S4(1 CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRY Bcpt. 18, lllS1

larger orgiinizabions, driven to take junior posts throiigh lack of vital csperience of industrial conditions. Ihnploycrs arc unaiiiniorisly enipliiitic in their hi'gli opinion of tlic gradunte-\vhen regardcd as raw nintcriiil ; md no cmploycr \vould willingly insult tile gr:idiiiita tvith tlic offer of a lorn-piiid routine job, if lie could get a wcondury-school boy to clo his work ns cfliciently.

In the Inst few ycnrs tlicrc lins I)ecn n ?owing tentleiicy for employers to fill rontinc :rn:ilyticiil posts, uot from tlie grndiiutc class, but from local under- grncluete supplies from secondary scliools. Tlic IIiiitric\l- littion esamination, or more r:irely the intcrinctliatc, is niiidc n qnalifying sttiud:ircl. Intlristry is iin:~ninioiis i n declaring that intelligent hoys of this stantlard nrc insufficient in number to supply requircmcnts, and in order to nugiiicnt the supply, niuny employers hnvc had recoiirbc ta a third sourcc, nnincly t h clcmcntary rind c-cntrnl schools.

Tt is very disconcerting to discover, wltcn surveying the personnel of industrial laboratories, the vast number of unqualificd boys of about fifteen yenrs of age, cngngcd 011 routine work of undoubtedly chemicnl chnrncter. Those posts arc by no means unprogressive in every clise, for on every hand one meets with men of tlw very hcst industrial type evolving froin their m n b . In most cases these boys arc encouraged to further their studies by evening clnsses, nnd very frequently attain graduatc standard.

There is no doubt that this tendciicy to cinploy junior niid unqualified labour for purcly routine nnrilytical posts is the most important and pronounced dcvclop- mcnt of recent years, and one which the teaching profession has not apparently rcaliacd. Gono are the days when a dcgrec appeared glaniorous to the industrialist. Tlie vast expansion of technical control hns created a dcinnnd for n large numbcr of routine clicinists at a cheaper ratc than formrly, and in cousequcncc industrial analysis rarely offers a rcniuncm- tive career for graduates. '

Thc relationship of industry to the teaching profession iuuy now be indicated. On tlic one hand, industry should einpliaaim its valuation of a degree as a quolifica- tiou for employment, and should stress the need for n knowlcdge of industrial conditions ns a qualification for

remunerative posts. On the other hnnd, tlic teacher must rcnlizc the ncccssity for n rendjustmait of outlook. Hc must recognize that industrinl analytical practice is nsudly very different froni iicndcmic nictliod, for \vherens the Inttcr nini nt precision and nccurncy, the industrid aniilyst niiist adjust liis nictliods to conform with a niinibcr of factors, such ns time, expcnsc, and the degree of nccumcy iicsirnblc under the pnrticulnr circiimsttinccs.

' h e sncccssful rcspoiisible works clicniist of todtry must bc n iiian of ninny parts. He must know sometliing of miichincry and tlic iisc of process stcnm and electricity. Ilc should know the large-scale equivalent of his laborntory apparntus, and the propertics of the matcrinls of which it is constructed. He mist be something of II

cost-accountant, and have n pnssing knowledge of factory lcgislntion. Ilc sliould be able to esprcss liilnsclf understandiitbly to process-workers snd geiiernl managers. Aliovc :ill, ha must hc IL first-clnss chemist, and because of this, t,hc iI.6~. tlcgree will steadfastly remain the Iiall-ninrk of cicatlcmic attninmcnt.

JIuch has been said and written ngninst tlic systcni of " top-drcssing " a pure chcmist with IL post-graduate knowledge of the principles of cliernicnl cnginccring, and i t may bc conceded tlicit this method is inadcquate in producing a fully-trained chcmicnl engineer. Yet i t is a matter of espcricncc that industry requires anincreasing number of men of an intermediate stage of tmining between tlirit of ti pure science gratliiate and t i fully- qualified chemical engineer, trnd it is in this field tlint the university and technical colleges can wrvc a useful purpose by the institution of post-graduate courses i n the mathods of industrial clicmistry. Men traineti in this way tire immediately iisefiil to un employer, and rcndily find progressive posts as proccss chemists at relntirely high coniinenciug salaries. With thc gaining of cspericnco, they eventually tend to tlevclop into thc best type of chemical engineer.

Finally, both tlic iuclustrialist and the teacher should discourugc the guduate from accepting low-paid routine laboratory posts in competition with juniors. The dignity of thc profession will be bcttcr upheld by clomr nttcntion to tho quality of service than to the mere snobbery of R degree.

THE XITH WORLD'S DAIRY CONGRESS, BERLIN, 1937

Tlus Coitgrcss \ w s held in 13crlin 011 Angust 22-27, 1937. 'rhc licndyuiirtcrs tind business niccting plnccs of the C'oiigrcss were coo\wiently located at thc Kroll- Prstsiile, wlicrc. thc social gatherings werc also held, rind in tlio t'lt~iiiirsturl in wliidi , incidcntirlly, the Reiclistiig i iwv mcctw. Tlw officiirl IangiingeH of the Congrcss wero Cermirn, French, itnd Ihglisll. I!iucb scat ti^ prot<iticd with hcirclplioi~cs, iuid IL HpCeeIi, dclivcrctl in tiliy lan-

gliilge, coiilti bo l i e d siniultiincously in any of the otlicr 1niigu:igcs i n the hc;itlplioiics by switching to tlic uppopriiite nunibcr 011 thc receiver did. The wcek's nwthcr \viis sonicwliat trying, with tltunclerstornis ttlinost cvcry thy. A Lenipcriituro of 70-75" D', in thc niect.ing iiud hotel roo~iis with ii 11.12. of tillnost 100 cnllctl for moro cflicient, vviit,iliit,ion or ~ o i n u forni of air coii- tlitioning.

Srpt. 18,1037 CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRY 84 1

The Congrcss, which is licld triennially untler tlie iiuspices of the Iiitcrniit,ionnl Dairy Federntion, hns visited many of tlic citpitnl cities of Europe since itn tirst Congress nt Ihssc ls ii i 1903. This yeiir, tit Berlin, Ckrnian 1iospitnlit.y wns lavish in spite of tlic Congress being held during t,lic Iitst week of tlie city’s septccn- tcnniirl celcbrstioiis of its fountlntion, while the C4erni:ui efficiency of orgiiiiizrition on a lnrgc sciile slio\vcd i t d f to perfection. It. is to bo feared tlint the Uniry Congress has grown to unwieldy proportions ; it wis nttentletl hy 3,760 members mid 414 pnpcrs had to be considered in tile confercncc scctioii.

The Congrcss divitletl itself into three scctioiis :-(u) the oonfcrcnce, dealing wit,Ii the papers submitted nntl the rcsolut,ions for rccomnieiitlntion to t,he Fcdcrritioii, (6) the csciirsions niitl sttidy trips, slid (c) tlic Intcr- nrttioiinl Dairy 1Sxposition, wliich illust,rnted the trend of iiiternationnl progress in diiiry nirinufacturc and education.

The Co)~ere)ice.-l)airyiiig sribjccts were divided into four sections, encli section being further sub- divided into topics (21 in nll). By invitntion, authors i n viirious purticipatiiig countries were asked to con- t,ri butc pnpcrs dealing with the topics. The rcsponsc wits so great thnt i t wns naturally impossible to coin- niunicate each pnpcr. The pnpers were grouped under each topic and submitted to one or two reportem, who wove the materinl into a summary, and, a t the section meetings, communicated the present knowledge on the t,opic. Encli topic was given only 90 iniiiutcs for this and, in niost cases, quite an inndequatc discussion. Each report, however, aiid the summaries of the pnpcrs were pul)lishcd beforehand iu t h e e langungcs, while ni l pnpcrs were nlso piil)lislictl in their origiiinl Iiinguagcs iii thrcc cloth-bound volumes. Thc discussions and resolutions will be printed Inter.

The scope of the Coiifercnce niiiy be gitliered froni tlit: following short review. Scctioii 1 dealt with milk productioii nnd included milk tcsthg from the rie\vpoint of breeding aud feeding, feeding, hygiene, coiitrol of cow discnses, nud tropical diryiiig. Sectioii 11 discussed the utilization of poor quality milk, t,hc pasteurization of milk for cheese making, tlic iitiliziitioii of milk for the inanukcturo of condensed : r i d dried inilk, tlic use of d&n-milk nud whey, tlic kecpiug quditics niid the tlcvclopnieiit of tlic arouiii of butter, aiid tlic iniprove- uieiit of the qunlity of milk iiiid its products. Section 111 dealt with the stanclardization of milk products, tlie coonoinics of niillc wlling, tlitiry ctlucntion, uiid a muck too c i i s u d trciitiiiciit of tlic iiutrit,ivc wlue of milk nnd its products. Section I.\‘ clciilt wit,li tlie eiigiiiccring sido of dairying sucli as tliiiry m:icliiiiery, biriltlings, tcc1iiiic:nl prol)lcins. tlisposiil of tliiiry ncwngc, rind niilk t,rnnsport.

Circiit 1Jrit.irin contribiit,ctl pipers uf scope niitl qiinlity 0 1 1 rilniost every topic. I t is not iniinotlest to stntc t.liri t, on II conipnrittive lwis, our conceptions of hygienic iiiilk production, cow feeding, mill; Iiaiitlling, nnd iniirkehig in Grritt, Ilrituiii tire iiior~ iitlvitrictd t.liriri on tlic Coiitiiiciit, ant1 t h t \re I i o l i l o u r owi i in our rcscrirclics oil qiiiility of milk 1)rotlwts i i n t l o i i t,hc nut ritivc vuliic of niill;.

f~~e:crcrsio~is.-I~~ollrsio~i~ I o fnrnis, t.own, (IiiirieH, iiiid ilriiry protliict tlist.ril)uting cciitxcs, trlrtl Ioiig-pcrioil

trips to study dairy schools, rcseitrcli institutes, farms :tnd Iicrds ~vere nttcndcd by inriiiy inenil)crs. Mucli c:tn be snid :igricultrirally and i n the diiirying line on the gre:it. :tdvniicc! i n prosperity in tlic German home food production during rcccnt years and t,Iiis was brought lionic very forcibly to nicni1)crs of t,lic Congress. Mort cnn be donc, however, to snfcguard blic people’s milk supply, espccinlly in eiiforcing more strictly hygienic methods of production in the cowshcd. Rcsenrch instit,utcs were well stnffcd nntl equipped and the part, thcy play in the diiirying industry, especinlly in the tcst,iiig of nll types of mnchincry used, is worthy of nientioii. Scientific (Iitiry workers nre agreed thnt more p p r s of more scope, originality, and calibre. should I I C pnblislied froin these stntions, nnd thnt they shonld ovcrcoInc their insularity I J ~ p y i n g I ) I O ~ C uttciition to cognntc work in otlicr countries.

Tlic Eqositioiz.--This wns held nt tlic Wit.zlcben Exhilition Grounds--a modified Berlin Wcmbley. Jlncli of t.lic spnee \rri.s allotted to tlie showing of dairy plant and niiicliincry froin niost Europenii countries. The mnin tlienics were : refrigcrntion, high teinperriture -short time pnstcnrizntion nppiratus, the nse of nliiminiiim nnd stainless steel in tlic dairy industry, and the use of electricity both for power and in n demon- stration of the neutralization of inilk acidity by electro- lysis. The attention paid to holtlcr pnstcurizcrs which arc obligntory for the product,iou of pasteurized milk in Great Britain wns insignificant. In the Exhibition ground nlso a display of milk products from various countries wns staged and, in the butter compctit,ion, Austrin took first place. Encli country supplied its owl1 stand 011 which the progress nintle in diiiry work was il1ustr:ited. Tlie Exposit,ion proved nil a t t r d i r e part of the Congress; i t brought ninny technical people to Berlin and the business donc there was satisfactory.

Ncmbers found t,he Berlin populnce taking t,heir polit.ics seriously, but thcy proved excelleiit hosts for an enjoyiiblc week.

REPORT OF H.M. INSPECTORS OF E XPLOS IV ES

The d n n u n l Report for the p r i r 1936 of I-1.M. 1rlsl)ectors of JCsplosivcs hns recently bccn published and niny be ol)tiiinctl froin X h l . Stiitioncry Ollice, price 9d.

‘rlicre iirc t,wo tlnnpcrs i n piirticultir which continuc to ciiusc iiniitxwsiiry riceitleiits of n p:irticulnrly distress- ing kind. The Iirst is tlie iise of petrol for clcnning arid otlicr gcncriil tloriicst,ic piirl)oscs. In this conncsion tliirtccw riccitlcnts Iirivc bccn rcportctl. ‘l’lic otlicr is the itiniitcirr riiiiriufiictiirc of firework compositions contaiii- ing cliloriite iintl srilpliur or clilorittc i tnd phosphorus. I lie tliiiigcr with t,Iicsc niisturcs is not merely tlieir scnsit,ivcncss to friction, but, tlic qiiickncss tind power of tlic csplosioii.

Iluring tlie yeur severti1 iic!cicleiits hnve been rcportctl iii conncsioii \rit,li t lie iisc of osygen cylinilcrs. ‘ 1 ’ 1 1 ~ tliingers with tlie use of oil or grciisc i n coiincsioii with osygen tire \veil l;no\rii i i n t l every osygcii cylinder Iiiis i t 1iibi.l on wliicli is written tlio wnriiing : “ It is tliingwous to use oil or grciisc.” ‘I’wo iicciilcnts liitvc bccn reported whirli \vcru due to t,lic use of coinpressed oxygen I J ~ iiiistiike, instciitl of colnprcsscd air.

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