The World of Cities9-2 p. 249-252

Medicine and Population 1800-1900: Europe population doubled

because the death rate fell Farming, food storage, and distribution

improved Medical advances and improvements in

public sanitation slowed death rates

The Fight Against Disease Microscopic organisms became known in

1600s Doctors made the germ theory 1870- Louis Pasteur showed the link

between microbes and disease Developed vaccines for rabies and

anthrax Discovered pasteurization

Killed disease-carrying microbes in milk

The Fight Against Disease 1880s- Robert Koch identified the

bacteria that caused tuberculosis 1914- yellow fever and malaria traced to

microbes from mosquitoes Germs causing disease made people

change their clothes more often

In the Hospital Early 1840s- anesthesia was used to relieve pain

during surgery Let doctors try new surgery

Patients would die days after surgery of infection from dirty instruments

Poor people would be put in hospitals as a death sentence

Florence Nightingale introduced better hygiene in hospitals and founded the first school of nursing

Joseph Lister discovered antiseptics to reduce deaths from infection

The Life of the Cities Cities dominated the West as

industrialization progressed City life underwent dramatic changes

The Changing City Landscape Wealth and industrialization changed the layout

of western cities There were new squares and boulevards Avenues were lined with government buildings,

offices, stores, and theaters 1850s- most extensive urban renewal took place

in Paris Destroyed tenement housing Built wide boulevards and public buildings

Rich lived on the outskirts of the city Poor lived in slums near the city center

Sidewalks, Sewers, and Skyscrapers Paved streets made urban areas easier

to live in Street lights increased safety at night Police forces and fire protection were

organized Sewage systems made cities healthier 1900- steel was used to make buildings

Skyscrapers were constructed

Slums Urban life was hard for the poor

Working-class families could afford clothing, newspaper, or tickets to a music hall They went home to row houses or tenements

The worst families crammed families into a single room

Unemployment or illness would ruin a family because of lost wages

Crime and alcoholism were constant

The Lure of the City New residents came by excitement and

for the promise of work Cities were centers of action for tourists Entertainment came from music halls,

opera houses, theaters, and sports Education was offered by museums and

libraries

Working-Class Struggles Workers tried to improve conditions of

industrial life Protested low wages, long hours, unsafe

conditions, and threat of unemployment Strikes and unions were illegal

Formed mutual-aid societies Late 1800s- men could vote and workers

could organize unions to bargain on their behalf

Working-Class Struggles Governments passed laws to regulate

working conditions Child labor was outlawed and employment

of women in mines was banned 1909- coal miners worked an eight-hour

day Old-age pensions and disability insurance

were established for the hurt or ill workers Protected workers from poverty once they

were no longer able to work

Rising Standards of Living Unskilled workers earned less than skilled workers Women received less than half the pay of men

doing the same work Farm laborers barley got by in the late 1800s Standards of living rose Families ate more varied diets, lived in better

homes, and dressed inexpensively Medicine advancements improved health The gap between workers and the middle class

widened

Review Urban Renewal- Rebuilding of the poor areas of

a city Germ Theory- Speculation that was found to be

fact that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases

Women’s Suffrage- women’s right to vote Mutual Aid Society- Rebuilding of the poor

areas of a city Standard of Living- The measure of the quality

and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

Review (con’t) Louis Pasteur- French chemist showed the link between microbes

and disease created vaccines against rabies and anthrax and created the process of pasteurization, or killing disease carrying microbes in milk

Florence Nightingale- British nurse during Crimean war, worked for more sanitary hospitals, and then when the war was over return to England and campaigned for the same sanitary conditions in London hospitals.

Joseph Lister- English surgeon discovered how antiseptics prevented infection.

Why did improved sanitation develop, what theory caused people to realize they should wash hands etc.? Germ theory

Where did the poor live in cities? Slums near the city center What group was linked to labor reform, those organizations

today still are linked to labor reform? Mutual-aid societies