernPintail

Ana

sac

uta

11

Com

mon

Teal

A.c

recc

a1

1Garganey

A.q

uerq

uedu

la1

12

SmallButtonquail

Tur

nix

sylv

atic

a1

1Yellow-leggedButtonquail

T.t

anki

11

11

4BarredButtonquail

T.s

usci

tato

r1

11

11

16

Speckled

Piculet

Pic

umnu

sin

nom

inat

us1

11

11

5White-browed

Piculet

Sasi

aoc

hrac

ea1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 264A

pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Grey-capped

Pygmy

Den

droc

opos

11

11

11

11

11

111

Woodpecker

cani

capi

llus

Fulvous-breasted

D.m

acei

11

Woodpecker

Stripe-breasted

D.a

trat

us1

12

Woodpecker

GreatSpotted

D.m

ajor

11

Woodpecker

RufousWoodpecker

Cel

eus

brac

hyur

us1

11

11

11

18

LesserYellownape

Pic

usch

loro

loph

us1

11

11

11

11

11

11GreaterYellownape

P.fl

avin

ucha

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Laced

Woodpecker

P.v

itta

tus

11

11

11

17

Red-collared

P.r

abie

ri1

11

11

11

11

9Woodpecker

Grey-headed

P.c

anus

11

Woodpecker

Com

mon

Flam

eback

Din

opiu

mja

vane

nse

11

11

4GreaterFlam

eback

Chr

ysoc

olap

tes

luci

dus

11

11

11

6Pale-headed

Gec

inul

usgr

anti

a1

11

11

16

Woodpecker

Bay

Woodpecker

Bly

thip

icus

pyrr

hoti

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Black-and-buff

Mei

glyp

tes

jugu

lari

s1

1Woodpecker

Heart-spotted

Hem

icir

cus

cane

nte

11

2Woodpecker

GreatSlatyWoodpecker

Mul

leri

picu

s1

11

3pu

lver

ulen

tus

GreatBarbet

Meg

alai

ma

vire

ns1

12

Red-ventedBarbet

M.l

agra

ndie

ri1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

LineatedBarbet

M.l

inea

ta1

12

Green-eared

Barbet

M.f

aios

tric

ta1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Golden-throatedBarbet

M.f

rank

linii

11

11

11

6Black-browed

Barbet

M.o

orti

11

Blue-throated

Barbet

M.a

siat

ica

11

MoustachedBarbet

M.i

ncog

nita

11

11

4Blue-earedBarbet

M.a

ustr

alis

11

13

CoppersmithBarbet

M.h

aem

acep

hala

11

11

4OrientalPiedHornbill

Ant

hrac

ocer

os1

11

11

11

11

110

albi

rost

ris

GreatHornbill

Buc

eros

bico

rnis

11

11

11

11

11

10BrownHornbill

Ano

rrhi

nus

tick

elli

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14Rufous-necked

Hornbill

Ace

ros

nipa

lens

is1

11

3WreathedHornbill

A.u

ndul

atus

11

11

11

6Com

mon

Hoopoe

Upu

paep

ops

11

11

15

Orange-breasted

Trogon

Har

pact

esor

eski

os1

11

11

16

Red-headed

Trogon

H.e

ryth

roce

phal

us1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

IndianRoller

Cor

acia

sbe

ngha

lens

is1

11

11

5Dollarbird

Eur

ysto

mus

orie

ntal

is1

11

11

11

11

11

112

Blyth’sKingfisher

Alc

edo

herc

ules

11

11

11

11

19

Com

mon

Kingfisher

A.a

tthi

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Blue-earedKingfisher

A.m

enin

ting

11

13

OrientalDwarf

Cey

xer

itha

cus

11

11

11

6Kingfisher

Banded

Kingfisher

Lace

dopu

lche

lla1

11

11

5Stork-billedKingfisher

Hal

cyon

cape

nsis

11

13

RuddyKingfisher

H.c

orom

anda

11

11

15

White-throated

H.s

myr

nens

is1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Kingfisher

Black-cappedKingfisher

H.p

ileat

a1

11

11

16

Crested

Kingfisher

Meg

acer

yle

lugu

bris

11

11

11

11

8PiedKingfisher

Cer

yle

rudi

s1

11

11

5Blue-bearded

Bee-eater

Nyc

tyor

nis

athe

rton

i1

11

11

11

11

9


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Green

Bee-eater

Mer

ops

orie

ntal

is1

12

Blue-throated

Bee-eater

M.v

irid

is1

11

11

11

7Blue-tailedBee-eater

M.p

hilip

pinu

s1

11

14

Chestnut-headed

M.l

esch

enau

lti

11

11

4Bee-eater

Chestnut-winged

Cla

mat

orco

rom

andu

s1

11

11

11

7Cuckoo

Large

HawkCuckoo

Hie

roco

ccyx

11

11

11

11

8sp

arve

rioi

des

Hodgson’sHawk

H.f

ugax

11

13

Cuckoo

IndianCuckoo

Cuc

ulus

mic

ropt

erus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12EurasianCuckoo

C.c

anor

us1

11

11

5OrientalCuckoo

C.s

atur

atus

11

2Banded

Bay

Cuckoo

Cac

oman

tis

sonn

erat

ii1

11

11

16

Plaintive

Cuckoo

C.m

erul

inus

11

11

11

11

19

Asian

EmeraldCuckoo

Chr

ysoc

occy

x1

11

11

5m

acul

atus

VioletCuckoo

C.x

anth

orhy

nchu

s1

11

3DrongoCuckoo

Surn

icul

uslu

gubr

is1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Asian

Koel

Eud

ynam

yssc

olop

acea

11

11

11

11

11

10Green-billed

Malkoha

Pha

enic

opha

eus

tris

tis

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14Coral-billed

Ground

Car

poco

ccyx

rena

uldi

11

11

11

11

8Cuckoo

GreaterCoucal

Cen

trop

ussi

nens

is1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

LesserCoucal

C.b

enga

lens

is1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13VernalH

anging

Parrot

Lori

culu

sve

rnal

is1

11

11

5Grey-headed

Parakeet

Psi

ttac

ula

finsc

hii

11

11

4Blossom

-headed

P.r

osea

ta1

12

Parakeet

Red-breastedParakeet

P.a

lexa

ndri

11

11

15


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Himalayan

Swiftlet

Col

loca

liabr

evir

ostr

is1

11

11

5Germain’sSw

iftlet

C.g

erm

ani

11

13

White-throated

Hir

unda

pus

11

Needletail

caud

acut

usSilver-backedNeedletail

H.c

ochi

nchi

nens

is1

11

11

5Brown-backed

H.g

igan

teus

11

11

15

Needletail

Asian

PalmSw

ift

Cyp

siur

usba

lasi

ensi

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Fork-tailedSw

ift

Apu

spa

cific

us1

11

11

11

11

11

112

HouseSw

ift

A.a

ffini

s1

11

11

16

Crested

Treeswift

Hem

ipro

cne

coro

nata

11

BarnOwl

Tyt

oal

ba1

1OrientalBay

Owl

Pho

dilu

sba

dius

11

2MountainScopsOwl

Otu

ssp

iloce

phal

us1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

EurasianScopsOwl

O.s

cops

11

OrientalScopsOwl

O.s

unia

11

13

CollaredScopsOwl

O.b

akka

moe

na1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13Spot-belliedEagleOwl

Bub

oni

pale

nsis

11

BrownFishOwl

Ket

upa

zeyl

onen

sis

11

Tawny

FishOwl

K.fl

avip

es1

1BuffyFishOwl

K.k

etup

u1

1BrownWoodOwl

Stri

xle

ptog

ram

mic

a1

11

14

CollaredOwlet

Gla

ucid

ium

brod

iei

11

11

11

11

11

11

12Asian

BarredOwlet

G.c

ucul

oide

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13BrownHawkOwl

Nin

oxsc

utul

ata

11

11

11

17

Hodgson’sFrogmouth

Bat

rach

osto

mus

11

2ho

dgso

niGreatEared

Nightjar

Eur

osto

podu

sm

acro

tis

11

2GreyNightjar

Cap

rim

ulgu

sin

dicu

s1

11

11

16

Large-tailedNightjar

C.m

acru

rus

11

11

15

SavannaNightjar

C.a

ffini

s1

1


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

OrientalTurtleDove

Stre

ptop

elia

orie

ntal

is1

11

11

11

18

SpottedDove

S.ch

inen

sis

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14Red

CollaredDove

S.tr

anqu

ebar

ica

11

11

11

11

8BarredCuckooDove

Mac

ropy

gia

unch

all

11

11

11

11

8LittleCuckooDove

M.r

ufice

ps1

1EmeraldDove

Cha

lcop

haps

indi

ca1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13Pink-necked

Green

Tre

ron

vern

ans

11

Pigeon

Orange-breasted

Green

T.b

icin

cta

11

2Pigeon

Thick-billed

Green

T.c

urvi

rost

ra1

11

11

11

11

11

11Pigeon

Pin-tailedGreen

Pigeon

T.a

pica

uda

11

11

11

11

8Yellow-ventedGreen

T.s

eim

undi

11

11

11

17

Pigeon

Wedge-tailedGreen

T.s

phen

ura

11

13

Pigeon

White-belliedGreen

T.s

eibo

ldii

11

2Pigeon

Green

ImperialPigeon

Duc

ula

aene

a1

11

14

MountainImperial

D.b

adia

11

11

11

11

11

11

12Pigeon

Slaty-legged

Crake

Ral

lina

euri

zono

ides

11

Slaty-breasted

Rail

Gal

liral

lus

stri

atus

11

13

White-breasted

Am

auro

rnis

11

11

11

11

11

10Waterhen

phoe

nicu

rus

Ruddy-breasted

Crake

Por

zana

fusc

a1

12

Com

mon

Moorhen

Gal

linul

ach

loro

pus

11

11

4EurasianWoodcock

Scol

opax

rust

icol

a1

11

11

11

7WoodSnipe

Gal

linag

one

mor

icol

a1

1PintailSnipe

G.s

tenu

ra1

11

3


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Com

mon

Snipe

G.g

allin

ago

11

2SpottedRedshank

Tri

nga

eryt

hopu

s1

12

Com

mon

Redshank

T.t

otan

us1

1MarshSandpiper

T.s

tagn

atili

s1

1Com

mon

Greenshank

T.n

ebul

aria

11

11

4Green

Sandpiper

T.o

chro

pus

11

11

11

17

WoodSandpiper

T.g

lare

ola

11

11

4Com

mon

Sandpiper

Act

itis

hypo

leuc

os1

11

11

11

18

Pheasant-tailedJacana

Hyd

roph

asia

nus

11

2ch

irur

gus

Black-wingedStilt

Him

anto

pus

11

him

anto

pus

PacificGolden

Plover

Plu

vial

isfu

lva

11

LittleRingedPlover

Cha

radr

ius

dubi

us1

11

11

16

KentishPlover

C.a

lexa

ndri

nus

11

2RiverLapwing

Van

ellu

sdu

vauc

elii

11

13

Grey-headed

Lapwing

V.c

iner

eus

11

11

15

Red-wattled

Lapwing

V.i

ndic

us1

11

11

5OrientalPratincole

Gla

reol

am

aldi

varu

m1

1Sm

allPratincole

G.l

acte

a1

1BridledTern

Ster

naan

aeth

etus

11

Whiskered

Tern

Chl

idon

ias

hybr

idus

11

White-wingedTern

C.l

euco

pter

us1

1Osprey

Pan

dion

halia

etus

11

2Jerdon’sBaza

Avi

ceda

jerd

oni

11

BlackBaza

A.l

euph

otes

11

11

11

11

11

10OrientalHoney-buzzard

Per

nis

ptilo

rhyn

chus

11

11

11

17

Black-shouldered

Kite

Ela

nus

caer

uleu

s1

11

3BlackKite

Milv

usm

igra

ns1

11

11

5Brahm

inyKite

Hal

iast

urin

dus

11

LesserFishEagle

Icht

hyop

haga

hum

ilis

11

11

4


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Grey-headed

FishEagle

I.ic

hthy

aetu

s1

11

11

5Crested

SerpentEagle

Spilo

rnis

chee

la1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13EurasianMarshHarrier

Cir

cus

aeru

gino

sus

11

13

Hen

Harrier

C.c

yane

us1

1PiedHarrier

C.m

elan

oleu

cos

11

2Crested

Goshawk

Acc

ipit

ertr

ivir

gatu

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13Shikra

A.b

adiu

s1

11

11

16

ChineseSparrowhawk

A.s

oloe

nsis

11

2JapaneseSparrowhawk

A.g

ular

is1

11

3Besra

A.v

irga

tus

11

2EurasianSparrowhawk

A.n

isus

11

2Rufous-wingedBuzzard

But

astu

rliv

ente

r1

1Grey-facedBuzzard

B.i

ndic

us1

12

Com

mon

Buzzard

But

eobu

teo

11

2BlackEagle

Icti

naet

usm

alay

ensi

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13GreaterSpottedEagle

Aqu

ilacl

anga

11

Rufous-bellied

Eagle

Hie

raae

tus

kien

erii

11

11

11

6ChangeableHawkEagle

Spiz

aetu

sci

rrha

tus

11

11

15

MountainHawkEagle

S.ni

pale

nsis

11

11

11

6PiedFalconet

Mic

rohi

erax

11

11

11

11

8m

elan

oleu

cos

Com

mon

Kestrel

Falc

oti

nnun

culu

s1

11

14

OrientalHobby

F.se

veru

s1

11

11

16

Peregrine

Falcon

F.pe

regr

inus

11

11

11

6LittleGrebe

Tac

hyba

ptus

rufic

ollis

11

13

GreatCormorant

Pha

lacr

ocor

axca

rbo

11

LittleEgret

Egr

etta

garz

etta

11

11

11

11

8GreyHeron

Ard

eaci

nere

a1

11

14

PurpleHeron

A.p

urpu

rea

11

13

GreatEgret

Cas

mer

odiu

sal

bus

11

11

4IntermediateEgret

Mes

opho

yxin

term

edia

11

13


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

CattleEgret

Bub

ulcu

sib

is1

11

14

ChinesePondHeron

Ard

eola

bacc

hus

11

11

11

11

19

LittleHeron

But

orid

esst

riat

us1

11

11

11

11

110

Black-crownedNight

Nyc

tico

rax

nyct

icor

ax1

1Heron

Malayan

NightHeron

Gor

sach

ius

11

2m

elan

olop

hus

YellowBittern

Ixob

rych

ussi

nens

is1

11

3Von

Schrenck’sBittern

I.eu

rhyt

hmus

11

2Cinnamon

Bittern

I.ci

nnam

omeu

s1

11

11

11

11

110

BlackBittern

Dup

etor

flavi

colli

s1

11

14

Spot-billed

Pelican

Pel

ecan

usph

ilipp

ensi

s1

12

Painted

Stork

Myc

teri

ale

ucoc

epha

la1

1BlackStork

Cic

onia

nigr

a1

1Woolly-neckedStork

C.e

pisc

opus

11

Eared

Pitta

Pit

taph

ayre

i1

11

3Blue-napedPitta

P.n

ipal

ensi

s1

1Blue-rumpedPitta

P.s

oror

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Rusty-naped

Pitta

P.o

ates

i1

11

14

BluePitta

P.c

yane

a1

11

3Bar-belliedPitta

P.e

lliot

ii1

11

11

11

11

110

Blue-wingedPitta

P.m

oluc

cens

is1

12

Dusky

Broadbill

Cor

ydon

sum

atra

nus

11

2Banded

Broadbill

Eur

ylai

mus

java

nicu

s1

12

Silver-breastedBroadbill

Seri

loph

uslu

natu

s1

11

11

11

18

Long-tailedBroadbill

Psa

riso

mus

dalh

ousi

ae1

11

11

11

11

11

112

Asian

FairyBluebird

Iren

apu

ella

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Blue-wingedLeafbird

Chl

orop

sis

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14co

chin

chin

ensi

sGolden-fronted

Leafbird

C.a

urifr

ons

11

11

15

Orange-bellied

Leafbird

C.h

ardw

icki

i1

11

11

11

11

11

11


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

TigerShrike

Lani

usti

grin

us1

11

14

BrownShrike

L.cr

ista

tus

11

11

11

11

11

10BurmeseShrike

L.co

lluri

oide

s1

11

14

Long-tailedShrike

L.sc

hach

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14Grey-backed

Shrike

L.te

phro

notu

s1

11

11

11

7EurasianJay

Gar

rulu

sgl

anda

rius

11

2Red-billed

BlueMagpie

Uro

ciss

a1

11

11

16

eryt

hror

hync

haWhite-wingedMagpie

U.w

hite

head

i1

11

11

11

11

11

11Com

mon

Green

Magpie

Cis

sach

inen

sis

11

11

11

17

IndochineseGreen

C.h

ypol

euca

11

11

11

11

11

111

Magpie

RufousTreepie

Den

droc

itta

vaga

bund

a1

12

GreyTreepie

D.f

orm

osae

11

11

15

Racket-tailedTreepie

Cry

psir

ina

tem

ia1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Ratchet-tailedTreepie

Tem

nuru

ste

mnu

rus

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14Large-billed

Crow

Cor

vus

mac

rorh

ynch

os1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

CollaredCrow

C.t

orqu

atus

11

AshyWoodswallow

Art

amus

fusc

us1

11

11

11

11

110

Black-naped

Oriole

Ori

olus

chin

ensi

s1

11

3Black-hooded

Oriole

O.x

anth

ornu

s1

11

3MaroonOriole

O.t

raill

ii1

11

11

11

7Large

Cuckooshrike

Cor

acin

am

acei

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Indochinese

C.p

olio

pter

a1

1Cuckooshrike

Black-winged

C.m

elas

chis

tos

11

11

11

11

19

Cuckooshrike

Swinhoe’sMinivet

Per

icro

cotu

s1

1ca

nton

ensi

sAshyMinivet

P.d

ivar

icat

us1

11

14

SmallMinivet

P.c

inna

mom

eus

11

13


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Grey-chinnedMinivet

P.s

olar

is1

11

11

5Long-tailedMinivet

P.e

thol

ogus

11

2Short-billedMinivet

P.b

revi

rost

ris

11

ScarletMinivet

P.fl

amm

eus

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Bar-winged

Hem

ipus

pica

tus

11

11

11

11

11

111

Flycatcher-shrike

White-throatedFantail

Rhi

pidu

raal

bico

llis

11

11

11

11

11

10BlackDrongo

Dic

ruru

sm

acro

cerc

us1

11

11

11

11

11

112

AshyDrongo

D.l

euco

phae

us1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13Crow-billed

Drongo

D.a

nnec

tans

11

11

11

11

11

111

Bronzed

Drongo

D.a

eneu

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

LesserRacket-tailed

D.r

emife

r1

11

11

11

18

Drongo

Spangled

Drongo

D.h

otte

ntot

tus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12GreaterRacket-tailed

D.p

arad

iseu

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Drongo

Black-naped

Monarch

Hyp

othy

mis

azur

ea1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Asian

Ter

psip

hone

para

disi

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Paradise-flycatcher

Japaneses

T.a

troc

auda

ta1

1Paradise-flycatcher

Com

mon

Iora

Aeg

ithi

nati

phia

11

11

11

17

GreatIora

A.l

afre

snay

ei1

11

11

11

11

11

112

Large

Woodshrike

Tep

hrod

orni

sgu

lari

s1

11

11

11

11

11

112

Com

mon

Woodshrike

T.p

ondi

ceri

anus

11

2BrownDipper

Cin

clus

palla

sii

11

11

4White-throatedRock

Mon

tico

lagu

lari

s1

11

3Thrush

BlueRockThrush

M.s

olit

ariu

s1

11

11

11

18

BlueWhistlingThrush

Myo

phon

usca

erul

eus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12Orange-headed

Thrush

Zoo

ther

aci

trin

a1

11

11

16


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Siberian

Thrush

Z.s

ibir

ica

11

11

11

6ScalyThrush

Z.d

aum

a1

11

11

16

Dark-sided

Thrush

Z.m

argi

nata

11

13

Grey-backed

Thrush

Tur

dus

hort

ulor

um1

1Black-breastedThrush

T.d

issi

mili

s1

12

JapaneseThrush

T.c

ardi

s1

11

14

Grey-wingedBlackbird

T.b

oulb

oul

11

EurasianBlackbird

T.m

erul

a1

11

11

11

7ChestnutThrush

T.r

ubro

canu

s1

1Grey-sided

Thrush

T.f

eae

11

Eyebrow

edThrush

T.o

bscu

rus

11

2LesserShortwing

Bra

chyp

tery

x1

11

3le

ucop

hrys

Grey-streaked

Flycatcher

Mus

cica

pagr

isei

stic

ta1

1Dark-sided

Flycatcher

M.s

ibir

ica

11

11

15

Asian

BrownFlycatcher

M.d

auur

ica

11

11

11

11

8FerruginousFlycatcher

M.f

erru

gine

a1

1Yellow-rum

ped

Fice

dula

zant

hopy

gia

11

2Flycatcher

Narcissus

Flycatcher

F.na

rcis

sina

11

2MugimakiFlycatcher

F.m

ugim

aki

11

13

Slaty-backed

Flycatcher

F.ho

dgso

nii

11

Rufous-gorgeted

F.st

roph

iata

11

Flycatcher

Red-throatedFlycatcher

F.pa

rva

11

11

11

11

19

White-gorgeted

F.m

onile

ger

11

11

15

Flycatcher

Snow

y-brow

edF.

hype

ryth

ra1

12

Flycatcher


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Rufous-chested

F.du

met

oria

11

Flycatcher

LittlePiedFlycatcher

F.w

este

rman

ni1

11

3SapphireFlycatcher

F.sa

pphi

ra1

1Blue-and-white

Cya

nopt

ila1

11

3Flycatcher

cyan

omel

ana

VerditerFlycatcher

Eum

yias

thal

assi

na1

11

11

16

Large

Niltava

Nilt

ava

gran

dis

11

11

11

6Sm

allNiltava

N.m

acgr

igor

iae

11

13

FujianNiltava

N.d

avid

i1

11

11

5Rufous-bellied

Niltava

N.s

unda

ra1

12

White-tailedFlycatcher

Cyo

rnis

conc

retu

s1

11

11

11

11

110

HainanBlueFlycatcher

C.h

aina

nus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12PaleBlueFlycatcher

C.u

nico

lor

11

13

Blue-throated

Flycatcher

C.r

ubec

uloi

des

11

13

HillBlueFlycatcher

C.b

anyu

mas

11

11

4Tickell’sBlueFlycatcher

C.t

icke

lliae

11

11

4PygmyBlueFlycatcher

Mus

cica

pella

hodg

soni

11

Grey-headed

Canary

Cul

icic

apa

ceyl

onen

sis

11

11

11

11

11

111

Flycatcher

Rufous-tailedRobin

Lusc

inia

sibi

lans

11

11

15

Siberian

Rubythroat

L.ca

lliop

e1

11

11

16

Bluethroat

L.sv

ecic

a1

1Siberian

BlueRobin

L.cy

ane

11

11

11

17

Orange-flankedBush

Tar

sige

rcy

anur

us1

11

14

Robin

OrientalMagpieRobin

Cop

sych

ussa

ular

is1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

White-rum

pedSham

aC

.mal

abar

icus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12Daurian

Redstart

Pho

enic

urus

auro

reus

11


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

White-cappedWater

Cha

imar

rorn

is1

12

Redstart

leuc

ocep

halu

sPlumbeousWater

Rhy

acor

nis

fulig

inos

us1

11

14

Redstart

White-tailedRobin

Myi

omel

ale

ucur

a1

11

11

5Slaty-backed

Forktail

Eni

curu

ssc

hist

aceu

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13White-crownedForktail

E.l

esch

enau

lti

11

11

11

11

19

PurpleCochoa

Coc

hoa

purp

urea

11

Green

Cochoa

C.v

irid

is1

11

14

Com

mon

Stonechat

Saxi

cola

torq

uata

11

11

11

11

8GreyBushchat

S.fe

rrea

11

2Chestnut-tailedStarling

Stur

nus

mal

abar

icus

11

13

Purple-backed

Starling

S.st

urni

nus

11

White-shouldered

S.si

nens

is1

11

11

11

7Starling

Com

mon

Starling

S.vu

lgar

is1

1Black-collaredStarling

S.ni

gric

ollis

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Vinous-breasted

Starling

S.bu

rman

nicu

s1

1Com

mon

Myna

Acr

idot

here

str

isti

s1

11

11

11

18

White-ventedMyna

A.c

iner

eus

11

11

11

17

Crested

Myna

A.c

rist

atel

lus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12Golden-crested

Myna

Am

pelic

eps

coro

natu

s1

11

14

HillMyna

Gra

cula

relig

iosa

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14Chestnut-bellied

Sitt

aca

stan

ea1

11

14

Nuthatch

Velvet-frontedNuthatch

S.fr

onta

lis1

11

11

11

7BeautifulNuthatch

S.fo

rmos

a1

1GreatTit

Par

usm

ajor

11

11

15

Green-backedTit

P.m

onti

colu

s1

1Yellow-cheeked

Tit

P.s

pilo

notu

s1

11

3Sultan

Tit

Mel

anoc

hlor

asu

ltan

ea1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Black-throatedTit

Aeg

itha

los

conc

innu

s1

11

3Sand

Martin

Rip

aria

ripa

ria

11

Dusky

CragMartin

Hir

undo

conc

olor

11

2BarnSw

allow

H.r

usti

ca1

11

11

11

18

Red-rum

pedSw

allow

H.d

auri

ca1

11

11

16

Striated

Swallow

H.s

trio

lata

11

13

NorthernHouseMartin

Del

icho

nur

bica

11

Asian

HouseMartin

D.d

asyp

us1

1Striated

Bulbul

Pyc

nono

tus

stri

atus

11

2Black-headed

Bulbul

P.a

tric

eps

11

2Black-crested

Bulbul

P.m

elan

icte

rus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12Red-whiskered

Bulbul

P.j

ocos

us1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Light-ventedBulbul

P.s

inen

sis

11

11

15

Sooty-headed

Bulbul

P.a

urig

aste

r1

11

11

11

11

11

11Stripe-throatedBulbul

P.fi

nlay

soni

11

11

11

11

11

111

FlavescentBulbul

P.fl

aves

cens

11

Puff-throated

Bulbul

Alo

phoi

xus

palli

dus

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

OchraceousBulbul

A.o

chra

ceus

11

11

15

Grey-eyed

Bulbul

Iole

prop

inqu

a1

11

11

11

11

11

11AshyBulbul

Hem

ixos

flava

la1

11

11

5MountainBulbul

Hyp

sipe

tes

mcc

lella

ndii

11

11

4BlackBulbul

H.l

euco

ceph

alus

11

11

11

11

11

10Zitting

Cisticola

Cis

tico

laju

ncid

is1

11

14

Bright-headed

Cisticola

C.e

xilis

11

HillPrinia

Pri

nia

atro

gula

ris

11

13

RufescentPrinia

P.r

ufes

cens

11

11

11

11

8Grey-breasted

Prinia

P.h

odgs

onii

11

11

15

Yellow-belliedPrinia

P.fl

aviv

entr

is1

11

11

5PlainPrinia

P.i

norn

ata

11

11

4Chestnut-flanked

Zos

tero

ps1

1White-eye

eryt

hrop

leur

us


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

OrientalWhite-eye

Z.p

alpe

bros

us1

11

11

11

7JapaneseWhite-eye

Z.j

apon

icus

11

11

11

17

Slaty-bellied

Tesia

Tes

iaol

ivea

11

11

4Grey-bellied

Tesia

T.c

yani

vent

er1

11

3Asian

Stubtail

Uro

sphe

nasq

uam

icep

s1

11

11

11

18

Pale-footed

Bush

Cet

tia

palli

dipe

s1

1Warbler

JapaneseBushWarbler

C.d

ipho

ne1

11

3BrownBushWarbler

Bra

dypt

erus

11

lute

oven

tris

Lanceolated

Warbler

Locu

stel

lala

nceo

lata

11

11

11

17

Rusty-rum

pedWarbler

L.ce

rthi

ola

11

2Black-browed

Reed

Acr

ocep

halu

s1

12

Warbler

bist

rigi

ceps

OrientalReedWarbler

A.o

rien

talis

11

2Thick-billed

Warbler

A.a

edon

11

11

4MountainTailorbird

Ort

hoto

mus

cucu

latu

s1

11

3Com

mon

Tailorbird

O.s

utor

ius

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14Dark-necked

Tailorbird

O.a

trog

ular

is1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13Dusky

Warbler

Phy

llosc

opus

fusc

atus

11

11

11

11

8Buff-throated

Warbler

P.s

ubaf

finis

11

Radde’sWarbler

P.s

chw

arzi

11

11

11

17

Pallas’sLeafWarbler

P.p

rore

gulu

s1

1Yellow-browed

Warbler

P.i

norn

atus

11

11

11

11

8ArcticWarbler

P.b

orea

lis1

11

11

11

7GreenishWarbler

P.t

roch

iloid

es1

11

11

16

Pale-legged

Leaf

P.t

enel

lipes

11

11

11

6Warbler

EasternCrowned

P.c

oron

atus

11

13

Warbler

Blyth’sLeafWarbler

P.r

egul

oide

s1

11

14


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

White-tailedLeaf

P.d

avis

oni

11

11

11

17

Warbler

Yellow-ventedWarbler

P.c

anta

tor

11

Sulphur-breasted

P.r

icke

tti

11

11

4Warbler

Golden-spectacled

Seic

ercu

sbu

rkii

11

11

11

11

8Warbler

Grey-cheekedWarbler

S.po

lioge

nys

11

11

15

Chestnut-crow

ned

S.ca

stan

icep

s1

11

3Warbler

Rufous-facedWarbler

Abr

osco

pus

albo

gula

ris

11

11

4Yellow-belliedWarbler

A.s

uper

cilia

ris

11

11

11

11

11

10Striated

Grassbird

Meg

alur

uspa

lust

ris

11

11

15

MaskedLaughingthrush

Gar

rula

xpe

rspi

cilla

tus

11

11

11

17

White-crested

G.l

euco

loph

us1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Laughingthrush

LesserNecklaced

G.m

onile

ger

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Laughingthrush

GreaterNecklaced

G.p

ecto

ralis

11

11

15

Laughingthrush

GreyLaughingthrush

G.m

aesi

11

11

11

6Black-throated

G.c

hine

nsis

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Laughingthrush

White-cheeked

G.v

assa

li1

1Laughingthrush

Rufous-vented

G.g

ular

is1

1Laughingthrush

Spot-breasted

G.m

erul

inus

11

Laughingthrush

Hwam

eiG

.can

orus

11

11

11

6


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Chestnut-crow

ned

G.e

ryth

roce

phal

us1

12

Laughingthrush

Red-tailed

G.m

ilnei

11

2Laughingthrush

Abbott’sBabbler

Mal

acoc

incl

aab

bott

i1

11

14

Buff-breasted

Babbler

Pel

lorn

eum

tick

elli

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Spot-throatedBabbler

P.a

lbiv

entr

e1

11

14

Puff-throated

Babbler

P.r

ufice

ps1

11

11

11

11

11

11Scaly-crow

nedBabbler

Mal

acop

tero

nci

nere

um1

11

11

11

11

11

112

Large

ScimitarBabbler

Pom

ator

hinu

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13hy

pole

ucos

White-browed

Scimitar

P.s

chis

tice

ps1

11

11

11

7Babbler

Streak-breastedScimitar

P.r

ufico

llis

11

11

11

17

Babbler

Red-billed

Scimitar

P.o

chra

cice

ps1

11

3Babbler

Coral-billed

Scimitar

P.f

erru

gino

sus

11

13

Babbler

Short-tailedScimitar

Jabo

uille

iada

njou

i1

11

11

11

11

9Babbler

Limestone

WrenBabbler

Nap

othe

racr

ispi

fron

s1

1Streaked

WrenBabbler

N.b

revi

caud

ata

11

11

11

11

11

10Eyebrow

edWren

N.e

pile

pido

ta1

11

11

11

11

110

Babbler

PygmyWrenBabbler

Pno

epyg

apu

silla

11

11

4SpottedWrenBabbler

Spel

aeor

nis

form

osus

11

2Rufous-frontedBabbler

Stac

hyri

sru

fifro

ns1

11

11

16

Rufous-capped

Babbler

S.ru

ficep

s1

11

14

Golden

Babbler

S.ch

rysa

ea1

11

11

11

7


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

SootyBabbler

S.he

rbet

i1

12

Grey-throated

Babbler

S.ni

gric

eps

11

11

11

11

11

111

Spot-neckedBabbler

S.st

riol

ata

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14StripedTitBabbler

Mac

rono

usgu

lari

s1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Grey-facedTitBabbler

M.k

elle

yi1

11

14

Chestnut-capped

Tim

alia

pile

ata

11

11

11

11

19

Babbler

Yellow-eyedBabbler

Chr

ysom

ma

sine

nse

11

2Silver-eared

Mesia

Leio

thri

xar

gent

auri

s1

11

3Cutia

Cut

iani

pale

nsis

11

White-browed

Shrike

Pte

ruth

ius

flavi

scap

is1

11

11

5Babbler

Black-eared

Shrike

P.m

elan

otis

11

13

Babbler

Chestnut-frontedShrike

P.a

enob

arbu

s1

11

3Babbler

White-hooded

Babbler

Gam

psor

hync

hus

11

11

15

rufu

lus

Spectacled

Barwing

Act

inod

ura

ram

sayi

11

Blue-wingedMinla

Min

lacy

anou

ropt

era

11

13

Chestnut-tailedMinla

M.s

trig

ula

11

2Red-tailedMinla

M.i

gnot

inct

a1

11

3Yellow-throatedFulvetta

Alc

ippe

cine

rea

11

Rufous-wingedFulvetta

A.c

asta

nece

ps1

11

3Spectacled

Fulvetta

A.r

ufica

pilla

11

2Rufous-throated

Fulvetta

A.r

ufog

ular

is1

11

11

11

11

11

112

Dusky

Fulvetta

A.b

runn

ea1

1Rusty-cappedFulvetta

A.d

ubia

11

2Brown-cheekedFulvetta

A.p

oioi

ceph

ala

11

11

15

MountainFulvetta

A.p

erac

ensi

s1

11

11

11

11

11

112

Grey-cheekedFulvetta

A.m

orri

soni

a1

11

14


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

Rufous-backed

Sibia

Het

erop

hasi

aan

nect

ans

11

2Long-tailedSibia

H.p

icao

ides

11

2Striated

Yuhina

Yuh

ina

cast

anic

eps

11

11

15

Whiskered

Yuhina

Y.fl

avic

ollis

11

11

4Black-chinned

Yuhina

Y.n

igri

men

ta1

11

3White-belliedYuhina

Y.z

anth

oleu

ca1

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

Grey-headed

Parrotbill

Par

adox

orni

sgu

lari

s1

11

14

Black-throatedParrotbill

P.n

ipal

ensi

s1

11

3Short-tailedParrotbill

P.d

avid

ianu

s1

11

14

LesserRufous-headed

P.a

tros

uper

cilia

ris

11

Parrotbill

Rufous-wingedBushlark

Mir

afra

assa

mic

a1

1OrientalSkylark

Ala

uda

gulg

ula

11

13

Thick-billed

Dic

aeum

agile

11

11

15

Flow

erpecker

Yellow-vented

D.c

hrys

orrh

eum

11

11

11

11

8Flow

erpecker

PlainFlow

erpecker

D.c

onco

lor

11

11

11

11

11

11

12Fire-breasted

D.i

gnip

ectu

s1

11

14

Flow

erpecker

Scarlet-backed

D.c

ruen

tatu

m1

11

11

16

Flow

erpecker

Ruby-cheekedSunbird

Ant

hrep

tes

sing

alen

sis

11

11

11

17

Purple-napedSunbird

Hyp

ogra

mm

a1

11

11

11

11

110

hypo

gram

mic

umOlive-backed

Sunbird

Nec

tari

nia

jugu

lari

s1

11

11

11

18

MrsGould’sSunbird

Aet

hopy

gago

uldi

ae1

11

3Green-tailedSunbird

A.n

ipal

ensi

s1

11

3Fork-tailedSunbird

A.c

hris

tina

e1

11

11

11

11

11

11

13Black-throatedSunbird

A.s

atur

ata

11

11

15

CrimsonSunbird

A.s

ipar

aja

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14


pp

end

ix:C

onti

nued.

Nakai

Nam

Hin

Phong

KeXuan

Pu

Ben

Phong

Pu

Pu

Cuc

Bach

Vu

Total

Species

ScientificNam

eTheun

Nam

noDien

Dakrong

Go

Lien

Huong

En

Nha

Mat

HoatPhuong

Ma

Quang

no.of

Sites

LittleSpiderhunter

Ara

chno

ther

a1

11

11

11

11

110

long

iros

tra

Streaked

Spiderhunter

A.m

agna

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

14RussetSparrow

Pas

ser

ruti

lans

11

Plain-backedSparrow

P.fl

aveo

lus

11

2EurasianTreeSparrow

P.m

onta

nus

11

11

11

11

11

11

12ForestWagtail

Den

dron

anth

usin

dicu

s1

11

11

5WhiteWagtail

Mot

acill

aal

ba1

11

11

11

11

9YellowWagtail

M.fl

ava

11

11

11

17

GreyWagtail

M.c

iner

ea1

11

11

11

11

9Richard’sPipit

Ant

hus

rich

ardi

11

11

15

PaddyfieldPipit

A.r

uful

us1

11

3Olive-backed

Pipit

A.h

odgs

oni

11

11

11

11

19

Red-throatedPipit

A.c

ervi

nus

11

11

4Pin-tailedParrotfinch

Ery

thru

rapr

asin

a1

1White-rum

pedMunia

Lonc

hura

stri

ata

11

11

11

11

11

11

113

Scaly-breasted

Munia

L.pu

nctu

lata

11

11

11

6Crested

Bunting

Mel

ophu

sla

tham

i1

12

Chestnut-earedBunting

Em

beri

zafu

cata

11

LittleBunting

E.p

usill

a1

1Yellow-breastedBunting

E.a

ureo

la1

12

ChestnutBunting

E.r

utila

11

11

4Black-faced

Bunting

E.s

podo

ceph

ala

11

Totalno.ofspeciesatsite

439

220

158

102

270

133

146

191

213

283

128

171

249

274

Sorenson’ssimilarityindexwithVuQuang

0.70

10.

619

0.58

80.

4520.6

990.

580

0.55

70.

581

0.64

50.

758

0.53

70.

598

0.64

2n/a

Specieslistswerederived

from

anumberofpublishedandunpublishedsources:forCuc

PhuongNationalPark,Robson

etal

.(1

989),Eam

eset

al.(1

999)and

Tordoff

etal

.(1

999);forBachMaNationalPark,Eve

(199

6);forBen

EnNationalPark,Tordoff

etal

.(2

000);forDakrong

NatureReserve,LeTrong

Trai

etal

.(1

999c);forHinNam

noNBCA,Eve

etal

.(19

98);forKeGoNatureReserve,LeTrong

Traie

tal

.(19

99b);forNakaiNam

Theun

NBCA,Eve

etal

.(19

98);forPhong

DienNatureReserve,LeTrong

Trai

etal

.(1

999c);forPhong

Nha

NatureReserve,Eam

eset

al.(1

994),Kalyakin(1

999)andTimmins

etal

.(1

999);forPuHoat

NatureReserve,Anon.(1

997);forPuHuong

NatureReserve,Kem

pandDilger(1

996);forPuMatNatureReserve,Round

(199

9);and,forXuanLienNature

Reserve,LeTrong

Trai

etal

.(19

99a).


References

Anon. (1997) [Investment plan for Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province.] Unpub-lished report to Nghe An Provincial People’s Committee, Vinh, Vietnam. (InVietnamese.)

BirdLife International (2001) Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International red data book.Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.

Do Tuoc, Vu Van Dung, Dawson, S., Arctander, P. and MacKinnon, J. (1994) Introductionof a new large mammal species in Vietnam. Technical Report. Hanoi, Vietnam: Ministry ofForestry. (In Vietnamese.)

Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. and Khounboline, K. (compilers) (1999) Wildlife in LaoPDR: 1999 status report. Vientiane, Laos: IUCN-The World Conservation Union/WildlifeConservation Society/Centre for Protected Areas and Watershed Management.

Eames, J. C. and Eve, R. (1999) Bird species recorded during the survey from 2 July to 15July 1999 in forest unit 224. Unpublished.

Eames, J. C., Lambert, F. R. and Nguyen Cu (1994) A survey of the Annamese Lowlands,Vietnam, and its implications for the conservation of Vietnamese and Imperial Pheas-ants Lophura hatinhensis and Lophura imperialis. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 4: 343–382.

Eames, J. C., Tordoff, A. W. and Wege, D. C. (1999) Bird list from Cuc Phuong NationalPark 10 and 11 April 1999. Unpublished.

Eve, R. (1996) Birdlist of Bach Ma National Park, Hai Van Pass, Bana. Hue, Vietnam: BachMa National Park Project WWF/EC.

Eve, R. (2000) Spatial planning for nature conservation in Vu Quang Nature Reserve, HaTinh province. Unpublished report to WWF Indo-China Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Eve, R. Nguyen Viet Dung and Meijboom, M. (1998) Vu Quang Nature Reserve: a link inthe Annamite chain. Vol. 2, 0: list of species: fauna and flora. Unpublished report toWWF Indo-China Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Inskipp, T., Lindsey, N. and Duckworth, W. (1996) Annotated checklist of the birds of theOriental Region. Sandy, Bedfordshire, U. K.: Oriental Bird Club.

Kalyakin, M. V. (1999) Ornithological studies in Ke Bang area, central Vietnam in March–April 1999. Unpublished report to the Vietnam–Russia Tropical Centre, Hanoi, Vietnam.

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JONATHAN C. EAMES and ANDREW W. TORDOFFBirdLife International Vietnam Programme, 11, Lane 167, Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.

E-mail: [email protected]

ROLAND EVEWWF Indochina Programme Office, No. 7, Yet Kieu, Hanoi, Vietnam.

E-mail: [email protected]

Received 3 April 2001; revision accepted 4 July 2001

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TheimportanceofVuQuangNature Reserve,Vietnam ......Vietnam(Stattersfieldet al. 1998).Ninerestricted-rangespeciesoccurwithinthe EBA,ofwhichfiveareconfinedtoit(Stattersfieldet al