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THE YELLOW PAGES

Table of Contents Topic Page

Literary Terms 3-4

How to Embed Quotes 5-7

Tone: Positive (happiness, pleasure, friendliness/courtesy, animation, romance, tranquility

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Tone: Neutral (general, rational/logical, self-control, apathy) 8

Tone: Humor/Irony/Sarcasm 9

Tone: Negative (general, sadness, pain, unfriendliness, anger, passion, arrogance/ self-importance, sorrow/fear/worry

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Tone: Negative (submission/timidity) 9-10

Theme Statements 11

Thesis Statements 11

Essay Organizer 12

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LITERARY TERMS Alliteration—the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of successive words EX: Even though large tracts of Europe have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo, we shall not flag or fail. Allusion—a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumable commonly known such as an events, texts, myths, places, art, history, religion, pop culture, etc. Ambiguity—the multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage Analogy—Inductive reasoning in which we assume that if two instances are alike in a number of important points, they will be alike in the point in question. Anaphora—the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses. EX: We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields… Assonance—involves the repetition of sounds within words EX: From nose to toes, the body is beginning to sag. No pain, no gain Atmosphere—the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting, author’s choice of objects, weather. Frequently foreshadows events. Attitude—the position or posture assumed in connection with an action, feeling, mood. Also, a manner of acting, feeling, or thinking that shows one’s disposition, opinion, or mental set, etc. EX: kneeling in an attitude of prayer. Audience—The person or persons who listen to a spoken text or read a written one and are capable of responding to it. Claim—The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument. Cliché—an overused, worn out phrase or expression EX: blushing bride or mean as a snake Climax—writer arranges ideas in order of importance EX: I spent the day cleaning the house, reading poetry, and putting my life in order. Consonance—words at the end of verses in which the final consonants in the stressed syllables agree but the words that precede them differ; sometimes called “half rhyme” EX : A quietness distilled./As twilight long begun./ Device—a plan; something used to gain artistic or rhetorical effect. Enjambment—in poetry, the running on of a sentence from one line or couplet to the next, with little or no pause Ethos—The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator. Genre—kinds or types of literature. Ex: poetry, drama, novel, short story, nonfiction, etc. Hyperbole—exaggeration; deliberate exaggeration for emphasis EX: “Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.” attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte Idiom—a common expression that has acquired a meaning that differs from its literal meaning EX: “it’s raining cats and dogs” or “out of the blue.” Imagery—anything in a literary work that calls up sensations of sight, taste, smell, touch, heat, pressure. In medias res—Latin for “in the middle of things;” The term refers to the technique of starting a narrative in the middle of the action. Irony—The Greek word from which irony is derived meant “liar” or “dissembler,” and in using irony, the writer takes on another voice or role that states the opposite of what is expressed. Quintilian tells us that if the character of the speaker or the nature of the subject is out of keeping with the words, it becomes clear that the speaker means something other than what is said. Thus something that is ironic in one context may be quite true in another. EX: The new swimming pool and six more tennis courts were important additions to the Wilson University campus, even through the library funds had to be cut back. After all, students, accustomed as they are to the country-club life, would have been at a loss without their little luxuries.

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Juxtaposition—a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit. EX: The apparition of these faces in the crowd;/ Petals on a wet, black bough. Literal/figurative—literal language employs words in their ordinary meanings whereas, figurative language is not literally true but uses words metaphorically. Logos—The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument or central ideas. Metaphor—an implied comparison between two unlike things EX: Death is a silent assassin. Mood—The feeling that a text is intended to produce in the audience Onomatopoeia—refers to the use of words whose sound reinforces their meaning EX: Drip, cackle, bang, snarl, pop Oxymoron—contradiction; two contradictory terms or ideas used together EX: Parting is such sweet sorrow Paradox—a statement that appears to be contradictory but, in fact, has some truth EX: He worked hard at being lazy. Absolute seriousness is never without a dash of humor Parallelism—expresses similar or related ideas in similar grammatical structuresEX: “…for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Protection, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.” Declaration of Independence Pathos—The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience. Personification—attributing human qualities to an inanimate object EX: The grass is green and neatly cut, and the buildings cast a watchful eye over the clean, quiet campus. Point of view—the person or intelligence the writer creates to tell the story to the reader; it may be that of a character (first) or an outside observer who hot part of the action (third). Purpose—The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text—for example, to clarify difficult material, to inform, to convince, and/or to persuade. Also called aim and intention. Refutation—In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them. Repetition—a device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and create emphasis EX: …government of the people, by the people, foe the people, shall never perish from the earth. Rhetorical question—A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it. Rhyme scheme—a regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem; to describe rhyme scheme, use one letter of the alphabet to represent each rhyming sound in a poem or stanza Shift—a change of feelings by the speaker from the beginning to the end, paying particular attention to the conclusion (in terms of Progression) Simile—an explicit comparison between two unlike things signaled by LIKE or As EX: “Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break through.” Johnathon Swift, “A Critical Essay Upon the Faculties of the Mind” Speaker—The person delivering a speech, or the character assumed to be speaking a poem. Symbol—a thing or action that is made to mean more than itself. Symbolism can be used to express ideas that are too complicated, too elusive, or too deep for literal expression. EX: a rose may symbolize love Theme—what the author is saying about the subjects in his work Thesis—The main idea in a text, often the main generalization, conclusion, or claim. Tone—The writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward the subject matter.

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A VOCABULARY FOR DESCRIBING TONE

TONE (POSITIVE) Happiness cheery contented ecstatic elevated elevated* enthusiastic exuberant joyful jubilant Pleasure cheerful enraptured peaceful playful pleasant satisfied amused appreciative whimsical Friendliness, Courtesy accommodating approving caressing comforting compassionate confiding cordial courteous forgiving gracious helpful indulgent kindly obliging pitying polite sociable solicitous soothing sympathetic tender tolerant trusting Animated breathless brisk crisp eager excited ecstatic energetic exalted feverish hasty hearty hopeful inspired lively passionate vigorous impassioned Romance affectionate amorous fanciful ideal lustful sensual tender Tranquility calm hopeful meditative optimistic serene relaxed soothing spiritual dreamy

TONE (NEUTRAL) General authoritative baffled ceremonial clinical detached disbelieving factual formal informative learned matter-of-fact nostalgic objective questioning reminiscent restrained sentimental shocked urgent Rational/Logical admonitory argumentative candid coaxing critical curious deliberate didactic doubting explanatory frank incredulous indignant innocent insinuating instructive oracular pensive persuasive pleading preoccupied puzzled sincere studied thoughtful uncertain unequivocal probing Self-Control solemn serious serene simple mild gentle temperate imperturbable nonchalant cool wary cautious prudent Apathy blasé bored colorless defeated dispassionate dry dull feeble helpless hopeless indifferent inert languid monotonous resigned

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sluggish stoical sophisticated vacant TONE (HUMOR/IRONY/SARCASM) amused bantering bitter caustic comical condescending contemptuous cynical disdainful droll facetious flippant giddy humorous insolent ironic irreverent joking malicious mock-heroic mocking mock-serious patronizing pompous quizzical ribald ridiculing sarcastic sardonic satiric scornful sharp silly taunting teasing whimsical wry belittling haughty insulting playful hilarious uproarious TONE(NEGATIVE) General accusing aggravated agitated angry arrogant artificial audacious belligerent bitter brash childish choleric coarse cold condemnatory condescending contradictory critical desperate disappointed disgruntled disgusted disinterested passive furious harsh hateful hurtful indignant inflammatory insulting irritated manipulative obnoxious quarrelsome shameful superficial surly testy threatening uninterested Sadness despairing despondent foreboding gloomy bleak melancholy maudlin regretful tragic Pain annoyed biter bored crushed disappointed disgusted dismal fretful irritable miserable mournful pathetic plaintive querulous sore sorrowful sour sulky sullen” troubled uneasy vexed worried Unfriendliness accusing belittling boorish cutting derisive disparaging impudent pitiless reproving scolding severe spiteful suspicious unsociable reproachful Anger belligerent furious livid wrathful savage indignant enraged Passion fierce frantic greedy voracious hysterical insane impetuous impulsive jealous nervous reckless wild Arrogance/Self-Importance boastful bold condescending contemptuous pretentious pompous supercilious pedantic didactic bombastic self-righteous assured confident defiant dignified domineering egotistical imperious impressive smug knowing lofty peremptory profound proud resolute sententious stiff saucy

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Sorrow/Fear/Worry aggravated anxious apologetic apprehensive concerned confused depressed disturbed embarrassing fearful grave hollow morose nervous numb ominous paranoid pessimistic poignant remorseful serious enigmatic Submission/Timidity aghast alarmed ashamed astonished astounded awed contrite self-deprecatory docile fawning groveling ingratiating meek modest obedient obsequious resigned respectful reverent servile shy submissive surprised sycophantic terrified timid tremulous unpretentious willing

TRANSITION WORDS

Time Place Idea Extending elaboration by comparing

Extending elaboration by contrasting

Extending elaboration by emphasizing/clarifying

Extending elaboration by adding another example

after, afterward, at first, as before, finally, immediately, later, next, now, previously, soon, then

above, ahead, among, beyond, down, elsewhere, farther, here, in front of, in the background, near, nearby, next to, there

first, second, third, similarly, as, in the same way, for instance, likewise, however

as, at the same time, by comparison, equally, in the same manner, likewise, similarly

although, and yet, as, as though, at the same time, but, in contrast, conversely, even so, unlike, even though, however, in spite of, instead of, neither, nevertheless, on the one hand, on the other hand, provided that, though, unfortunately, whereas, yet

especially, for instance, in fact, indeed, that is, in other words

moreover, most important, now, so , additionally, again, also, especially, in addition, in fact, last, again, also, besides, equally important, furthermore, similarly, in contrast

Transition list from Crafting Expository Argument by Michael Degen

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How To Write A Theme Statement 1. Answer the following question in 1-3 words: “What is ___(title of piece)____ about?” 2. Answer the next question: “What does ___(Author’s Name)___ believe/say about ____(Answer from #1___?”

• Answer this question using this format: ___(Author)__ believes/says that…

3. Cross out the first three words that you wrote for step 2. Congratulations! You have a completed theme statement! Fine-Tuning Tips:

• Avoid the use of 1st or 2nd person pronouns (I, me, my, we, us, our, you, your, yours) in theme statements • Express a human condition/experience/ • Avoid moralizing—delete should or ought. • Avoid specific reference to characters or plot. • Avoid absolutes (everyone, everything, all, none, everybody, etc.) • Avoid sounding like a fortune cookie message.

Thesis Statements

1. First, you will start off with a question. Oftentimes the question you will be addressing is your prompt. Answer the question in your own words.

2. You need a reason why you answered the way you did. Answer the “why” in your own words.

3. You need support, or evidence, to support your claim. Find one, two, or three pieces of evidence to support your claim.

Below is a formulaic approach to a thesis statement. Feel free to use this until you feel comfortable enough with thesis statements to break off on your own.

You will insert your answers from steps 1, 2, and 3 into the coordinating places below:

____(Step 1. Answer)____ because ______(Step 2. Why)______ which is seen in/illustrated by _____(Step 3. Evidence)____.

Remember, your thesis statement should go at the very end of your introduction paragraph.

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Hook

ThesisStatement

Bridge

TopicSentence(TS):• Topicfromtheprompt+opinion/example

ConcreteDetail(CD):• Introduction/transitionwords+“text”(example)toproveyourTS

Commentary(CM)x2:analysis/explanation/insightCM1:WhatdoesyourCDmean?CM2:WhydoesyourCDmatter?

ClosingSentence(CS):• Oneideafromthisparagraph+oneideafromthenext.

TopicSentence(TS):• Topicfromtheprompt+opinion/example

ConcreteDetail(CD):• Introduction/transitionwords+“text”(example)toproveyourTS

Commentary(CM)x2:analysis/explanation/insightCM1:WhatdoesyourCDmean?CM2:WhydoesyourCDmatter?

ClosingSentence(CS):• Oneideafromthisparagraph+oneideafromthenext.

RewordedThesisStatement

RewordedBridge

RewordedHook