The War in Vietnam

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June PapendickJune Papendick

Already KNOW

NEED to Know Will Learn

Terms to Remember

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem Viet CongViet Cong Gulf of TonkinGulf of Tonkin William WestmorelandWilliam Westmoreland Tet OffensiveTet Offensive President JohnsonPresident Johnson

CommunismCommunism Robert McNamaraRobert McNamara President KennedyPresident Kennedy President NixonPresident Nixon

Historical Timeline206 BC-Kingdom of Nam Viet206 BC-Kingdom of Nam Viet111 BC-Nam Viet annexed by the Han 111 BC-Nam Viet annexed by the Han dynasty (China).dynasty (China).939 AD-Establishment of Vietnam939 AD-Establishment of Vietnam1000 AD-Successful defense against Song dynasty invasion (China).1000 AD-Successful defense against Song dynasty invasion (China).1258 AD-First Mongol Invasion1258 AD-First Mongol Invasion1268 AD-Second Mongol Invasion defeated1268 AD-Second Mongol Invasion defeated1287 AD-Third Mongol Invasion defeated1287 AD-Third Mongol Invasion defeated1407 AD-Ming dynasty occupies Vietnam1407 AD-Ming dynasty occupies Vietnam1428 AD-Chinese expulsed.1428 AD-Chinese expulsed.1600’s AD-Portuguese establish trade routes1600’s AD-Portuguese establish trade routes1614 AD-Jesuits establish missions1614 AD-Jesuits establish missions1614-1682 AD-Portugal, the Netherlands, and France fight each other over 1614-1682 AD-Portugal, the Netherlands, and France fight each other over

control of Southeast Asia (including Vietnam).control of Southeast Asia (including Vietnam).

What does the history of Vietnam say What does the history of Vietnam say about its people?about its people?

1886 France takes control of 1886 France takes control of French Indochina (Cambodia, French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). Laos, and Vietnam). The French The French language becomes the primary language in language becomes the primary language in the area.the area.

1940 France occupied by the German Army, 1940 France occupied by the German Army, Germany turns over control of French Germany turns over control of French Indochina to its ally Japan.Indochina to its ally Japan.

1941 Vietnamese nationalist, Ho 1941 Vietnamese nationalist, Ho Chi Minh, creates the Viet Chi Minh, creates the Viet Minh to fight against the Minh to fight against the Japanese. The Viet Minh also Japanese. The Viet Minh also wanted to end French colonial wanted to end French colonial control over Vietnamcontrol over Vietnam. .

Remember the Cold War? (1945-1989)

Red=Communists Blue=Democracies

1945 On August 251945 On August 25thth Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnams Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnams independence. He cites the US Declaration of Independence in independence. He cites the US Declaration of Independence in his speech.his speech.

1946 France decides to fight for control of Vietnam.1946 France decides to fight for control of Vietnam.*More concerned with stopping the spread of communism, *More concerned with stopping the spread of communism, President Truman does not get involved. President Truman President Truman does not get involved. President Truman repeatedly turns down Ho Chi Minh’s request that the US repeatedly turns down Ho Chi Minh’s request that the US recognize the new country of Vietnam.recognize the new country of Vietnam.

1949 The USSR and China recognize Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnam. 1949 The USSR and China recognize Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnam. This made Washington, D.C. think Vietnam is more of a This made Washington, D.C. think Vietnam is more of a communist threat than before. The U.S. starts to support the communist threat than before. The U.S. starts to support the French in their efforts to re-establish their colony.French in their efforts to re-establish their colony.

USA/Democracies USSR/Communists

Graphic Organizer

Vs.

Born Nguyen Sinh Cung, and known as "Uncle Ho,“ led Born Nguyen Sinh Cung, and known as "Uncle Ho,“ led the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945-69. the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945-69. Ho Ho embraced communism while living abroad in England and France embraced communism while living abroad in England and France in 1919, he petitioned the powers at the Versailles peace talks for equal in 1919, he petitioned the powers at the Versailles peace talks for equal rights in Indochina. He later moved to Hong Kong, where rights in Indochina. He later moved to Hong Kong, where he founded he founded the Indochinese Communist Partythe Indochinese Communist Party. . After adopting the name Ho After adopting the name Ho Chi Minh, or "He Who Enlightens," he returned to Vietnam in 1941 and Chi Minh, or "He Who Enlightens," he returned to Vietnam in 1941 and declared the nation's independence from France. Ho led a nearly declared the nation's independence from France. Ho led a nearly continuous war against the French and, later, the Americans until his continuous war against the French and, later, the Americans until his death in 1969. ** death in 1969. ** Many Vietnamese joined the Communist Many Vietnamese joined the Communist Party to fight colonization and imperialism in order to be a Party to fight colonization and imperialism in order to be a sovereign nation (nationalism)sovereign nation (nationalism)

Graphic OrganizerNorth Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh

Vs.

Communists

The Domino Theory

1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected 1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected President. Eisenhower equates the President. Eisenhower equates the possible loss of Vietnam to the possible loss of Vietnam to the communists as a domino effect in communists as a domino effect in which all of Southeast Asia would then which all of Southeast Asia would then fall under communist control. fall under communist control. This This becomes known as the “Domino becomes known as the “Domino Theory”.Theory”.

1954 The French are defeated at 1954 The French are defeated at the battle of Dien Bien Phu. the battle of Dien Bien Phu. This event leads to the backing This event leads to the backing out of France from French out of France from French Indochina. Indochina.

The United Nations creates the countries of Cambodia, Laos, and two The United Nations creates the countries of Cambodia, Laos, and two Vietnams. North Vietnam is to be controlled by the communists (Ho Vietnams. North Vietnam is to be controlled by the communists (Ho Chi Mihn) and South Vietnam by a democracy (Ngo Dinh Diem).Chi Mihn) and South Vietnam by a democracy (Ngo Dinh Diem).

Which will the US support?

The plan is to have a national election The plan is to have a national election in two years at which time the two in two years at which time the two halves will be united. The election halves will be united. The election was never held.was never held.Over time the leader of South Over time the leader of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem becomes Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem becomes undemocratic in his rule and very undemocratic in his rule and very unpopular with the South unpopular with the South Vietnamese. Yet, when he asks for Vietnamese. Yet, when he asks for additional support from the U.S. to additional support from the U.S. to combat “the ominous threat” of combat “the ominous threat” of communism in the north he gets it.communism in the north he gets it.

Diem's attempts to control the Viet Diem's attempts to control the Viet Cong grew more extreme and created Cong grew more extreme and created growing discontent in South Vietnam. growing discontent in South Vietnam. Several monks burned themselves to Several monks burned themselves to death as part of public protests against death as part of public protests against the Diem regime. the Diem regime.

A group of Diem's generals turned A group of Diem's generals turned against him. On November 1, 1963, against him. On November 1, 1963, they attacked the Presidential Palace, they attacked the Presidential Palace, believing they had or would have believing they had or would have American support. By the next day, the American support. By the next day, the government was overthrown and Diem government was overthrown and Diem was dead, murdered by his own was dead, murdered by his own soldiers. soldiers.

While the people of Saigon initially While the people of Saigon initially responded with enthusiasm to Diem's responded with enthusiasm to Diem's overthrow, the coup left the country overthrow, the coup left the country with no clear leader. with no clear leader.

Passers-by stop to watch as flames envelope a young Buddhist monk, Saigon, October 5th, 1963.

The man sits impassively in the central market square, he has set himself on fire performing a ritual suicide in protest against governmental anti-Buddhist policies. Crowds gathered to protest in Hue after the South Vietnamese government prohibited Buddhists from carrying flags on Buddha's birthday. Government troops opened fire to disperse the dissidents, killing nine people, Diems government blamed the incident on the Vietcong and never admitted responsibility. The Buddhist leadership quickly organized demonstrations that eventually led to seven monks burning themselves to death.

1961 1000 U.S. soldiers send to South Vietnam as 1961 1000 U.S. soldiers send to South Vietnam as advisors.advisors.

1963 over 16,000 U.S. advisors in South Vietnam.1963 over 16,000 U.S. advisors in South Vietnam. November 1, 1963 Diem is assassinated by his own November 1, 1963 Diem is assassinated by his own generals.generals.

November 22, 1963 Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, November 22, 1963 Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas.Texas.

November Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President, November Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President, increases number of military advisors to Vietnam.increases number of military advisors to Vietnam.

The North Vietnamese embarked on radical land reforms, The North Vietnamese embarked on radical land reforms, persecuting and imprisoning landowners and aggravating a persecuting and imprisoning landowners and aggravating a refugee crisis. By 1955, close to a million people had fled refugee crisis. By 1955, close to a million people had fled south. south.

the communists in 1960 created the the communists in 1960 created the National Liberation Front -- the National Liberation Front -- the guerrilla organization also known as guerrilla organization also known as the Viet Congthe Viet Cong. .

Graphic OrganizerNorth Vietnam South Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh Ngo Diem

Vs.

Communists Democracy?

U.S.S.R. United States

GULF OF TONKIN

Within weeks of Diem's murder, President Kennedy was Within weeks of Diem's murder, President Kennedy was assassinated. assassinated.

Vice President Lyndon Johnson assumed office determined Vice President Lyndon Johnson assumed office determined not to lose Vietnam to the communists. He sent Defense not to lose Vietnam to the communists. He sent Defense Secretary Robert McNamara to South Vietnam to pledge U.S. Secretary Robert McNamara to South Vietnam to pledge U.S. support. support.

In August 1964, the USS Maddox, an In August 1964, the USS Maddox, an American destroyer on patrol in the Gulf American destroyer on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin, exchanged fire with North of Tonkin, exchanged fire with North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Vietnamese torpedo boats. Two days later, the Two days later, the ship's captain reported he was under attack again. Despite ship's captain reported he was under attack again. Despite conflicting evidence, the Pentagon insisted there had been a conflicting evidence, the Pentagon insisted there had been a second unprovoked attack. The incident prompted Johnson to second unprovoked attack. The incident prompted Johnson to push the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution through Congress. The push the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution through Congress. The measure allowed LBJ to wage war in Vietnam. measure allowed LBJ to wage war in Vietnam.

Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionJohnson asks congress to give him the power to “take all Johnson asks congress to give him the power to “take all necessary measures” to defend any nation in Southeast Asia necessary measures” to defend any nation in Southeast Asia threatened by Communist “aggression or subversion”.threatened by Communist “aggression or subversion”.

The resolution passed through congress with only two votes The resolution passed through congress with only two votes

against. against. It gave Johnson the right to send It gave Johnson the right to send combat troops to Vietnam without an combat troops to Vietnam without an official U.S. declaration of war.official U.S. declaration of war.1965 General William Westmoreland named1965 General William Westmoreland named

commander of U.S. Army, Vietnam.commander of U.S. Army, Vietnam.

Regular bombing of North Vietnam begins.Regular bombing of North Vietnam begins.

December nearly 200,000 U.S. troops in December nearly 200,000 U.S. troops in

Vietnam.Vietnam.

1966 another 200,000 troops sent to Vietnam.1966 another 200,000 troops sent to Vietnam.

1967 total of over 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam.1967 total of over 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam.

Commanded US military operations in Vietnam Commanded US military operations in Vietnam from 1964-68from 1964-68. . His highly publicized, positive His highly publicized, positive assessments of US military prospects in Vietnam assessments of US military prospects in Vietnam were shattered by the 1968 Tet offensive, in which were shattered by the 1968 Tet offensive, in which Communist forces boldly attacked cities and towns Communist forces boldly attacked cities and towns throughout South Vietnam. Westmoreland later throughout South Vietnam. Westmoreland later served as the Army's chief of staff.served as the Army's chief of staff.

Interactive Notebook Question (Left Side)

Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share Who did the United States want to keep Who did the United States want to keep

out of Southeast Asia (Domino Theory)?out of Southeast Asia (Domino Theory)?

In March 1965, four months after Johnson was elected president by a In March 1965, four months after Johnson was elected president by a landslide, the first U.S. ground troops landed at Da Nang. Johnson was landslide, the first U.S. ground troops landed at Da Nang. Johnson was convinced that, without the support of a massive U.S. force, South convinced that, without the support of a massive U.S. force, South Vietnam was doomed. In response to the U.S. troop buildup, North Vietnam was doomed. In response to the U.S. troop buildup, North Vietnam began to send thousands of soldiers to fight in South Vietnam. In Vietnam began to send thousands of soldiers to fight in South Vietnam. In the Ia Drang valley in Vietnam's central highlands, the North Vietnamese the Ia Drang valley in Vietnam's central highlands, the North Vietnamese and U.S. armies met in the first major battle of the war. It was an and U.S. armies met in the first major battle of the war. It was an American victory -- but U.S. casualties were heavy. American GIs, American victory -- but U.S. casualties were heavy. American GIs, meanwhile, found themselves in a baffling war. They were unable to meanwhile, found themselves in a baffling war. They were unable to distinguish friend from foe. American bombing and shelling drove tens of distinguish friend from foe. American bombing and shelling drove tens of thousands of Vietnamese from their villages. American television thousands of Vietnamese from their villages. American television networks kept a running tally of the U.S. "body count." Johnson networks kept a running tally of the U.S. "body count." Johnson attempted to force the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table by attempted to force the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table by bombing North Vietnam -- including the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the primitive bombing North Vietnam -- including the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the primitive but highly effective supply line that linked North Vietnam with its but highly effective supply line that linked North Vietnam with its fighters and supporters in the South. But the tactic failed. fighters and supporters in the South. But the tactic failed.

Battle of Khe Sanh The The Battle of Khe SanhBattle of Khe Sanh took place between 21 January and 8 April 1968. took place between 21 January and 8 April 1968. During the battle that lasted 77 days, Khe Sanh Combat Base (KSCB) and the hilltop During the battle that lasted 77 days, Khe Sanh Combat Base (KSCB) and the hilltop

outposts around it were under constant North Vietnamese ground and artillery attacks.outposts around it were under constant North Vietnamese ground and artillery attacks. The Americans feared another Dien Bien Phu in which the French were defeated and The Americans feared another Dien Bien Phu in which the French were defeated and

eventually forced to leave Indochina. A massive effort was placed to defend the base eventually forced to leave Indochina. A massive effort was placed to defend the base by air and ground forces.by air and ground forces.

In the end the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces were victorious however the battle In the end the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces were victorious however the battle demonstrated the ability of the North Vietnamese and their commitment to take the demonstrated the ability of the North Vietnamese and their commitment to take the south.south.

National Security Advisor Walt W. Rostow showing President Lyndon B. Johnson a model of the Khe Sanh area, 15 February 1968.

The growing scale and savagery of the war in Vietnam The growing scale and savagery of the war in Vietnam created created growing dissent back in the United growing dissent back in the United States. Johnson was politically weakened by States. Johnson was politically weakened by the anti-war movement. the anti-war movement.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Originally nothing more than a jungle path this trail will become the main supply line for communist forces (V.C.) fighting in South Vietnam. Despite daily attacks by U.S. air power the trail remained open throughout the war.

“We are winning the war in Vietnam…” US General, 1968

Tet Offensive

In 1968, communist forces launched wide-scale attacks In 1968, communist forces launched wide-scale attacks throughout South Vietnam to coincide with Tet, the Vietnamese throughout South Vietnam to coincide with Tet, the Vietnamese new year. The communists hoped to spark a general uprising new year. The communists hoped to spark a general uprising across the country, a mission that ultimately failed. But the across the country, a mission that ultimately failed. But the strength of the offensive came as a shock to the American public strength of the offensive came as a shock to the American public and Johnsonand Johnson. .

Tet OffensiveTet Offensive Notice the # of Notice the # of

coordinated attacks coordinated attacks throughout the throughout the country.country.

Battle of Hue (Tet Offensive)

With the beginning of the Tet Offensive on January 30, 1968, the Vietnamese lunar New Year, With the beginning of the Tet Offensive on January 30, 1968, the Vietnamese lunar New Year, American forces had been committed to combat upon Vietnamese soil for almost three years. American forces had been committed to combat upon Vietnamese soil for almost three years. Highway One passed through Hué creating an important supply line from the coastal city of Da Highway One passed through Hué creating an important supply line from the coastal city of Da Nang to the DMZ for the Allied forces. Hué was also a base for United States Navy supply boats. Nang to the DMZ for the Allied forces. Hué was also a base for United States Navy supply boats. The city, considering its value and its distance from the DMZ (only 50 miles), should have been The city, considering its value and its distance from the DMZ (only 50 miles), should have been well-defended, fortified, and prepared for the Communist offensive.well-defended, fortified, and prepared for the Communist offensive.

However, it was actually poorly defended and unprepared because the Allied forces expected that However, it was actually poorly defended and unprepared because the Allied forces expected that the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong would respect the Tet truce. During the Tet, which is an the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong would respect the Tet truce. During the Tet, which is an important holiday celebrated in Vietnam, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army launched a important holiday celebrated in Vietnam, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army launched a massive assault on South Vietnam, attacking hundreds of military targets and population centers massive assault on South Vietnam, attacking hundreds of military targets and population centers across the country, among them the city of Hué. The Tet Offensive began on January 31, 1968.across the country, among them the city of Hué. The Tet Offensive began on January 31, 1968.

Interactive Notebook Question

How did the Tet Offensive shock the How did the Tet Offensive shock the American public?American public?

President Johnson offered to begin peace talks with the President Johnson offered to begin peace talks with the North Vietnamese -- and announced he would not run North Vietnamese -- and announced he would not run for another term in office. for another term in office.

In May 1968, peace talks began in Paris but soon In May 1968, peace talks began in Paris but soon deadlocked. Richard Nixon, who had begun his deadlocked. Richard Nixon, who had begun his campaign for the presidency, called for an "honorable" campaign for the presidency, called for an "honorable" end to U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. end to U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. But his But his campaign aides were secretly urging South Vietnamese campaign aides were secretly urging South Vietnamese officials to not strike a peace deal until after the election. officials to not strike a peace deal until after the election.

The war was to last another four years, costing thousands The war was to last another four years, costing thousands more lives.more lives.

The End

America's involvement in America's involvement in Vietnam came to an end on Vietnam came to an end on 30 April 1975 when the last 30 April 1975 when the last marines were evacuated marines were evacuated from the embassy roof and from the embassy roof and the incoming North the incoming North Vietnamese Army smashed Vietnamese Army smashed through the gates of the through the gates of the Independence PalaceIndependence Palace..

After the War

After the US pulled out, North Vietnam conquered the south. In 1976, Vietnam was reunited under a communist government. Vietnam had been devastated by the war. Millions of Vietnamese had been killed or wounded. Homes, farms, factories, and forests had been destroyed, bombs had torn cities apart. Fields were covered with land mines, or hidden explosives and the Vietnamese people were worn out. Still ahead was the huge effort of rebuilding.

Interactive Notebook Question (Left Side)

Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share What form of government does Vietnam What form of government does Vietnam

have today?have today? What type of economy does Vietnam What type of economy does Vietnam

have today?have today?

“The Wall" The National Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Total US Military Personnel in Vietnam

Date Total Personnel

31 December 1960 900

31 December 1961 3,200

31 December 1962 11,500

31 December 1963 16,300

31 December 1964 23,300

31 December 1965 184,300

31 December 1966 425,300

31 December 1967 485,600

31 December 1968 536,100

31 December 1969 474,400

31 December 1970 335,800

9 June 1971 250,900

Force KIA WIA MIA CIA

US Forces 47,378 1 304,704 2 2,338 3 766 4

ARVN 223,748 1,169,763 NA NA

South Korea 4,407 17,060 NA NA

Australia 469 2,940 NA NA

Thailand 351 1,358 NA NA

New Zealand 55 212 NA NA

NVA/VC 1,100,000 600,000 NA 26,000 5

Note 1: there were an additional 10,824 non-hostile deaths for a total of 58,202Note 2: of the 304,704 WIA, 153,329 required hospitalizationNote 3: this number decreases as remains are recovered and identifiedNote 4: 114 died in captivityNote 5: Does not include 101,511 Hoi ChanhLegend: KIA = Killed In Action WIA = Wounded In Action MIA = Missing In Action CIA = Captured In Actionhttp://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html

Weapons Helicopter

Vietnam was the Vietnam was the first war to see first war to see extensive use of extensive use of helicopters for helicopters for transport and transport and attackattack. This is . This is the Bell UH1 the Bell UH1 referred to by the referred to by the troops as a troops as a “HUEY”.“HUEY”.

RiflesThe U.S. main rifle became the The U.S. main rifle became the M-16. Its light weight and smaller M-16. Its light weight and smaller bullet made it easier to carry in a bullet made it easier to carry in a jungle setting.jungle setting.

The Vietcong and North The Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army choose the AK-Vietnamese Army choose the AK-47. The rifle is world renowned 47. The rifle is world renowned for its dependability.for its dependability.

Jet Fighter

The F-4 Phantom was used by the USAF, USMC, and USN The F-4 Phantom was used by the USAF, USMC, and USN in order to reduce cost for separate aircraft for each. The F-4 in order to reduce cost for separate aircraft for each. The F-4 held air superiority over the skies of South Vietnam yet had held air superiority over the skies of South Vietnam yet had to deal with the MIG-15 and S.A.M.’s over North Vietnam.to deal with the MIG-15 and S.A.M.’s over North Vietnam.

Culmination Assignment (1st-5th periods)

On your own paper, make sure your heading is in the corner, to be turned

in for a grade.

EssayEssayWrite a 5 paragraph essay describing

the war in Vietnam and why the United States was involved in the war.

Culmination Project (6th period)

On your own paper; chose only one! Make sure to include information about the Cold War, the Domino Theory, and politics in Vietnam.

1.1. Write a 5 paragraph essay describing the war in Write a 5 paragraph essay describing the war in Vietnam and why the United States was involved Vietnam and why the United States was involved in the war.in the war.

2.2. Write a 5 paragraph letter to Ho Chi Minh as the Write a 5 paragraph letter to Ho Chi Minh as the President of the United States detailing his President of the United States detailing his mistakes in leading Vietnam and how to fix mistakes in leading Vietnam and how to fix them.them.

3.3. Write a 5 paragraph letter as Ho Chi Minh to the Write a 5 paragraph letter as Ho Chi Minh to the United Nations explaining your decisions as the United Nations explaining your decisions as the leader of Communist North Vietnam.leader of Communist North Vietnam.

4.4. Write a 5 paragraph letter as a Vietnamese Write a 5 paragraph letter as a Vietnamese Peasant to the United Nations explaining your Peasant to the United Nations explaining your life under the rule of Ho Chi Minh and the affect life under the rule of Ho Chi Minh and the affect of the Vietnam War on your family.of the Vietnam War on your family.

Movies on the Vietnam War

**Many of these are R rated, get your parents permission before **Many of these are R rated, get your parents permission before viewing!!**viewing!!**

84 Charlie84 Charlie BAT 21BAT 21 Apocalypse NowApocalypse Now Born on the 4Born on the 4thth of July of July Flight of the IntruderFlight of the Intruder Good Morning VietnamGood Morning Vietnam Hamburger HillHamburger Hill We Were SoldiersWe Were Soldiers The Green BeretsThe Green Berets

Bibliography

Cold War. Cold War. CNN Interactive. CNN Interactive. Can be found at Can be found at http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/11/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/11/

Traditional VietnamTraditional VietnamCan be found at Can be found at http://www.askasia.org/inage/maps/t000005.htmhttp://www.askasia.org/inage/maps/t000005.htm

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/vietnam.htmhttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/vietnam.htm

http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/vietnam/photoessay.htmhttp://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/vietnam/photoessay.htm

http://www.fallofsaigon.org/http://www.fallofsaigon.org/

http://archive.nandotimes.com/prof/edsvc/nieonline/nieonline.htmlhttp://archive.nandotimes.com/prof/edsvc/nieonline/nieonline.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/720724.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/720724.stm