Upload
shalom
View
70
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The Wars of Religion. 1560s - 1648. Factors Leading to the Wars of Religion. 1. Protestant Reformation 2 . Catholic Reformation 3. Prevailing medieval mental linking religion with political issues The Wars of Religion will start in GERMANY. Round 1: Germany (1521-1555). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
The Wars of Religion1560s - 1648
Factors Leading to the Wars of Religion
1. Protestant Reformation 2. Catholic Reformation 3. Prevailing medieval mental linking religion
with political issues
The Wars of Religion will start in GERMANY
Round 1: Germany (1521-1555)
HRE Charles V had troubles: Little control over the HRE (Germany)
patchwork of over 300 principalities (resisting his authority)
Size of the HRE border issues from France and the Ottoman Turks
Plagued with money problems can’t fund his armies
This keeps Charles V from dealing with the Lutherans for over 20 years!
Round 1: Germany (1521-1555)
1546 Charles V attacked and defeated an alliance of Lutheran princes (Schmalkaldic League) but he was never able to impose firm control
1555 Charles V agrees to the Peace of Augsburg Compromise giving each German prince the
right to choose the realm's religion as long as it was Catholic or Lutheran
Round 1: Germany (1521-1555)
Peace of Augsburg outlawed Calvinists, Anabaptists, other non-Lutheran Protestants
This causes problems: 1. Calvinism keeps spreading across Germany 2. Charles V gives up his throne after 30 years 3. Thousands of refugees flee to the Spanish
Netherlands, France, and England spreads Calvinist and Anabaptist beliefs
Round 1: Germany (1521-1555)
Charles V’s abdication leads to more problems: 1. Lands in Austria and the Imperial title goes
to his brother Ferdinand 2. Charles V’s son Philip II (a staunch Catholic)
inherits Spain, the Netherlands, most of Italy
This spreads the religious violence to other countries!
The Spanish Netherlands (1566-
1648) Philip II abused the Spanish Netherlands
Taxed them heavily to pay for his Spanish wars Tried to impose his Catholic beliefs on them
Brought in the Inquisition to get rid of Calvinists and Anabaptists
Started a cycle of revolts/protests and Spanish repression until 1648 1648 Spain recognized Dutch independence
The French (1562-1598)
Catholic majority against the Huguenot (French Calvinists) minority
Conflict last for over 30 years b/c: Huguenots had a number of leaders who were nobles Concentrated in largely fortified cities Enthusiastic and well organized into local
congregations
This bred a cycle of chaos/destruction where anarchy would steadily weaken the French gov’t power
The French (1562-1598)
A series of assassination after 1588 (defeat of the Spanish Armada) led to a Huguenot duke inheriting the throne Henry IV He “converts” to Catholicism to give his enemies no
reason to kill him Grants the Huguenots religious freedom with the Edict
of Nantes in 1598 – does not grant freedom for all!
The French were will to submit to a stronger rule in order to stop the warfare this would set the stage for Louis XIV
Elizabethan England and the Spanish
Armada Extremely tolerant, excellent leader to her
people a “golden age” for England (1558-1603)
Philip II wants to re-establish Catholicism in England Tries to put Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) on
the throne in the 1570’s Elizabeth imprisons then executes her
Elizabeth help the Dutch against Spain, raids Spanish shipping
Elizabethan England and the Spanish
Armada Philip’s Plan: Armada and Spanish Army in
Flanders would meet up crush the English crush the Dutch rebels crush the Huguenots
Spain looked like the superior power but England developed new tactics and ship designs that revolutionized naval warfare Sleeker ships powered by sails Relied on cannons (new design)
Elizabethan England and the Spanish
Armada The English attacked when the Spanish stopped
in Calais to get supplies and contact the Army of Flanders
Forced the Spanish out into the open used superior ship speed and power to defeat the Spanish
A “protestant wind” (storm) added to the damage By the time the Spanish fleet returned home, half
of it had been destroyed
Decline of Spain
This did not destroy Spain as a power but did signal the end of Spanish dominance in Europe!
Spain wreaks itself in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
France will replace Spain as the main superpower
Dutch Republic and England become the dominant naval and economic powers in Europe
Change in European Mentality
People are tired of religious wars and disputes People take a more secular (worldly) view By the late 1600’s these views would develop
into the scientific and cultural movement know as the Enlightenment
The Thirty Years War1618-1648
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Holy Roman Empire is the battleground
At the beginning Catholics vs. Protestants
At the end Hapsburg power that was threatened
Resolved with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
Causes of the Thirty Years War
Causes: Religious Wars and fear of Hapsburg Spain and Austria (ruling family dynasty)
Europe is split into two camps: Protestant: German P’s, Denmark, Dutch Republic,
England, Sweden, Catholic Venice, and Catholic France
Catholic: German C’s, Spain, Austria, Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, the Papacy, and Poland
Kings and princes building up armies in preparation
Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia Bohemians hate him Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants
Defenestration of Prague May 1618
Bohemia named a new king,Frederick II
Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Frederick is a mediocre king Ferdinand sweeps away Bohemian opposition
Confiscated large tracts of land Exile Protestants Reclaimed Bohemia for the Catholic Church
The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others!
Danish Phase: 1625-1629
Ferdi tried to end all resistance Tried to crush Protestant
northern HRE Used Albrecht von
Wallenstein to for the army Bohemian military leader
and politician, offered his services and an army of 30,000 - 100,000 men
Wallenstein defeated the Protestants in the north
Danish Phase: 1625-1629
Edict of Restitution: 1629 Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552 Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of
their religious and political rights
However, German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in an effort to calm them
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
France & Sweden get involved Both want to stop the Hapsburg power Sweden led the charge, France supported
Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HRE Ferdi II brought back Wallenstein Swedish advance stopped
German princes still fear Ferdi Wallenstein assassinated to appease them
The French Phase: 1635-1648
France and Sweden switch roles All countries in Europe now participated This is the most destructive phase!
German towns decimated Agriculture collapsed famine resulted 8 million dead 1/3 of population (1618-1648) Caused massive inflation Trade crippled throughout Europe
Loss of German
Lives in the Thirty Years
War
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Political and Religious Provisions But no one was happy! Many Protestants felt betrayed Pope denounced it Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that
became intolerable For the next few centuries, this war was
blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe
Change in European Mentality
People are tired of religious wars and disputes People take a more secular (worldly) view By the late 1600’s these views would develop
into the scientific and cultural movement know as the Enlightenment