The World of English - Presentation

8/11/2019 The World of English - Presentation

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Antosan sakedap

Senin, 22 September 2014 1


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Welcome to

The World of

EnglishSenin, 22 September2014 2


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Overview

Members of Group 8th

Yusuf (Obama) Sukmana

Portgas Deni Asce Dede (Afgan) Jumara

Herdianto (Lukman Sardi)

Ahmad I-Ronis

A The Place of EnglishA1 The Numbers of game

A2 How English got there

A3 Where Englsih fits

A4 The future of English

B Varieties of English

B1 Three circles

B2 Appropiate models of English

B3 General of specific



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The World ofEnglish


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English is not the language withthe largest number of native orfirst language speakers.

English is a lingua franca.


A The Place of English


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Definition - Lingua franca: a language widelyadopted for communication between twospeakers whose native languages are different

from each others and where one or bothspeakers are using it as an L2.

Lingua franca.

In Ancient Times in the western world:Ancient Greek

In Middle Ages in Europe: Latin


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English is one of the main languages ofInternational communication

Even people who are not speakers of

English often know words such as: bank,chocolate, computer, hamburger, hospital,hot dog, hotel, piano, radio, restaurant,taxi, telephone, television, university and

walkman. Many of these words havethemselves been borrowed by English fromother languages of course.


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English: L1 or L2?

Bray Kachru (1985):

320-380 million: L1250-350 million: L2


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David Crystal (1995 &1997)In 75 territories where English holds aspecial place (not only Britain, the USA,Australia, Canada, etc. but also places suchas Hong Kong, India, Malaysia and Nigeria):277 million L198 million L2 (350 million if L2 speakers ine.g. Canada or Australia)


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Between 600-700 million people in the world speakEnglish (L1 or L2)

B. Kachru 1983 prediction: If the spread ofEnglish continues at the current rate, by the year2000 its non-native speakers will outnumber itsnative speakers

Even if English will not remain dominant among world

languages, it will remain a vital linguistic tool formany business people, academics, tourists andcitizens of the world who wish to communicateeasily across nationalities for many years to come.


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A colonial history

Economics

Travel Information exchange

Popular culture


A2 How English got there


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Battle for a place among other languages : dubbed films Internet growth of other languages

(54% EN 1999 dropping) Battle with local languages

Linguistic and cultural imperialism


A3 Where English fits


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What happens as more and more peopleappropriate it for their own use?

Will it split into varieties that become lessmutually intelligible? Will it continue to march over the globe

crushing all in its path?

Will it be the only language left?


A4 The future of English


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Graddol (1997) future possibilities:

Hispanic as a language community is

the fastest-growing in the USA Internet and the WWW: 80% English

in 1990s to drop around 40% by 2010


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B1 Three circles Is English just ONE ENGLISH or has it got

many forms, depending on who speaks or writesit and where they do this? (difference inpronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar)

Factors determining type of English: Geographic Region Social class Ethnic grouping SexSenin, 22 September 2014 22

B Varieties of English


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The spread of Englishes

from the United Kingdom to countries where native Englishspeakers have settled down in large numbers (KachrusInnerCircle countries, 1992): Australia, Canada, New Zealand, SouthAfrica, and the United States as a first language for many

as a second language (KachrusOuter Circle, 1992): Examples -Hong Kong, India, Singapore

or a foreign language (Kachrus Expanding Circle, 1992):Examples - Germany, Hungary, Poland, China, and Japan

Reasons for the spread (Kandiah, 1998): colonization; globalvillage


A historical overview mentioningKachruscircles


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nother way of classifying Englishes

New Englishes Older Englishes

(English-based) Pidgins,

Creoles and Decreolized

varietiesAfrica

Kenyan English

Nigerian English

South Asia

Indian English

Lankan English

Pakistani English

Southeast Asia

Filipino English

Malaysian English

Singapore English

Etc.

North America

American English

Canadian English

Great Britain

English - English

Scots

Northern Ireland and the

Republic of Ireland

Irish English

Southern Indian and PacificOceans

Australian English

New Zealand English

Etc.

Africa

West African Pidgin

Papua New Guinea

Tok Pisin

Sierra Leone

Krio

USA

Black English

Vernacular

Hawaii English Creole

Vanuatu

Bislama

Etc.

Source: p. 9, Kandiah, T. (1998) Why New Englishes?


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Which English to teach?Factors: Work with the variety that best reflects

the teachers own language use, alwaysprovided that this will be understood bymost other English speakers in the world

Expose students to others as well Consider studentsneeds (what the students

are most likely to come into contact with) Consider resources


B2 Appropiate models of English


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General All-purpose language: different language skills,

topics from a range of sources, basing their

selection of content more on student interestand engagement. Communicate on a generalsocial level and to cope with the normal range oftexts which educated language usersexperience outside their professional lives.

Decision based when we do not know how, whyor when students will need the language in thefuture; give them language with the broadestrange of use possible.


B3 General or specific


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Specific: ESP (English for Specific Purposes)

EAP (English for Academic Purposes) EST (English for Science and

Technology)

Business English Other


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YO D WG

TH NKS


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The World of English - Presentation