The World at War

1914 - 1919World War I

The Four MAIN Causes of WWI

Write these notes on your MAIN chart

1

Militarism: the glorification of war and the military

By 1870 all nations except Great Britain had established conscription – the draft so they had an army ready to go

Major powers had built stockpiles of weapons that enabled them to go to war quickly

Each nation’s actions threatened other nations

3

Alliances: defense agreements among nations

1882: Italy joined Austria-Hungary and Germany in the Triple Alliance

1907: Triple Entente: loose alliance between France, Great Britain and Russiao Entente: friendly understanding between nations

that lacks binding commitments of a full-fledged alliance

Europe was divided into two camps that dragged many more countries into the war

4

Imperialism – One country’s domination of the political, economic and social life of

another country Great Britain, France, Germany,

Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy wanted to gain new markets and expand global empireso Competition between Britain and

Germany and Britain and France were most intense

Competition encouraged hostility -> countries double crossed each other to reach their own goals 5

Nationalism – Strong pride in one’s country

Nationalist movement emerged in Balkans – present day Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslaviao Nationalities here included Greeks, Romanians,

Albanians, Turks, and Slavs Slavs (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Bulgarians,

Slovenes) in Austria-Hungary wanted to unite/break free from A-Ho Serbian Slavs supported this goal

1908: Austria-Hungary annexed (added on) Bosnia-Herzegovinao Serbia wanted this region for itself

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Nationalist movement also existed in Ottoman Empire (empire of Turks)o Empire had begun to fall apart –

Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria became independent

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Population (in millions)

Population0

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Great BritainFranceRussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryTurkey

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Annual Value of Foreign Trade in British Pounds (in millions)

Value of Trade0

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800

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BriatinFranceRussiaGermanAustria-HungaryTurkey

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Soldiers Available on Mobilization (in millions)

Soldiers Available0123456789

BritainFranceRussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryTurkey

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The Start of WWI

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June 28, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, visits Sarajevo, capital of Bosniao Gavrilo Princip: 19 year old Serbian

nationalist and member of “terrorist organization” the Black Hand, kills Ferdinand and wife 

o Austria-Hungary blames Serbia12

July 5: Germany pledges full support to any actions Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia

July23: Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum: a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences1. A-H officials would keep down protestors in

Serbia2. A-H would lead investigation into Ferdinand’s

murder

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July 25: Serbia accepts first demand, but rejects second

July 28, 1914: A-H declares war on Serbia

July 30: Russia mobilizes troops against A-H and Germanyo Mobilization: gathering and transport of

military troops and fighting equipment

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July 31: Germany issues two ultimatums:o Russia: Cancel mobilization or risk war• Does not reply

o France: 18 hours to decide whether it would stay neutral if Germany went to war against Russia• Will support Russia

August 1: Germany declares war on Russia August 3: Germany declares war on France15

August 3: Germany invades Belgiumo Defies a 1839 treaty that recognized

Belgium’s neutralityo Britain sends ultimatum to Germany to

remove troopso Germany refuses

August 4:Britain declares war on Germany

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Life on the Homefront

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I. MobilizationA. Conservation

1.Govt. decided what should be produced

2.Imposed rationing and price/wage controls

3.Daylight savings time introduced

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B. Germany’s War Raw Materials Board1. Rationed/distributed raw materials

2. Food rationed according to physical needa.Men/women doing physical work = more food

b.Last 2 years: only children and pregnant women

got milk

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C. Everyday Life

1.Women worked in factories, mines and

steel mills

2.Children organized into garbage brigades

3.People ate less than 1000 calories a day

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II. Social ImpactA. General Life

1. Jobs available for everyone

2. Greater social equality

B. Women1. Changed attitudes towards women2. Worked as police officers, nurses and doctors on

the front3. Showed more independence: bobbed hair,

shortened skirts and smoked in public

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Assignment Create a neat and colorful poster

that encourages citizens of an Allied country to eitherJoin the war as a soldierBuy a liberty bond or Conserve food/energy

US Entry into the War

4

Americans were initially divided over who to side with

Several events forced the US into the war

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1. U-Boat Activity 1915: German U-Boat sunk the Lusitania: a

British passenger linero Killed 1,198, including 128 Americanso Naval code said enemy ships had to give

warning before attacking a nonmilitary targeto Germans said subs would be easy targets if

they surfaced

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August 1915: 2 Americans were killed when Germans sunk the Arabic

March 1916: German’s sank unarmed merchant ship Sussexo Wilson threatened to sever diplomatic tieso Sussex pledge: Germany pledged not to sink

merchant or passenger ships w/out warning

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January 1917: Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfareo Germany believed it would win war before US

could entero President Wilson broke off diplomatic relations

March: Germans sank 5 unarmed US merchant ships

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2. Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917: Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister, sent telegram to Mexicoo If Mexico joined war w/Germany, Mexico would

receive New Mexico, Texas and Arizona

American newspapers published the telegram

April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war

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The End of the War

November 11, 1918: Germans signed an armistice: agreement to end the fighting

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I. Effects of the WarA. Governments were bankruptB. Revolution threatened Eastern EuropeC. Deaths:

1.8.5 million soldiers dead2.21 million wounded

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War Casualties

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II. Paris Peace Conference - 1918

A. Participants1.Representatives from 27 nations2.Central powers and Russians weren’t invited3.US, France, Britain and Italy made most of

the decisions

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B. Treaty of Versailles – actions taken against Germany1. Military

a.Reduced armyb.Banned the draftc.Outlawed manufacture of major weapons

2. Territorya.Size reducedb.Rhineland (border on western bank) occupied by Alliesc.Lost all overseas colonies

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3. War guilta.Had to accept full responsibility for the

warb.Had to pay $33 billion in reparations:

payments for property damages and costs of fighting, over 30 years

4.Creation of the League of Nations to keep peace

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A. Other peace treaties signed w/Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria1. Break up of Austria-Hungary2. New nations created: Finland, Estonia, Latvia,

Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and YugoslaviaB. Reaction

1. Many were minorities in new nations2. Some did not get desired independence3. Losers angry about loss of territory and prestige

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