The War in The War in Turkey Turkey

Reaction to the Treaty of Reaction to the Treaty of Sevres Sevres

Reality Reality D. Treaty of Sevres (Oct 10, 1920)D. Treaty of Sevres (Oct 10, 1920)

Treaty: Treaty: http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/versa/sevres1.html

Agreed to by remnants of the collapsed Ottoman Empire –Agreed to by remnants of the collapsed Ottoman Empire –a formalization of the a formalization of the Armistice of MudrosArmistice of Mudros which ended which ended the fighting of WW1the fighting of WW1

Extremely limited sovereignty and the division of most of Extremely limited sovereignty and the division of most of its territory among the victorious Allies.its territory among the victorious Allies.

Only one third of Anatolia remained free of direct Only one third of Anatolia remained free of direct occupation occupation

Creation of autonomous countries of Kurdistan and Creation of autonomous countries of Kurdistan and Armenia with international “assistance” with their Armenia with international “assistance” with their formation.formation.

Ottoman ceded their claim to Arab by recognizing San Ottoman ceded their claim to Arab by recognizing San Remo agreement and the Hashemite Kingdom of the Hijaz.Remo agreement and the Hashemite Kingdom of the Hijaz.

Article 6 states the British commitment to the Article 6 states the British commitment to the establishment of Jews in “close settlement” in Palestine establishment of Jews in “close settlement” in Palestine but Article 26 states the right to “postpone or withhold but Article 26 states the right to “postpone or withhold application of this provision … [depending on] local application of this provision … [depending on] local conditions.”conditions.”

Territorial Plan – Treaty Territorial Plan – Treaty of Sevres of Sevres

SparkSpark

May 15, 1919 Greek force land in May 15, 1919 Greek force land in Izmir/Smyma foreshadows the Izmir/Smyma foreshadows the results of the Treaty of Sevresresults of the Treaty of Sevres

Assignment #1 Give a brief Assignment #1 Give a brief summary (one paragraph of the summary (one paragraph of the events of May 15 in Izmirevents of May 15 in Izmir

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_%C4%B0zmir

Key pointsKey points

Treaty of Sevres was seen as a total Treaty of Sevres was seen as a total humiliation for the Turkish population, humiliation for the Turkish population, which eventually rallies behind Mustafa which eventually rallies behind Mustafa Kemal in opposition to the treaty.Kemal in opposition to the treaty.

Ottoman supporters and nationalist held Ottoman supporters and nationalist held the common goal of stopping the spread the common goal of stopping the spread of Western influence/controlof Western influence/control

War weariness and the lack of resources War weariness and the lack of resources made implementation of the European made implementation of the European post war settlements tentative/limited. post war settlements tentative/limited.

Beginnings of the Beginnings of the Nationalist MovementNationalist Movement

Expectations/Acceptance of the losses of Expectations/Acceptance of the losses of their territories in Balkans and Arabia but their territories in Balkans and Arabia but not of “Turkish”/Anatolia lands.not of “Turkish”/Anatolia lands.

May 15, 1919 Greek force land in Izmir May 15, 1919 Greek force land in Izmir foreshadows the results of the Treaty of foreshadows the results of the Treaty of SevresSevres

Kemal begins to lead opposition to the Kemal begins to lead opposition to the foreign invaders and their treaty.foreign invaders and their treaty.

Sivas (Sept 4, 1919) Meeting produces the Sivas (Sept 4, 1919) Meeting produces the National Pact and the creates the Grand National Pact and the creates the Grand National AssemblyNational Assembly

Why was the Why was the Treaty rejected? Treaty rejected?

Why was the Why was the Treaty unable to Treaty unable to

bring peace?bring peace?

NationalismNationalism

The Turkish Nation consists of the The Turkish Nation consists of the valiant descendants of a people that valiant descendants of a people that has lived independently and has has lived independently and has considered independence the sole considered independence the sole condition of existence. This nation condition of existence. This nation has never lived without freedom, has never lived without freedom, cannot and never will cannot and never will

Mustafa Kemal AtatürkMustafa Kemal Atatürk

NationalismNationalism

““There is no such thing as a line of There is no such thing as a line of defence. Only a surface to defend. defence. Only a surface to defend. That surface consists of the entire That surface consists of the entire Fatherland. Not one inch of our Fatherland. Not one inch of our country can be abandoned unless country can be abandoned unless drenched with the blood of its drenched with the blood of its people” people”

Mustafa Kemal Mustafa Kemal

Desire of Minority Desire of Minority GroupsGroups

““Greece is not making war against Greece is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic Islam, but against the anachronistic (outdated) Ottoman Government, and (outdated) Ottoman Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody administration, with a view to the administration, with a view to the expelling it from those territories expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population where the majority of the population consists of Greeks."consists of Greeks."[ [

Elefthérios Kyriakos VenizélosElefthérios Kyriakos Venizélos Greece's Greece's representative at the Treaty of Sevresrepresentative at the Treaty of Sevres

Armenian GenocideArmenian Genocide

Estimates vary between 300,000 Estimates vary between 300,000 (the Turkish claim) 600-800,000 (the Turkish claim) 600-800,000 (third parties) and 1.5 million (the (third parties) and 1.5 million (the Armenian claim) out of a total Armenian claim) out of a total population of 2 millionpopulation of 2 million

Atrocities Atrocities

The men are forced to tear the fezes from The men are forced to tear the fezes from their heads and trample them underfoot – their heads and trample them underfoot – the worst outrage for a Mohammedan – the worst outrage for a Mohammedan – all who refuse are cut down with the all who refuse are cut down with the sword. The veils are torn from the sword. The veils are torn from the women's faces. The mob begins to women's faces. The mob begins to plunder the house of the Mohammedan”.[ plunder the house of the Mohammedan”.[

Formal statement from the officers of the British ship Formal statement from the officers of the British ship the Brescia, "Events which happened in Smyrna on the the Brescia, "Events which happened in Smyrna on the 15th May”15th May”

James Loder Park, the U.S. James Loder Park, the U.S. Vice-Consul in Vice-Consul in ConstantinopleConstantinople

Of the 2,000 buildings that constituted Of the 2,000 buildings that constituted the city, only 200 remained standing. the city, only 200 remained standing. Ample testimony was available to the Ample testimony was available to the effect that the city was systematically effect that the city was systematically destroyed by Greek soldiers, assisted destroyed by Greek soldiers, assisted by a number of Greek and Armenian by a number of Greek and Armenian civilians. Kerosene and gasoline were civilians. Kerosene and gasoline were freely used to make the destruction freely used to make the destruction more certain, rapid and complete. more certain, rapid and complete.

Lack of will/abilityLack of will/ability ““At last peace with Turkey: and to ratify it, War At last peace with Turkey: and to ratify it, War

with Turkey! However, so far as the Great Allies with Turkey! However, so far as the Great Allies were concerned the war was to be fought by were concerned the war was to be fought by proxy. Wars when fought thus by great nations proxy. Wars when fought thus by great nations are often very dangerous for the proxy” are often very dangerous for the proxy” Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

During the war, the Turks also received During the war, the Turks also received significant military assistance from Italy and significant military assistance from Italy and France, who threw in their lot with the France, who threw in their lot with the Kemalists against Greece which was seen as a Kemalists against Greece which was seen as a British client British client Lord Kinross – British Historian specializing in Turkish HistoryLord Kinross – British Historian specializing in Turkish History

Lack of will/abilityLack of will/ability

Chanak Crisis Chanak Crisis Ultimatimum by Winston Churchill Ultimatimum by Winston Churchill

““any attempt by the Kemalist to occupy the any attempt by the Kemalist to occupy the Gallipoli Peninsula shall be resisted by force" Gallipoli Peninsula shall be resisted by force"

Protect British forces in the neutral zones Protect British forces in the neutral zones guarding Straitsguarding Straits

Refusal/outrage of Commonwealth countriesRefusal/outrage of Commonwealth countries Steadily demobilising of militarySteadily demobilising of military War weariness in BritainWar weariness in Britain British government collapsesBritish government collapses

Matthew StewartMatthew Stewart ““The Treaty of Lausanne represented the The Treaty of Lausanne represented the

signature to the Allied abandonment of signature to the Allied abandonment of Greece. Britain in particular had Greece. Britain in particular had consistently encouraged Greece, only to consistently encouraged Greece, only to step aside as she faltered and then drop her step aside as she faltered and then drop her in her utter defeat. No Allied help was in her utter defeat. No Allied help was forthcoming as Greece crumbled in 1922, forthcoming as Greece crumbled in 1922, there was no military aid, no significant there was no military aid, no significant diplomatic pressure, and, apart from a diplomatic pressure, and, apart from a belated Italian relief ship, not even belated Italian relief ship, not even humanitarian support in response to the humanitarian support in response to the Smyrna debacle.” Smyrna debacle.”

Lausanne Conference (July Lausanne Conference (July 14, 1923)14, 1923)

Attempts to negotiate a settlement that Attempts to negotiate a settlement that reflects the new military realities while reflects the new military realities while European try to protect some of their European try to protect some of their interestsinterests

Main agreementsMain agreements Public debt – assumption of portion of debt Public debt – assumption of portion of debt

by new Balkan statesby new Balkan states Most old business concession were to be Most old business concession were to be

renegotiatedrenegotiated Greeks were to publicly admit guilt over Greeks were to publicly admit guilt over

starting warstarting war

Lausanne Conference (July Lausanne Conference (July 14, 1923)14, 1923)

Status of Mosul and Alexandrite to be resolved Status of Mosul and Alexandrite to be resolved between France, Britain and Turkey at a later between France, Britain and Turkey at a later datedate

Straits to be open at all time for commercial Straits to be open at all time for commercial vessels, coast of Straits are to be demilitarized, vessels, coast of Straits are to be demilitarized, no navel presence in the Straits or Black Sea no navel presence in the Straits or Black Sea larger than the Russian Black Sea fleetlarger than the Russian Black Sea fleet

Massive ethnic cleansing occurs during and after Massive ethnic cleansing occurs during and after the warthe war 1.5 million Greeks and .5 million Turks are forcible 1.5 million Greeks and .5 million Turks are forcible

removedremoved

Assignment #2Assignment #2

Using your Cleveland textbook and Using your Cleveland textbook and these notes, create a chart designed these notes, create a chart designed to compare the Treaty of Sevres with to compare the Treaty of Sevres with the Treaty of Lausanne. Be sure to the Treaty of Lausanne. Be sure to cover the major issues of cover the major issues of government, territory, population, government, territory, population, and economicsand economics