TheYouthGuaranteeandUpskillingPathways:underpinningpoliciesandfundingmechanisms

ConcepciónMaizteguiOñate(DeustoUniversity)TriinRoosalu(TallinnUniversity)

MarcellaMilana(UniversityofVerona)

Overview

•  Analyticalapproach:vulnerability;benefits;policytrails;welfareregimes

•  Trailingtheresults– EULLLpolicycontext– EUlevelpolicy:YouthGuaranteeprogramme– YouthGuaranteeinthenationalsettings– Providingbenefitsforthelearner

ENLIVENVulnerabilitymodel(Maiztegui&Roosalu,2019,

basedonCastel,2004&Silver2015)

ENLIVENBenefitsanalyticalmodel(Maiztegui&Roosalu,2019)

SOCIETALLEVEL

INDIVIDUALLEVEL

EDUCATIONLLL

CIVICANDSOCIAL

ENGAGEMENT

EMPLOYABILITY

EMPOWERMENT

STRU

CTURA

LAN

DIIN

DIVIDU

ALFAC

TORS

ANDPR

OGRA

MME

CHAR

ACTERISTICS

ENLIVENPOLICYTRAIL

1.  aprogrammefundedundertheYouthGuaranteeinitiativeinwhichtheaimistosupportdisadvantagedyoungpeopleintoemployment(employmentfocus)

2.  aprogrammeundertheUpskillingPathwaysinitiativeinwhichtheaimistohelpdisadvantagedyoungpeopleovercomebarriers,asasteptowardsmakingatransitionintoaneducation/training/employmentactivity(empowermentfocus)

EUpolicyinLLL

EULLLpolicyprogramme

Nationalpolicymeasurestoimplementtheprogramme

(regional)trainingproviders,educators,supportstaff

learners

Comparativeframework

EuropeanLLLpolicycontext

VulnerableintheEULLLpolicydocuments

,

PriortoLisbonstrategy

(1993-1999)

AfterLisbonStrategy

(2000-2009)

AfterEurope2020strategy(2010-2018)YouthGuarantee(2013)

NewSkillsAgendaforEurope(2016)ImprovingandModernisingeducation(2016)

Upskillingpathways

ShiftsinEUlevelLLLpolicies.(Ourownanalysis,Maiztegui&Roosalu,2019)

•  ‘youth’aspresentnowasbefore2000inECLLLpolicydocuments–  youthcontinuetoberegardedasatrisk,unemployed,disadvantaged,vulnerable,excluded,lowskilled,lowqualified

•  shiftinaimsforinterventions–  towardsbasicskillsandnewcompetences(employability);–  awayfromcivicparticipationandequality(empowerment),

•  shiftinmeasuressuggested–  towardstailoredguidanceandflexibility,validationofoutcomes,legislation,andworkbasedlearning,

–  awayfrommentoring-counselling,qualityeducation,qualificationofteachertraining,and

Europeanpolicyprogramme:YouthGuarantee

trail

YouthGuarantee

Why?«InvestingnowinthehumancapitalofyoungEuropeanswilldeliverlong-termbenefitsand

contributetosustainableandinclusiveeconomicgrowth.TheUnionwillbeabletoreapthefullbenefitsofanactive,inno-vativeandskilled

workforcewhileavoidingtheveryhighcostsofhavingyoungpeopleneitherinemployment,educationortraining(‘NEETs’),currentlyputat

1,2%ofGDP.»

Whatfor?«[to]ensurethatallyoungpeopleundertheageof25yearsreceiveagood-qualityofferofemployment,

continuededucation,anapprenticeshiporatraineeshipwithinaperiodoffourmonthsofbecomingunemployedor

leavingformaleducation»

RecommendationoftheCounciloftheEUof22April2013onestablishingaYouthGuarantee

OurapproachanalysingYouthGuarantee

1.RegionaldevelopmenteligibilitycriteriaforESF(2014-2020)•  BGandEEcompriseonlyESFregionsundercategory1.Lessdeveloped

regions(GDP/headlessthan75%ofEU-27)•  SKcomprisesESFregionsundercategories1.and2.Transitionregions

(GDP/headbetween75%and90%ofEU-27)•  AT,DKandBEcomprise,each,ESFregionsundercategories2.and3.

Moredevelopedregions(GDP/headequalormorethan90%ofEU-27•  UK,ESandITcomprise,each,ESFregionsunderallthreecategories2.Minimumguaranteedshareofnationalallocations(24.8%oftotal)•  EE,SK-didnotmeettheminimumguaranteedshare•  BG,ES,IT-allocatedslightlymorethantheminimumguaranteedshare•  AT,UK-allocatedmorethantheminimumguaranteedshare•  BE,DK-allocateddoubleormorethantheminimumguaranteedshare

DomesticadaptationprocessesinnationalcontextstriggeredbytheYouthGuarantee

1.  Austria(AT)2.  Bulgaria(BG)3.  Denmark(DK)4.  Estonia(EE)5.  Flanders/Brussels(BE)6.  Italy(IT)7.  Slovakia(SK)8.  Spain(ES)9.  UnitedKingdom(UK)

YouthGuarantee:Comparativeresults

Coordinationmostlydecentralizedtomeetlocalneeds;lackofmeasurestoreachvulnerablegroupsbasedonlong-termsocialfactors

Inshort…

•  Allcountriesattempttoconnectactors(e.g.,publicemploymentservices,adulteducationproviders,andsocialservices,etc.)andlevelstocoordinateactionsandmeasures

•  Yet,atgovernanceandmanagementlevelsbothchallengesandsolutionsfoundaredependentontheformofwelfarestateregime,andnationalneedsperceptionsofvulnerablepopulations

•  Insomecases(e.g.Estonia),evenifparticipationinadulteducationismediuminsizeanddistributedunevenly,YGhasincreasedboththeimportanceofeducation,andthelearningofyoungadults.Inothers(e.g.Italy),YGisamissedopportunityforstrengtheningandinvestinginacrucialsectorliketheeducationandtrainingofyoungadults

Toconclude:•  Domesticadaptationprocessesledtoheterogeneouspracticesinwhicheducationand

employmentareincreasinglyintimatelyconnected•  Yet,whiletheYGforeshadowsasynthesisofeducation,training&activelabormarketpolicies,

itsadaptivepracticesseemnottohavefullyrealizedsuchpotential

Programmeprovisionsthatdeliver

benefitstolearners

PerceivedbenefitsonENLIVENpolicytrail(basedonSchuller,2004)

Personalskillsrelatedtotheagency&empowerment

Employability

PERCEIVEDBENEFITS

SocialandCivicEngagementSocialCapital

Outcomes

Theresultspointattwomainindividualcomponents:a)  theactivationordevelopmentofbasicskillslinkedtothe

solutionofeverydayproblemsandb)  theinternalization,orpersonalsatisfactionwithoneself,linked

tofeelingsofsecurityandwell-being

Concludingremarks

Conclusions1/2

•  Vulnerabilityasafluidconcept•  LLLenhancesempowerment,inclusionandemployability•  Benefitsrelatetoproviderlevelcharacteristics•  Policytrailausefulapproach

Conclusion2/2

•  ImportantshiftsinEULLLpoliciesreyoung•  Institutionalsettingsdifferwhendimensionsofvulnerabilityareconsidered

•  PlantingECprogrammeYGinnationalsettingsneedstoaccountfordiversity

•  AEperceivedbenefitsreempowerment,inclusionandemployabilitydependentonproviders

Thanks!