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The War of 1812. A Quick Review. Causes. Trade Barriers: - Britain and France already fighting - USA wanted freedom to trade with anyone - both countries were trying to starve the other (cut off supply lines) - Britain stopped and seized more American vessels than the French did. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The War of 1812
A Quick Review
Causes
Trade Barriers:- Britain and France already fighting- USA wanted freedom to trade with anyone- both countries were trying to starve the other (cut off supply lines)- Britain stopped and seized more American vessels than the French did
British Stop-and-Search Tactics
- navy was stopping and searching American ships to look for British deserters- sailors treated poorly (bad food, low pay)- to Americans, it was insulting to be boarded
Britain’s Aboriginal Allies- In US Congress, some
frontiersmen pushed for war with Britain
- These were known as “War Hawks”
- They claimed the British in Canada were providing Tecumseh with guns and supplies
- Blamed Aboriginals for attacks on American frontier settlements
American War Hawks
- They believed US would soon own North America
- Believed taking Canada was a great idea- Not all Americans believed in this- When US government voted to go to war,
the decision was close- Many close to the border depended on
trade with Canada
Major Events of the War
Fort Detroit- Tecumseh joined Brock- Brock sent a clever message
to American General Hull at Detroit, warning that his Aboriginal allies were uncontrollable
- Americans so terrified of Aboriginals that they surrendered
- To celebrate, Brock and Tecumseh exchanged sashes before the troops
Battle of Queenston Heights- 13 October, 1812, news
that the Americans had crossed the Niagara River reached Brock
- Brock mustered 100 men- Brock’s bright red tunic
was a perfect target for sharpshooters
- General Sheaffe arrived later with 300 British troops, 50 militiamen, and 300 Mohawk
Queenston Heights Continued…
- Sheaffe managed to get up on the heights, behind the American line
- Mohawk closed in from the sides
- Many Americans turned and ran
- 300 American soldiers killed/wounded, 950 taken prisoner
- 14 Canadians killed, 57 wounded
Other Notable EventsYork: April 1813, Americans attacked York,
burned wooden Parliament Buildings. Attackers left after looting
Niagara: British commander General Vincent led a sneak attack on Americans at Stoney Creek
Beaver Dam: where Laura Secord became a hero. Americans were defeated
Naval Battles: Niagara Falls made it tough. Americans won a significant battle on Lake Erie.
Moraviantown: Chief Tecumseh killed. A disaster for the British (soldiers become depressed)>
Chrysler’s Farm
- An American attack- Canadian, British and
Aboriginal troops work together to defeat them
- This stopped the advance on Montreal
The Burning of Washington: 1814- In August, 1814, British
navy carried war to capital of US
- Army landed and marched on Washington
- Revenge for burning of York
- Government buildings burnt, including president’s mansion
- Legend has it, scorched buildings had to be white-washed to cover burn marks
The War That Nobody Won- By end of 1814, both sides tired of fighting- No clear winner- Treaty of Ghent signed Christmas Eve,
1814- Negotiations took place in Europe- News did not reach Canada until March,
1815- Decided to put territory back to where it
was before the war- Treaty did not settle issues between US
and Britain- 49th parallel established- Each country agreed only 4 warships on
Great Lakes (Rush-Bagot Agreement)- Led to strong feelings of pride in Upper
Canada