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The Work Situation and Social Attitudes of Migrant Workers in China
by Li WeiChinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
Session 9, Workshop 9.1: „Rural-Urban Migrations in Mega Cities and ‚Mega-Slums‘“Our Common Future, Essen, November 5th, 2010
Our Common Future, Hannover/Essen, 2-6 November 2010 (www.ourcommonfuture.de)
2010.11
Peilin Li & Wei LiInstitute of Sociology, CASS.
Main Topics
Working Conditions and Treatment of Migrant WorkersWorking Conditions and Treatment of Migrant WorkersWorking Conditions and Treatment of Migrant WorkersWorking Conditions and Treatment of Migrant WorkersWorking Conditions and Treatment of Migrant WorkersWorking Conditions and Treatment of Migrant WorkersWorking Conditions and Treatment of Migrant WorkersWorking Conditions and Treatment of Migrant Workers
in the Background of Financial Crisisin the Background of Financial Crisisin the Background of Financial Crisisin the Background of Financial Crisisin the Background of Financial Crisisin the Background of Financial Crisisin the Background of Financial Crisisin the Background of Financial Crisis
Hukou is a special residential administration system in past and
current China
Agricultural Hukou and Non-agricultural Hukou
• employment
• social security
• social welfare
• political election
Migrant Workers: persons who has agricultural residence
registration (Hukou) and be employed in secondary and tertiary
industries
Labor productivity:
• Cheap labor force
• Hard-working & tolerant of hardship
The total number of migrant workers reached 230 million
80808080
85858585
150150150150
200200200200
250250250250wor k i n t ownshi p ent er pr i seswor k i n t ownshi p ent er pr i seswor k i n t ownshi p ent er pr i seswor k i n t ownshi p ent er pr i seswor k out of count r ysi dewor k out of count r ysi dewor k out of count r ysi dewor k out of count r ysi de
230 M ！！！！
Chart 1 The number of migrant workers 1985-2009 unit: million
3. 353. 353. 353. 35
66666666
120120120120145145145145
22. 8622. 8622. 8622. 86
27. 5427. 5427. 5427. 54
0000
50505050
100100100100
1985- 19901985- 19901985- 19901985- 1990 1995199519951995 2004200420042004 2009200920092009
Resource: NBSC,2010
Series of social policies initialed for promoting social welfare of
migrant workers
� Claiming back salaries for migrant workers
� Expanding coverage of social security
� New Rural Cooperative Medical Care� New Rural Cooperative Medical Care
� Free for compulsory education in rural area
� Labor Contract Law
Global financial crisis in 2008 has had a profound impact on
employment, working conditions of Chinese migrant workers
�In Jan. 2009, about 20 million migrant workers, or 15.3% of all the migrant workers lost their jobs due to the financia l crisis .
(Office of the Central Rural Work Leading Group CPC , Feb.2.2009)
�In Feb.2009, about 70 million migrant workers retur ned home during
Unemployment:
�In Feb.2009, about 70 million migrant workers retur ned home during the Spring Festival, 12 million of them were due to the factors relating to global financial crisis, such as company shuttin g down, layoffs, unemployment and wages shrink.
(National Bureau of Statistics of China, Feb.2009)
�In May 2009, 80% of the 70 million migrant workers who returned home during the Spring Festival of 2009 had returned to cities, but 11 million of them hadn’t yet found employment.
(Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security)
Global financial crisis in 2008 has had a profound impact on
employment, working conditions of Chinese migrant workers
� Job opening-to application ratio in Shen Zhen: 1.28 in May 2008, 0.79 in Jan. 2009.
(Bureau of Labor and Social Security of Shen Zhen)
� 5.8% of 70 million migrant workers who returned hom e during the Spring Festival were in arrears of wages, especiall y 13% of those who
Low salary and Arrears of wages:
Spring Festival were in arrears of wages, especiall y 13% of those who lost job due to the company shutting down.
(National Bureau of Statistics of China, May 2009)
Cancellation of social insurance:� By the end of Feb. 2009, the number of migrant work ers who participate social insurances, such as old-age insu rance, medical insurance and employment injury insurance, dropped 4%, 4.8% and 2.8%
(Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, M ay 2009)
Data comes from a national-wide sampling survey from March to September in 2006 and 2008
� Target population: 18-69 years old household residen ts of mainland China
� Coverage area: 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions
� Sampling units: 260 towns and 520 villages and neigh borhood committees in 130 counties and cities
� Sample size: more than 7000 household residents
� Qualified respondents: 7,063 in 2006 and 7139 in 20 08
� Errors of survey: less than 2%
丰台丰台丰台丰台海淀海淀海淀海淀
密云密云密云密云
西青西青西青西青
南开南开南开南开 滦县滦县滦县滦县
沧县沧县沧县沧县南皮南皮南皮南皮桃桃桃桃
城城城城区区区区
新华区新华区新华区新华区
南和南和南和南和沙沙沙沙河河河河武安武安武安武安成安成安成安成安
万荣万荣万荣万荣
昆都昆都昆都昆都伦区伦区伦区伦区
托克托托克托托克托托克托
玉泉区玉泉区玉泉区玉泉区
西丰西丰西丰西丰开原开原开原开原
中山区中山区中山区中山区金州区金州区金州区金州区
瓦房店瓦房店瓦房店瓦房店
长岭长岭长岭长岭南关区南关区南关区南关区
宽城区宽城区宽城区宽城区丰满区丰满区丰满区丰满区
勃利勃利勃利勃利
阿城阿城阿城阿城
铁锋区铁锋区铁锋区铁锋区明水明水明水明水
东昌东昌东昌东昌府区府区府区府区
莒南莒南莒南莒南岱岳区岱岳区岱岳区岱岳区
惠民惠民惠民惠民
临朐临朐临朐临朐
殷都区殷都区殷都区殷都区 龙安区龙安区龙安区龙安区汤阴汤阴汤阴汤阴
子长子长子长子长湟中湟中湟中湟中 固原固原固原固原
伊宁伊宁伊宁伊宁
Distribution of 130 sampling units
万荣万荣万荣万荣
闸北区闸北区闸北区闸北区
灌南灌南灌南灌南泗阳泗阳泗阳泗阳
宝应宝应宝应宝应兴化兴化兴化兴化
姜堰姜堰姜堰姜堰镇江镇江镇江镇江
溧阳溧阳溧阳溧阳
江北区江北区江北区江北区
乐清乐清乐清乐清
苍南苍南苍南苍南
江山江山江山江山
鹿城区鹿城区鹿城区鹿城区
嵊州嵊州嵊州嵊州
东阳东阳东阳东阳
西湖区西湖区西湖区西湖区余杭余杭余杭余杭
东至东至东至东至
和县和县和县和县无为无为无为无为
五河五河五河五河固镇固镇固镇固镇
埇桥区埇桥区埇桥区埇桥区
淮上区淮上区淮上区淮上区
涵江区涵江区涵江区涵江区永泰永泰永泰永泰
秀屿区秀屿区秀屿区秀屿区
晋江晋江晋江晋江
南安南安南安南安
平和平和平和平和
高安高安高安高安
单县单县单县单县郯城郯城郯城郯城
莒南莒南莒南莒南汤阴汤阴汤阴汤阴
博爱博爱博爱博爱延津延津延津延津
开封开封开封开封新密新密新密新密
上蔡上蔡上蔡上蔡南召南召南召南召
邓州邓州邓州邓州
利川利川利川利川通城通城通城通城
洪湖洪湖洪湖洪湖江岸区江岸区江岸区江岸区
浠水浠水浠水浠水
孝昌孝昌孝昌孝昌
房县房县房县房县南漳南漳南漳南漳
东宝区东宝区东宝区东宝区
靖州靖州靖州靖州耒阳耒阳耒阳耒阳
开福区开福区开福区开福区浏阳浏阳浏阳浏阳
西洞庭西洞庭西洞庭西洞庭鼎城区鼎城区鼎城区鼎城区
永定区永定区永定区永定区
揭东揭东揭东揭东丰顺丰顺丰顺丰顺源城区源城区源城区源城区
开平开平开平开平
东莞东莞东莞东莞
顺德顺德顺德顺德萝岗区萝岗区萝岗区萝岗区
黄黄黄黄埔埔埔埔区区区区
番禺区番禺区番禺区番禺区
龙州龙州龙州龙州
藤县藤县藤县藤县横县横县横县横县
威宁威宁威宁威宁毕节毕节毕节毕节
织金织金织金织金瓮安瓮安瓮安瓮安
陇川陇川陇川陇川隆阳区隆阳区隆阳区隆阳区
云县云县云县云县 晋宁晋宁晋宁晋宁
鲁甸鲁甸鲁甸鲁甸
临潼区临潼区临潼区临潼区
高陵高陵高陵高陵未央区未央区未央区未央区
九龙坡区九龙坡区九龙坡区九龙坡区
綦江綦江綦江綦江
红原红原红原红原
旺苍旺苍旺苍旺苍广广广广元元元元剑阁剑阁剑阁剑阁
华蓥华蓥华蓥华蓥营山营山营山营山
大竹大竹大竹大竹安岳安岳安岳安岳
东兴区东兴区东兴区东兴区
仁寿仁寿仁寿仁寿
金牛区金牛区金牛区金牛区
Summary data with migrant workers, Urban worker and farmers
2006 2008
urban Workers
Migrant workers farmers urban
WorkersMigrant workers farmers
case 1152 769 2703 981 820 2514
sexMale 60.1 66.7 48.5 62.5 57.7 48.3
Female 39.9 33.3 51.5 37.5 42.3 51.7
18-24 9.6 14.6 4.2 9.5 37.7 7.5
Table 1 Sample distribution of urban workers, migrant workers and farmers in 2006 and 2008 surveys unit: %
age
25-34 38.5 37.1 18.7 25.9 26.3 13.4
35-44 29.2 29.4 29.7 34.4 21.5 28.8
45-54 17.9 14.7 26.2 23.2 10.8 24.7
55 and above 4.7 4.2 21.2 7.1 3.8 25.5
education
Primary school and below 8.0 38.4 72.0 4.3 15.0 56.2
Middle school 22.6 45.0 23.8 33.6 64.0 39.7
High school 33.6 13.6 4.1 31.2 18.1 3.8
College and above 35.7 3.0 0.1 30.9 2.9 0.0
The working condition and income of migrant workers are poor than urban workers
76. 3%76. 3%76. 3%76. 3%
100%100%100%100%1665 Yuan/m
1270 Yuan/m
100%100%100%100%47.7 hr. weekly
Income
118. 7%118. 7%118. 7%118. 7%
100%100%100%100%47.7 hr. weekly
56.2 hr. weekly
64. 8%64. 8%64. 8%64. 8%
100%100%100%100%￥￥￥￥34.9/hrs.
￥￥￥￥22.6/hrs.
Work intensity
Income per hr.Urban worker
Migrant worker
chart 1 Income gap between migrant workers and urban workers unit: %
Very small parts of migrant workers enjoyed social security
66. 766. 766. 766. 759. 959. 959. 959. 9
71. 371. 371. 371. 3
38. 738. 738. 738. 733. 533. 533. 533. 5
mi gr ant wor ker smi gr ant wor ker smi gr ant wor ker smi gr ant wor ker sur ban wor ker sur ban wor ker sur ban wor ker sur ban wor ker s
Chart 2 Social security enjoyed by migrant workers and city workers unit: %
999917. 417. 417. 417. 4
8888
23. 123. 123. 123. 1
3333
15. 315. 315. 315. 3
5. 75. 75. 75. 7
Basic old-age insu-rance
Medical insurance
Unemployment Insu-
rance
Employment injury
insurance
Maternity Insurance
New Rural Cooperative Medical Care
Protection of the labor rights of migrant workers lags behind
44. 3
88
55. 746
61. 3
86. 9 91. 379. 5
74
82. 6
40. 5
Mi gr ant wor ker sUr ban wor ker sTot al
Chart 3 Rate of Signing Labor Contracts with Migrant and Urban Workers unit: %
44. 335. 5
46
6. 314. 5
40. 5
r at e of si gni ngl abor cont r act s
st at e- ownedent er pr i ses
f or ei gn- f undedent er pr i ses
st at e- owned orcol l ect i ve
i nst i t ut i ons
col l ect i veent er pr i ses
pr i vat eent er pr i ses
i ndi vi dual l y-owned i ndust r i aland commer ci aloper at i ng uni t s
Main Topics
Changes in the Social Attitudes of Migrant WorkersChanges in the Social Attitudes of Migrant WorkersChanges in the Social Attitudes of Migrant WorkersChanges in the Social Attitudes of Migrant WorkersChanges in the Social Attitudes of Migrant WorkersChanges in the Social Attitudes of Migrant WorkersChanges in the Social Attitudes of Migrant WorkersChanges in the Social Attitudes of Migrant Workers
The financial crisis affected migrant workers’ sense of life stress
2006 2008
Pressure in life Urban workers
Migrant workers Farmers Urban
workersMigrant workers Farmers
Housing conditions are poor, cannot afford to build / buy houses 44.2 45.4 48.0 52.8 42.2 48.6
The cost of children's education is high and unbearable 34.2 35.1 34.6 30.9 22.3 26.1
Medical expenses are high and unbearable 33.8 39.4 50.9 33.1 26.7 40.4
Table 2 Sense of Life Stress of Migrant Workers, Urban Workers and Farmers unit: %
� Life stress in education and medical declined but e mployment increased
The burden of supporting the elderly is too heavy 21.3 25.5 24.0 18.8 20.4 20.0
Household income is low, daily life is difficult 34.3 51.6 60.8 40.3 49.2 56.4
Family members have been laid off or no have no stable income 32.2 28.0 21.5 36.2 40.2 34.5
Spending on gifts is high and unbearable 25.3 30.0 43.9 28.8 23.6 41.8
Disputes happen between family members, feel upset 6.3 9.3 12.2 7.2 12.5 11.4
General atmosphere of the society is not good, worry about being cheated and that family members may go astray
29.4 22.6 19.0 31.9 28.5 22.7
Public order is poor, often in a state of anxiety 32.2 26.7 18.9 30.8 27.8 22.2
Average 29.3 31.4 33.4 31.1 29.3 32.4
The living conditions of migrant workers have been affected against the backdrop of the financial crisis
� The percentage of thinking that living conditions have improved in Migrant workers almost not change from 2006 to 2008
61. 2
72. 3 69. 565. 2
73. 178. 4
60
70
80
90
2006 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ur ban wor ker s Mi gr ant wor ker s Far mer s
Chart 4 Percentage of Migrant Workers, Urban Workers and Farmers Who Think That Living Standards Have Improved unit: %
� Migrant workers’ sense of labor safety declined mos t significantly
Table 3 Sense of social safety of urban workers, migrant workers and farmers unit: %
2006 2008
Sense of Safety Urban workers
Migrant workers
Farmers Urban workers
Migrant workers
Farmers
The average value of sense of social safety of migrant workers has dropped slightly, while the value of urban workers and farmers upward changed
Property safety 76.1 81.0 77.8 77.0 79.0 82.2
Personal safety 74.8 84.4 84.2 80.7 79.6 85.6
Traffic safety 59.9 62.8 67.4 58.7 60.9 67.7
Medical safety 57.0 65.8 66.4 66.6 66.5 77.8
Food safety 44.5 62.7 68.8 59.2 63.1 72.7
Working safety 75.8 75.6 81.7 76.6 69.3 82.3
Privacy safety 75.3 83.4 78.6 67.7 78.3 83.5
Average 66.2 73.7 75.0 69.5 71.0 78.8
� The sense of fairness regarding "distribution of we alth and income" and "working and employment opportunities" declined most significantly
2006 2008Sense of social Justice Urban
workersMigrant workers
Farmers Urban workers
Migrant workers
Farmers
Distribution of wealth and income 31.5 42.2 44.9 21.5 27.4 35.2
Working and employment
Table 4 Sense of social justice of urban workers, migrant workers and farmers unit: %
The overall sense of social justice of migrant workers also declined, comparing to the increase of urban workers and farmers
Working and employment opportunities 39.5 51.4 50.8 36.8 45.6 45.9
College entrance examination 75.9 73.8 68.6 81 71.6 71.4Promoting of cadres 30.1 33.0 39.5 42.9 47.3 54.8Public health 49.7 52.5 52.1 63.8 60.8 71.8Compulsory education 75.8 76.8 77.4 84 87.6 86.9Political rights 61.9 66.5 61.2 64.2 61.8 67.3Judiciary and administrative justice 57.3 54.6 53.3 51.9 50.7 56.6
Difference in treatment between different regions and industries 28.3 36.8 37.4 33.2 35.3 40.4
Difference in treatment between urban and rural areas 27.9 28.7 28.6 41 37.9 38.6
Social security 45.2 37.9 33.5 61.2 50.5 47.3General situation of social justice 55.9 61.8 67.2 67.4 58.7 74.3
� Migrant workers praise the government’s achievement s in promoting social security and worry about economic recession at a ti me of financial crisis
Migrant workers’ satisfaction with local government had ups and downs in different areas
46. 546. 546. 546. 5
5555555559. 459. 459. 459. 461. 561. 561. 561. 5
64. 664. 664. 664. 670. 170. 170. 170. 175. 575. 575. 575. 5
50
60
70
80
2006200620062006 2008200820082008
66. 266. 266. 266. 271. 871. 871. 871. 8
48. 348. 348. 348. 360. 260. 260. 260. 2 57. 557. 557. 557. 559. 359. 359. 359. 3
74. 774. 774. 774. 7
46. 546. 546. 546. 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
Compul sor yeducat i on
Medi cal andheal t h ser vi ce
I mpr ovi ngpubl i c
secur i t y
Economi cdevel opment
Soci alsecur i t y andassi st ance
Managi nggover nment
accor di ng t ol aw
Envi r onmentpr ot ect i on
Chart 5 Comparison of Years (2006 and 2008) in Terms of Migrant Workers’ Satisfaction with Local Governments unit: %
� The percentage of migrant workers who think there i s a conflict of interest between social groups had been increasing, while th e percentage of urban workers and farmers who think so has been decreasin g
37. 4
30. 130
35
40
2006200620062006 2008200820082008
Migrant workers’ sense of conflict of interest between social groups also has somewhat increased
18. 6
15. 6
21. 6
13. 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ur ban wor ker s Mi gr ant wor ker s Far mer s
Chart 6 Percentage of Migrant Workers, Urban Workers and Farmers Who Think There Is a Conflict of Interest Between Social Groups unit: %
� The percentage of migrant workers who think that co nflict of interest between social groups may intensify has increased, while the percentage of the same answer in the two other groups has decline d
54. 4
38. 8
47. 3 48
40
50
60
2006200620062006 2008200820082008
Migrant workers’ judgment of the possibility of future inten-sification of conflict of interest between social groups also has increased
38. 8
31. 5
27. 3
0
10
20
30
40
Ur ban wor ker s Mi gr ant wor ker s Far mer s
Chart 7 Percentage of Migrant Workers, Urban Workers and Farmers Who Think That Conflict of Interest Between Social Groups Will Intensify unit: %
The pressure to survive faced by migrant workers in the back-drop of the financial crisis will have a negative effect on the sense of living standard and spread to the social level
Sense of improvement in living standards
Sense of safety
Sense of justice
Satisfaction
Sense of conflict of
interest between social groups
Table 5 Analysis of Correlation between the Life Stress and Various Aspects of Social Attitudes of Migrant Workers
standards social groups
Life stress -.0222** -0.309** -0.415** -0.260** 0.198**
Sense of improvement in living standards
0.085* 0.244** 0.306** -0.161**
Sense of safety 0.559** 0.520** -0.166**
Sense of justice 0.678** -0.202**
Satisfaction -0.270**
Note: *** P<0.0001；** P<0.01；* P<0.05；
Model 1: Dep. Var. stress in life
Model 2: Dep. Var. sense of security
Model 3:Ddep. Var: sense of justices
Model 4: Dep. Var. satisfaction
Independent variable Reg. coeff. Std.
Reg.coeff. Reg. coeff. Std.Reg.coeff. Reg. coeff. Std.
Reg.coeff. Reg. coeff. Std.Reg.coeff.
Constant 8.007*** 20.502*** 29.702*** 23.438***
Pers. factors
Age .043*** .161 .016 .054 .013 .026 .080*** .136
Male(ref. group: female) -.298 -.050 .552** .081 .223 .019 -1.044* -.078
Years of education .008 .006 -.168*** -.109 -.464*** -.181 -.397*** -.134
Econo. Factors Weekly income -.034** -.083 -.029 -.061 .020 .023 -.047 -.053
Old-age insurance -.176 -.022 -.178 -.020 .652 .043 .623 .036
Table 6 Multiple Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Migrant Workers’ Social Attitudes
Social security factors
Old-age insurance -.176 -.022 -.178 -.020 .652 .043 .623 .036Medical insurance -.408 -.052 1.657*** .189 2.227*** .151 2.306** .141Unemployment insurance .878* .082 -.726 -.059 .645 .031 -.906 -.042
Employment injury insurance -.196 -.028 .821* .104 -.035 -.003 .870 .058
New rural cooperative medical care
-.188 -.030 .969*** .136 1.325*** .109 1.400* .103
Improvement in living standards -.443*** -.135 -.050 -.013 .890 .137 2.058*** .282
Social and economic status -1.224*** -.351 .476*** .121 1.047*** .155 .463 .061
Stress in life — -.301*** -.271 -.641*** -.334 -.496*** -.216
N 766 686 521 526Adjustment R 2 0.201 0.187 0.276 0.226
Note: *** P<0.0001；** P<0.01；* P<0.05；
Summary of the characteristics of factors that affect migrant workers' social attitudes
� Life stress has a significant negative effect in al l the 3 models of the sense of social safety, sense of social justice and satisfaction with the government, indicating that for migrant workers, in crease in stress of life is the main factors reducing their past positi ve attitudes.
� Social security factors play a significant role in prompting migrant workers’ positive social attitudes.
� Of the personal factors affecting migrant workers’ social attitudes, education plays the most prominent role. Education is the most important human capital, but it also broadens peopl e's horizons and increases psychological expectations.
Main Topics
Discussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of PolicyDiscussion and Implication of Policy
Some conclusions on social policies:
� Migrant workers’ educational level and technical sk ills remain generally low, and this has a decisive impact on mi grant workers’ income level. So extensive vocational education and training is necessary.
� Migrant workers have more positive and progressive social attitudes
in general. The stress in life generated by the int ernational financial
crisis has had a negative impact on their social at titudes, and life
stress mainly comes from threat to employment rathe r than income
level. Therefore, we must put the issue of migrant workers’
employment security high on agenda.
� of the various types of social security, medical in surance and New Rural Cooperative Medical Care have the most signif icant effect on improving migrant workers’ living conditions and so cial attitudes. Therefore, we should make improving migrant workers ’ medical security a starting point for making a breakthrough in promoting the level of social security for migrant workers.
