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The ZBB is the best battery for renewable energy storage!
San Ramon - California
500 kWh - 1MWpeak
Individual String Voltage ProfilesTen Consecutive Cycles
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Volta
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t (kW
h)String 1String 2kWh Output
Ten consecutive cycles, more than 500 kWh discharge energy each cycle
Milwaukee - Wisconsin
50 kWh
50 kWh Discharge Energy
450litrestotal
Milwaukee stack production section
Click the picture to run video
Infra red welding of membranes and electrodes to flow frames
Infra red welding of membranes and electrodes to flow frames
IR welding electrodes and membranes to flow frames
Click the picture to run video
Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack
Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack
Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack
Vibration welding a ZBB “stack”
Click the picture to run video
Stacks of stacks !
Perth Western Australia
The Questions
• How much electricity can it store ? • How efficient is it ? • How long will it last ? • How much does it cost ? • How powerful is it ?• Is it safe ?
Laboratory test of one stackLab bench test of one 20kWh ZBB stack, 60 cells, 100V, 20 kWh discharge capacity
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TIME IN HOURS
VOLT
AGE
/ V
50 AMP CHARGE
#92 100 AMP DISCHARGE #64 50 AMP
DISCHARGE
Total Disharge Energy: 20 kWh
Constant Current 100% Discharge Tests on One 60 Cell Stack
Efficiency: 77%
Energy Density
Discharge Energy: 20,000 Wh
Stack: ~60 kg
150 litres of electrolyte: ~225 kg
(75% zinc utilisation from 2.25M Zn)
ZBB: Energy density: ~70 Wh/kg
-----------------------------------------------
VRB: Energy Density: 15-25 Wh/kgSource: Maria Skyllas –Kazakos, VRB inventor, Eurosolar 2006
Lead-Acid: Range 15-30 Wh/kgTypical range at 50% DOD cycling
20 kWh of energy discharge
150 litres of
electrolyte
to here!
•Zinc is plated on charge and totally removed when 100% discharged
•Bromine is produced on charge and stored in the tank
•When discharged we have a solution of Zinc Bromide salt
The Challenge!
NiMH – 30gr ZBB – 285kg
Energiser NiMH 2500mAh
1000
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120Time / hr
Volta
ge /
mV
-300
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ent /
mA
Volt Current
Test performed at ZBB laboratories, Perth, Western Australia
Energiser 2.5Ah AA Ni Met Hydride, Efficiency Plot Batt 1
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Cycle #
Per C
ent
C/Eff % V/Eff % E/Eff %E
All cycles at 250mA Charge and 250mA Discharge
300 Cycles to 1.0 V
Test performed at ZBB laboratories, Perth, Western Australia
The Winner!
0.003 kWh, $4.00
$1,333 /kWh
200 cycles in 8 months
$6.67 to store and return 1kWh
20 kWh, $8,000
$400/kWh
3,650 cycles over 10 years
$0.11 to store and return 1kWh
Battery Cost to Store and Return Electrical Energy
0.05 10.0 3,650200 100200
Ten years life with no stack replacement necessary
ZBB projected (cost reduction 50%, stack life increased to 10 years)
0.13 10.0 3,650490 100490
Ten years life with stack only replacement ($90/kWh) after 5 years
ZBB available now $400/kWh, 5 years stack life
0.25 1.6 600150 5075Data sheet: 600 cycles to 50% DOD if <25C
Coopower CP-2-3000VRLA, rated 3000Ah (2V cell), FOB Shanghai for $450
0.16 6.8 2,500400 502002,500 Cycles to 50% DOD if < 25CLead Acid
6.67 0.5 2001,3331001,333200 C10 cycles giving ~0.003 kWh/cycle
Energiser NiMH AA 2,500mAh, retail ~ $4
$/kWh percycle Years Cycles
$/kWh battery
cap.%$/kWh
COST per kWh stored
and returned
LIFE if cycled daily
CYCLELIFE
COST useable capacity DOD
COST rated
capacityLIFE Estimate/RatingBATTERY
Low CostLow cost electrolyte• Water• Zinc Bromide Salt• Quat
Low cost membrane(micro porous polyethylene)NOT expensive ion exchange membrane
All plastic stack• Polyethylene• Carbon• Fibre Glass
Click the picture to run video
Power Density
Max Continuous Power: 20 kW
Stack + Electrolyte ~285 kg
Power density: ~70 W/kg
Note:
Short Circuit Current: ~1,000 Amps
10 kW of continuouspower for 2h
Note!With less electrolyte
-higher power
density!0
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TIME IN HOURS
VOLT
AGE
/ V
50 AMP CHARGE
#92 100 AMP DISCHARGE #64 50 AMP
DISCHARGE
Total Disharge Energy: 20 kWh
Safety
• Zinc is NOT a toxic metal !• The ZBB contains NO high concentration
bromine - even when fully charged• Bromine can be readily neutralised and
the discharged electrolyte can be safely diluted and disposed of
• No safety concerns with used stacks that are made from recyclable plastics
Schematic layout of a single cell ZBB
CHARGE REACTIONS
Overall: ZnBr Zn Br2 2→ + Anode: Zn e Zn2 2+ −+ → Cathode: 2 22Br Br e− −→ +
Bromine Complex: ( )QBr nBr Q Br Brn− −+ →2 2
QBr − = Complexing Agent
Note, the bromine produced during charge is immediately complexedand safely stored in the tank.
Complexed Bromine Is Safer
Complexed phase1,600 g/litre Br2
Aqueous phase15 g/litre Br2
Vapour phase<10 mmHg Br2 pressure
Skin contact with fully charged ZBB electrolyte does NOT burn the skin!
Click the picture to run video
Vapour Pressure for 100 %SOC Complexed Bromine (PBr) and
Bromine Solutions
Please note; there is NO pure bromine in a ZBB PBr (Poly Bromide) = Comlexed bromine
Temp ºC
The ZBB is the best battery for renewable energy storage !
Where can I buy one ?
Tested driving range:Tested driving range:With factory fitted Lead/Acid batteries: 33 kmWith factory fitted Lead/Acid batteries: 33 kmWith a ZBB (same weight): 78 kmWith a ZBB (same weight): 78 km
Higher energy density means longer driving range
---Lower cost per kWh stored and returned means longer battery life and therefore lower vehicle life costs
ZBB Battery48 Volt (2 X 30 cells)
9 kWh (discharge capacity)
