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TheWars ofReligion
(1559-1648)
TheWars ofReligion
(1559-1648)
I. Renewed Religious StruggleI. Renewed Religious Struggle
• 11stst half of the 16 half of the 16thth c the religious c the religious struggles had been Lutherans gaining struggles had been Lutherans gaining freedoms in Germany (central Europe)freedoms in Germany (central Europe)
• 22ndnd half became about Calvinist gaining half became about Calvinist gaining freedoms in France, the Netherlands, freedoms in France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland (Western England, and Scotland (Western Europe)Europe)
II. Hapsburg – Valois WarsII. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-15591519-1559
• Fought between Francis I (Valois) and Fought between Francis I (Valois) and Charles V (HRE, King of Spain, King of Charles V (HRE, King of Spain, King of Austria)Austria)
• Occurred b/c Francis wanted a better Occurred b/c Francis wanted a better balance of power – he helped the balance of power – he helped the protestant princes in N. Germany, protestant princes in N. Germany, League of SchmalkaldenLeague of Schmalkalden
II. Hapsburg – Valois WarsII. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-15591519-1559
• Not considered a holy war because both Not considered a holy war because both were Catholic were Catholic
• Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559in 1559
• Outcome of the War:Outcome of the War:– Prevented HRE from gaining too much power in Prevented HRE from gaining too much power in
GermanyGermany– Inadvertently helped Lutheranism spreadInadvertently helped Lutheranism spread
II. Hapsburg – Valois WarsII. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-15591519-1559
• This war prevented Germany from This war prevented Germany from being able to develop as a nation statebeing able to develop as a nation state
• France’s goal was achievedFrance’s goal was achieved
III. Religious Concerns of III. Religious Concerns of Nations from 1560 – 1648)Nations from 1560 – 1648)
• From 1560-1648 wars would be fought largely From 1560-1648 wars would be fought largely over religious issuesover religious issues
• Spain sought to squash Protestantism & the Spain sought to squash Protestantism & the spread of Islamspread of Islam
• French Catholics sought to squash the French Catholics sought to squash the HuguenotsHuguenots
• HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in German StatesGerman States
• Calvinist in Netherlands wanted to break with Calvinist in Netherlands wanted to break with Spanish rule Spanish rule
IV. Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
IV. Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
A. Death of Henry II, The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
A. Death of Henry II, The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End Henri II was the last powerful Valois
Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III
Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War
There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in
South Fighting for the royal inheritance
Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.
B. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
B. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ( August 24,
15721.Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre – marriage arranged to reconcile Catholics and Protestants
2.Henry of Guise had a Huguenot leader murdered the night before the wedding (Henry of Navarre was to be murdered as well) - rioting broke out in Paris
3.Catherine de’ Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinists - 20,000 Huguenots killed on October 3rd
4.The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys: Henry Valois vs. Henry of Guise vs.
Henry of Navarre
B. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ( August 24,
15721.Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre – marriage arranged to reconcile Catholics and Protestants
2.Henry of Guise had a Huguenot leader murdered the night before the wedding (Henry of Navarre was to be murdered as well) - rioting broke out in Paris
3.Catherine de’ Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinists - 20,000 Huguenots killed on October 3rd
4.The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys: Henry Valois vs. Henry of Guise vs.
Henry of Navarre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague
ProtestantUnion
ProtestantUnion
CIVILWAR
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Ended Spanish interference in France
Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make
peace This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Paris is worth a mass. Privately remained Catholic
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: Granted religious rights to
Huguenots Did not grant religious freedom
for all
C. Henry IV of FranceC. Henry IV of France
V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeV. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeA. Philip IIA. Philip II
• Led by King Philip II (1556-1598) Led by King Philip II (1556-1598) • ““Golden Age” period of artistic achievement Golden Age” period of artistic achievement
and great wealth from the Americasand great wealth from the Americas• Built the Escorial – in memory of St. Built the Escorial – in memory of St.
Lawrence & as a symbol of Philip’s power Lawrence & as a symbol of Philip’s power and commitment to the Catholic crusadeand commitment to the Catholic crusade
EscorialEscorial
EscorialEscorial
EscorialEscorial
V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeV. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeB. Spain vs. Ottoman TurksB. Spain vs. Ottoman Turks
• Philip II waged a war against the Turks Philip II waged a war against the Turks for control of the Mediterraneanfor control of the Mediterranean
• Med. Very important for tradeMed. Very important for trade
• Battle of Lepanto (1571) Battle of Lepanto (1571) – ended war – ended war granting Med. Control to Spaingranting Med. Control to Spain
• Ottoman Turks no longer threat to Ottoman Turks no longer threat to EuropeEurope
V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeV. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeC. The Dutch RevoltC. The Dutch Revolt
1. 1. William I (William of Orange) (1533-William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584)1584)
- Ruled the Netherlands (Calvinist)Ruled the Netherlands (Calvinist)
- Led revolts against Philip IILed revolts against Philip II
2. William formed the Dutch Republic2. William formed the Dutch Republic
thanks to help by Elizabeth I of thanks to help by Elizabeth I of EnglandEngland
D. Spain D. Spain Vs. Vs.
EnglandEnglandA.A. Mary I (Bloody Mary I (Bloody
Mary)Mary)
B. Elizabeth IB. Elizabeth I
D. England & SpainD. England & Spain
Mary IMary I Elizabeth IElizabeth I
D . England & SpainD . England & Spain
A.A. Mary IMary I• very hostile to Protestants (executes very hostile to Protestants (executes
great Protestant leaders, hundreds are great Protestant leaders, hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to burned at the stake and others flee to the Continent)the Continent)
• marries into militant Catholicism by marries into militant Catholicism by wedding Philip II of Spainwedding Philip II of Spain
D. England & SpainD. England & Spain
2. Elizabeth I2. Elizabeth I settled religious differences by merging settled religious differences by merging
broadly defined Protestant doctrine with broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican ChurchAnglican Church
• all anti-Protestant legislation repealed and all anti-Protestant legislation repealed and Thirty-Nine ArticlesThirty-Nine Articles is issued in 1563 making is issued in 1563 making moderate Protestantism the moderate Protestantism the official religion of official religion of the Church of Englandthe Church of England
• animosity grows between England and Spain animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seasover dominance of the seas
D. Spain & EnglandD. Spain & EnglandSpanish Armada 1588Spanish Armada 1588
D. Spain & EnglandD. Spain & EnglandSpanish Armada 1588Spanish Armada 1588
VI. The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648) p. 72-76
VI. The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648) p. 72-76
1618-16481618-1648
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate
Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
Bohemia named a new king, Frederick V.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Defenestration of PragueDefenestration of Prague
Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
Frederick V borrowed an army from Bavaria.
Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
Bohemians won region from the HRE, present Cezch Republic
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Bohemian Phase
Bohemian Phase
Protestants led by Christian IV – Lutheran King of Denmark
Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestants in the northern Holy
Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein to
lead the Imperial army Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
German princes feared Wallenstein’s power and forced the Emperor to remove him from power and reduce the size of the Imperial army
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
Danish Phase
Albrechtvon
Wallenstein
a. Protestants liberated territory lost in the Danish Phase
b. France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.
c. Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish King) invaded the HR Empire.
Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped. Battle of Breitenfield: Gustavus successful
but died on battlefield
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
d. Outcome• German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
• Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.• End of war HRE know Ferdinand III –
revoked the Edict of Restitution and issued the Peace of Prague did not end war
Swedish Phase
GustavusAdolphus
a. France & Sweden switched roles.
b. All countries in Europe now participated.
c. This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine
resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648
d. Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with the Protestant forces to defeat the HRE (as had occurred in the earlier Hapsburg-Valois War
e. If the Hapsburgs had won in Germany, France would have been confronted with a more powerful German state on its eastern border.
The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648
Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
1. Political Provisions:
a. Peace of Augsburg renewed(but added Calvinism as a politically accepted religion)
• In effect, it ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany
• Guarnteed that Germany would remain divided politically & religiously for centuries
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
1. Political Provisions:
b. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire confirmed – END!!
The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent some. part remained a Spanish possession.
France rcvd. New lands and status as a power Sweden got lands in Northern Germany on
the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. Switzerland became indp. Swiss Confederation Germany free of HRE
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
C. The two Hapsburg Branches were weakened
(Charles V divided Emperor at death)
Spain – Declined
Austria – lost control of Germany
Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same
privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], HRE must permit freedom of private worship.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
Many Protestants felt betrayed.
The pope denounced it.
Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!
For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.
Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!
What were the long-
range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?
What were the long-
range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?