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    The copyright notice

    It is advisable for all publications to carry a copyright notice in one of the following

    forms:

    Copyright - the symbol c encircled - year of publication - by - name ofcopyright holder: e.g. Copyright 2007 by The Publishers Association Ltd

    Copyright - the symbol c encircled - name of copyright holder - year ofpublication: e.g. Copyright The Publishers Association Ltd 2007.

    This notice most frequently appears on the reverse of the title-page in a book or, ifthis is not available for any reason, in another prominent position.

    The copyright notice does not, under normal circumstances, change at any time andshould continue to be printed with the same date of first publication anywhere in the

    world in all editions of a book as long as it remains in copyright. Thus a book firstpublished in the USA in one year and in the UK the next retains the date of the USpublication in the copyright notice. The only current exception is when a substantiallyrevised edition of a book is published, in which case it may be legitimate to amendthe copyright notice to say 'Copyright c in this revised edition by...'

    Copyright term and ownership

    Copyright exists in an original work from the moment it is crated, until 70 years afterthe death of the author.The copyright notice serves as information regarding the

    copyright holder and a warning that copyright exists. It is most commonly vested inthe author, unless the work is a publication written by employees of an organisationin the course of their work or is a compilation of various authors' work; in which caseit is additionally possible for separate parts of the work to be the copyright of theindividual authors whilst the publisher retains the copyright in the compilation volume.

    Since 1996 the term of copyright in the UK has been brought into line with otherstates in the European Union and extended from 50 years to 70 years after the endof the year in which the author died, or, in the case of copyright held by the companyor institution, after the end of the year of publication. At the expiry of this period, anypublisher may freely issue editions of the works in question without furtherconsultation and without payment.

    Additional safeguards

    Copying

    Many publishers also print a notice covering illegal photocopying on the title-verso oftheir publications, thus:

    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

    stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any

    Publishers Association, 29B Montague Street, London WC1B 5BW Tel: +44 (0)207 691 9191Fax: +44 (0)207 691 9199, Email: [email protected], Website: www.publishers.org.uk

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    means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

    Binding style

    Publishers of paperbacks customarily print on the title-verso of their books thefollowing additional warning (though for commercial rather than strictly copyrightreasons):

    This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade orotherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher'sprior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is publishedand without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on thesubsequent purchaser.

    Typography

    Copyright in the printed edition of a book exists for 25 years from the end of the yearof publication in that edition or page layout. Within that period no book may bereproduced and reprinted without the payment of a fee to the creator of that edition(normally the publisher of the edition in question).

    Publishers Association, 29B Montague Street, London WC1B 5BW Tel: +44 (0)207 691 9191Fax: +44 (0)207 691 9199, Email: [email protected], Website: www.publishers.org.uk