!The War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast:

Impact of the Magic Bullet !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Abigail Kowal & Jassie Morcos

Junior Divison

Group Website

Annotated Bibliography !!Primary Sources !Audio !Koch, Howard. "War of the Wars." The Mercury Theatre on the Air. Dir. Orson Welles. Columbia Broadcasting System. New York City, New York, 30 Oct. 1938. Radio. ! This is the famed War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast. We will extract many quotes from it and analyze all its features to draw logical conclusions on the reasoning behind peoples’ reactions. !Manheim Fox Enterprises. Orson Welles' War of the Worlds. 30 Oct. 1938. Authentic first edition of the WWRB. New York, Larchmont. ! This source is extremely valuable because it is the actual record of the WWRB. It is the complete broadcast, produced by The Longines Symphonette Society. The audio we heard on YouTube could have been edited and altered, so this is our grand reference. !Prokofiev, Sergei. Montagues And Capulets (Dance Of The Knights). 1935. YouTube.com. Web. ! This audio clip captures impending doom and troublesome behavior, so it’s in our Media page, to symbolize their exaggerated reaction to the WWRB. !Saint-Saëns, Camille, orch. Carnival of the Animals: Aquarium. 1886. YouTube.com. Web. ! Our Title page plays this music now because we wanted an alluring piece to hook the website’s viewer and compel them to look on. !Shaw, Artie, orch. Begin the Beguine. Artie Shaw, 1938. YouTube.com. Web. ! Scrolling through our bibliography could be tedious, boring, and overwhelming. We picked soothing, cheerful music from 1938 to spice up all the text and how much work we put into our website. !Shaw, Artie, orch. Nightmare. Artie Shaw, 1938. YouTube.com. Web. ! We were aiming for a chilling, grating song to represent the listeners in Immediate Reaction, the ones who were startled in the confusing night with stories of Martian invasions, and this song captures our intentions. !!!

Shaw, Artie, orch. Stardust. Artie Shaw, 1938. YouTube.com. Web. ! This beautiful song is included in our Process Paper page, because we feel that its tune perfectly signifies the ending of our project, while still staying in the same time era as the WWRB. !!Books !Cantril, Hadley, Howard Koch, Hazel Gaudet, Herta Herzog, and H. G. Wells. The Invasion from Mars; a Study in the Psychology of Panic. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1940. Print. ! This book provided us with numerous graphs and charts displaying statistics ranging from acceptance of news based on education level to the phobias people had who reacted the way they did, all the while explaining every detail. Many of the graphs and charts in our website are composed from data found in this book. !Editorials !"Calm after the Storm." Editorial. Washington Post 2 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Proquest.com. Washington Post Digital, 30 May 2010. Web. ! This article treads in the area of whether the broadcast should be censored, and if in doing so, would not promote imagination and creativity. “So long as radio serves as an organ for the broadcasting of information as well as entertainment it ought to keep a clear line of distinction between the two functions,” is the opinion the article expresses that “people should not be required to speculate as to whether material presented in the form of news is fact or fiction.” Also, the National Association of Broadcasters recognize the responsibility of the industry “to fulfill to the highest degree our obligation to the public.” These two points will guide us in what to include in our website as a responsibility and what is in the best interest of the public. !"Great American Jitters." Editorial. Washington Post 1 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Proquest.com. Washington Post Digital, 30 May 2010. Web. ! This article explains that the WWRB revealed comfortable people are “as susceptible to unreasoning panic as men caught in surges of mob emotion,” and that a seemingly illogical broadcast can reduce the nation to tears because they are too panicked to even conduct a simple experiment to determine its validity. Her three lessons that she grasped through the whole experience were: dread could quickly become hysteria, Americans react the same as Europeans at the though of an aerial invasion, and how fast rapidly the radio can be used as an instrument of national demoralization. We can develop responsibilities of the radio and listeners from these lessons to include in our website. !!!

Keliher, Alice V. "Radio 'War' Fear Stirs Educators." New York Times 6 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! Dr. Keliher describes all the important events that produced anxiety, and how peoples’ severe reaction to the WWRB was only natural. According to her, fear requires action and this event defines democracy’s problems in how it eliminates insecurity as far as possible, while realistic education only removes fears that arise from “ignorance of man’s needs, motives and ways of behaving.” We gain a medical point of view, since Keliher is chairman of the commission on human relations of the progressive education association, and she provides the scientific fact that fear roots from remediable causes. !Nessly, William V. "U.S. Proposes Cultural Tie-up of All Americans." The Washington Post 30 Nov. 1938: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! This article dwells deeper into the program proposed in America that will introduce activities in many areas, one of them being radio. The intention of the program is to improve the American resistance to ideologies of countries overseas and to support Roosevelt's doctrine of continental defense. Connections in the text and the WWRB reactions can be drawn because the article describes the program as protection from totalitarian ideas and influences, which is a step forward from the broadcast, where people were nervous and on edge, expecting dreadful news from foreign countries. !Phabo, Eugene. "The Post Impressionist." Editorial. n.d.: n. pag. Proquest.com. Washington Post Digital. Web. ! Phabo sheds light on his experience of the WWRB, and then evaluates it further. He captures the experience in the morning after the broadcast as, “A nightmare in which the whole country shared.” However, people regained their sanity and the nation began operating as it normally would after the shock, yet still inflicted by the broadcast’s traumatic resonance. According the Phabo, we need events like this to “preserve our sanity, although momentarily appearing to threaten it.” The broadcast forced people to be more cautionary toward every medium of media, and to question if, “this too, is not a piece of too realistic fiction.” !"Terror By Radio." New York Times 1 Nov. 1938: 22. Print. ! This article discusses FCC Officials’ need to act promptly in response to complaints filed against the WWRB and the lack of common sense exercised by Orson Welles. !Thompson, Dorothy. "On the Record: Mr. Welles and Mass Delusion." Washington Post 2 Nov. 1938: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! Thompson introduced four morals that stemmed from the WWRB which were: no political body should ever obtain a monopoly of radio, education fails to train reason and logic, popularization of science fiction has led to gullibility rather than skepticism, and the power of mass suggestion is the most potent force. These points outline the impact on thinking that the broadcast had and we will be sure to apply them to our website when we describe the impact.

Images !The Boston Daily Globe. Radio Play Terrifies Nation. Digital image. Paleofuture.gizmodo.com. Kinja, 29 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. ! A front-page article of the Boston Times with eye-popping headlines. This is why we're using it as an image in a collage for the tall and short header, because it's captivating. !Chicago Herald and Examiner. The Panic Made the Front Page of the Chicago Herald and Examiner. Digital image. Archives.gov. Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. ! Big, bold headlines the day after the WWRB will be used as a picture in a collage for the short and tall headers. It says, “RADIO FAKE SCARES NATION”. !Citizen Kane. 1941. Pbs.org. Web. ! Our page, The Idea, contains the photograph of the introduction to one of Orson Welles’ most famous productions, Citizen Kane. This became so famous in the first place due to the publicity that the WWRB received. !Communication Just Ain't What It Used to Be. 1930's. Salem-news.com. Web. ! A family during the Great Depression gathered around a radio, seemingly anxious. !CONELRAD logo. Digital image. Www.dxtreme.com. DXtreme Software. Web. ! This image is the early logo of CONELRAD and will be used on our Radio Rights page to illustrate the emergency broadcasting services that were not yet established during the time of the WWRB. !Frazer, Brad. Fair Use logo. Digital image. Janefriedman.com. Wordpress, 15 July 2013. Web. ! Old logo of the Fair Use Copyright policy. It is used on our Rights Radio Industry page to represent one of our points. !Hadley Cantril. N.d. Brainsturbator.com. Web. ! This photograph of Hadley Cantril is on our subpage, Magic Bullet Theory, to illustrate who the American sociologist that disproved the theory was. !Hitler Named Chancellor of Germany. 1933. Photograph. east-buc.k12.ia.us. ! Hitler being appointed as Chancellor of Germany. !!

The New York Times Company. Radio Listeners in Panic, Taking War Drama as Fact. Digital image. Themarvelousmomcircus.blogspot.com. Blogspot.com, 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. ! The headline says it all! The New York Times has spoken, the nation shall listen. We will add only the headline as an image in our collage that will be used for the tall and short header. !NYDailyNews. Headline that states "Fake Radio 'War' Stirs Terror Through U.S. Digital image. Twentieth Century Popular Literature. Wordpress.com, 4 Jan. 2012. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. ! This is a picture of the front page of the October 31, 1939 New York Daily News edition, covering the WWRB. It captures the situation in big, bold letters. Only the headline will be shown on our website because it captures both the reactions of the media and listeners. It will be one of the pictures in a collage on the tall and short header. !Orson Welles Doing a Radio Play. 1938. Photograph. New York City. Dallasnews.com. Web. ! Orson Welles on air in front of a live audience. !Romer, Christina. Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data. Minneapolisfed.org. Journal of Political Economy. Web. ! Certain data from this book has been organized into a chart displaying the 1937-38 recession in the Great Depression. We will use it in the Great Depression page to illustrate a reason for peoples’ reactions. !The Times Union. Nation-Wide Scare Spread By Radio 'Mars War' Play. Digital image. Blog.timesunion.com. Times Union, 28 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. ! Yet another image of headlines capturing the panic the WWRB left in its wake. We cropped the photo so we only have the part that says, "By Radio 'Mars War' Play. It will be used as a picture in a collage for the tall and short headers. !Toronto Daily Star. Ottawa Seeks Way To Ban Radio 'Horrors' Digital image. Www.flickr.com. Flickr.com, 31 Oct. 2008. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. ! The Canadian government was called upon to see if they could ban certain radio plays that can terrify listeners. We will only use the part of the headline that says, "Radio Horrors' as an image in a collage that will be our tall and short header. !!!!!!!

Universal Newsreel. Radio Station's "Attack By Mars" Panics Thousands. Digital image. Witnesswatch.blogspot.com. Witnesswatch.blogspot.com, 30 Oct. 2009. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. ! Universal Newsreel was a short collection of news put together by Universal Studios that people would come watch between 1929 and 1967. They were called newsreels and were up o 10 minutes long. This is a picture of the introduction that will be used as a picture in a collage for the short and tall headers. !Vachon, John. The MacDuffie Family. 1938. Library of Congress, Rural America. ! This photograph displays a rural American family gathered around a radio during the Great Depression. !War of the Worlds. 1938. Photograph. New York City. Newstimes.com. Web. ! Orson Welles and The Mercury Theatre on the air crew gathered, reviewing the script. !Welles, Orson. Portion of script from WWRB. Digital image. Pinimg.com. N.p., n.d. Web. ! A page from Orson Welles' War of the Worlds 1938 radio broadcast shows the announcer making a station identification 43 minutes into the program. !World War II: Before the War. N.d. Photograph. Peldata.com. Web. ! Photograph of people gathered Pre World War II. !The 1938 Radio Broadcast of Orson Welles War of the Worlds. 1938. Photograph. New York City. Blogspot.com. Web. ! Orson Welles and the CBS orchestra performing during the WWRB. !1933. Photograph. Web. ! Adolf Hitler named Chancellor of Germany. !!!!!!!!!!

Interviews !Welles, George O. "Orson Welles Interviewed by Journalists After the War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast." Interview. YouTube.com. IAmIntelligence, 6 Mar. 2012. Web. ! This interview is extremely vital in our website and interpretation of the broadcast because we can evaluate Welles’ facial expressions, tone, and what he expresses to determine the validity of his claims. Here, he answers questions from journalists about a wide array of details in his broadcast that are important in understanding his motives. He explains his shock when he heard about his listeners’ feedback and how anonymous the radio is. Also, he describes why he used a real town as the setting for the invasion; he was modeling his work after H.G. Wells’. He also believes he had not taken advantage of the simulated news bulletin because, “It is used by many radio programs.” !Letters !Letter to Mr. Frank R. McNinch. 31 Oct. 1938. Pinimg.com. N.p., n.d. Web. ! This source is a letter expressing someone’s complaint to the FCC about the extreme gravity of the human emotions that were aroused by the program. !Morton, Paul. "Complaint - WABC Broadcast." Letter to FCC. 31 Oct. 1938. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Archives.gov. Web. ! A letter to the FCC from the City Manager of Trenton, expressing the problems that arised from the broadcast in his city, including handicapped police and paralyzed communication lines. !Yaukey, J. V. "War of the Worlds." Letter to FCC. 1 Nov. 1938. Archives.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. ! In this letter, Yaukey expressed that he was entertained by the play and did not sight any monsters in a war-like regalia. He offers his opinion on what action to take against CBS, if any. !Letters to the Editor !Beers, Jesse, Jr. "Martian Invasions." Letter to The Editor of NY Times. 11 Dec. 1988. New York Times. New York City: New York Times, 1988. BR46. Print. ! Beers recalls that when he was in his freshman year of college, and when people warned him, "The aliens are coming," he thought it sounded like college humor. He then tuned into news broadcasts to hear confirmation of the invasion. Now he wonders why people who heard the broadcast never tuned into another news station for confirmation, which there was none of. His view offers a fresh perspective that will be applied to our website by contrasting it with other peoples' claims. !

Bellamy, George. "One Family "Bored"" Letter to The Editor of NY Times. 31 Oct. 1938. New York Times. New York City: New York Times, 1938. 22. Print. ! In a letter to the editor, Bellamy expresses his disbelief that the average American would fall for the broadcast, with the exception of chidden, old ladies, and mental deficients. He says that he personally felt that it was a boring and inane production. !Bogart, Alvin J. ""Brilliant Dramatization"" Letter to The Editor of NY Times. 31 Oct. 1938. New York Times. New York City: New York Times, 1938. 22. Print. ! Bogart wrote a "Letter to the Editor" in the NY Times complimenting the broadcast's realism and saying that the condemnation of CBS because of childish hysteria would place the FCC on par with the moronic individuals. He expressed how fortunate he was to listen to the opening announcement of the broadcast's fictional nature so he could appreciate its realism. !Bloomsburgh, Ruth F. "Martians Outdone." Letter to The Editor of NY Times. 31 Oct. 1938. New York Times. New York City: New York Times, 1938. 22. Print. ! Bloomsburgh says that there were many announcements leasing up to the broadcast and it is individuals' responsibility to censor content based on the announcements to suit their own needs, and to not keep asking for protection from things in and out of the world. !Calman, Maurice S. "The Cry of "Wolf"" Letter to The Editor of NY Times. 31 Oct. 1938. New York Times. New York City: New York Times, 1938. 22. Print. ! In a letter to the editor, Calman claimed that the use of actual people and cities described in catastrophes ought to be prohibited by law. She warns that if a real catastrophe took place, people will regard it as a hoax even if authoritative figures urge them that it's not. The title helps express how the situation would play out. !College Student. "The Radio Panic." Letter to The Editor. 4 Nov. 1938. MS. Emmitsburg, Maryland. ! A college student disproves one of the letters to The Editor by Mr. Alexander Sidney Lanier that he read in The Washington Post on November 4 that assumes that since people became panic- stricken, Americans “would not deserve to survive a real attack upon our country.” The student expresses that the hysterics were only a fraction of the “vast audience” and that Mr. Lanier was proceeding upon a false premise. His perspective unveiled what commoners had to say about the WWRB, and would help us discover the reactions of different types of people. !Douglass, East. Letter to Orson Welles. 30 Oct. 1938. Pinimg.com. N.p., n.d. Web. ! A letter from East Douglass of Massachusetts to Orson Welles calling the War of the Worlds radio broadcast "the most thrilling hour of my 30 short years of life" and calling it "my worst scare.” !

George, Pat. "Hysteria "Stupid"" Letter to The Editor of NY Times. 31 Oct. 1938. New York Times. New York City: New York Times, 1938. 22. Print. ! George says that the hysteria was uncalled for because daily newspapers, such as this one, publish reports of daily radio programs. It was just plain stupid for people to panic and accuse CBS when it should have been expected. !Horton, Guy Kimball. "More About The Radio Panic." Letter to The Editor. 1 Nov. 1938. The Washington Post. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! Horton expresses that too closely guarding what is broadcasted will result in uninteresting radio, just because its producers didn’t assume the responsibilities of adulthood. He explains that if the FCC lets this happen, America’s democratic government should just be discarded, because the majority of the population can accept the responsibilities of citizenship. His interesting view offers us insight on the government’s responsibilities. !Jacobs, Morton J. "The 'Real' Monsters." Letter to Editor of the Post. 10 Nov. 1938. Washington Post. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! Jacobs’ letter to the editor expresses his view of the listeners’ reactions, comparing “terrestrial monsters” to Hitler, Hirohito, and Benito, who were the real instigators of the panic and fear. His perspective is a solid one that can be argued and included in our website in the historical context as Pre-WWII Anxiety. !Miller, T. O. "'Good Show,' Anyhow." Letter to Editor of the Post. 2 Nov. 1938. Washington Post. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! Miller admits to have fallen under the impression that the invasion was actually happening, but also says that there were many ways in determining if it was just fiction., such as reading the newspaper announcement. The confusion was overwhelming and it’s hard to comprehend something when your instincts kick in. His views shifted from confusion to congratulations because after the controversial air cleared, he realized it was a “darn good show.” !Rutherford, George E. "Broadcast Is Criticized but So Are Some Listeners, as Over-Credulous." Letter to The Editor of NY Times. 2 Nov. 1938. New York Times. New York City: New York Times, 1938. 22. Print. ! This source is a letter to the editor expressing their view on the WWRB. They say it is irresponsible that they didn't prevent the broadcast from airing, "frightfulness into the homes of people already jittery from war talk, depression and political uncertainty." Rutherford also criticized people connected with the broadcast by claiming they lacked editorial discretion and had a perverted sense of humor. !!

White, Dorothy M. "Reactions to the Radio Panic." Letter to Editor of the Post. 31 Oct. 1938. Washington Post. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 3 Nov. 1938. ! White bashed angry listeners and called them an example of “gross ignorance and pure, childish stupidity.” She reasoned that people who were infuriated were only in that state because they were made to look foolish, and she supports Columbia Broadcasting System on “continuing to do things to shame Americans into the necessity of learning, at least, to read.” !!Newspaper Articles !Andrews, Marshall. "Monsters of Mars on a Meteor Stampede Radiotic America." Washington Post 31 Oct. 1938: XI. Print. ! This article covered every aspect of the WWRB, such as rumors and an account of the dramatization. It especially emphasized its impact on New Jersey and Princeton University’s role in reporting news and searching for the meteor with members of their geology faculty. Americans knew that day the chilling terror of sudden war, of meeting invasion from another world, unsuspecting and unready. !"BEHIND THE SCENES: About Programs and People." New York Times 13 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! Leaders of the major radio networks, having met with Chairman Frank R. McNinch of the FCC, agreed that use of the words "flash" and "bulletin" require more discretion, and quickly put the decision into practice, as revealed on election that night. The less sensational word "report' was generally used. This article sheds light on how radio announcers were seemingly instructed to speak shortly after the broadcast, and how foreign countries believe that news should be presented straightforwardly. !Dunlap, Orrin E., Jr. "SEEKING A CODE: Voluntary Self-Regulation of Broadcasting Is Urged to Avoid Censorship." New York Times 20 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! Radio leaders and their lieutenants in broadcasting have started a three months' march under the glare of the Federal Communication Commission’s spotlight of investigation. Freedom of speech has become one of the keynotes coupled with pledges to uphold American principles of democracy. This article helped us pinpoint how the FCC struggled to deal with 2 conflicting aspects: rights and responsibilities. !!!!!!!

"FCC Is Perplexed on Steps to Take." The New York Times 1 Nov. 1938: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! This article once again describes how the FCC was deciding which course to take on whether action should be taken against the WWRB; if its emotional damage called for some sort of censorship. However, an interesting point is posed here, and it was that censoring Welles’ thrilling broadcast and preventing something of that caliber from happening again, would injure the arts. McNinch, the chairman of the FCC, did not have a final judgement at the time, and wrote the broadcast off as, “regrettable,” and an example of the, “power and force of radio.” !"The Mars Attack." New York Times 24 Oct. 1976: 41. Print. ! A brief overview of the broadcast and how Hollywood welcomed Orson Welles with open arms is included in this article. !"Networks to Curb Use of Term 'Flash'" New York Times 8 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! Heads of the National, Columbia and Mutual Broadcasting companies, the three largest in the country, agreed with Chairman Frank R. McNinch of the FCC at a conference that night that such news terms as "flash" and "bulletin" should be used with discretion. This article is similar to another in this bibliography, but this one has some valuable information that the other one didn’t have. What exactly the commission did is detailed in here, describing that the FCC couldn’t censor anything under the law, and the banned terms should be used sparingly and restricted to news items of relevance. !The New York Times. "'Martian Invasion' Site Is Bought for Housing." New York Times 6 Feb. 1966: R4. Print. ! A New Jersey potato farm that was mentioned in the WWRB by Orson Welles was purchased by Gerald C. Finn, president of Amron Construction Corporation of East Windsor, NJ. He plans to build 37 homes, varying from split-level to expandable one-story houses. Just the fact that the newspaper wrote an article about this because of the farm's role in the broadcast proves that newspapers are still eager to get an intriguing story out of the subject and revive all the hype that the newspaper industry received in 1938, 28 years earlier. !The New York Times Company. "Geologists at Princeton Hunt 'Meteor' in Vain." The New York Times 31 Oct. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! This source explains to us the extremity and extent to which people went to over the broadcast. So not only was the normal public affected, but also intellectuals and their jobs! !!!!

The New York Times Company. "Mars Monsters Broadcast Will Not Be Repeated: Perpetrators of the Innovation Regret Causing of Public Alarm." The New York Times 31 Oct. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! Objection to terrorism, Columbia Broadcasting System's regrets, demanded investigation, military lessons, and Canada's reaction were all included topics that are fully discussed within this article. It sums up previous newspaper articles regarding the WWRB to provide organized text with only relevant material. Two very important perspectives we contained in the text, yet spoke for their nations (USA and Canada). A FCC commissioner argued that people have the right of protection from material broadcasted into their home. An attorney general of Ontario planned to take no action and supported his decision. Knowing this will be useful for the section Impact. !The New York Times Company. "Radio Listeners in Panic, Taking War Drama as Fact." The New York Times 31 Oct. 1938: 1+. Print. ! The New York Times offered an article with front-page and continued full-page coverage on the issue a mere day after the broadcast. We are certain of the quality and validity of the information because the newspaper has won 112 Pulitzer Prizes which is greater than any other news organization. It contains a detailed record of intentions, reactions, dates, time, misinterpretations, specific events, individual actions, phone calls, etcetera. A lot of statistics and key details stated in our website will certainly come from this article. One of its noteworthy factors is the quantity of telephone calls and responses that give readers additional understanding of the emotions circulating the metropolitan area during that hysterical time. !The New York Times Company. "Washington May Act: Review of Broadcast by the Federal Commission Possible." New York Times 31 Oct. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! Officials of the Federal Communications Commission has the power to initiate proceedings where the public interest seems to warrant official action. They filter complaints to discover which ones had a significant enough negative impact to result in an investigation. Because of the information pertaining to a specific topic (FCC's reaction), this article was a special edition in the New York Times. Their reactions will be included in the section of our website, titled Impact > “On Companies”. It is valuable information since it gives a basic idea on the degree of severity a broadcast has to be for officials to get involved. !!!!!!!

The New York Times Company. "Scare Is Nationwide: Broadcast Spreads Fear in New England, the South and West." The New York Times 31 Oct. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! Reactions from people throughout the nation were reported and investigated in this article. There was hysteria from San Francisco, California, Chicago, Illinois, St. Louis, Missouri, New Orleans, Louisiana, Baltimore, Maryland, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Providence, Rhode Island, Minneapolis, Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, and Los Angeles, California. The article included eight more records of cities from the USA and one from Toronto, Canada. It is valuable to our project because we can interpret the severity of peoples' feedback based on where they live and what material radio stations broadcast in their area. !"NO FCC ACTION DUE IN RADIO 'WAR' CASE." The New York Times 2 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! This article illuminated why the FCC had not yet acted on the WWRB case and only called it “regrettable” so far. They were determining if it was censorship-worthy, even if it didn’t technically broadcast obscenity. We get a quick, but descriptive overview of what was occurring during that time, legally. !"Pan-America." The Washington Post 21 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! 7 peace groups attacking the president's plans to create a naval and military establishment claimed that it will cause another 'Martian invasion' scare. They stated that hysteria is, "taking the place of reason in thinking and speaking of international affairs. The show is not being staged by Orson Welles..." Them mentioning this broadcast a little less than a month later, including it in such a serious military defense context, and comparing it to international affairs is evidence that its lessons were taken heed to and resonated then, and still today. !"Radio Challenges Playwrights to Try New Tricks." New York Times 30 Oct. 1938: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! This article demonstrates how radio was improving in its new techniques and advances to adapt to the growing radio industry which in turn, spurred listeners to want more realistic approaches. More precision was involved in creating WWRB, which may explain one of the reasons why it was regarded as fact. In this broadcast, the actors met to study the script before the broadcast, then rehearsed for several hours, and the final touch is the window that separates the actors from the audience to isolate noise for a believable setting. An example of one of their realistic sound effects was how the sound of a horse-drawn carriage was mimicked; a wagon wheel rolling over coconut shells on a tray of sand. !!!

"RADIO PROGRAMS SCHEDULED FOR BROADCAST THIS WEEK: LEADING EVENTS OF THE WEEK Time Is P. M. Eastern Standard, Unless Otherwise Indicated TODAY." New York Times 30 Oct. 1938: X11. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! An especially useful source, this is, because the date and time of every radio program is listed in this article, the WWRB being one of them. His broadcast being written here hugely impacts his case positively because it proves that the Martian invasion never occurred, if only listeners checked out the newspaper. However, it could also go against his case as proof of a premeditated psychological attack on listeners. Nevertheless, it is a valuable source of information and we will use both interpretations. !"Screen News Here in Hollywood." New York Times 2 Nov. 1938: 27. Print. ! This article demonstrates Hollywood’s eagerness to promote an interesting historical event. Universal will start production early next spring in an effort to capitalize on broadcast. !Secrest, James D. "F.C.C. Actions May Lead to Congressional Investigation Next Session." The Washington Post 20 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! The Federal Communications Commission attempts to pass some sort of regulation in the radio industry that censors material that does not project any obscenity, yet is immoral, inconsiderate, and damages people intangibly. They attempt to exercise an indirect censorship over radio programs, adopt a voluntary code of self-regulation, and a restriction of the use of the terms "flash" and "bulletin" in radio fiction. We acquired valuable information in “Rights” when discovering all this legal business, and the responsibility of the FCC to protect people’s emotions, yet also follow their laws. !Secrest, James D. "Martian Invasion by Radio 'Regrettable,' Says McNinch." Washington Post 1 Nov. 1938: XI. Print. ! FCC Chairman Frank R. McNinch issued a formal statement saying the broadcast was, "to say the least, regrettable." The article covered statements including the president of the National Association of Broadcasters, Vice President of CBS, and the Harvard Astronomical Observatory. It covered the legal action that would be taken against CBS. This article's content will be applied to the Responsibilities page of our website. !"Topic of The Times." New York Times 2 Nov. 1938: 22. Print. ! Orson Welles’s and H.G. Well’s reaction, vision, and background story are included in this article. It claims that the WWRB left H.G. Wells as a prophet because he sad scored notable successes and has had some impressive failures. !!!!

"Washington Plans 74 Ways to Tighten America's Ties." New York Times 30 Nov. 1938: n. pag. Print. ! This article describes president Roosevelt's plans for a project to bring a better understanding to the Western Hemisphere of many fields along scientific, education, health, road-building and governmental administrative lines. This helps us understand the rapid change to educate people after the WWRB that occurred exactly a month earlier. !"Women Are Urged to Act on Nazis." New York Times 16 Nov. 1938: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. ! A proposal to send a message of thanks to President Roosevelt for his statement explaining the return to Washington of Hugh R. Wilson, United States Ambassador to Berlin, was made last night at a dinner of the New York State Federation of Women's Clubs, in its 44th annual convention. We learned that people such as Professor Bryson, realized how powerful and relevant radio is and how listening to it comes with the responsibility to be aware that “We are not immune to the kind of terror radio can give.” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Secondary Sources !Audio !Wayne, Jeff, Gary Osborne, Doreen Wayne, Richard Burton, Julie Covington, David Essex, Justin Hayward, Philip Lynott, Jo Partridge, Chris Thompson, and H. G. Wells. War of the Worlds. Columbia, 1985. MP3. ! This audio clip of a song especially orchestrated to emit a sense of adrenaline-induced dread toward the movie is vital in interacting with our website's viewer so they can experience the situation in context. !Books !Aitken, Hugh G. J. The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1985. Print. ! Our website has a page labeled “Background”. We plan to provide subpages with sections about events and important parts of history prior to the WWRB. This book deeply describes the opportunities for broadcasting in a whole new light and its impact on businesses, government, and the nation. Hugh G. J. Aitken was an economic historian and professor until his death. He has published 12 of his own books and cited 23 others about economic history, development economics, and economic systems. The overwhelming amount of information stored in the book gives us high hopes that we will justify people's reactions and how and why radio broadcasting evolved into what it is today under the influence of the WWRB. !Feder, Chris Welles. In My Father's Shadow: A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin of Chapel Hill, 2009. Print. ! Chris Welles Feder writes about her firsthand experience with her father, Orson Welles. She describes how he impacted her life and how unique of a personality he had. This is valuable information because we could draw conclusions about his motives and intentions toward his infamous War of the Worlds radio broadcast (WWRB). Her insight also delves deep into the overall personalities of people, events prior to the broadcast, and ones anticipated. Feder's memoir may help determine or presume why individual people, the media, and the population as a whole reacted the way they did. !Hilmes, Michele. Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922-1952. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 1997. Print. ! How not only individuals, but companies too, were affected by the WWRB are described in this book. The damage inflicted upon parts of the nation left "good scars", if you may. People learned the hard way to not always rely on the radio for a valid news report. New laws were established clarifying the "rights" and "wrongs" of what can be broadcasted on radio. The

government had to take careful steps to ensure that radio broadcasts do not generate unreasonable mass hysteria. Now radio broadcasters hold the responsibility to exercise enough good judgement to not over exaggerate, sugar-coat, or embellish their work, because as a reaction to the WWRB, people ended up in hospitals with seizures and suicide. The cultural history of broadcasting is the interest of the author Michele Hilmes. Her B.A. in Comparative Literature, M.A. in Department of Cinema Studies, and Ph.D. in the Department of Cinema Studies prove that her text is valid and reliable. "Radio Voices" will be utilized to explore peoples' conditions and the altered view of responsibilities and new laws to back them up.

!Lederer, Katherine. "Welles Broadcast The War of the Worlds." The 20th Century Great Events from History. Ed. Robert F. Gorman. 2007. Print. ! A summary of the event and its significance in history was included in this article. It provided information about Orson Welles's previous radio broadcasts productions and several miniature (but key) events leading up to the WWRB. Possible solutions to people's actions after listening to the broadcast were also included, along with evidence to support it. A couple of interviewee's statements in the article are vital for our further understanding. Katherine Lederer, the author is fully equipped with the skills to write about such a critical topic, dealing with sorting the opinions of an estimated 6 million listeners. She graduated from the University of California at Berkeley with a Bachelor's Degree in Anthropology and English. Robert F. Gorman, the editor, is the author of numerous successful (based on rating) history books. This source will be applied to “The Broadcast” page of our website because of its ample quotes and background information. !Lenthall, Bruce. "Chapter 1." Radio’s America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture. Chicago: U of Chicago, 2007. 1-13. Print. ! This source is an excerpt from a book by Bruce Lenthall explaining how the Great Depression and rise of modern mass culture joined together, then evolved together. The section “The Story of the Century” is extremely detailed and vivid, explaining and discussing events that contributed to the mass media today. Lenthall relates the Great Depression with WWRB and its hidden story of the twentieth century’s rising mass culture. !Nachman, Gerald. "Chapter 21 Best Seats in the House." Raised on Radio: In Quest of the Lone Ranger, Jack Benny ... New York: Pantheon, 1998. 438-47. Print. ! A description of Orson Welles and his journey to fame is interpreted in 10 lengthy pages. His previous broadcasts, leading up to the WWRB, and then SNAP, off to Hollywood. Most of the information was about Welles's reaction to his instant fame, and the mixed publicity he got. Apparently, Howard Koch, the write of the script, had no idea how much trauma him and his co-workers inflicted upon the nation. The next day, he thought that Hitler had invaded another country, therefore starting a war, until he was corrected and shown the headlines of a newspaper

saying, “Nation in Panic from Martian Broadcast”. Gerald Koch has a degree in journalism and has covered topics such as theater, movies, television, and radio. He has written columns for many prestigious newspapers, including the New York Times. The information before the broadcast in this book will be used in the Historical Context page, reports of chaos will be used in the Reactions page, and the big footprint left in the radio industry will be used on the Impact page. !Images !Depiction of Magic Bullet Theory. Digital image. Rdillman.com. Web. ! This is a diagram demonstrating the uniformly affect mass media organization has on members of the audience. It will be applied to our Historical Context page to offer a brief introduction into the Magic Bullet Theory. !Fair Use 02. Digital image. Nocookie.net. N.p., n.d. Web. ! Fair Use Doctrine logo. !FCC Logo. Digital image. Pinimg.com. N.p., n.d. Web. ! Federal Communications Commission logo. !Fcc-logo. Digital image. Suasnews.com. N.p., 30 Sept. 2011. Web. ! Federal Communications Commission logo. !GROVER'S MILL: MONUMENT TO THE WAR OF THE WORLDS. N.d. Photograph. Grover's Mill. Abiofeminofantascience.org. Web. ! Picture of War of the Worlds Monument in Grover’s Mill, New Jersey. !K, Abi. Stack of newspapers. Digital image. Lawyersandsettlements.com. N.p., n.d. Web. ! Stack of colorful newspapers. !Kowal, Abigail, comp. Mapfling.com. Web. ! This student-created map pinpoint locations mentioned in 1938 newspapers that reports mass panic. It gives a visual representation of the distance between locations to determine if claims made by people were plausible. !!

Miller, Pete. Hypodermic Needle Theory. Digital image. Blogspot.com. N.p., 21 Apr. 2012. Web. ! Picture demonstrating how the Hypodermic Needle Theory works.

!Old Fashioned Radio Sticker. Digital image. Zazzle.co.uk. N.p., n.d. Web. ! Circular sticker of old-fashioned radio. !Orson Welles in martian invasion setting. Digital image. Http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot. com. Blogspot.com, 31 Oct. 2013. Web. ! This is an interesting edited image of Orson Welles juxtaposed against a fiery Martian invasion. It is captivating and grabbed our attention immediately, therefore we included it on out Impact page. !Weisman, Steven J. FCC Programming Rules: Obscenity. Digital image. Talkers.com. Talkers Magazine, 3 Apr. 2012. Web. ! Visual representation of Title 18 Section 1464, used on our Rights Radio Industry page. !Website Articles !"Description of Hypodermic Needle Theory." Www.12manage.com. 12manage. Web. ! Not only does this source offer an explanation on the origin of the Magic Bullet Theory and powerful media, but also a diagram representing the theory after it was disproved. We will include it on our Impact page, because it captures that the WWRB caused a research movement whose results are still relevant today. !"HFCL TUTORIAL MASS COMMUNICATION." HFCL TUTORIAL MASS COMMUNICATION.rdillman.com. Web. ! This source is descriptive and explains point by point how complex the communication process is. It evaluates each theory and provides a basic timeline of how they were developed. It claims that how news is received is based upon channels of distribution, target audiences, accessibility, availability, and uses. In a nutshell, it deems mass media as extremely powerful, and we will use its point on our Magic Bullet Theory page. !"Hypodermic Needle Theory." Http://www.utwente.nl. Web. ! This is a valuable article that provides four key factors that contributed to the theory of communication, such as popularization of radio, persuasion industries, impact of motion pictures on children, and WWII propaganda. Fundamental assumptions and statements on the

Magic Bullet Theory, and a conceptual model of early mass communication breaks down the information into simpler to understand pieces. !Lovgen, Stefan. ""War of the Worlds": Behind the 1938 Radio Show Panic." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 17 June 2005. Web. ! This useful source interprets what was reported during the broadcast from both mediums of communication (radio an newspaper), and what statistical research actually shows. A lot of expert quotations from professors are a valuable insight on the topic. It discusses the reasons for misconception, the rivalry between both mediums, and the power of imagination. !Persico, Joyce J. "West Windsor Plays Host to 75th Anniversary Celebration of 'War of the Worlds' Radio Broadcast." NJ.com. NJ.com, Saturday Oct. 2013. Web. Saturday Nov. 2013. ! This article described the 4 key plot points in the WWRB. The ordinary beginning of any other radio show where the upcoming contents are announced, then the interruption claiming that there were explosions on Mars that were heading toward Earth. Next, when an astronomer assured the world that no such thing happened and everyone was safe, until another interruption stated that something hit the Earth in a 20-mile radius of Princeton. The location of the invasion was chosen by the script-writer Howard Koch who picked it by pointing a pencil to a map of New Jersey and with his eyes shut and randomly selecting. This fact can be an interesting tidbit of information to include in our website, though it does not play a role in supporting our thesis. !!Roffman, Michael. "The Real Legacy of Orson Welles’ ‘War of the Worlds’ Broadcast." Entertainment.time.com. N.p., 31 Oct. 2013. Web. ! Roffman made many interesting points in his article about how the newspaper industry, “sensationalized the panic to prove to advertisers, and regulators, that radio management was irresponsible and not to be trusted. He explained that America wasn’t used to such horrors and the WWRB would just be a step to prepare them for WWII, especially the Bombing at Pearl Harbor. !Samuels, Edward. "Creativity Wants to Be Paid." Web log post. Edwardsamuels.com. St. Martin's Press, n.d. Web. ! Samuels provides a descriptive account of major challenges to copyright currently and in the past — those being technological and constitutional. His statistics about radio use compared to record use inn households and revenue, and his interpretations on those are valuable sources of data to our website. We can use them to determine how much radio had advanced in 1938, because of the WWRB, and include our discoveries in the Impact page of our website.

!Sonos Staff. "The History of Radio." Blog.sonos.com. Sonos Blog, 6 Feb. 2012. Web. ! An intricate and easily understandable diagram displaying in chronological order the important events that contributed to radio’s history is on this site. We cropped the infograph to the picture capturing the “Invasion from Mars”. It is located on our Present page to symbolize how this event is so pivotal to radio’s history and the present. !Sutton, Riley. Mass Communication Theory and Propaganda Chapter 4. Slideplayer.us. Riley Sutton, 19 May 2013. Web. ! This source is extremely valuable because it provides an extremely detailed account of all factors that contributed to mass communication theories and the development of propaganda. Each of the 85 slides in this slideshow describe a specific claim and support for it. Many of the ideas that occurred due to certain events are important in elaborating on our claim that the Magic Bullet Theory is a key part of our website. !!!!!!!