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THEWESTERNEUROPEANOVERSEASEXPANSIONAND
OTTOMAN-HABSBURGSTRUGGLE
PARTI
1
THEMUSLIM-CHRISTIANCOMPETITIONINTHEEASTANDWEST,1450-1600
2
NOTEONTHETEXT
• Textbeginswithseveralfallacies
• ExplorationdrivenbyKingdomofJerusalem
• ApocalypticexpectationsrelatingtoAgeofExploration
• Reconquista
3
MARITIMEEXPLORATIONS
• 1277-1281à Genoesemarinerspioneeredcommercebysea
• Lisbon
• 15th centurymaritimeinnovations
• Infante DomHenrique(PrinceHenrytheNavigator)
• SeatradestimulatedexplorationofeasternAtlantic
• Portuguese
• Castilias
• Newcolonies 4
APOCALYPTICEXPECTATIONS
• LossofJerusalemin1291
• Noattemptstoreclaimit
• In-fighting
• Apocalypticbeliefs
• SecondCominginJerusalem
• ChristopherColumbus
• ForChristiansandMuslims,nocontradictionbetweenreligion,militaryconquest
5
APOCALYPTICEXPECTATIONS
• HenrytheNavigator• Schoolofnavigation
• Technologicalinnovation
• 1415à tookCeuta,hugestockofWestAfricanGold
• SearchforRiodeOro (RiverofGold)
• Mid-15th centuryà Portuguesemarinershadreachedthe“goldcoast”• Ghana
• NigerRiver– “goldriver”
6
REFORMSINCASTILE
• QueenIsabellaofCastileandKingFerdinandIIofAragonmarriedin1469
• Politicalandreligiousreform
• Politicalreforms
• Recruitmentofurbanmilitias,judges
• Religiousreforms
• Improvededucationforclergy
• StricterenforcementofChristiandoctrine
7
REFORMSINCASTILE
• SpanishInquisition
• Bodyappointedbymonarchsin1480à violationsofChristiantheology,canonlaw
• Religiousunity=civilunity;notauniqueperspective
8
RECONQUISTA
• Reconquista beganin722
• Muslimconquestwas711-720
• Conflictwasnotconstant
• Intermittentoverhundredsofyears
• 1085à retakingofToledo
• 1248à retakingofSeville
• 13th centuryà retakingNorthwestandCastile
• FallofSeville
• MarksendofMuslimcontrolinSpain
• 1492à fallofGranada9
10
THECONQUESTOFGRANADA
• Reconquista culminatedin10-yearcampaign(1482-1492)
• FallofGranada
• Ottomans
• Mamluks ofEgypt
• Lastemir,MuhammadXII,negotiatedtermsforsurrender
11
THECONQUESTOFGRANADA
• JewsinGranada
• ConverttoChristianityoremigrate
• Majorityemigratedin1492toPortugal,OttomanEmpire
• AimedatstrengtheningChristianunity
• Breakoftreaty
• Initialpeace– HernandodeTalevera
• Forcedconversions– Ximenez deCisneros
• Rebellion
• Options
• Convert
• Exile12
COLUMBUS’SJOURNEYTOTHECARIBBEAN
• 1492– goldenopportunityforSpaintocatchupwithPortugueseinAtlanticexploration
• ChristopherColumbusauthorizedtosailwestacrosstheAtlantic
• Builttwocaravels,alargercarrack
• PromisedtoreachIndiaaheadofthePortuguese
• DepartedfromCanaryIslands
• Voyageofalittleoveronemonth
• LandedononeoftheBahamanislands
• AssumedhewasclosetoIndia
• Stayedforthreemonths
• Leftsmallcoloniesofsettlers
• ReturnedtoSpain13
COLUMBUS’SJOURNEYTOCARIBBEAN
• Columbusà self-educatedexplorer
• Accumulatedsubstantialknowledge
• InsistedthattheoceanbetweenEurope,easternAsiawasrelativelynarrow
• PeddledideaofreachingIndiafromtheeast
• Portuguesedismissedhisideas
• TookseveralyearsbeforeQueenIsabellawouldlisten
• FerdinandandIsabellaweredisappointedbymeagerreturnsofColumbus’svoyages
• DelightedtohavenewislandsinCaribbean14
VASCODA GAMA’SJOURNEYTOINDIA
• PortugalredoubledeffortstofindwaytoIndiaaroundAfrica
• 1487– BartholomewDias
• SaileddownwesterncoastofAfrica
• MistakenlyroundedCapeofGoodHopeà enteredIndianOcean
• ProvedIndiacouldbereachedbysailingaroundtipofAfrica
• BypassMuslim-controlledlandroute
• Couldnotexplorerouteindepth
• Dwindlingsupplies
• Mutinouscrew15
VASCODA GAMA’S JOURNEYTOINDIA
• July8,1497- VascodaGamadepartstoexploresearoutetoIndia
• Commandedfourships– larger,bettersuppliedthanDias’sships
• Storms,windalmostforceddeGamatocoastofBrazil
• ArrivesinCalicutonMay20,1498
• Wentinlandtoseekruler
• AlvaroVelho
16
VASCODA GAMA’SJOURNEYTOINDIA
• PortugalsoonmasteredIndiantrade
• RegularjourneysaroundAfrica
• Early16thcenturyà broughtconsiderableamountsofspicesfromIndiatoPortugal
• DuetoexplorationsofDiasanddeGama,PortugalestablishedacommercialempireinAsiabasedoutofIndiaportsofGoaandMalacca
• 1543– tradeinitiatedwithJapan
• 1556– tradingpostofMacauinChinaopened
• PortugalbecamefirstEuropeannationtoestablishaworldwidetradingempire
• SuccessopenedtradingwatersforthefutureDutchandEnglishempires 17
LATEBYZANTIUMANDOTTOMANORIGINS
• RiseofOttomanscloselyrelatedtodeclineofByzantium
• ByzantineEmpire
• Midsizekingdomwithmodestagriculturalresources
• Stillavaluabletradinghub–Constantinople’sstrategicposition
• Commercialwealthà culturalrevival
• Late14th centuryà lossofprovincestoBalkanSlavs,AnatolianTurks
• Bithynia
• Osman– Turkishwarlord
• Gatheredclan,assemblyofIslamicholywarriors,adventurers
• Declaredhimselfanindependentruler
18
LATEBYZANTIUMANDOTTOMANORIGINS
• Osman,otherTurkishlordsnominallysubjecttoSeljuks
• 14th centuryà Osman,successorsemergedaspowerfulemirs
• ConqueredfurtherAnatolianprovinces
• AbuAbdallahIbnBattuta– impressedwithOttomans
• Nearly100forts,castles
• MaintainedpressureoneasternChristian“infidels”
• 1354– gainedfirstEuropeanfoothold
• 100milessouthwestofConstantinople
• Onlyamatteroftime19
20
LATEBYZANTIUMANDOTTOMANORIGINS
• Byzantineemperorssalvagedruleforanothercentury
• Militarydefense
• Tributepayments
• Dynasticmarriages
• Timur theGreat
• Turkish-descendedruler
• WantedtorebuildMongolEmpire
• DefeatedOttomansin1402
• MehmetII,“theConqueror”
• FocusedonConstantinople21
FROMISTANBULTOTHEADRIATICSEA
• SiegeandconquestofConstantinople
• Byzantinesseverelyundermanned,shortofgunpowder
• Unabletodefendfulllengthofcitywalls
• AidfromGenoese,papal,Aragoneseforces– notenough
• Heavycannonbombardmentofcitywalls
• Focusedonwesternwalls
• Circumventingofchainbarrier
• Pillageandmassacreforthreedaysfollowingoccupation(Source16.2)
22
FROMISTANBULTOTHEADRIATICSEA
• RenamedConstantinopleà Istanbul
• Hagia Sophiaconvertedintoamosque
• Appointmentofanewpatriarch
• ConstructionoftheTopkapi Palace,transferofadministrationtoIstanbul
• ResumptionofexpansionintheBalkans
• VladIIIDracul ofWallachia
• Balkansà OttomanscompletedconquestsofSerbia,Hungary
• AnnexedBelgrade,Buda
• SiegeofViennain1529 23
MOROCCOANDPERSIA
• 1450-1600à empiresofOttomans,IndianMughalsdominatedIslamiccivilization
• MoroccoandPersiaà twosmaller,short-livedrealms
• Moroccoà ruledbytheSaadid dynasty(1509-1659)
• DefendedsuccessfullyagainstOttomans
• LiberatedfromPortugueseoccupationofports
• 1591– sentarmytorevivegoldtradeinWestAfricaà destroyedempireofSonghay
• Timbuktu
• Splitintoprovincialrealms24
MOROCCOANDPERSIA
• Persiaà ruledbySafavid dynasty(1501-1722)
• KurdishbrotherhoodinIranà Shiitewarriororganization
• HiddenTwelfthImamàMuslimapocalypticrealmofjustice
• BattleofChaldiran
• Clericalhierarchy
• Constructionprojects
• Patronsofthearts
25
RISEOFTHEHABSBURGS
• 1452– ElectorschoseKingFrederickIIIofAustriaasHolyRomanEmperor
• HouseofHabsburg
• DominatedHolyRomanEmpirefrom1452until1806
26
RISEOFTHEHABSBURGS
• Castile-Aragonà centerofavastempire
• EmperorCharlesV
• SonofQueenJoannaofCastileandPhiliptheHandsome,DukeofBurgundy
• Vastinheritancefromallofhisgrandparents
• AustriafromEmperorMaximilianI
• NetherlandsfromEmpressMaryofBurgundy
• CastileandSpanishAmericafromQueenIsabella
• Aragon,itsMediterraneanandItalianpossessionsfromKingFerdinand 27
RISEOFTHEHABSBURGS
• CharlesVà electedHolyRomanEmperorin1519;becamemostpowerfulrulerinEurope
• FrederickIIIofSaxony;FrancisIofFrance;HenryVIIIofEngland
• AsHolyRomanEmperor,CharlesVwastitularpoliticalheadofWesternChristianity
• DirectcounterpartofSultanSüleyman oftheOttomanEmpire
• CompetingIslamic-Christianempires
28
HABSBURGDISTRACTIONS
• CharlesV– dauntingtaskinconflictsagainstattemptedOttomaninvasions
• ProblemsinEuropeanterritories
• 1534à FranceforgedanalliancewithOttomans
• HorrifiedWesternEurope
• Ottomanmilitarymightà crucialplayerinEuropeanpolitics
29
HABSBURGANDOTTOMANLOSSES
• Ottomansà pressedontwofrontsoftheBalkansandNorthAfrica
• FerdinandItotheduchyofAustriain1521
• Seriesofdramaticdefeatsà paytheOttomanstribute,signahumiliatingtruce(1562)
• WesternMediterranean
• GarrisonsoncoastsofAlgeria,Tunisia,Tripoli
• 1556à onlytwoofeightHabsburggarrisonssurvived
• ThirdfrontierofMuslim-Christianstruggleà IndianOcean
• Portuguese
• Ottomansà blockedPortuguesemilitarysupport,strengthenedallies
• Waronlandandseaformostof16th century30
HABSBURGANDOTTOMANLOSSES
• Portuguesesuccessfulinthelongrun
• DestroyedOttomanfleetssentagainstthem
• SmallerOttomangalleyscontinuedtoharassPortugueseships
• Ottomansbenefitedfromnewcommodityà coffee
• DecreaseofPortuguese,OttomanmilitarypresenceinIndianOceanà riseofNetherlandsinregion
31
HABSBURG-OTTOMANBALANCE
• Challengesof1550’s
• Ottomans
• France
• Protestants
• DivisionofWesternandEasternterritories
• Spain,Naples,theNetherlands,theAmericasàPhilipII
• Austria,Bohemia,HungarytoFerdinandIà notelectedHolyRomanEmperoruntilafterCharlesV’sdeath
32
HABSBURG-OTTOMANBALANCE
• PhilipII
• RealizedmajorityofHabsburgmilitarywasstationedoutsideSpain
• MusliminvasionofSpain
• Decreesofconversion
• RevoltofGranada(1568-1570)
• Moriscos supportedbyOttomansoldiers,Moroccanarms
• Dispersalofmoriscos insouthernSpain
• HolyLeague
• MemberswouldconstructafleettodestroyOttomanseapowerineasternMediterranean
33
HABSBURG-OTTOMANBALANCE
• SiegeofMalta
• BattleofLepanto(1571)• LargestnavalbattleinWesternhistorysince
antiquity
• TurningpointofOttomanexpansioninMediterranean
• RebuildingofOttomannavy,disintegrationofHolyLeague(1573)• RecaptureofTunis(1574)
• EndofnavalwarinMediterranean• Venice
• Safavid Empire
34
THELIMITSOFOTTOMANPOWER
• LongTurkishWar(FifteenYears’War)• Skirmishesalongsharedborder
• 1592à fortfelltoOttomans
• 1593à Ottomansattack
• Austrianolongeraweakstate• LackofsupportfromTransylvanian,
HungarianProtestants
• OttomansdrewevenonthebattlefieldwiththeAustrians
• 1606à Ottomans,Austriansmakepeace• Minormodificationsinfavorofthe
Austrians
• Twosidesreturnedtoearlierborders
• Austrianolongeravassalstate35
EXPULSIONOFTHEMORISCOS
• FearedcollusionbetweenOttomans,moriscos
• Resistedconversion
• Arabic– language,clothing,practices
• “Fifthcolumn”
• ResistanceamongSpanishCatholiclandowners
• Valencia
• Tenantfarmers
• 1609-1614à expulsion
• Morisco population–500,000
• Approximately200,000(40%)managedtoavoidexpulsion,upto70,000returned
36