THE WORLD OF THE ROMANS COX PAISLEY IB WHAP. I. EARLY ROME &THEREPUBLIC A. Geography: Apennines mountains, but large fertile plains, including Latium

THE WORLD OF THE ROMANSCOX PAISLEY IB WHAP

I. EARLY ROME &THEREPUBLICA. Geography: Apennines mountains, but large fertile plains, including Latium and CompaniaB. Early Rome: according to legend, founded in 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus1. Pastoral people, spoke Latin (the language of Latium)

Learning Objectives

● The policies and institutions that help explain the Roman’s success in conquering Italy

● How Rome achieved its empire from 264 to 133 BCE and the problems it faced as a result of its growing empire

Learning Objectives

● The chief features of the Roman Empire at its height in the second century CE

● The reforms Diocletian and Constantine instituted, and the extent to which these reforms were successful

Learning Objectives

● The characteristics of Christianity that enabled it to grow and ultimately triumph

● The similarities and differences between the Roman Empire and the Han Chinese Empire

Learning Objectives

● What one historian meant when he said the Romans became Christians and the Christians became Romans

Critical Thinking Questions

1.Why were early Rome’s conquests so successful?

2.what were the Punic Wars, and why were they so important in the development of Rome?


3. What was the role of women in Roman society?4. What were the foundations of early Christianity and how did its rise transform Rome?


5. What did the Roman and Han empires have in common and in what ways were they different?

Early Rome & The Republic

2. Were influenced, and probably directly ruled, by the Etruscans, who urbanized Romea. Romans adopted Etruscan toga, fasces insignia for magistrates, and alphabet

Early Rome & The RepublicC. The Roman Republic established in 509 BCE1. The Roman Conquest of Italya. By 300 BCE Rome conquered the Latin states of Latium and the Samnites


b. Conquered southern Greek city-states by 260s BCEc. Established the Roman Confederation1.Gave roman citizenship to some non-Romans2. Non-Romans were free to run own local affairs but provided soldiers


d. Rome used effective mixture of diplomacy and force2. The Roman State: an aristocratic republica. Consuls and praetors were chief executive officers and possessed the imperium or right of command


b. Senate of 300 advised the magistrates, and had great influencec. Centuriate assembly for the most important popular assembly1. Elected the magistrates and was dominated by wealthiest citizens


3. The Struggle of the Orders: Social Divisions in the Roman Republica. Patricians (descendants of original Senators) vs. the plebeians (larger group)b. All had the vote but only patricians could hold office


c. Two hundred year “struggle” ended in 280s BCE with all citizens equal, but in reality the patricians and richer plebeians maintained aristocratic control


D. The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean ( 264-133 BCE)1. The Punic Wars: Rome V. Carthagea. First Punic War (264-241) fought over island of Sicily and won by Rome

Early Rome & the Republic

b. Second Punic War (217-202): Hannibal invaded Italy, almost defeating the Romans, but ultimately lost to Rome at the battle of Zama in 202c. Third Punic War (150-146): Rome destroyed Carthage, creating province of “Africa”


2. The Eastern Mediterraneana. Macedonia became a Roman province in 148 BCEb. Pergamum was deeded to Rome by its king in 133 BCE


3. The Nature of Roman Imperialisma. Initially it was opportunistic with no master planb. By late republic, aristocratic leaders favored expansion for glory and riches

Early Rome and The RepublicE. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 BCE)1. Growing inequality and unresta. Rise of large estates (latifundia) and small farmers forced outb. Increase in landless poor


c. Land reforms by the Gracchus brothers failed, led to violence2. A New Role for the Roman Armya. Marius recruited army from the landless rather than from traditional farmers1) The new armies more loyal to their generals than to the state.


b. Sulla marched on Rome with his army, instituted reign of terror in 82 BCE3. The Collapse of the Republica. Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar formed Triumvirate in 60 BCEb. Caesar crossed the Rubicon from Gaul in 49, officially became dictator in 47


c. Caesar instituted reforms, but was assassinated by a Senate cabal in 44 BCEd. Octavian Caesar defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium, 31 BCE

II. The Roman Empire at Its HeightA. The Age of Augustus (31 BCE-14 BCE)1. Octavian became Augustus (“the revered one”) the first emperora. Was imperator, or commander in chief, and controlled the armyb. Gave Senate a role, but Augustus controlled the major provinces

II. The Roman Empire at Its Height2. Augustan Societya. Three classes the senatorial, equestrian, and lower classes (the vast majority)b. Lower classes in Rome received grain and public spectacles1. Was possible although difficult to rise into equestrian class if wealthy

II. Roman Empire Its HeightB. The Early Empire (14-180)1. Julio-Claudians (14-68): Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero2. The Five Good Emperors (96-180): era of Pax Romana (first two centuries CE)a. Trajan, Hadrian, et.al

II. Roman Empire at Its Height3. Frontiers and the Provincesa. In second century, Roman Empire was one of world’s largest empiresb. Some consolation in second century as empire was overextended

II. Roman Empire at Its Heightc. In 212, Caracalla gave citizenship to every free inhabitant of the empired. A Greco-Roman civilization, particularly in town and citiese. Romanization by 200, over 50 percent of Senators came from provinces

II. Roman Empire at Its Height4. Prosperity in the Early Empire: Industry and Farminga. Trade both within the empire and long distance (Silk Road)

II. Roman Empire at Its Heights5. Prosperity in the Early Empire: Industry and Farminga. Much local industry but most people worked the landb. Vast gulf between the rich and the poor

II. Roman Empire at Its HeightC. Culture and Society in the Roman World1. Literature in the Republic: Greek influence earlya. Catullus (c. 87-54 BCE),lyric poetb. Cicero (106-43 BCE) orator and political philosopher

II. Roman Empire at Its Height2. Golden Age of Latin Literaturea. Virgil (70-19 BCE), epic poet, The Aeneid,Aeneas, a Trojan, founds Romeb. Ovid (43BCE-18CE) Amores and The Art of Lovec.Livy (59BCE-17CE)History of Rome,but only 35 out of 142 books survive

II. Roman Empire at Its Height3. Roman Arta. Greek influenceb. Romans excelled in architecture, using the arch, vault, dome, and concrete1) Public baths (Caracalla), amphitheaters, and roads

Roman Empire at Its Height

4. Roman Lawa. Civil law applied to Romansb. Natural law, or universal law based on reason, or law of nations

Roman Empire at Its Height

5. Roman Family: at the heart was the paterfamilias, or the dominant malea. Marriages were arrangedb. Education mainly for boys, as girls were to be married youngc. Upper-class women had considerable freedom in the Early Empire

Roman Empire and Its Height6. Slaves and Their Mastersa. Slavery increased dramatically in the last two centuries of the Republicb. Slaves had numerous functions and treatment of slaves varied widelyc.Numerous slave rebellious, most famously the Spartacus revolt in 73 BCE

Roman Empire and Its Height7. Imperial Rome: population was about one million at time of Augustusa. Various ethnic neighborhoods, gulf between rich and poor, threat of firesb. Free food for 200,000 and grand scale entertainment- “Bread and Circuses”

Roman Empire and Its Height8. The Gladiatorial Shows, famously in Rome’s Colosseum, but all over the empirea. Extremely popular, and diverted the idle masses from political unrest

Roman Empire and Its Height9. Disaster in Southern Italy, eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 70 CE

III. Crisis and the Late EmpireA. Crisis in the Third Century: civil wars, a military monarchy, barbarian invasions, and plague1. Economic collapse and inflation, and population declined by perhaps one-third

III. Crisis and the Late EmpireB. The Late Roman Empire1. The Reforms of Diocletian (284-305) and Constantine (306-337): control and coerciona. Increased the bureaucracy, enlarging the army and civil service.

III. Crisis and the Late Empireb. Loss of individual freedom as a result of increased economic demands1) Established maximum wages and prices, but failed to work2) Forced people to remain in their designated vocations

III. Crisis and the Late Empirec. Constantine’s new capital in the east at Byzantium, renamed Constantinople.2. The End of the Western Empirea. German barbarian invasions, particular when under pressure by the Huns

III. Crisis and The Late Empireb. German Visigoths sacked Rome in 410, as did the Vandals in 455c. Western provinces became small Germanic kingdomsd. Odoacer removed romulus Augustulus, the last western emperor 476

IV. Transformation of the Roman World: The Development of Christianity

A. The Religious World of the Romans1. State religion focused upon worship of a pantheon of gods, with Jupiter at apex2. Imperial cult of Roma and Augustus3. Mystery religions provided a more emotional spiritual experience


B. The Jewish Background1. Various groups; Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes, and Zealots2. Jewish revolt in 66 CE was crushed by Rome, and temple in Jerusalem destroyed


C. The Rise of Christianity1. Jesus of Nazareth (6 BCE-29 ACE)a. A worshiping Jewb. Simple message: love God and each other, humility, charity, brotherly lovec. A heavenly kingdom, not an earthly one

Transformation of the Roman World: The Development of Christianity

d. Authorities believed Jesus undermining religion and a threat to public ordere. Pilate ordered Jesus crucified


f. Jesus’s followers believed he was resurrected, was the Messiah, the anointed one, (Christos in Greek) and would return and usher in the kingdom of heaven.


2. The importance of Paul of Tarsus ( 5-67)a. Jesus a savior-god, the son of God, and by his death had atoned for humanity’s sins, making possible their reconciliation with God and their salvationb. Carried message to both Jews and Gentiles


3. The Spread of Christianitya. Paul’s letters to various Christian communitiesb. The four gospels (“good news”)c. Many early Christians were Hellenized Jews and Greek-speakers


d. By second and third centuries, many were Latin-speaking, and Bible translated from Greek into Latin4. The Changing Roman Views of Christainity


a. Initial Roman toleration gave way to sporadic persecution, particularly because Christians refused to worship the state gods or participate in the imperial cult.


D. The Triumph of Christianity1. Well trained hierarchy of urban bishops2. Christianity seemed similar to many mystery religions, promised individual salvations, provided a community to belong to, and attracted all classes, and particularly women


3. Constantine’s Edict of Milan (312) gave official toleration to Christians4. Theodosius (378-395) made Christianity the only religion of the empire

Comparison of the Roman and Han Empires

A. Similarities1. Lasted for centuries2. Similar social and economic structures3. Family central4. Eventually faced overwhelming challenges

Comparison of the Roman and Han Empires

B. Differences1. Chinese imperial tradition and its class structure and values survived under new dynasties into the twentieth century2. The Roman Empire collapsed and lived on only as an idea

CONCLUSION

● On the narrow Italian peninsula a small tribe of Indo-European speaking peoples would build the center of what would become a vast empire.

Conclusion

● By 133 BCE they ruled one of the largest empires in world history.

Conclusion

● The republican institutions of government they had established were soon swept aside, however, with the creation of a centralized imperial state to rule this empire.

Conclusion

● By the third century the empire began to decline because of growing external threats and a weakened economy, and reforms of emperors such as Constantine, who converted to Christianity, failed to stop the slide.

Conclusion

● The empire divided into eastern and western halves by 395, and the western half fell to invaders in 476.

Conclusion

The Romans adopted much of Greek culture thus helping to preserve it, and Roman culture influenced development in Europe particularly in language, law, administration, and architecture.

Documents

THE WORLD OF THE ROMANS COX PAISLEY IB WHAP. I. EARLY ROME &THEREPUBLIC A. Geography: Apennines mountains, but large fertile plains, including Latium